UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB (LAHORE)

Submitted By: Ahmad Hafeez Malik

Roll No: EN-20-E23

Submitted To: Dr. Tausif Ahmad / Dr. Zaeem

BSc. Energy Engineering (Evening) Session 2020-2024

Semester 7th
Introduction:
Residential power storage has a hurdle as a result of the increasing use of renewable energy
sources: batteries must continue to operate consistently in extremely cold temperatures. For
lithium-ion batteries, the current mainstay of portable gadgets, this might be a daunting task.
In this study, a Lithium-ion battery design that is specifically optimized for residential use in a
wide temperature range (-40°C to 50°C) is proposed. This battery solution can offer dependable
backup power and improve the integration of renewable energy sources into household
applications by putting safety and financial viability first.

Data of appliances and Power:

Appliances Power (W) Current(A) at

(120v)
Television(LED) 100 0.83

Washing Machine 1200 10

Refrigerator 300 2.5

Microwave Oven 1000 8.33

Lights(LED) 100 0.83

Dryer(Electric) 1800 15

Laptop 60 0.5

Air Conditioner 1000 8.33

Vacuum Cleaner 1500 12.5

Dishwasher 1200 10

Total 8260 68.82~70

1. Determining Battery Capacity:

Assuming an average of 4 hours of usage per day:
Battery Capacity = 70 * 4 hours=320Ah
 2. Determining Battery Size:
While designing the size of the battery, we have to assume the volts and amperes of the lithium
ion battery cell.
Volts of cell=3.7V
Current Rate=2.5Ah
However, the required capacity of the battery is 320 Ah and the total energy in watt-hour is
calculated by multiplying 320 Ah with the voltages of battery:
Total power = 320 Ah * 120V
=38,400Wh

 Determining Energy per Cell:

Each cell has a nominal voltage of 3.7V and capacity of 2.5Ah
Energy per Cell = 3.7 * 2.5 = 9.25Wh

 Determining number of cells:

Number of Cells = Total Energy / Energy per Cell
= 38,400 / 9.25
= 4151.35 ~ 4152
Total Number of Cells = 4152

3. Battery Packing Design:

The design of the battery will depend upon the series and parallel configuration of the cells.

 Series Configuration:
To find the cell in series, we use the following formula
Cell in series = voltage of battery / cell voltage
= 120 / 3.7
= 32.43 ~ 33

 Parallel Configuration:
To find the string on parallel, we use the following formula
Parallel string = Total Cells / Cells in series
= 4152 / 33
= 126

4. Material selection:
Anode:
One wise option is Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). In comparison to conventional graphite
anodes, it provides superior stability, a long cycle life, and exceptional performance at high
temperatures.

 Good Low-Temperature Performance

 Stability
 Safety
 Suitability for Wide Temperature Range

Cathode:
High-nickel lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) (such as NMC622) can give high
capacity, however at very low temperatures, there may be a performance reduction.

 Balanced Characteristics
 Application Flexibility
 Compatibility with Anode

5. Electrolyte Selection:
For our battery, we decide to use a hybrid electrolyte that combines ethylene and
fluoroethylene carbonates. We selected it because to its:

 Broad Temperature Range

 Compatibility Improved Performance
 Safety
 Extended Life Application Suitability
Thus, our requirements for a lithium-ion battery that can function well in a wide temperature
range of -40°C to 50°C are well met by selecting a hybrid electrolyte that combines
fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) for high-temperature stability and ethylene carbonate (EC) for
low-temperature conductivity. This choice guarantees the battery's longevity, safety, and
optimum performance in a variety of environmental circumstances.

6. Cost Estimation and Economic viability:

• Analysis of Material Costs:
LTO Anode: Costlier than graphite, but provides superior performance at low temperatures.
NMC Cathode: Good performance at a moderate cost.

Hybrid Electrolyte: Its enhanced performance may result in higher costs due to its intricacy.

• Costs of Manufacturing:

Optimizing production processes can help offset the potential increase in manufacturing costs
associated with the use of advanced materials such as LTO and NMC.
• Analysis of the market:
The need for batteries that can withstand high temperatures is increasing, particularly for use in
hostile environments such as homes and businesses.
• Economic Viability Overall:
This battery design is economically viable for the target market since the improved
performance and safety offset the higher cost of sophisticated materials.