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Full download Remote Sensing of Geomorphology, Volume 23 Paolo Tarolli file pdf all chapter on 2024
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Developments in Earth Surface Processes
REMOTE SENSING OF GEOMORPHOLOGY
VOLUME 23
Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 23
Series Editor – J.F. Shroder, Jr.
VOLUME 23
Volume Editors
PAOLO TAROLLI
Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry,
University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
SIMON M. MUDD
University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
First edition 2020
© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with
organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.
elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their
own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury
and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-444-64177-9
ISSN: 0928-2025
v
vi Contents
3 Passive remote sensing methods 137 5 Science from point clouds in fluvial
4 Radar 141 geomorphology 247
5 Lidar 143 6 Conclusion and outlook 251
6 Airborne electromagnetics 161 Acknowledgments 251
7 Conclusions 164 References 251
Acknowledgments 165
References 166
9. Remote sensing for the analysis
of anthropogenic geomorphology:
6. SfM photogrammetry Potential responses to sediment dynamics
for GeoArchaeology in the agricultural landscapes
Sara Cucchiaro, Daniel J. Fallu, Pengzhi Zhao, Clive Waddington, Paolo Tarolli and Giulia Sofia
David Cockcroft, Paolo Tarolli, and Antony G. Brown
1 Introduction 255
1 Remote sensing 183 2 Materials and methods 257
2 SfM photogrammetry 185 3 Study area 259
3 SfM in geoarchaeology: Agricultural terraces 4 Results 260
in Europe 187 5 A holistic view of land planning 264
4 Final remarks 200 6 Conclusions 267
Acknowledgments 200 Acknowledgments 267
References 201 References 267
Further reading 269
Index 369
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Contributors
J. Ramón Arrowsmith School of Earth and Anette Eltner Institute of Photogrammetry and
Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Remote Sensing, Technische Universit€ at
Tempe, AZ, United States Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Ilaria Barone Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Daniel J. Fallu Tromso University Museum,
Università di Padova, Padova, Italy UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø,
Jacopo Boaga Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Norway
Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Baptiste Feldmann Univ Rennes, CNRS,
Antony G. Brown Tromso University Museum, Nantes-Rennes Topo-bathymetric Lidar plat-
UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, form, OSUR, UMS 3343, Rennes, France
Norway; Geography and Environmental Stuart W.D. Grieve Queen Mary University of
Science, University of Southampton, South- London, London, United Kingdom
ampton, United Kingdom Steven Hancock University of Edinburgh, School
Laura Busato Department of Agricultural Sci- of GeoSciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
ences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Michel Jaboyedoff ISTE—Institute of Earth
Italy Sciences, Risk-Group, GEOPOLIS-3793, Uni-
Maria Clementina Caputo IRSA CNR, Bari, versity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Italy Dimitri Lague Univ Rennes, CNRS, Geosciences
Giorgio Cassiani Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, France
Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Mihai Ciprian Mărgărint Department of Geog-
Fiona J. Clubb Durham University, Durham, raphy, Faculty of Geography and Geology,
United Kingdom Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Iași,
David Cockcroft Archaeological Research Ser- Romania
vices Ltd, Bakewell, DE, United Kingdom David T. Milodowski University of Edinburgh,
Christopher J. Crosby UNAVCO, Boulder, CO, School of GeoSciences; University of Edin-
United States burgh, National Centre for Earth Observation,
Sara Cucchiaro Department of Land, Environ- Edinburgh, United Kingdom
ment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Simon M. Mudd University of Edinburgh,
Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy School of GeoSciences, Edinburgh, United
Lorenzo De Carlo IRSA CNR, Bari, Italy Kingdom
Rita Deiana Dipartimento di Beni Culturali Viswanath Nandigam San Diego Supercom-
(dBC), Università di Padova, Padova, Italy puter Center—UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA,
United States
Gian Piero Deidda Dipartimento di Ingegneria
Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, Università di Mihai Niculiță Department of Geography,
Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru
Marc-Henri Derron ISTE—Institute of Earth Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Iași, Romania
Sciences, Risk-Group, GEOPOLIS-3793, Uni- Maria Teresa Perri Dipartimento di Geoscienze,
versity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
ix
x Contributors
Matteo Rossi Engineering Geology (LTH), Paolo Tarolli Department of Land, Environ-
Lund University, Lund, Sweden ment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of
Sonia Silvestri University of Bologna, Depart- Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
ment of Biological, Geological and Environ- Giulio Vignoli Dipartimento di Ingegneria
mental Sciences, Bologna, Italy; Duke Civile, Ambientale e Architettura, Università
University, Nicholas School of the Environ- di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
ment, Durham, NC, United States Clive Waddington Archaeological Research
Giulia Sofia Department of Civil & Environ- Services Ltd, Bakewell, DE, United Kingdom
mental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Pengzhi Zhao Earth & Life Institute, Universite
Storrs, CT, United States Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve,
Claudio Strobbia Realtimeseismic SA, Pau, Belgium
France
Foreword
This latest volume on Remote Sensing of confusion while immersing oneself in the
Geomorphology edited by Paolo Tarolli and Si- details can help facilitate understanding
mon Mudd gives a refreshing new look at a later. Most scientists seem to be able to wade
group of topics and processes that have through the technical weeds, as it were, pro-
greatly intrigued quite a number of scientists vided that the results one achieves at the end
most interested in using new technologies to lead to new viewpoints and useful results.
investigate the landforms of our home This volume of papers by a number of
planet. Once global overviews of regional specialists stewarded by Tarolli and Mudd
landforms became a common endeavor more can be viewed as such because they offer
than 30 years ago (Short and Blair, 1986), the some introduction into new methodologies,
use of myriads of satellite sensing systems understandings, and terminologies. Sorting
and new technologies and methods to assess out the blizzards of acronym names is just
various environmental parameters became one of the ancillary benefits.
more common. As the imagery platforms Currently, most geomorphologists are at
and technologies continue to improve, in least reasonably familiar with digital eleva-
fact, the methodologies developed here can tion models (DEMs) of natural and anthropo-
also be used to assess a variety of extraterres- genic topography as well as various types of
trial bodies as well. No doubt we will con- scanning to obtain variable images of objects
tinue to use the Earth-bound term “geo” or ground surfaces. Less well understood by
morphology to refer to the landforms on many scientists, for example, are the consid-
many other such bodies in space as well, even erable variations also representing topogra-
though that would be a bit of an etymological phy through the use of multiple different
misnomer. Still, the newer methodologies means such as digital terrain model (DTM),
discussed in this book do point to the many digital surface model (DSM), and triangular
interesting ways of looking at near-surface irregular network (TIN), and the fact that
and surficial landforms, and continue to these usages differ from one country to an-
break new ground. other. Of course, once an image or a picture
For people who are relatively new to these of any feature is obtained in a digital form
technologies, the rather arcane terminology, capable of being measured and assessed in
even obscure jargon, and profuse uncertain different ways, then the science gained can
acronyms can be somewhat disheartening be quite impressive. Once resolutions of
to those not prepared to work with the topographic representations become detailed
practitioners of these disciplines. Neverthe- enough, certain tell-tale landform structures
less, probably in any profoundly new area emerge from noisy datasets and significant
of technology such as this assessment of understandings can be obtained of process
remote sensing of geomorphology, a certain mechanics and chronologies of superposition
willingness to tolerate a measure of personal events. In combination with the diverse new
xi
xii Foreword
surficial age-dating techniques now avail- this volume. These diverse new methodolo-
able, the many varieties of remote sensing gies are not exhaustive coverage of new dis-
of geomorphology offer more advanced ciplines and methodologies, or of satellite
assessments of the geomorphology of any platforms, but do present useful discussions
place. that will enable readers to better understand
Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogram- many of the new remote-sensing technologies.
metry, hyper-scale, three-dimensional land-
form models, high-resolution topography John F. Shroder, Jr.
(HRT), laser scanning or light detection and Editor-in-Chief
ranging (LiDAR) point clouds of topographic Developments in Earth Surface Processes
data obtained from the space, aerial, or terres- October 25, 2019
trial devices, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
or drones, geomorphic change detection Reference
(GCD), and DEMs of differences (DoD) are
Short, N.M., Blair Jr., R.W., 1986. Geomorphology From
all new remote-sensing methodologies ap-
Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms.
plied to various fluvial, agricultural, landslide, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch,
archeological, anthropogenic, subsurface, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
other geomorphic processes discussed in Washington, DC.
Introduction to remote sensing
of geomorphology
The Earth’s surface has fascinated scien- resolution in 1996 to a global 90 m dataset
tists for centuries. For well over a hundred in 2004, a global 30 m dataset in 2009,
years, scientists have speculated about the re- down to a global 5 m dataset in 2018. In par-
lationship between surface topography and allel, LiDAR (light detection and ranging)
the processes that lead to landforms. The first technology allows very high-density topo-
topographic maps at a national scale were graphic and point cloud data to be collected
published by France in the late 18th century, using both terrestrial and airborne instru-
but these did not become widespread until ments. Point densities greater than 20 points
the late 19th century. At that time, a number per square meter are now routinely col-
of scientists began speculating on quantita- lected with submeter (and sometimes sub-
tive relationships between uplift, erodibility, centimeter) accuracy using airborne LiDAR
hydrology, and sediment transport. Survey- instruments.
ing by national agencies produced contour The impact of satellites and terrestrial
maps that could be used to extract data such and airborne LiDAR instruments cannot be
as slope profiles or drainage areas; Ordnance understated, but the cost of satellites means
Survey of the UK began producing contour that new missions are primarily funded by na-
maps of scale 6 in to the mile (approximately tional agencies, and collection of LiDAR data
1:10,000) in the late 1920s and early 1930s, relies on relatively expensive instruments. In
and the USGS (US Geological Survey) began contrast, nearly every mobile phone contains
national mapping at 1:24,000 scale. Testing a camera, and drone-mounted cameras are
of hypotheses developed early in the 20th cen- far less expensive than LiDAR instruments.
tury began in earnest as workers in the 1930s, The advances in the structure-from-motion
1940s, and 1950s began using intensively (SfM) photogrammetric technique, where
measured landscapes: the Perth Amboy bad- multiple images are used to create point
lands made famous by the seminal work of clouds, have also advanced to the point of
Schumm (1956) were mapped at a scale of being routine. Today, anyone with a camera
1 in to 10 ft by Strahler and Coates in 1948. can produce dense point clouds of three-
The collection of such data was labor dimensional objects.
intensive, however. This is no longer the case. Remote-sensing instruments are useful for
Advances in the field of physics have yielded a range of applications relevant to geomor-
instruments that can collect vast quantities of phology that go far beyond measuring topog-
data remotely: the volume of data at our fin- raphy. Radar interferometry can be used to
gertips at present is beyond the wildest detect very subtle (centimeter-scale) ground
dreams of late 19th century scientists. Global motions; radar and multispectral data can
topographic data have gone from 1 km be used to detect vegetation. A range of
xiii
xiv Introduction to remote sensing of geomorphology
geophysical methods can be used to detect The book contains chapters on specific
what lies beneath the ground surface. Col- applications of remote-sensing data as well.
lectively, these remote-sensing techniques Chapter 8 explores the potential of terres-
allow geomorphologists to quantify a rich trial laser scanners (TLS) to solve problems
array of landscape properties that can help in fluvial geomorphology, synthesizing
them understand both intrinsic and extrinsic examples of data acquisition, processing
factors that shape the landscape, and can help methods, and applications. This instrument
them understand landscape history. offers an unprecedented combination of sub-
In this book you will find chapters centimeter resolution that allows workers to
reviewing and exploring state-of-the-art tech- capture the geometry of individual pebbles
niques in remote sensing relevant to geomor- and quantify precisely the spatial variability
phology. We hope that the chapters will of channel evolution. Chapter 7 explores
serve as both a reference for experienced the capability of laser scanning in the quan-
practitioners, and a guide to geomorpholo- tification of volumes, understanding mech-
gists looking to use remote-sensing tech- anisms, and timing of landslide and rockfall
niques to benefit their studies. events. The basics of LiDAR performance
We first have several chapters on specific are reviewed and an overview of the advan-
techniques: Chapter 1 describes advances in tages and limitations of this 3D data acqui-
the SfM photogrammetric techniques that sition technique are presented. Chapter 10
allow generation of 3D terrain models using combines UAV optical imagery and LiDAR
overlapping images acquired from different data to evaluate the rate of process for four
perspectives with standard compact cameras reservoir bottom gully systems between two
(including smartphone cameras) and geo- temporal frames. Chapter 9 explores how
referencing information. Chapter 2 describes high-resolution topography can help under-
the opportunities offered by the green laser; stand how humans are increasingly modify-
such lasers (characterized by a wavelength ing the Earth’s surface. The chapter focuses
of λ ¼ 532 nm) can penetrate shallow water on agricultural landscapes and shows how
and therefore provide bathymetry of rivers, new remote-sensing technologies (e.g., air-
lakes, and estuaries. borne LiDAR), available to the public, can
We also have chapters giving an overview provide a better understanding of the inter-
of the remote-sensing instruments and data- action between anthropogenic elements,
sets used to quantify specific landscape prop- potential erosion, and associated sediment
erties. Chapter 4 explores the instruments delivery. Chapter 6 shows how drones and
used and techniques available for generating the structure-from-motion technique can
topographic data from space. This chapter be used to quantify the history of land use
reviews the accuracy and availability of topo- and land modification in an archeologi-
graphic datasets and discusses the implica- cal context. Geoarcheological studies have
tions for geomorphic research. Chapter 5 benefitted from new technological develop-
explores the remote-sensing techniques that ments in remote-sensing technologies that
can quantify features of living organisms that have become an integral and important
are likely to influence, and be influenced by, part of archeological research. In particular,
geomorphic processes; the focus is on vege- structure-from-motion (SfM) photogram-
tation. Chapter 3 presents a review of geo- metry is one of the most successful emerging
physical methods for the characterization of techniques in high-resolution topography
shallow subsurface. (HRT) and provides exceptionally fast,
Introduction to remote sensing of geomorphology xv
low-cost, and easy 3D survey for geoscience and “reproducible” for geomorphic research
applications. and communicate the importance of perform-
Finally, the book includes two chapters on ing reproducible analysis of remotely sensed
open data. Chapter 11 describes the efforts of topographic data.
Opentopography.org to archive and distrib- As editors, we are genuinely excited about
ute high-resolution topographic data. The the opportunities afforded by the range of
authors highlight the fact that open access remote-sensing data that is now easily acces-
to these data and a cyberinfrastructure plat- sible to geomorphologists. We hope that by
form that enables users to discover, manage, offering examples of various datasets avail-
share, and process them increases the impact able for geomorphic investigations we can
of investments on data collection and cata- spur even more uptake of remotely sensed
lyzes scientific discovery. Furthermore, open data than is currently the case.
and online access to data enables broad
interdisciplinary use of high-resolution topo- Paolo Tarolli
graphy across academia and in communities Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture
such as education, public agencies, and com- and Forestry, University of Padova,
mercial sector. Chapter 12 discusses tech- Legnaro (PD), Italy
niques to ensure processing of remotely
sensed data in geomorphic and other applica- Simon M. Mudd
tions is reproducible in the chapter. They pre- University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences,
sent clear definitions of the terms “replicable” Edinburgh, United Kingdom
This page intentionally left blank
C H A P T E R
1
Structure from motion
photogrammetric technique
Anette Eltnera, Giulia Sofiab
a
Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universit€at Dresden, Dresden,
Germany bDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs,
CT, United States
O U T L I N E
1 Introduction
Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Volume 23 1 © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64177-9.00001-1
2 1. Structure from motion photogrammetric technique
but rather a workflow employing multiple algorithms developed from computer vision,
traditional photogrammetry, and more conventional survey techniques (Carrivick et al.,
2016). Recent literature has provided reviews on the importance of SfM in geosciences
(Carrivick et al., 2016; Eltner et al., 2016; Smith et al., 2016) or specific scientific contexts (Man-
cini et al., 2013; Dietrich, 2016; Entwistle et al., 2018). This contribution builds on the existing
literature, to provide a showcase of the technology, relevant to the remote sensing of
geomorphology.
(The following abdication, by Joseph, was drawn up but never made public.)
L’expérience de trois années nous ayant convaincu que l’ordre
social ne peut être recomposé en Espagne qu’en cumulant dans les
mêmes mains les droits de souverainté dont nous sommes investés,
et les moyens de force et de puissance militaire dont dispose notre
august frère l’empereur des Français, de qui nous tenons les droits
que nous exerçons aujourd’hui sur la monarchie Espagnole, nous
avons résolu de notre pleine et libre volonté de rétrocéder à notre
frère l’empereur des Français les droits qu’il nous a remis et en vertu
des quels nous sommes entré dans ce royaume en 1808 à la suite
de la constitution que nous avons signée à Bayonne dans la même
année.
C’est pourquoi par les presents signées de notre main nous
declarons céder, transporter, et remettre à notre dit frère l’empereur
des Français, tous les droits qu’il nous transmis en 1808 sur la
monarchie d’Espagne et des Indes dans toute leur integrité et tels
qu’il les reçut lui même du roi Charles Quatre.
Nous entendons que la présente rétrocession n’ait de force et
valeur que ce l’époque ou nous aurons pleine et entière
connoissance de l’acceptation de la présente rétrocession de la part
de notre frère l’empereur des Français: et comme nous ne sommes
portés à cet acte par aucune considération particulière, mais par
l’unique considération que nous avons exprimée plus haut et qu’en
quittant le trône d’Espagne nous n’avons en vue que le plus grand
bien du peuple Espagnol que nous ne pourrons pas rendre aussi
heureux que nous voudrions, et que nous n’avons d’autre ambition
que celle de rentrer dans la vie privée et dans la retraite la plus
absolue. Nous nous abandonnons entièrement à la justice de notre
frère l’empereur des Français pour le sort des personnes qui nous
sont attachées au sentimens de la gloire qui garantit ses efforts pour
le bonheur de l’Espagne et à ses sentimens paternels pour nos
enfans, pour la reine, notre épouse, et pour nous.
Nous nous engagerons à faire revêtir de toutes les formes qui
pourroient paroître plus authentiques le présent acte écrit, rédigé, et
signé de notre propre main. Ayant jugé que le plus grand secret était
indispensable jusqu’à ce que nous ayons connoissance de
l’acceptation de S. M. l’empereur des Français, roi d’Italie.
Fait à Madrid, etc. etc.
Paris, 1811.
Depuis la conversation que j’ai eu avec vous sur ma position, elle
ne s’est pas améliorée; elle est telle aujourd’hui que je me voir forcé
d’embrasser le seul pratique qui me reste à prendre, celui de la
rétraite la plus absolue en France. Je serois déjà parti si je ne venois
d’être instruit que S. M. l’empereur qui a sû que j’avois donné ordre
d’acheter ou de louer une terre a cent lieues de Paris, avoit
disapprouvé cette demarche, et qu’il trouvait plus convenable, si je
persistois dans ma resolution, qui je me rendisse à ma terre de
Morfontaine après vous avoir prévenu de ma détermination, et avoir
assuré ici l’ordre publique après mon départ. Je dirai en partant que
je vais m’entendre avec l’empereur pour les affaires d’Espagne, et je
ferois les mêmes dispositions par rapport aux provinces qui
entourent Madrid que je fit lorsqu’il y a un an je partis pour
l’expedition d’Andalousie; cet état dura six mois sans nul désordre,
et je ne doute pas que les choses n’aillent de la même manière et ne
donnent le tems à l’empereur de prendre les dispositions définitives.
Je suis prêt à rendre l’empereur les droits qu’il me rémit à
Bayonne sur la monarchie d’Espagne et des Indes si ma position ici
ne change pas; parceque je dois croire que c’est le désir de
l’empereur puisqu’il est impossible qu’il veuille que je reste roi
d’Espagne, et qu’il m’ôte tous les moyens d’existence. Il en peut être
malheureux que l’empereur ait voulu me reconnoître roi de Naples, il
y a six ans lorsqu’à la tête de ses troupes je fis la conquête de ce
royaume; ce fut malgré moi, et mes instances pour rester au
commandement de son armée avec la simple qualité de son
lieutenant furent le sujet d’une lettre dont je me rappelle très-bien.
Lorsqu’en 1808 je fus proclamé roi d’Espagne, je l’ignorois encore;
cependant arrivé à Bayonne je fis tout ce que voulus l’empereur, je
signerais une constitution, je le signai appuyée par sa garantie. Les
événemens n’ayant pas répondu a nos espérances est ce ma faute?
Est celui qui en est le plus victim qui doit en porter la peine?
Cependant tant que la guerre dure je me suis soumis a tout ce que
l’on a voulu, mais je ne puis pas l’impossible; je ne puis pas rester ici
plus longtems si l’empereur ne vient à mon secours. En ordonnant
qu’il soit versé dans mon trésor à Madrid un million de francs par
mois, les autres provinces doivent contribuer aux besoins de la
capitale. Les troupes françoises qui sont dans les provinces du
centre (elles sont peu nombreuses) doivent être soldées par le trésor
de France.
A la pacification générale l’empereur exigera des indemnités;
s’entendrer alors il posséde de fait presque toutes les provinces
aujourd’hui, il sera bien le maître de ne les évacuer qu’à mesure qu’il
croira que l’Espagne aura satisfait aux obligations qu’il lui aura
imposées. En résume je suis prêt à faire la volonté de l’empereur
pourvu que je la connoîsse.
1º. Veut-il que je reste roi d’Espagne, je reste dès qu’il m’en donne
la possibilité, et je supporte tous les gouvernemens militaires qu’il a
établis puisqu’il les croit indispensables pendant la guerre.
2º. Préféreroit-il que je rentrasse dans la sein de ma famille à
Morfontaine d’abord et l’hiver dans le midi. Je suis prêt à partir dès
que je connoîtrai sa volonté. J’ajoute de plus que le parti de la
retraite me conviendra beaucoup plus que l’autre dès que je saurai
qu’il lui convient. Je suis sur alors qu’il aura quelques bontés pour
les Français qui se sont attachés à mon soit, et que je ne serai pas à
même de rendre aussi heureux qu’ils le méritent. Quant à moi, à la
reine, et à mes enfans, l’empereur me faisant payer mon traitement
de prince Français, nous en aurons assez, mon intention étant de
vivre dans la retraite en m’occupant de l’education des mes enfans,
laissant a l’empereur le soin de leur établissemens, car je ne doute
pas si ce projet se verifie que je ne retrouve le cœur de mon frère, et
que dans les intervalles où il se rappellera qu’il est homme, il ne
trouve encore quelque consolation en retrouvant mon cœur pour lui
aussi jeune qu’il y a trente ans.
Enfin j’aime mieux vivre sujet de l’empereur en France que de
rester en Espagne roi nominal, parceque je serai bon sujet en
France, et mauvais roi en Espagne, et que je veux rester digne de
l’empereur, de la France, et de moi-même.
section 3.
Savoir:
Fr. par mois.
Les généraux gouverneurs dans les quatre gouvernemens comprises dans
l’arrondissement de l’armée du nord 4000
Le général chef de l’état major-général de l’armée 3000
Généraux de division 1800
Généraux de brigade, inspecteurs aux revues et commissaires
ordonnateurs 1200
Adjudans commandans, colonels, et sous-inspecteurs aux revues 750
Officiers de santé principaux 500
Chefs de bataillons, d’escadrons, commissaires de guerre, et chefs
d’administration des différens services 400
} capitaines 400
Commandans de place occupant dans l’armée un
} lieutenans et }
grade inférieur à ceux ci-dessus désignées, savoir
} sous-lieuts. } 300
Au moyen de ces indemnités il ne sera rien alloué au-dessus des
sommes fixées ni pour dépenses de bureaux ou de table, ni pour
frais extraordinaires de quelque nature qu’ils soient et sous quelque
prétexte que ce puisse être, et cette décision n’a aucun effet
rétroactif. J’écris à MM. les maréchaux et généraux commandant en
Espagne, pour leur faire connoître que, d’après les intentions de
l’empereur, tout militaire Français qui à l’avenir aurait exigé ou reçu
des traitemens extraordinaires plus forts que ceux fixés par la
décision du 21 Janvier, et qui s’en serait fait payer sans une
ordonnance régulière des intendans généraux ou commissaires
ordonnateurs, sera suspendu de ses fonctions et qu’il en sera rendu
compte dans les vingt-quatre heures pour prendre les ordres de
l’empereur. Votre majesté jugera sans doute convenable de donner
ses ordres au général Belliard pour que cette disposition soit suivie
dans l’arrondissement de l’armée du centre. Je prie votre majesté
d’agréer l’hommage de mon respect.