g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 1

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g~j eB‡qi evB‡i Aa¨vqwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi Ges

†evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkc
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AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯w‘ Zi Rb¨ Aa¨v‡qi

QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
Aa¨vq 01 : Rxeb cvV
33. ewikvj †evW© 2019...................................................................................................................................... 6
34. XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR..................................................................................................................... 6
35. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ............................................................................................................. 7
36. beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Kzwgjøv ............................................................................................ 8
37. wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq .................................................................................................................. 9
Aa¨vq 02 : Rxe‡Kvl I wUmy¨
60. XvKv †evW© 2019 ....................................................................................................................................... 10
61. ewikvj †evW© 2015.................................................................................................................................... 10
62. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ........................................................................................................... 11
63. beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Kzwgjøv .......................................................................................... 12
64. wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq ................................................................................................................ 12
Aa¨vq 03 : †Kvl wefvRb
23. wm‡jU †evW© 2019 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
24. wm‡jU †evW© 2017 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
25. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2016 ................................................................................................................................. 15
26. ivRkvnx †evW© 2015 .................................................................................................................................. 16
Aa¨vq 04 : Rxebxkw³
69. ewikvj †evW© 2020 ................................................................................................................................... 17
70. XvKv †evW© 2019 ....................................................................................................................................... 18
71. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 ..................................................................................................................................... 18
72. ivRkvnx †evW© 2017 .................................................................................................................................. 19
73. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2017..................................................................................................................................... 20
74. wm‡jU †evW© 2016 ..................................................................................................................................... 20
75. ewikvj †evW© 2015.................................................................................................................................... 21
76. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ........................................................................................................... 21
77. wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq ................................................................................................................ 22
78. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Aa¨vq 05 : Lv`¨, cywó Ges cwicvK
59. XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR................................................................................................................... 24
60. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ........................................................................................................... 24
61. beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Kzwgjøv .......................................................................................... 25
62. wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq ................................................................................................................ 26
63. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ......................................................................................................................................... 26
64. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Aa¨vq 06 : Rx‡e cwienb
47. wm‡jU †evW© 2019 ..................................................................................................................................... 28
48. XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR................................................................................................................... 29
49. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ........................................................................................................... 29
50. beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Kzwgjøv .......................................................................................... 30
51. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ......................................................................................................................................... 31
52. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 32
53. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 32
Aa¨vq 08 : †iPb cÖwµqv
36. h‡kvi †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 34
37. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019 ..................................................................................................................................... 35
38. ivRkvnx †evW© I h‡kvi †evW© 2017................................................................................................................ 35
39. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2015 ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Aa¨vq 09 : `„pZv cÖ`vb I Pjb
18. wm‡jU †evW© 2016 ..................................................................................................................................... 37
19. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2015 ..................................................................................................................................... 37
20. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 38
Aa¨vq 10 : mgš^q
26. XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR................................................................................................................... 39
27. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ........................................................................................................... 39
28. beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Kzwgjøv .......................................................................................... 40
29. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 41
Aa¨vq 11 : Rx‡ei cÖRbb
56. h‡kvi †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 43
57. wm‡jU †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 43
58. ivRkvnx †evW© 2019 .................................................................................................................................. 44
59. wm‡jU †evW© 2019 ..................................................................................................................................... 45
60. ewikvj I w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019 .................................................................................................................... 45
61. wm‡jU †evW© 2017 ..................................................................................................................................... 46
62. ivRkvnx †evW© 2015 .................................................................................................................................. 46
63. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 47
Aa¨vq 12 : Rx‡ei eskMwZ I weeZ©b
56. Kzwgjøv I ewikvj †evW© 2021........................................................................................................................ 48
57. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 ................................................................................................................................ 48
58. h‡kvi †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 49
59. XvKv †evW© 2019 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
60. h‡kvi †evW© I Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019 .................................................................................................................. 50
61. ivRkvnx †evW© 2017 .................................................................................................................................. 51
62. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2016 ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Aa¨vq 13 : Rx‡ei cwi‡ek
31. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK K‡jR ................................................................................................................ 53
32. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ......................................................................................................................................... 54
33. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 54
Aa¨vq 14 : RxecÖhyw³
24. ivRkvnx †evW© 2019 .................................................................................................................................. 55
25. ewikvj †evW© 2017.................................................................................................................................... 55
26. h‡kvi †evW© 2016 ..................................................................................................................................... 56
27. XvKv †evW© 2016 ....................................................................................................................................... 57
28. Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv ........................................................................................................... 57
29. beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Kzwgjøv .......................................................................................... 58
30. wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq ................................................................................................................ 59
31. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ......................................................................................................................................... 59
32. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn .............................................................................................. 60
cÖ‡kœi aib I gv‡bi aviYvi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë
GmGmwm cixÿvi cÖkc
œ Î I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb ------------------------------------------------- 6178
1. XvKv †evW© 2021 ....................................................................................................................................... 61
2. ivRkvnx †evW© 2021 .................................................................................................................................. 62
3. h‡kvi †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 63
4. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 64
5. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 65
6. wm‡jU †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 66
7. ewikvj †evW© 2021.................................................................................................................................... 67
8. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2021 ................................................................................................................................. 68
9. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 ................................................................................................................................ 69
10. XvKv †evW© 2020 ....................................................................................................................................... 70
11. ivRkvnx †evW© 2020 .................................................................................................................................. 71
12. h‡kvi †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 72
13. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 73
14. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2020 .................................................................................................................................... 74
15. wm‡jU †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 75
16. ewikvj †evW© 2020 ................................................................................................................................... 76
17. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2020 ................................................................................................................................. 77
18. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2020 ............................................................................................................................... 78
cÖ‡kœi aib I gv‡bi aviYvi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë
GmGmwm cixÿvi cÖkc
œ Î : m„Rbkxj ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7996
19. XvKv †evW© 2021 ....................................................................................................................................... 79
20. ivRkvnx †evW© 2021 .................................................................................................................................. 80
21. h‡kvi †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 81
22. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 82
23. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 83
24. wm‡jU †evW© 2021 ..................................................................................................................................... 84
25. ewikvj †evW© 2021.................................................................................................................................... 85
26. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2021 ................................................................................................................................. 86
27. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2021 ................................................................................................................................ 87
28. XvKv †evW© 2020 ....................................................................................................................................... 88
29. ivRkvnx †evW© 2020 .................................................................................................................................. 89
30. h‡kvi †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 90
31. Kzwgjøv †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 91
32. PÆMÖvg †evW© 2020 .................................................................................................................................... 92
33. wm‡jU †evW© 2020 ..................................................................................................................................... 93
34. ewikvj †evW© 2020 ................................................................................................................................... 94
35. w`bvRcyi †evW© 2020 ................................................................................................................................. 95
36. gqgbwmsn †evW© 2020 ............................................................................................................................... 96
AwaK Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †miv cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI
kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkcœ Î I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb ------------------------------------------------- 97188
37. exi‡kÖô gyÝx Avãyi iDd cvewjK K‡jR, XvKv .................................................................................................. 97
38. gwbcyi D”P we`¨vjq I K‡jR, XvKv................................................................................................................ 98
39. avbgwÛ Mf. e‡qR nvB ¯‹zj, XvKv .................................................................................................................. 99
40. gwZwSj miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv ...................................................................................................... 100
41. b¨vkbvj AvBwWqvj ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, wLjMuvI, XvKv ........................................................................................... 101
42. DËiv nvB ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv................................................................................................................... 102
43. mwdDwÏb miKvi GKv‡Wwg GÛ K‡jR, U½x, MvRxcyi ........................................................................................ 103
44. dwi`cyi wRjv ¯‹zj ................................................................................................................................... 104
45. wK‡kviMÄ miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq .......................................................................................................... 105
46. exYvcvwY miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, †MvcvjMÄ ............................................................................................ 106
47. e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR ........................................................................................................ 107
48. bIMuv K…òab (†K.wW.) miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq ................................................................................................... 108
49. gvZ…cxV miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Puv`cyi .................................................................................................. 109
50. †dbx miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq ............................................................................................................... 110
51. bvwmivev` miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, PÆMÖvg .......................................................................................................... 111
52. nvRx gynv¤§` gnwmb miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, PÆMÖvg ............................................................................................ 112
53. we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR, kg‡kibMi, †gŠjfxevRvi........................................................................................... 113
54. cUzqvLvjx miKvwi Rywejx D”P we`¨vjq .......................................................................................................... 114
55. K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj G¨vÛ K‡jR, ˆmq`cyi, bxjdvgvix ................................................................................ 115
56. iscyi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq ............................................................................................................... 116
57. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn ............................................................................................ 117
58. K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, †gv‡gbkvnx ............................................................................................. 118

AwaK Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †miv cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI
kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkcœ Î : m„Rbkxj ---------------------------------------------------------------- 119136
59. nwj µm D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, XvKv .............................................................................................................. 119
60. Meb©‡g›U j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‹zj, avbgwÐ, XvKv .................................................................................................... 120
61. exi‡kÖô b~i †gvnv¤§` cvewjK K‡jR, XvKv ..................................................................................................... 121
62. gwbcyi D”P we`¨vjq I K‡jR, XvKv.............................................................................................................. 122
63. Mf: j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‹zj, ivRkvnx ................................................................................................................ 123
64. e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR ........................................................................................................ 124
65. Kzwgjøv gWvb© nvB ¯‹zj ............................................................................................................................... 125
66. †bvqvLvjx wRjv ¯‹zj .................................................................................................................................. 126
67. Wvt Lv¯ÍMxi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, PÆMÖvg ............................................................................................. 126
68. PÆMÖvg miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq ....................................................................................................................... 127
69. wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq .............................................................................................................. 128
70. ewikvj miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq............................................................................................................. 130
71. D`qb gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, ewikvj ................................................................................................................. 131
72. iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj ....................................................................................................................................... 132
73. K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj G¨vÛ K‡jR, ˆmq`cyi, bxjdvgvix ................................................................................ 133
74. w`bvRcyi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq .......................................................................................................... 134
75. we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn ............................................................................................ 135
76. Mfb©‡g›U j¨ve‡iUix nvB ¯‹zj, gqgbwmsn ....................................................................................................... 136

AwaK Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †miv cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI
†¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb ---------------------------------------------------- 137139
77. †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 01 ............................................................................................................................ 137
78. †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 02 ............................................................................................................................ 138
79. †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 03 ............................................................................................................................ 139
AwaK Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †miv cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI
†¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : m„Rbkxj ------------------------------------------------------ 140142
80. †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 04 ............................................................................................................................ 140
81. †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 05 ............................................................................................................................ 141
82. †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 06 ............................................................................................................................ 142
6 SSC RxeweÁvb
01
Rxeb cvV
Lessons of life
AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ 33  ewikvj †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 2
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
RxeRMZ
gGbiv
B C D AÅvwbGgwjqv
K. †kÖwYweb¨vm Kv‡K e‡j?
L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Avw`‡Kvlx Rxe ejv nq †Kb?
M. DÏxc‡K 'D' AšÍf³z© Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvgKiY c×wZ eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' AšÍf³ z© Rxe A‡cÿv 'C' AšÍfz©³ Rxe AwaK
DbœZ †Kb? we‡kølY Ki|
33bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
L cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i Ici wfwË K‡i Rxe‡K
wewfbœ `‡j wef³ Kiv‡K †kÖwYweb¨vm e‡j|
M e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡l †Kv‡bv myMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv| G
†Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm †Kv‡bv c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K bv, ZvB wbDwK¬I-
e¯‘ mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Qov‡bv _v‡K| G †Kv‡l gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cøvw÷W,
G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg BZ¨vw` A½vYy _v‡K bv Z‡e ivB‡ev‡Rvg
_v‡K| e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †Kej DNA _v‡K| G
mKj †Kvlxq ˆewkó¨mg~n Avw`‡Kvlx Rx‡ei ˆewk‡ó¨i mv‡_
mv`„k¨c~Y© nIqvq e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Avw`‡Kvlx Rxe ejv nq|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 'D' n‡jv cøvbwU ivR¨| cÖK…Z wbDwK¬qvmhy³
mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix Dw™¢` GB iv‡R¨i Rxe| wb‡P cøvbwU iv‡R¨i
Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvgKiY c×wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
1. bvgKiY j¨vwUb fvlvq wKsev j¨vwUb fvlvi g‡Zv K‡i
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi `ywU Ask _vK‡e| cÖ_g AskwU MY bvg Ges
wØZxq AskwU cÖRvwZ bvg| †hgb Oryza sativa GwU av‡bi
ˆeÁvwb bvg GLv‡b Oryza MY bvg Ges sativa cÖRvwZK c`|
3. RxeRM‡Zi cÖwZwU ˆeÁvwbK bvg‡K Abb¨ n‡Z n‡e| KviY,
GKB bvg `ywU c„_K Rx‡ei Rb¨ e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †bB|
4. ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi cÖ_g As‡ki cÖ_g Aÿi eo Aÿi n‡e,
evwK Aÿi¸‡jv †QvU Aÿi n‡e| wØZxq AskwUi bvg †QvU
Aÿi w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb wcuqvR Allium cepa.
5. ˆeÁvwbK bvg gy`‡ª Yi mgq me©`v BUvwjK Aÿ‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|
†hgb avb Oryza sativa.
6. nv‡Z †jLvi mgq MY I cÖRvwZi bv‡gi wb‡P Avjv`v Avjv`v
`vM w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb Oryza sativa.
7. hw` K‡qKRb weÁvbx GKB Rxe‡K wewfbœ bvgKiY K‡ib,
Z‡e AMÖvwaKvi AvBb Abymv‡i cÖ_g weÁvbx KZ©„K cÖ`Ë
bvgwU M„nxZ n‡e|
8. whwb cÖ_g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei weÁvb m¤§Z bvg w`‡eb| Zuvi bvg
cÖKv‡ki mvjmn D³ Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi †k‡l ms‡ÿ‡c
ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb Oryza sativa L., 1753.
O DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 'B' n‡jv †cÖvwU÷v ivR¨ Ges C n‡jv
1
dvbRvB ivR¨| †cÖvwU÷v iv‡R¨i AšÍf³ ©y Rxe A‡cÿv dvbRvB
2
iv‡R¨i AšÍf³ ©y Rxe AwaK DbœZ, wb‡¤œ Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
†cÖvwU÷v iv‡R¨i Rxemg~n GK‡Kvlx ev eû‡Kvlx GKK ev
4 K‡jvwbqvj ev wdjv‡g›Uvm| G‡`i myMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K Ges
†Kv‡l †µvgvwUb e¯‘ wbDwK¬qvi c`©v Øviv cwie„Ë _v‡K| †µvgvwUb
e¯‘‡Z DNA, RNA I †cÖvwUb _v‡K| †Kv‡l mKj ai‡bi A½vby
_v‡K| G‡`i Lv`¨ MÖnY †kvlY, MÖnY ev d‡Uvwmb‡_wUK c×wZ‡Z
N‡U| gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g A‡hŠb cÖRbb N‡U Ges
KbRy‡Mk‡bi gva¨‡g A_©vr ˆRewbKfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ MVbMZfv‡e
GKB, Giƒc `ywU M¨v‡g‡Ui wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠb Rbb N‡U|
G‡`i †Kv‡bv åƒY MwVZ nq bv| Ab¨w`‡K dvbRvB iv‡R¨i
Rxe‡`i AwaKvskB ¯’jR, g„ZRxex ev ciRxex| †`n GK‡Kvlx
A_ev gvB‡mwjqvg w`‡q MwVZ| G¸‡jvi wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ|
†KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb e¯‘ w`‡q MwVZ| Lv`¨MÖnY †kvlY c×wZ‡Z
N‡U| †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Abycw¯’Z| n¨vcø‡qW †¯úvi w`‡q eske„w× N‡U|
Dch©y³ ivR¨Ø‡qi ˆewkó¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †cÖvwU÷v
iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i ˆewk‡ó¨i Zzjbvq dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxemg~‡ni
ˆewkó¨ DbœZ ai‡bi| G Kvi‡Y †cÖvwU÷v I dvbRvB-Gi g‡a¨
dvbRvB AwaK DbœZ|
cÖkœ 34  XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR  cÖkœ 1
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
MÖæc-K MÖæc-L MÖæc-M
k¦vmbvwji Aw¯’mw܇Z gvi¸wj‡mi †kÖwYweb¨v‡m DbœwZi
cÖ`vn cÖ`vn µgaviv we`¨gvb
K. A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm Kx? 1
L. nvqvivwK© ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MÖæc K I L Avjv`v mgm¨v Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MÖæc M we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
34bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm n‡jv AvKvi, AvK…wZ A_ev kvixie„Ëxq
cv_©K¨wewkó wfbœag©x M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡b m¤úbœ †hŠb Rbb|
L nvqvivwK© †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi GKwU c×wZ| †hLv‡b wewfbœ
ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖvYx ev Ro RMZ‡K Avjv`v
Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i †kÖwYweb¨vm Kiv nq Ges GKB ˆewkó¨
aviY Kiv cÖvYx ev Ro¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z _v‡K|
hw` mKj cÖvYx ev Ro RMZ‡K GKwU ivR¨ wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kwi
Z‡e iv‡R¨i Dc‡mU ce©, c‡e©i Dc‡mU †kÖwY, †kÖwYi Dc‡mU
n‡jv eM© BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e µgvš^‡q †kÖwYweb¨vm Kivi c×wZ‡K
†b‡÷W nvqvivwK© e‡j| A‡bK mgq cybive„wË Gov‡bvi Rb¨
Av‡Mi av‡ci †hme ˆewkó¨ c‡ii av‡cI _v‡K, †m¸‡jv En¨ ivLv
nq|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MÖæc-ÔKÕ n‡jv k¦vmbvwji cÖ`vnRwbZ †ivM
eªsKvBwUm Ges MÖæc-ÔLÕ n‡jv Aw¯’mw܇Z cÖ`vnRwbZ †ivM
wiDgvU‡qW Av_ª©vBwUm ev †Mu‡UevZ| wb‡P eªsKvBwUm I †Mu‡UevZ
m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
k¦vmbvwji wfZ‡i Ave„Z wSwjø Mv‡Îi cÖ`vn‡K eªsKvBwUm e‡j|
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y wSwjøMv‡Î cÖ`vn n‡Z cv‡i| GKevi
eªsKvBwUm n‡j evievi G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K|
mvaviYZ wkï Ges eq¯‹ e¨w³iv G †iv‡M †ewk AvµvšÍ nq|
a~gcvb, A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek I `~lY, mu¨vZ‡mu‡Z, a~wjKYv wgwkÖZ
AvenvIqv, VvÊv jvMv BZ¨vw` †_‡K eªsKvBwUm †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|
GB †ivM n‡j †ivMxi ey‡K e¨_v, Kvwk I k¦vmKó †`Lv hvq|
†ivMx‡K c~Y© wekÖvg wb‡Z nq|
Ab¨w`‡K kZvwaK cÖKv‡ii evZ‡iv‡Mi g‡a¨ wiDgvU‡qW
Av_ª©vBwUm Ab¨Zg| mvaviYZ eq¯‹iv G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| Kg
eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †ejvq wM‡U e¨_v ev hš¿Yv nIqv wiD‡gwUK
wdfvi ev evZR¡i RvZxq Ab¨ †iv‡Mi jÿY n‡Z cv‡i| Aw¯’mwÜi
Amy‡Li cÖKvi‡f` Abymv‡i wPwKrmvq cv_©K¨ nq| `yBRb e¨w³
`ywU wfbœ cÖKv‡ii Aw¯’mwÜi Amy‡L AvµvšÍ n‡jI Zv‡`i jÿY
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z GKB iKg n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î `yR‡bi wfbœ
cÖKv‡ii wPwKrmv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ we‡klÁ wPwKrm‡Ki mv‡_
civgk© Qvov ev‡Zi wPwKrmv Kiv DwPZ bq| G‡Z DcKv‡ii †P‡q
AcKvi †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| G †ivM n‡j mvaviYZ Aw¯’mwÜ ev wMu‡U
cÖ`vn ev e¨_v nq| Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx †e`bv DckgKvix
Jla †meb I mwVK wPwKrmv w`‡q G †iv‡Mi Kó †_‡K AvswkK
cwiÎvY cvIqv hvq|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MÖæc-ÔMÕ Øviv gvi¸wj‡mi †kÖwYweb¨v‡m
DbœwZi µgaviv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
weÁv‡bi AMÖhvÎvq eZ©gv‡b †Kv‡li ˆewkó¨, msL¨v, Lv`¨vf¨vm
BZ¨vw`i Dci wfwË K‡i Avi.GBP.ûB‡UKvi 1969 mv‡j
RxeRMZ‡K cuvPwU iv‡R¨ fvM Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j
gvi¸wjm G cuvPwU RMZ‡K `ywU mycvi wKsW‡gi AvIZvfz³
K‡ib| Dchy©³ Q‡K †cÖvK¨vwiIUv I BDK¨vwiIUv n‡jv h_vµ‡g
mycvi wKsWg-1 I mycvi wKsWg-2| mycvi wKsWg-1 G i‡q‡Q
ivR¨-1 g‡biv Ges mycvi wKsWg-2 G i‡q‡Q ivR¨-2 : †cÖvwU÷v,
ivR¨-3 : dvbRvB, ivR¨-4 : cøvbwU Ges ivR¨-5 : A¨vwb‡gwjqv|
D³ iv‡R¨i Rxe¸‡jvi ˆewkó¨ ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq ivR¨-1
Gi Rxe¸‡jv mij GK‡Kvlx, cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK Ges AvYyexÿwYK| wKš‘
cieZ©x ivR¨¸‡jv‡Z µgvš^‡q Rxe¸‡jv RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi
7
AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| †Kv‡li ˆewkó¨ I msL¨v, †`‡ni ˆewkó¨,
Lv`¨vf¨v‡mi cÖK…wZ, Pjb BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ GKwU ivR¨ †_‡K Zvi
cieZ©x iv‡R¨ AwaKZi myMwVZ I DbœZ Rxe i‡q‡Q| †hgb
ivR¨-1 Gi Rxe¸‡jvi wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ bq| ivR¨-1 I ivR¨-2
G GK‡Kvlx Rx‡ei Ae¯’vb n‡jI cieZ©x ivR¨¸‡jv‡Z eû‡Kvlx
Rxe i‡q‡Q| ivR¨-2 I ivR¨-3 Gi Rxe¸jv‡Z myMwVZ wUmy¨Zš¿
bv _vK‡jI ivR¨-4 I ivR¨-5 Gi Rxe¸‡jv‡Z myMwVZ wUmy¨Zš¿
we`¨gvb| ivR¨-1 †_‡K ivR¨-4 ch©šÍ Rxe¸‡jv Lv`¨ MjvatKiY
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI ivR¨-5 Gi Rxe Z_v cÖvYx¸‡jv Lv`¨
MjvatKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov ivR¨-5 Gi AwaKvsk Rxe
Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Gi c~‡e©i †Kv‡bv iv‡R¨i Rxe mvaviYZ
Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
myZivs, GmKj †hŠw³K Kvi‡YB D³ ivR¨mg~n‡K µg DbœwZ
Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ 35  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv  cÖkœ 1
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
A-Rxe-B÷ B-Rxe-KuvVvj C-Rxe-gvbyl
K. Rxevk¥ weÁvb Kx? 1
L. KxUZË¡‡K dwjZ kvLvi AšÍf³ ©y Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kb? 2
M. C RxewUi ˆeÁvwbK †kÖwYweb¨vm †jL| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZwU Rxe †kÖwYweb¨vmMZfv‡e wfbœÓ 
hyw³mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki 4
35bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K dwjZ RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq cÖv‰MwZnvwmK Rx‡ei weeiY
Ges Rxevk¥ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq ZvB Rxevk¥ weÁvb|
L RxeweÁv‡bi KxUZË¡ kvLvq KxUcZ‡½i Rxeb, DcKvwiZv,
AcKvwiZv, ÿqÿwZ, `gb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
†h‡nZz KxUZ‡Ë¡ ZË¡xq welq Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i KxUcZ½ m¤úwK©Z
cÖv‡qvwMK welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, †m‡nZz KxUZË¡‡K
RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLv ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki 'C' RxewU n‡jv gvbyl| wb‡P gvby‡li ˆeÁvwbK
†kÖwYweb¨vm D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv
ivR¨ (Kingdom); Animalia; KviY, my‡Kw›`ªK †Kvlwewkó,
eû‡Kvlx, ci‡fvRx Ges RwUj wUmy¨Zš¿ Av‡Q|
ce© (Phylum) : Chordata; KviY, Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv GK ch©v‡q
b‡UvKW© _v‡K|
†kÖwY (Class) : Mammalia; KviY, ev”Pv‡K ey‡Ki `ya
LvIqvq Ges †jvg/Pzj Av‡Q|
eM© (Order) : Primate; KviY, AuvK‡o aivi Dc‡hvMx
nvZ Ges NªvY A‡cÿv `„wókw³ †ewk DbœZ|
†MvÎ (Family) : Hominidae; KviY, wk¤úvwÄ,
Mwijv, evbi cÖf…wZi mv‡_ mv`„k¨ Av‡Q|
MY (Genus) : Homo; KviY, †`‡ni Abycv‡Z
gw¯Í®‹ me‡P‡q eo Ges Lvovfv‡e `yB cv‡q
nuvU‡Z cv‡i|
cÖRvwZ (Species) : Homo sapiens; KviY,
PIov Ges Lvov Kcvj, Lywji nvo
Homo M‡Yi Ab¨ cÖRvwZi Zzjbvq
cvZjv Ges eyw×e„wËKfv‡e DbœZ|
8 SSC RxeweÁvb
N DÏxc‡Ki A, B I C Rxe¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g B÷, KuvVvj
Ges gvbyl| Gme Rxe †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi wfbœ wfbœ iv‡R¨i AšÍf³©y |
wb‡P hyw³mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
A-Rxe ev B÷ †K¬v‡ivwdjwenxb Ges g„ZRxex Acy®úK Dw™¢`|
G‡`i †`n GK‡Kvlx A_ev gvB‡mwjqvg w`‡q MwVZ| G‡`i
wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ Ges †KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb e¯‘ w`‡q MwVZ|
Lv`¨MÖnY †kvlY c×wZ‡Z N‡U| n¨cø‡qW †¯úvi w`‡q eske„w×
N‡U| B‡÷i G mKj ˆewkó¨ dvbRvB iv‡R¨ †`Lv hvq| G Kvi‡Y
†kÖwYweb¨v‡m B‡÷i Ae¯’vb dvbRvB iv‡R¨|
Avevi, B-Rxe ev KuvVvj cÖK…Z wbDwK¬qvmhy³ mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix
Dw™¢`| G‡`i †`‡n DbœZ wUmy¨Zš¿ we`¨gvb| G‡`i åƒY m„wó nq
Ges Zv †_‡K wWcø‡qW ch©vq ïiæ nq| cÖavbZ ¯’jR, Z‡e AmsL¨
RjR cÖRvwZ Av‡Q| G‡`i †hŠb Rbb A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm A_©vr
AvKvi, AvK…wZ A_ev kvixie„Ëxq cv_©K¨wewkó wfbœag©x `ywU
M¨v‡g‡Ui wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ nq| Giv
AvwK©‡Mvwb‡qU A_©vr AvwK©‡Mvwbqvg ev ¯¿xRbb A½wewkó Dw™¢`|
Giv mc~®úK| KuvVvj Mv‡Qi G mKj ˆewkó¨ cøvw›U iv‡R¨i mv‡_
mv`„k¨c~Y©| G Kvi‡Y KuvVv‡ji Ae¯’vb cøvw›U iv‡R¨|
Ab¨w`‡K, C-Rxe ev gvbyl n‡jv my‡Kw›`ªK eû‡Kvlx cÖvYx| G‡`i
†`‡n †Kv‡bv Ro †KvlcÖvPxi, cøvw÷W I †KvlMnŸi †bB| cøvw÷W
bv _vKvq Giv †nUv‡iv‡UªvwdK A_©vr ci‡fvRx Ges Lv`¨
MjvatKiY K‡i, †`‡n RwUj wUmy¨Zš¿ we`¨gvb| Giv cÖavbZ †hŠb
Rb‡bi gva¨‡g esk e„w× K‡i| åƒY weKvkKvjxb mg‡q åƒYxq ¯Íi
m„wó nq| gvby‡li G mKj ˆewkó¨ A¨vwb‡gwjqv iv‡R¨i mv‡_
mv`„k¨c~Y©| G Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Ae¯’vb A¨vwb‡gwjqv iv‡R¨|
myZivs ˆewk‡ó¨i wfbœZvi Kvi‡YB Rxe wZbwUi †kÖwYweb¨vmMZ
Ae¯’vb wfbœ|
cÖkœ 36  beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq,
Kzwgjøv  cÖkœ 1
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
A B C weKvkKvjxb mg‡q åƒYxq ¯Íi m„wó nq|
Penicillium Periplaneta americana Nostoc
K. †U‡·vbwg Kx? 1 ev ciRxex| Giv GK‡Kvlx A_ev gvB‡mwjqvg w`‡q MwVZ| G‡`i
L. KxUZË¡‡K dwjZ kvLvi AšÍf³
©y Kivi KviY Kx? 2 Lv`¨ MÖnY †kvlY c×wZ‡Z N‡U| †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Abycw¯’Z|
M. DÏxc‡Ki A I C `yBwU mycvi wKsW‡gi AšÍf³ ©y Zv‡`i
ˆemv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 n¨vcø‡qW †¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g eske„w× NUvq|
N. DwjøwLZ A, B, C iv‡R¨i g‡a¨ †Kvb ivR¨ †ewk DbœZ
we‡kølY Ki| 4 wdjv‡g›Uvm, K‡jvwbqvj| †Kv‡l †µvgvwUb e¯‘ _v‡K wKš‘
36bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †fŠZ RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rx‡ei †kÖwYweb¨vm Ges Zvi
ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ nq Zv‡K Taxonomy e‡j|
L RxeweÁv‡bi KxUZË¡ kvLvq KxUcZ‡½i Rxeb, DcKvwiZv,
AcKvwiZv, ÿqÿwZ, `gb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
†h‡nZz KxUZ‡Ë¡ ZË¡xq welq Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i KxUcZ½ m¤úwK©Z
cÖv‡qvwMK welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, †m‡nZz KxUZË¡‡K
RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLv ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡K 'A' n‡jv Penicillium. hv mycvi wKsWg-2 Gi
dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxe Ges C-n‡jv Nostoc, hv mycvi wKsWg-1 Gi
g‡biv iv‡R¨i Rxe| A_©vr Rxe `ywU wfbœ mycvi wKsW‡gi AšÍf³
©y |
wb‡P Zv‡`i ˆemv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
1. g‡biv iv‡R¨i Rxe wdjv‡g›Uvm I K‡jvwbqvj m`„k¨|
Ab¨w`‡K dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxe gvB‡mwjqvg m`„k¨|
2. g‡biv iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i †Kv‡l †µvgvwUb e¯‘ _v‡K, wKš‘
wbDwK¬Ijvm I wbDwK¬qvi c`©v †bB| Aciw`‡K dvbRvB
iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ Ges †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb
wbwg©Z|
3. g‡biv iv‡R¨i wKQy m`m¨ †hgb Nostoc-G †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
Dcw¯’Z _vKvq Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K dvbRvB
iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i †`‡n †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Abycw¯’Z _vKvq Giv Lv`¨
cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
4. g‡biv iv‡R¨i Rxe‡`i †Kvl wefvRb wØwefvRb cÖwµqvq
m¤úbœ nq| Aciw`‡K dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxe n¨vcø‡qW
†¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g eske„w× NUvq|
5. g‡biv iv‡R¨i m`m¨ n‡jv bxjvf meyR ˆkevj, e¨vK‡Uwiqv
BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K dvbRvB iv‡R¨i m`m¨ n‡jv B÷,
Penicillium, gvkiæg BZ¨vw`|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A', 'B' I 'C' n‡jv h_vµ‡g Penicillium,
Periplaneta americana Ges Nostoc| GLv‡b Penicillium n‡jv
dvbRvB iv‡R¨i AšÍf³ ©y | Periplaneta americana n‡jv
A¨vwb‡gwjqv iv‡R¨i AšÍf³ ©y Ges Nostoc n‡jv g‡biv iv‡R¨i
AšÍM©Z| GLv‡b A¨vwb‡gwjqv ivR¨wU dvbRvB I g‡biv ivR¨
A‡cÿv †ewk DbœZ| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
A¨vwb‡gwjqv iv‡R¨i m`m¨iv wbDwK¬qvmwewkó I eû‡Kvlx cÖvYx|
G‡`i †Kv‡l †Kv‡bv Ro †KvlcÖvPxi, cøvw÷W I †KvlMnŸi †bB|
cøvw÷W bv _vKvq Giv †nUv‡iv‡UªvwdK A_©vr ci‡fvRx Ges Lv`¨
MjatKiY K‡i| †`‡n RwUj wUmy¨Zš¿ we`¨gvb| Giv cÖavbZ †hŠb
Rb‡bi gva¨‡g eske„w× K‡i| cwiYZ wWcø‡qW cyiæl Ges ¯¿x
cÖvYxi Rbbv½ †_‡K n¨vcø‡qW M¨v‡gU Drcbœ nq| åƒY
Ab¨w`‡K, dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxemg~‡ni AwaKvskB ¯’jR, g„ZRxex
†K¬v‡ivwdj bv _vKvq Giv Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Giv
Avevi, Nostoc g‡biv ivR¨fz³ Rxe| Giv GK‡Kvlx,
wbDwK¬Ijvm I wbDwK¬qvi c`©v †bB| G‡`i †Kv‡l cøvw÷W,
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv BZ¨vw` †bB, wKš‘
ivB‡ev‡Rvg Av‡Q| G‡`i †Kvl wefvRb wØ-wefvRb cÖwµqvq N‡U
Ges Giv cÖavbZ †kvlY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ ivR¨ wZbwUi ˆewkó¨ we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h,
A¨vwb‡gwjqv iv‡R¨i ˆewk󨸇jv DbœZ Rxe‡`i ˆewk‡ó¨i mv‡_
mv`„k¨c~Y|© Ab¨w`‡K dvbRvB I g‡biv iv‡R¨i ˆewk‡ó¨ DbœZ
Rxe‡`i †Kv‡bv ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq wb| ZvB ejv hvq,
A¨vwb‡gwjqv ivR¨ dvbRvB I g‡biv ivR¨ †_‡K DbœZ|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 9

cÖkœ 37  wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq  cÖkœ 1 4. kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi cÖ_g As‡ki cÖ_g Aÿi eo Aÿi
wb‡Pi Q‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : n‡e evwK Aÿi¸‡jv †QvU Aÿi Ges wØZxq AskwUi bvg
A B C †QvU Aÿi w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
WvqvUg †cwbwmwjqvg kvcjv 5. kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bvg gy`‡ª Yi mgq me©`v BUvwjK Aÿ‡i
K. G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR Kx? 1 wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb– Nymphaea nouchali.
L. bxjvf meyR ˆkevj‡K g‡biv iv‡R¨i AšÍf³©y Kivi KviY 6. kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bvg nv‡Z wjLvi mgq MY I cÖRvwZK
Kx? 2 bv‡gi wb‡P Avjv`v Avjv`v `vM w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb
M. ICBN wbqgvbyhvqx C RxewUi bvgKiY c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Nymphaea nouchali.
N. A I B Rxe `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK DbœZ? hyw³mnKv‡i 7. ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi †k‡l bvg`vbKvixi bvg (mvaviYZ mswÿß)
we‡kølY Ki| 4 wjL‡Z nq| Nymphaea nouchali Li. (GLv‡b Li wjwbqv‡mi
37bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : mswÿß iƒc)
8. hw` K‡qKRb weÁvbx kvcjv Dw™¢`‡K wewfbœ weÁvbm¤§Z
K †fŠZ RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rxe‡`‡n ni‡gv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv
welqK Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR e‡j| bvgKiY K‡ib Z‡e AMÖvwaKvi AvBb Abymv‡i cÖ_g weÁvbx
KZ…©K cÖ`Ë bvgwU M„nxZ n‡e|
L wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y bxjvf meyR ˆkevj g‡biv iv‡R¨i
AšÍf©y³| N DÏxc‡Ki A RxewU n‡jv WvqvUg Ges B RxewU n‡jv
1. Giv GK‡Kvlx, wdjv‡g›Uvm, K‡jvwbqvj| †cwbwmwjqvg| Giv h_vµ‡g †cÖvwU÷v Ges dvbRvB iv‡R¨
2. †Kv‡l †µvgvwUb e¯‘ _v‡K, wKš‘ wbDwK¬Ijvm I wbDwK¬qvi c`©v AšÍf³ ©y | wb‡P WvqvUg Ges †cwbwmwjqvg Rxe `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU
†bB| AwaK DbœZ Zv hyw³mn we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
3. G‡`i †Kv‡l cøvw÷W, gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv †cÖvwU÷v iv‡R¨i Rxe GK‡Kvlx ev eû‡Kvlx n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e wKQy
BZ¨vw` †bB, wKš‘ ivB‡ev‡Rvg Av‡Q| m`m¨ eû‡Kvlx cÖK…wZi| G‡`i wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ Ges †Kv‡l
4. †Kvl wefvRb wØwefvRb cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ nq| †µvgvwUb e¯‘ wbDwK¬qvi c`©v Øviv cwie„Ë _v‡K| †µvgvwUb e¯‘‡Z
5. Giv †kvlY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨MÖnY K‡i I †KD †KD DNA, RNA Ges †cÖvwUb _v‡K| Z‡e gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi
d‡Uvwmb‡_wmm ev mv‡jvKms‡kølY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| gva¨‡g A‡hŠb cÖRbb Ges KbRy‡Mk‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠb cÖRbb
M DÏxc‡Ki C RxewU n‡jv kvcjv| GwU g~jZ Dw™¢`| ICBN N‡U| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv åƒY MwVZ nq bv|
wbqgvbyhvqx kvcjvi bvgKiY c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv Aciw`‡K, dvbRvB iv‡R¨i AwaKvsk RxeB ¯’jR, g„ZRxex ev
1. kvcjvi bvgKi‡Y Aek¨B j¨vwUb kã e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| ciRxex| †`n GK‡Kvlx A_ev gvB‡mwjqvg w`‡q MwVZ| Gi
2. kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi `ywU Ask _vK‡e, cÖ_g Ask MY bvg wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ Ges †KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb e¯‘ w`‡q MwVZ|
Ges wØZxq AskwU cÖRvwZ bvg| †hgb Nymphaea Lv`¨MÖnY †kvlY c×wZ‡Z N‡U| †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Abycw¯’Z| n¨vcø‡qW
nouchali. GwU kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bvg, GLv‡b Nymphaea MY †¯úvi w`‡q eske„w× N‡U|
Ges nouchali cÖRvwZK c`| Dch©y³ ivR¨Ø‡qi ˆewk󨸇jv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h,
3. kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bvg‡K Abb¨ n‡Z n‡e| KviY GKB bvg dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Penicillium, †cÖvwU÷v iv‡R¨i A¨vwgev †_‡K
`ywU c„_K Rx‡ei Rb¨ e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †bB| AwaK DbœZ|
10 SSC RxeweÁvb
02
Rxe‡Kvl I wUmy¨
Cells and Tissues of Organism
AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ 60  XvKv †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 1
wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wPÎ-C
K. †¯‹¬ivBW Kx? 1 †Kv‡l cÖv‡UvcøvRg _v‡K bv e‡j Giv g„Z| Dw™¢‡` Giv hvwš¿K kw³
L. cøxnvi mÂvj‡b AskMÖnYKvix †cwki MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ-C Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 cwi‡k‡l, Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j GK_v eySv hvq
N. wPÎ-A Ges B-Gi Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î wgj _vK‡jI MVbMZ w`K
†_‡K wgj I Awgj i‡q‡Qwe‡kølY Ki| 4 MVbMZ wgj I Awgj i‡q‡Q|
60bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
L †h gvZ…‡Kv‡li †MŠY cÖvPxi LyeB k³ AZ¨šÍ cyiæ wjMwbbhy³
Ges †KvlcÖvPxi K‚chy³ nq, ZvB †¯‹¬ivBW|
M cøxnvi mÂvj‡b AskMÖnYKvix †cwk n‡jv A‰bw”QK †cwk|
A‰bw”QK †cwk wUmy¨i ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY cÖvYxi B”Qvaxb bq| G
†cwki †Kvl¸‡jv gvKz AvK…wZi| G‡`i Mv‡q AvovAvwo `vM _v‡K
bv| GRb¨ G †cwk‡K gm„Y †cwkI ejv nq|
N DÏxc‡K wPÎ-C Øviv †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡P †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨i MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
†¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jv k³, A‡bK j¤^v I cyiæ
cÖvPxiwewkó nq| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †Kvl¸‡jv‡Z †cÖv‡UvcøvRg
Dcw¯’Z _vK‡jI Lye ZvovZvwo Zv bó n‡q g„Z †Kv‡l cwiYZ
nq| †Kvl¸‡jv cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi nq| h_v dvBevi I
†¯‹¬ivBW| dvBevi AZ¨šÍ `xN©, cyiæ cÖvPxiwewkó, k³ Ges `yB
cÖvšÍ miæ| Z‡e KL‡bv †fuvZv n‡Z cv‡i| cÖvPx‡ii Mv‡q wQ`ª _v‡K
hv K‚c bv‡g cwiwPZ| Avi †¯‹¬ivBW Lv‡Uv, mge¨vmxq, KL‡bv
j¤^v‡U Avevi KLbI ZviKvKvi n‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i †MŠYcÖvPxi
LyeB k³, AZ¨šÍ cyiæ I wjMwbbhy³| cwiYZ †¯‹¬ivBW †Kvl
mvaviYZ g„Z nq| G‡`i‡K †÷vb †mjI ejv nq|
O wPÎ A Ges B n‡jv h_vµ‡g RvB‡jg wUmy¨i †f‡mj Ges
RvB‡jg dvBevi| GB †Kvl `ywU Dw™¢`‡`‡n GKB ai‡bi KvR
K‡i, wKš‘ G‡`i MVbMZ w`K †_‡K h‡_ô wgj I Awgj i‡q‡Q|
RvB‡jg wUmy¨ GK ai‡bi RwUj wUmy¨| RvB‡j‡gi AšÍf³ z© †f‡mj
†Kvl¸‡jv Lv‡Uv †Pv‡Oi g‡Zv| †Kvl¸‡jv GKwUi gv_vq GKwU
mw¾Z n‡q Ges cÖvšÍxq cÖvPxi M‡j wM‡q GKwU `xN© b‡ji g‡Zv
A‡½i m„wó K‡i| Gi d‡j †Kvli‡mi EaŸ©v‡ivn‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU
miæ c_ m„wó n‡q hvq| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq G †Kvl¸‡jv
†cÖv‡UvcøvRgc~Y© _vK‡jI cwiYZ eq‡m Giv g„Z I
†cÖv‡UvcøvRgwenxb nq| †f‡mj cvwb I LwbR jeY cwien‡b Ges
Dw™¢`v½‡K `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K RvB‡jg dvBevi
RvB‡j‡g Aew¯’Z †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv RvZxq †Kvl| G‡`i‡K DW
dvBeviI ejv nq| G †Kvl¸‡jv j¤^v, G‡`i `ycÖvšÍ miæ| cwiYZ
†hvMvq|
†h, †f‡mj I RvB‡jg dvBevi GKB ai‡bi KvR Ki‡jI G‡`i
cÖkœ 61  ewikvj †evW© 2015  cÖkœ 1
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
A
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K. RvB‡MvU Kx? 1
L. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K kw³Ni ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. P-wP‡Îi Dcv`vbwUi MVb ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki| 3
N. 'A' wPwýZ AskwU cyiælvbyµ‡g es‡ki ˆewkó¨ en‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwe‡kølY Ki| 4
61bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K ïµvYy mwµqfv‡e wW¤^vYy‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges G‡`i wbDwK¬qvm
`ywU ci¯úi GKxf‚Z nq| GKxf‚Z n‡q †h †KvlwU Drcbœ nq ZvB
RvB‡MvU|
L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv †Kv‡li k¦mb A½vYy| GLv‡bB k¦m‡bi mKj
KvR m¤úbœ nq| Avi G k¦m‡bi gva¨‡gB Rxe‡`‡n kw³ Drcbœ
n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr †Kv‡li ˆRweK KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h kw³
cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKgvÎ Drm gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| ZvB G‡K †Kv‡li
kw³Ni ejv nq|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 11

M DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎ-P Øviv †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm‡K wb‡`©k Kiv cÖkœ 62  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv  cÖkœ 2
n‡q‡Q| wb‡P wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki
1. wbDwK¬qvi wSwjø : wbDwK¬qvm‡K wN‡i iv‡L †h wSwjø, Zv‡K
wbDwK¬qvi wSwjø ev †Kw›`ªKv wSwjø e‡j| GwU `yB ¯Íi wewkó|
GB wSwjø wjwcW I †cÖvwU‡bi mgš^‡q ˆZwi nq| GB wSwjø‡Z
gv‡S gv‡S wKQy wQ`ª _v‡K, †h¸‡jv‡K wbDwK¬qvi iܪ e‡j|
2. wbDwK¬IcøvRg : wbDwK¬qvi wSwjøi wfZ‡i †Rwji g‡Zv e¯‘ ev
im _v‡K| G‡K †Kw›`ªKvim ev wbDwK¬IcøvRg e‡j| wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wPÎ-C
wbDwK¬IcøvR‡g wbDwK¬K GwmW, †cÖvwUb, Dr‡mPK I KwZcq K. Aw·‡Rvg Kx? 1
LwbR jeY _v‡K| L. UªvwKW †f‡mj †_‡K wfbœ †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
3. wbDwK¬Ijvm : wbDwK¬IcøvR‡gi g‡a¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ M. A wP‡Îi MVb ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
msjMœ †MvjvKvi e¯‘‡K wbDwK¬Ijvm ev †Kw›`ªKvYy e‡j|
†µv‡gv‡mv‡gi isAMÖvnx As‡ki mv‡_ Giv †j‡M _v‡K| Giv N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ B I C Gi KvR GKB n‡jI MVb wfbœ 
RNA I †cÖvwUb Øviv MwVZ| we‡kølY Ki| 4
wbDwKÑqvi ˆggGeËb 62bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi wµw÷i Mv‡q e„šÍh³
y †MvjvKvi †h e¯‘ _v‡K
ZvB Aw·‡Rvg|
wbDwKÑIjvm
wbDwKÑIµÏvRg L UªvwKW I †f‡mj DfqB RwUj wUmy¨, hv RvB‡jg wUmy¨i
ˆKÌvgvwUb Z¯§ Askwe‡kl| UªvwKW, †f‡mj †_‡K wfbœ KviY UªvwK‡Wi †Kvl¸‡jv
wbDwKÑqvi i®¬È j¤^v, Gi cÖvšÍØq miæ Ges m~uPv‡jv, †KvlMnŸi eo, †KvlcÖvPxi
wPÎ : wbDwK¬qv‡mi wewfbœ Ask k³, `„p I wjMwbbhy³| Avevi †f‡m‡ji †Kvl¸‡jv Lv‡Uv †Pv‡Oi
4. †µvgvwUb RvwjKv : †Kv‡li wekÖvgKv‡j A_©vr hLb †Kvl g‡Zv, GKvwaK †Kvl gv_vq hy³ n‡q duvcv b‡ji m„wó K‡i| Gi
wefvRb P‡j bv, ZLb wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ myZvi g‡Zv wRwbm d‡j †Kvli‡mi Dc‡i IVvi Rb¨ GKwU miæ c_ m„wó n‡q hvq|
RU cvwK‡q _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| GB myZv¸‡jv n‡jv †µvgvwUb| Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡YB UªvwKW †f‡mj †_‡K wfbœ cÖK…wZi|
†µvgvwUb g~jZ DNA Ges †cÖvwU‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ RwUj M DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-A n‡jv gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| wb‡P gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi
KvVv‡gv| RU cvwK‡q _vKv GB †µvgvwUb Zš‘¸‡jv‡K
GKmv‡_ †µvgvwUb RvwjKv ev wbDwK¬qvi †iwUKzjvg e‡j| MVb ˆewkó¨ wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
†Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq Giv †gvUv I Lv‡Uv nq e‡j ZLb 1. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv †MvjvKvi ev `ÐvKvi n‡q _v‡K|
Zv‡`i Avjv`v †µv‡gv‡Rvg wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g 2. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv `yB ¯Íiwewkó AveiYx ev wSwjø w`‡q †Niv|
Aew¯’Z wRb¸‡jv eskMwZi ¸Yvewj enb K‡i GK cÖRš§ 3. Gi wfZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU wfZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR n‡q _v‡K| G‡`i
†_‡K Ab¨ cÖR‡š§ wb‡q hvq| wµw÷ e‡j|
N DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎ-P-Gi 'A' wPwýZ Ask Øviv 4. wµw÷i Mv‡q e„šÍh³y †MvjvKvi
wSwÍÏ
†µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| †µv‡gv‡Rvg cyiælvbyµ‡g e¯‘ _v‡K| G‡`i Aw·‡Rvg
es‡ki ˆewkó¨ en‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Zv e‡j|
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv 5. Aw·‡Rv‡g Dr‡mPK¸‡jv wKÌwÕ¡
1. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gva¨‡gB mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©vwiZ nq| A_©vr mvRv‡bv _v‡K| AwÝGmvg
mšÍvb †Q‡j bv †g‡q n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i †µv‡gv‡Rvg| 6. gvB‡UvKwÛªq‡bi (GK ePb) gÅvwUÇÝ
2. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g DNA I RNA bvgK wRb _v‡K| gvby‡li Pz‡ji wfZ‡i _v‡K g¨vwUª·|
cÖK…wZ, †Pv‡Li is, Pvgovi is BZ¨vw` meB wRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z
7. Rx‡ei k¦mbKv‡h© mvnvh¨ Kiv wPÎ : gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
nq| gvby‡li g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡`i ˆewk󨸇jvI
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi cÖavb KvR|
Zv‡`i †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg wRb‡K GK esk †_‡K cieZx© es‡k enb Kivi 8. k¦m‡bi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc †µem P‡µi wewµqv¸‡jv
Rb¨ evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i eskMwZi aviv AÿzYœ iv‡L| gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z m¤úbœ nq|
GRb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq| 9. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li Ôkw³ Drcv`b †K›`ªÕ ev ÔcvIqvi
3. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g AcZ¨ †Kv‡l nvDRÕ ejv nq|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v wbqš¿Y K‡i|
N DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-B n‡jv c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨ Ges C n‡jv
4. †µv‡gv‡Rvg †cÖvwUb ms‡køl‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
†Kv‡jbKvBgv| Dfq wUmy¨i KvR GKB n‡jI MVb wfbœ| wb‡P Zv
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, †µv‡gv‡Rvg
cyiælvbyµ‡g es‡ki ˆewkó¨ en‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
12 SSC RxeweÁvb

c¨v‡ibKvBgv I †Kv‡jbKvBgv Dfq wUmy¨i cÖavb KvR `„pZv 4. wµw÷i Mv‡q e„šÍh³y †MvjvKvi
e¯‘ _v‡K| G‡`i Aw·‡Rvg wSwÍÏ
cÖ`vb, †`n MVb Kiv, Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, Lv`¨ mÂq Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ wgj _vK‡jI G‡`i MVb ci¯úi wfbœ| e‡j|
c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jv RxweZ, mge¨vmxq, cvZjv 5. Aw·‡Rv‡g Dr‡mPK¸‡jv wKÌwÕ¡
cÖvPxihy³ Ges †cÖv‡UvcøvRg w`‡q c~Y©| GB wUmy¨‡Z AvšÍt‡Kvlxq mvRv‡bv _v‡K| AwÝGmvg
duvK †`Lv hvq| †KvlcÖvPxi cvZjv Ges †mjy‡jvR w`‡q ˆZwi nq| 6. gvB‡UvKwÛªq‡bi (GK ePb)
wfZ‡i _v‡K g¨vwUª·| gÅvwUÇÝ
Gme †Kv‡l hLb †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K †K¬v‡ibKvBgv
7. Rx‡ei k¦mbKv‡h© mvnvh¨ Kiv
e‡j| RjR Dw™¢‡`i eo eo evqyKzVzwihy³ c¨v‡ibKvBgv‡K
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi cÖavb KvR| wPÎ : gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
A¨v‡ibKvBgv e‡j|
8. k¦m‡bi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc †µem P‡µi wewµqv¸‡jv
Aciw`‡K, †Kv‡jbKvBgv wUmy¨i †KvlcÖvPx‡i †mjy‡jvR Ges gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z m¤úbœ nq|
†cKwUb Rgv n‡q cyiæ nq| Z‡e G‡`i †KvlcÖvPxi Amgfv‡e cyiæ 9. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li Ôkw³ Drcv`b †K›`ªÕ ev ÔcvIqvi
Ges †KvYv¸‡jv AwaK cyiæ nq| G wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jv j¤^v‡U I nvDRÕ ejv nq|
mRxe| Giv †cÖv‡UvcøvRgc~Y© †Kvl w`‡q ˆZwi nq| G‡Z
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wØZxq A½vYyU n‡jv †K¬v‡ivcøv÷| GwU
AvšÍt‡Kvlxq duvK _vK‡Z cv‡i| †KvlcÖvšÍ †PŠ‡KvYvKvi, miæ ev
Mv‡Qi meyR cvZv, KwP KvÐ I Ab¨vb¨ meyR As‡k cvIqv hvq|
wZh©K n‡Z cv‡i| cvZvi wkiv Ges cÎe„‡šÍ G‡`i †`Lv hvq| G RxeRMZ‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi †ÿ‡Î G A½vYywUi f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
MVb ˆewk󨸇jv c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨i ˆewk‡ó¨i †P‡q wfbœ
wb‡P †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
ai‡bi| 1. †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ Ave× †mŠikw³, †÷ªvgv‡Z Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK,
Dchy³© Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, c¨v‡ibKvBgv I evqy †_‡K M„nxZ Kve©b WvBA·vBW Ges †Kv‡li wfZiKvi
†Kv‡jbKvBgv wUmy¨i KvR GKB ai‡bi n‡jI G‡`i MVb wfbœ| cvwb e¨envi K‡i mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq kK©iv ˆZwi K‡i
hv wewfbœ †kÖwYi Lv`K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K|
cÖkœ 63  beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, 2. evqy‡Z Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨v‡mi cwigvY kZKiv 0.033
Kzwgjøv  cÖkœ 2 fvM| evqy‡Z Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY Gi †ewk n‡j Zv
Rxe‡`i Rb¨ ÿwZi KviY n‡q `uvovq| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi
cÖ_g A½vYywU kw³ Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| wØZxq A½vYywU
gva¨‡g †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ Kve©b WvBA·vBW e¨envi K‡i Lv`¨ ˆZwi
Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ ˆZwii mv‡_ RwoZ | K‡i Ges evqy‡Z Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i| G‡Z evqy‡Z Aw·‡Rb
K. †KvlcÖvPxi Kx? 1 I Kve©b WvBA·vBW-Gi AbycvZ wVK _v‡K| d‡j cwi‡e‡ki
L. Avw`‡Kvl Ges cÖK…Z‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL | 2 fvimvg¨ iÿv nq|
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖ_g A½vYywUi MVb wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 3. ev¯‘Z‡š¿ kw³i g~j Drm m~h©| m~h© n‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Avmv †gvU
N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wØZxq A½vYywUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 Av‡jv I Zvckw³i 2% Av‡jvK mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g
63bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : meyR Dw™¢` kK©ivq ivmvqwbK kw³ wn‡m‡e gRy` K‡i hv
K †KvlcÖvPxi n‡jv Dw™¢` †Kv‡li GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewfbœ Lv`¨ ¯Í‡ii cÖvwYiv e¨envi K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K| †hgb
ˆewkó¨| GwU g„Z ev Roe¯‘ w`‡q ˆZwi| Dw™¢‡` Drcvw`Z ivmvqwbK kw³ cÖ_‡g Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY‡Z
†cuŠ‡Q| G‡`i Lvq gvsmvkx cÖvwYiv| G‡Z ivmvqwbK kw³
L wb‡P Avw`‡Kvl Ges cÖK…Z †Kv‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Iqv n‡jv ch©vqµ‡g ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi wØZxq, Z…Zxq I m‡e©v”P †kÖwYi Lv`‡K
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1. GB †Kv‡l myMwVZ 1. GB †Kv‡l myMwVZ Pvjv‡Z mÿg nq|
wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv| wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| Gfv‡e Rx‡ei Rb¨ Lv`¨ ˆZwi, cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv, ev¯‘Z‡š¿
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2. wbDwK¬qvm c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z 2. wbDwK¬qvm wbDwK¬qvi wSwjø
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3. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †Kej DNA 3. †µv‡gv‡Rvg DNA QvovI
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wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g A½vYywU n‡jv gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, hv
†Kv‡li kw³Ni ev cvIqvi nvDR bv‡g cwiwPZ| wb‡P
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi mwPÎ MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
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2. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv `yB ¯Íiwewkó AveiYx ev wSwjø w`‡q †Niv|
3. Gi wfZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU wfZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR n‡q _v‡K| G‡`i
wµw÷ e‡j| wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 13
K. cÖK…Z †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j? 1 2. †WbWªvBU : †Kv‡li Pviw`‡K kvLvhy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cÖjw¤^Z
L. RvB‡jg‡K cwienb wUmy¨ ejv nq †Kb? 2 Ask‡K †WbWªb e‡j| †WªbWb †_‡K †h kvLv †ei nq, Zv‡`i
M. DÏxc‡Ki P Gi MVb wPwýZ wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3 †WbWªvBU e‡j| †WªbWªvB‡Ui msL¨v GK ev GKvwaK n‡Z
N. Rxe‡`‡n Q A½vYyi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4 cv‡i|
64bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : 3. A¨v·b : wbDi‡bi †Kvl‡`n †_‡K †h j¤^v mœvqyZš‘ cieZx©
K †hme †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ A_©vr wbDwK¬qvm wSwjø Øviv wbDi‡bi †WbWªvB‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K A¨v·b e‡j|
wbDwK¬I e¯‘ cwi‡ewóZ I mymsMwVZ †mme †Kvl‡K cÖK…Z †Kvl GKwU wbDi‡bi GKwU gvÎ A¨v·b _v‡K| cici `ywU
e‡j| wbDi‡bi cÖ_gwUi A¨v·b Ges c‡iiwUi †WbWªvB‡Ui g‡a¨ †h
L RvB‡jg‡K cwienb wUmy¨ ejv nq KviY, RvB‡jg wUmy¨¯’ mœvqymwÜ MwVZ nq Zv‡K wmb¨vcm e‡j| wmb¨vcm Gi ga¨
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Mv‡Qi cvZv I Ab¨vb¨ meyR As‡k cwienb K‡i _v‡K| RvB‡jg nq|
wUmy¨¯’ UªvwKW Dw™¢`‡K `„pZv cÖ`vb Kiv QvovI g~j n‡Z KvÐ I
N DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ : Q A½vYywU n‡jv gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| Rxe‡`‡n
cvZvq cvwb I LwbR jeY cwienb K‡i _v‡K| RvB‡jg wUmy¨¯’
c¨v‡ibKvBgv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Lv`¨ mÂq I Lv`¨ cwienb K‡i gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi f‚wgKv wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
_v‡K| gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Rxe‡`‡n ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GwU Rx‡ei
M DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ : P n‡jv †`‡ni we‡kl ms‡e`x †Kvl wbDib| hveZxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ kw³ Drcv`b I wbqš¿Y K‡i| Rx‡ei cÖwZwU
wb‡P wbDi‡bi MVb wPwýZ wPÎmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv cÖwµqv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ kw³ cÖ‡qvRb| Avi G kw³ Av‡m k¦mb
GKwU Av`k© wbDi‡bi wZbwU Ask _v‡K, h_v cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g| Kv‡RB kw³ Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Rx‡ei mKj
1. †Kvl‡`n : wbDi‡bi †Kvl‡`n eûf‚RvK…wZi Ges ˆRweK cÖwµqv mPj ivLvi †ÿ‡Î k¦mb cÖwµqvi cÖfve Acwimxg|
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wefvwRZ nq bv| k¦m‡bi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ch©vq †hgb †µem Pµ, B‡jKUªb
ˆWbWÈvBU Uªv݇cvU© wm‡÷g I Aw·‡WwUf dm‡dvivB‡jkb gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z
m¤úbœ nq| Rxe‡`‡n hw` gvB‡UvKwÛªqv bv _v‡K Z‡e ATP Z_v
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ˆRweK wµqvI ax‡i ax‡i †_‡g hv‡e| Avi G cwiYwZ‡Z Rxe‡`n
g„Zz¨i w`‡K X‡j co‡e| ïay ZvB bq gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Rx‡ei ïµvYy
AÅvÝb I wW¤^vYy MV‡bI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| myZivs,
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Rxe‡`‡n ïµvYy I wW¤^vYy ˆZwi
iÅvbwfqvGii ceÆ
evavMÖ¯Í n‡e| d‡j Rx‡ei mwVK eskwe¯Ívi aviv e¨vnZ n‡e|
AÅvÝb Av‡jvPbvi †k‡l ejv hvq †h, gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi Abycw¯’wZ Rxe‡K
cÉv¯¦ g„Zz¨i w`‡K †V‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i eskMwZi
wPÎ : wbDib aviv‡KI evavMÖ¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡i|
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Cell Division

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ 23  wm‡jU †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 1 N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎ Q n‡jv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi
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wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
f‚wgKv wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
A¨vbv‡dR ch©v‡q cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi `yÕfv‡M
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Y cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW‡K AcZ¨ †µvgv‡Rvg e‡j Ges G‡Z GKwU K‡i
wPÎ-P wPÎ-Q †m‡›Uªvwgqvi _v‡K| AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ weKl©Y kw³
K. ICZN-Gi c~Y©iƒc wjL| 1 e„w× cvq, d‡j Giv welyexq AÂj †_‡K ci¯úi wecixZ †giæi
L. †Kv‡li †Kvb A½vYywU‡K kw³Ni ejv nq Ges †Kb? 2 w`‡K m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jvi A‡a©K GK
M. DÏxc‡Ki P wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K X I Y Gi MVb ˆewkó¨
†giæi w`‡K Ges evwK A‡a©K Ab¨ †giæi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K|
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †giæ AwfgyLx Pj‡b †m‡›Uªvwgqvi AMÖMvgx
N. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ e„wׇZ wPÎ Q Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
_v‡K Ges evûØq AbyMvgx nq| †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx
23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
†µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv V, L, J ev I Gi g‡Zv AvKvi aviY K‡i|
K ICZN Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv G‡`i‡K h_vµ‡g †gUv‡mw›UªK, mve‡gUv‡mw›UªK, A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK ev
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. †U‡jv‡mw›UªK e‡j| A¨vbv‡dR ch©v‡qi †k‡li w`‡K AcZ¨
L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li kw³Ni ejv nq| KviY †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv w¯úÛj h‡š¿i †giæcÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb †bq Ges
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z kw³ Drcv`‡bi mKj cÖKvi GbRvBg, †Kv- †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
GbRvBg Dcw¯’Z _vKvq kw³ Drcv`‡bi wewµqv¸‡jv
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡ZB m¤úbœ nq| Rx‡ei k¦mbKv‡h© mvnvh¨ Kiv
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi cÖavb KvR| cÖkœ 24  wm‡jU †evW© 2017  cÖkœ 3

M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ PwP‡Îi A½vYywU n‡jv wbDwK¬qvm| wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ X Ges Y n‡jv h_vµ‡g wbDwK¬Ijvm Ges 2n
†µvgvwUb RvwjKv| wbDwK¬Ijvm Ges †µvgvwUb RvwjKvi MVb
ˆewkó¨ wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv 2n
wbDwK¬Ijvm : wbDwK¬IcøvR‡gi g‡a¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ msjMœ 2n
†MvjvKvi e¯‘‡K wbDwK¬Ijvm ev †Kw›`ªKvYy e‡j| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
isAMÖvnx As‡ki mv‡_ Giv †j‡M _v‡K| Giv RNA I †cÖvwUb K. ivB‡ev‡Rvg Kx? 1
w`‡q ˆZwi nq| Giv ivB‡ev‡Rvg ms‡kølY K‡i|
L. wg‡qvwmm‡K n«vmg~jK wefvRb ejv nq †Kb? 2
†µvgvwUb RvwjKv : †Kv‡li wekÖvgKv‡j A_©vr hLb †Kvl wefvRb
P‡j bv, ZLb wbDwK¬qv‡m KzÐjx cvKv‡bv m~² myZvi g‡Zv AskB M. wPÎ A Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
n‡”Q †µvgvwUb RvwjKv ev wbDwK¬qvi †iwUKzjvg| †Kvl wefvR‡bi N. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' cÖwµqvwU Rxe‡`‡ni Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
mgq Giv †gvUv Ges Lv‡Uv nq, ZvB ZLb Zv‡`i Avjv`v Avjv`v we‡kølY Ki| 4
†µv‡gv‡Rvg wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb¸‡jv 24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
eskMwZi ¸Yvewj enb K‡i GK cÖRš§ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖR‡š§ wb‡q
hvq| †Kv‡bv GKwU Rx‡ei †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v H Rx‡ei Rb¨ K mvB‡UvcøvR‡g gy³ Ae¯’vq eZ©gvb Ges AšÍtcøvRgxq RvwjKvi
wbw`©ó| Gme †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g eskaviv enbKvix wRb Ae¯’vb K‡i Mv‡q Aew¯’Z †h `vbv`vi KYvq †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY N‡U ZvB
Ges es‡ki ˆewkó¨ eskci¤úivq enb Kiv †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi KvR| ivB‡ev‡Rvg|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
L wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb‡K n«vmg~jK wefvRb ejv nq| KviY
G wefvRb cÖwµqvq GKwU cÖK…Z‡Kvl we‡kl cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
wef³ n‡q PviwU AcZ¨ †Kv‡l cwiYZ nq| G cÖwµqvq wbDwK¬qvm
`yevi Ges †µv‡gv‡Rvg GKevi wef³ nq, d‡j AcZ¨ †Kv‡li
†µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi A‡a©K n‡q
hvq| G wefvR‡b AcZ¨ †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v n«vm cvq e‡j
G cÖwµqv‡K n«vmg~jK wefvRb e‡j|
M DÏxc‡K wPÎ-A n‡jv wSwjøhy³ mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| wb‡P gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv `yB ¯Íiwewkó AveiYx ev wSwjø w`‡q †Niv| wSwjøi
wfZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU wfZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR n‡q _v‡K, G‡`i wµw÷ e‡j|
wµw÷i Mv‡q e„šÍh³ y †MvjvKvi e¯‘ _v‡K, G‡`i Aw·‡Rvg e‡j|
Aw·‡Rv‡g Dr‡mPK¸‡jv mvRv‡bv _v‡K| gvB‡UvKwÛªq‡bi (GK
ePb) wfZ‡i _v‡K g¨vwUª·| Rx‡ei k¦bKv‡h© mvnvh¨ Kiv
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi cÖavb KvR|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 'B' wPÎwU Øviv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb‡K
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| D³ cÖwµqvwU Rxe‡`‡ni Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. eû‡Kvlx Rx‡e RvB‡MvU bvgK GKwU gvÎ †Kv‡li gvB‡Uvwmm
wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g eû‡Kvlx †`n‡Kvl MwVZ nq Ges Gi
ˆ`wnK e„w× N‡U|
2. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi d‡jB eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei Rbbv½
ˆZwi nq| d‡j Rxe eske„w×i µgaviv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|
3. GK‡Kvlx my‡Kw›`ªK Rx‡e G cÖwµqvq esk e„w× N‡U|
4. G wefvRb cÖwµqvi d‡j †Kv‡li ¯^vfvweK AvKvi, AvK…wZ,
AvqZb BZ¨vw` ¸Yv¸Y eRvq _v‡K|
5. gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq †Kvl wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y cÖwZwU †Kv‡li
wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi ga¨Kvi cwigvYMZ I wbqš¿YMZ
fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq|
6. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y †`‡ni me †Kv‡l
mgmsL¨K I mg¸Ym¤úbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg eRvq _v‡K|
7. eû‡Kvlx Rxe‡`‡n m„ó †h †Kv‡bv ÿZ¯’vb gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq
†Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g `ªæZ c~iY nq|
8. G cÖKvi wefvR‡bi d‡j RxeRM‡Zi ¸YMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i
w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úófv‡e ejv hvq †h, gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl
wefvRb Rxe‡`‡ni Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cÖkœ 25  w`bvRcyi †evW© 2016  cÖkœ 5
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
2n 2n
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2n
n n Rxe
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QK-A QK-B
15
K. ICBN Gi c~Y©iƒc wjL| 1
L. †kÖwYweb¨vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. Rx‡ei m‡½ DÏxc‡Ki QK 'A' Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
N. Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b QK 'B' KZUzKz f‚wgKv ivL‡e
e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? 4
25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K ICBN-Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
L ci¯úi‡K mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i Ici wfwË K‡i Rxe‡K wewfbœ
`‡j wef³ Kiv‡K †kÖwYweb¨vm e‡j| †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi gva¨‡g GB
wekvj I ˆewPΨgq RxeRMr‡K mnRfv‡e Aí cwikÖ‡g Ges Aí
mg‡q mwVKfv‡e Rvbv m¤¢e nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Q‡K D”P †kÖwYi Rx‡e wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g
RvB‡MvU m„wó‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GwU Rx‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Z_v Rx‡ei eskwe¯Ív‡ii m‡½
IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| DbœZ Rxe mvaviYZ †hŠb Rb‡bi gva¨‡g
Zv‡`i eskwe¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| Avevi esk we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡gB Rxe
cÖK…wZ‡Z wU‡K _v‡K ev Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv K‡i| 'A' Q‡K
wWcø‡qW Rx‡e (2n) cys I ¯¿x M¨v‡gU (n) m„wó I Zv‡`i wgj‡bi
gva¨‡g RvB‡MvU (2n) ˆZwi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU
†_‡K cieZx©‡Z gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb Rx‡ei Rš§
n‡q _v‡K| Dw™¢‡`i †ÿ‡Î wb‡l‡Ki ci ¯¿xM¨v‡gU Z_v wW¤^vYy
僇Y Ges wW¤^K ex‡R cwiYZ nq| AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k GB exR
AsKzwiZ n‡q wkï Dw™¢` I cieZx©‡Z c~Y©v½ Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ nq|
Avevi cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î wbwl³ wW¤^vYy cÖ_‡g †QvU 僇Y Ges ax‡i ax‡i
Gi åƒY weKwkZ n‡q †QvU wkïi Rš§ †`q| ZvB DÏxc‡Ki QK
'A' e¨ZxZ wWcø‡qW (2n) Rx‡ei esk we¯Ívi Z_v Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv
Am¤¢e| myZivs Rx‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Z_v Rx‡ei esk we¯Ív‡ii m‡½
DÏxc‡Ki QK 'A' wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ QK-B n‡jv A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb|
Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv ivL‡e Zv wb‡¤œ hyw³mn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqv mvaviYZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv, B÷
cÖf…wZ GK‡Kvlx †cÖvK¨vwiIwUK Rx‡e N‡U| hw` A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm
cÖwµqvq Gme Rx‡ei eskMwZi aviv eRvq bv _vKZ Z‡e
ev¯‘ms¯’v‡b kw³ I cywó mieivn cÖwµqvwU Pvjy _vKZ bv|
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK cÖf…wZ ev¯‘ms¯’v‡b we‡qvR‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| B÷, †cwbwmwjqvg cÖf…wZ h_vµ‡g †eKvwi wk‡í I Ilya
wk‡í Kv‡R jv‡M| †cwbwmwjqvg †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Gw›Uev‡qvwUK
Ilya gvby‡li Rxeb euvPvq| gvwUi De©iZv kw³ e„wׇZ Gme
AYyRx‡ei f‚wgKv Av‡Q| gvwUi De©iZv e„w× K‡i Avgiv k‡m¨i
Drcv`b evov‡Z cvwi hv Avgv‡`i A_©bxwZ‡K Pv½v Ki‡e| gvwUi
De©iZv e„w× K‡i Lv`¨ Drcv`b, Gw›Uev‡qvwUK Jla wk‡íi we¯Ívi
NUv‡Z A¨vgvB‡Uvwm‡mi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| GQvov B‡÷i gva¨‡g
†eKvwi wkí Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi cvbxq Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b weivU f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
16 SSC RxeweÁvb
cÖkœ 26  ivRkvnx †evW© 2015  cÖkœ 2
wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
wPòK wPòL
K. wbDib Kx?
L. cÖK…Z‡Kvl ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. eskMwZi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z wPÎ ÔKÕ Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v
Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ Gi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY
Ki|
26bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K mœvqyZ‡š¿i MVb I Kvwh©K GKK n‡”Q wbDib|
L †hme †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ A_©vr wbDwK¬qvi wSwjø Øviv
wbDwK¬Ie¯‘ cwi‡ewóZ I mymsMwVZ, †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g DNA †cÖvwUb,
wn‡÷vb I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K cÖK…Z †Kvl e‡j|
†hgb Dw™¢`‡Kvl I cÖvwY‡Kvl|
M DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎ ÔKÕ Øviv wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb‡K
wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| AZGe eskMwZi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z wPÎ
ÔKÕ A_©vr wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi f‚wgKv wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡jv
1. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi d‡j Rbb †Kvl Drcbœ nq|
2. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU Rx‡ei †µv‡gv‡Rvg
msL¨v wbw`©ó _v‡K|
3. wg‡qvwm‡mi gva¨‡g µwmsIfvi N‡U| d‡j cÖRvwZi AšÍM©Z
Rxemg~‡ni g‡a¨ ¯^vZš¿¨ I ˆewPΨ Av‡m|
4. Rx‡ei Rxeb P‡µ Rbyµ‡g wg‡qvwmm cÖZ¨ÿ f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úófv‡e eySv hvq †h, wg‡qvwmm †Kvl
wefvRb N‡U e‡jB cÖwZwU Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ eskci¤úivq wU‡K
_v‡K| A_©vr eskMwZi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z wPÎ ÔKÕ A_©vr
wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
N DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎ ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ Øviv h_vµ‡g wg‡qvwmm I
gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P D‡jøwLZ
†Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqv؇qi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡jv
1. wg‡qvwmm wefvRb mvaviYZ Rx‡ei Rbb †Kv‡l n‡q _v‡K|
1
Ab¨w`‡K, gvB‡Uvwmm wefvRb mvaviYZ Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK †Kv‡l
2
n‡q _v‡K|
2. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvmwU wefvwRZ n‡q
3
PviwU AcZ¨ †Kv‡li m„wó K‡i| Z‡e gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡b
gvZ…‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvmwU wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨ †Kv‡li
4
m„wó K‡i|
3. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b wbDwK¬qvm `yevi Ges †µv‡gv‡Rvg GKevi
wef³ nq| wKš‘ gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡b wbDwK¬qvm I
†µv‡gv‡Rvg GKevi wef³ nq|
4. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b AcZ¨ †K‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v
gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K _v‡K| Aciw`‡K gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡b
AcZ¨ †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li mgvb _v‡K|
5. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b mvaviYZ †cÖv‡dR ch©v‡q †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g
†µv‡gvwgqvi †`Lv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡b
mvaviYZ †cÖv‡dR ch©v‡q †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †µv‡gvwgqvi †`Lv
hvq bv|
6. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b mvaviYZ µwmsIfvi nq| wKš‘ gvB‡Uvwmm
wefvR‡b mvaviYZ µwmsIfvi nq bv|
7. wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡b AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg gvZ…‡Kv‡li
†µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡Z wfbœZi ¸Ym¤úbœ nq| Aciw`‡K gvB‡Uvwmm
wefvR‡b AcZ¨ †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ¸Yv¸Y gvZ…‡Kv‡li
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mg¸Y m¤úbœ nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dfq cÖKvi †Kvl wefvRb Rx‡ei Rb¨ LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 17

04
Rxebxkw³
Bioenergetics

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ 69  ewikvj †evW© 2020  cÖkœ 5
wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki
CO2
O2
P R
Q
K. AevZ k¦mb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. AvL I Avg Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ Kvi mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi †ewk?
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 FAD) Drcbœ nq, GB av‡c †m¸‡jv RvwiZ n‡q ATP, cvwb,
M. ÔPÕ wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv cÖwµqvwU‡Z ÔQÕ A½vYy‡Z ATP Drcbœ
nIqvi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 B‡jKUªb¸‡jv B‡jKUªb cÖevnZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi
N. ÔRÕ G †`Lv‡bv cÖwµqvwU wewfbœ cÖfveK Øviv wbqwš¿Z 
we‡kølY Ki| 4
69bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †h k¦mb cÖwµqv Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z nq Zv‡K AevZ
k¦mb e‡j|
L AvL C4 Dw™¢` Ges Avg C3 Dw™¢`| C3 Dw™¢‡`i Zzjbvq C4
Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi †ewk| KviY C4 Dw™¢‡` GKBmv‡_
n¨vP I mø¨vK Pµ Ges K¨vjwfb Pµ cwiPvwjZ nq| Avevi AvL
Dw™¢‡` AwZwi³ Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y mv‡jvKms‡kølY
evav cÖvß nq bv| hvi d‡j AvL Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡kølY I
Aw·‡Rb Drcv`b nvi †ewk|
M DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z P wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv cÖwµqvwU Øviv Dw™¢‡`i k¦mb
cÖwµqv Ges Q wPÎ Øviv gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
kK©iv †_‡K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv ATP ˆZwi K‡i| k¦mb wµqvi avc
PviwU n‡jv MøvB‡KvjvBwmm, A¨vwmUvBj Co-A m„wó, †µem Pµ
Ges B‡jKUªb cÖevnZš¿| cÖ_g avcwU gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq N‡U bv, wKš‘
Ab¨ wZbwU avc A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó, †µem Pµ Ges B‡jKUªb
cÖevnZš¿| wb‡P avc wZbwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó : MøvB‡KvjvBwmm ch©v‡q m„ó cÖwZ AYy
cvBiæwfK GwmW ch©vqµ‡g wewµqv †k‡l 2 Kve©b wewkó 1 AYy
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv GbRvBg G, GK AYy CO2 Ges GK AYy NADH
+ H+ Drcbœ K‡i| `yB AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW n‡Z `yB AYy
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv GbRvBg G, `yB AYy CO2 Ges `yB AYy NADH +
H+ Drcbœ nq|
†µem Pµ : Bs‡iR cÖvYimvqbwe` Sir Hans Krebs G PµwU
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib e‡j G‡K †µem Pµ ejv nq| G ch©v‡q
A¨vwmUvBj Co-A gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †µem P‡µ
AskMÖnY K‡i| G P‡µi mKj wewµqvB gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z msNwUZ
nq| GB P‡µ GK AYy A¨vwmUvBj Co-A †_‡K `yB AYy Kve©b
WvBA·vBW, wZb AYy NADH+H+, GK AYy FADH2 Ges GK
AYy GTP Drcbœ nq| (A_©vr `yB AYy A¨vwmUvBj Co-A †_‡K Pvi
AYy CO2, 6 AYy NADH++, `yB AYy FADH2 Ges `yB AYy GTP
Drcbœ nq|)
B‡jKUªb cÖevnZš¿ : MøvB‡KvjvBwmm, A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó Ges
†µm P‡µ NADH+H+ (weRvwiZ NAD), FADH2 (weRvwiZ
D”Pkw³i B‡jKUªb Ges †cÖvUb Drcbœ nq| D”P kw³m¤úbœ
mgq †h kw³ cÖ`vb K‡i †mB kw³ ATP ˆZwi‡Z e¨en„Z nq|
N DÏxc‡K ‘R’ G †`Lv‡bv cÖwµqvwU n‡jv mv‡jvKms‡kølY|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv wewfbœ cÖfveK Øviv wbqwš¿Z| wb‡P Zv
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y `yB ai‡bi cÖfveK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| h_v
(1) evwn¨K cÖfveK Ges (2) Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK|
1. evwn¨K cÖfveK :
Av‡jv : mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Av‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| cvwb
I CO2 †_‡K kK©iv ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³i Drm Av‡jv|
m~h©v‡jv‡Ki cÖfv‡eB cÎiܪ Dš§y³ nq, CO2 cvZvi Af¨šÍ‡i
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i|
Kve©b WvBA·vBW : Kve©b WvBA·vBW Qvov mv‡jvKms‡kølY
cÖwµqv Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY G cÖwµqvq †h Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq Zv
Kve©b WvBA·vBW weRvi‡Yi d‡jB n‡q _v‡K|
ZvcgvÎv : mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq ZvcgvÎv we‡kl cÖfveK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ AwZ wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv Ges AwZ D”P
ZvcgvÎvq G cÖwµqv Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
cvwb : mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvi Rb¨ kK©iv ˆZwii D‡Ï‡k¨ CO2
†K weRvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq H+ (nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb) cvwb
†_‡KB Av‡m|
Aw·‡Rb : evZv‡m Aw·‡R‡bi NbZ¡ †e‡o †M‡j
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq Avi Aw·‡R‡bi NbZ¡ K‡g hvq|
GQvovI evwn¨K cÖfveK wn‡m‡e LwbR c`v_© ivmvqwbK c`v_©I
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K|
18 SSC RxeweÁvb
2. Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK :
†K¬v‡ivwdj : cvZvi †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cwigv‡Yi mv‡_
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nv‡ii mivmwi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| KviY GKgvÎ
†K¬v‡ivwdjB Av‡jvKkw³ MÖnY Ki‡Z mÿg|
cvZvi eqm I msL¨v : G‡Kev‡i KwP cvZv Ges G‡Kev‡i eq¯‹
cvZvq †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cwigvY Kg _v‡K e‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølY N‡U|
cvZvi msL¨v †ewk n‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølY †ewk nq|
cUvwkqvg : cUvwkqv‡gi Afv‡e mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi cwigvY K‡g
†h‡Z †`Lv hvq|
kK©ivi cwigvY : mv‡jvKms‡kølY PjvKvjxb mg‡q kK©ivi
cwienb Kg n‡j Zv †mLv‡b R‡g _v‡K| we‡K‡j cvZvq kK©iv
†ewk Rgv nq e‡j mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi MwZ gš’i nq|
GbRvBg : mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖPzi msL¨K GbRvB‡gi
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
AZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆReivmvqwbK cÖwµqv
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖfveK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K|
cÖkœ 70  XvKv †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 2
wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
C6H12O6
C3H4O3
C3H4O3
X WvBA·vBW cÖ_‡g †Kvl AveiY †f` K‡i jwmKv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i
Y K‡i| Kve©b WvBA·vBW cÖavbZ †mvwWqvg evBKve©‡bU
wPÎ : M wPÎ : N
K. AvZ¥xKiY kw³ Kx?
L. Pviv †_‡K Dw™¢‡` dzj †dvUv‡bv ch©šÍ k¦m‡bi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v
Ki|
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖevnwPÎwUi X Ges Y avc `ywU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. wPÎ 'M' cÖwµqvq Drcbœ M¨vmxq c`v_© cwien‡b wPÎ 'N' Gi
f‚wgKv Kx? we‡kølY Ki|
70bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb cÖwµqvq ATP Drcbœ nq Ges B‡jKUªb
NADP-†K weRvwiZ K‡i NADPH + H+ Drcbœ K‡i| ATP Ges
NADPH + H+-†K AvZ¥xKiY kw³ (assimilatory power) ejv
nq|
L k¦m‡bi d‡j Drcbœ kw³ w`‡q Rxe Zvi Pjb, ÿqc~iY, e„w×,
Rbb cÖf…wZ ˆRewbK KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i| ZvB Pviv †_‡K
Dw™¢‡` dzj †dvUv‡bv ch©šÍ hveZxq ˆRewbK KvR Ki‡Z k¦m‡b
Drcbœ kw³ mnvqZv K‡i| myZivs Pviv †_‡K Dw™¢‡` dzj †dvUv‡bv
ch©šÍ k¦m‡bi f‚wgKv AZ¨waK|
M DÏxc‡Ki cÖevnwPÎwUi XGes Y n‡jv mevZ k¦m‡bi `ywU
avc Avi Zv n‡jv A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó Ges †µem Pµ| wb‡P
avc `ywU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó : MøvB‡KvjvBwmm ch©v‡q m„ó cÖwZ AYy
cvBiæwfK GwmW ch©vqµwgK wewµqv †k‡l 2 Kve©bwewkó GK AYy
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv GbRvBg-G (Acetyl Co-A), GK AYy CO2 Ges
GK AYy NADH+H+ (A_ev NADH2) Drcbœ K‡i (A_©vr `yB AYy
cvBiæwfK GwmW †_‡K `yB AYy A¨vwmUvBj †Kv GbRvBg-G, `yB
AYy CO2 Ges `yB AYy NADH+H+ Drcbœ nq)| GB avcwU
mvB‡UvcøvR‡g N‡U|
†µem Pµ : Bs‡iR cÖvYimvqbwe` Sir Hans Krebs G PµwU
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib e‡j G‡K †µem Pµ ejv nq| G ch©v‡q
A¨vwmUvBj Co-A gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †µem P‡µ
AskMÖnY K‡i| G P‡µi mKj wewµqvB gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z msNwUZ
nq| GB P‡µ GK AYy A¨vwmUvBj Co-A †_‡K `yB AYy Kve©b
WvBA·vBW, wZb AYy NADH+H+, GK AYy FADH2 Ges GK
AYy GTP (¸qv‡bvwmb UªvBdm‡dU) Drcbœ nq| (A_©vr `yB AYy
A¨vwmUvBj Co-A †_‡K Pvi AYy CO2, 6 AYy NADH+H+, `yB AYy
FADH2 Ges `yB AYy GTP Drcbœ nq|)
N DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î M cÖwµqv A_©vr mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq Drcbœ
M¨vmxq c`v_© n‡jv CO2 Ges wPÎ N n‡jv †jvwnZ i³KwYKv|
i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKvB g~jZ M¨vmxq c`v_© A_©vr Aw·‡Rb I
Kve©b WvBA·vBW cwien‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wb‡P Kve©b
WvBA·vBW cwien‡b †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Kiv
n‡jv
mevZ k¦m‡b k¦mwbK e¯‘ RvwiZ n‡q CO2, H2O Ges wecyj
cwigv‡Y kw³ Drcbœ nq| GB Drcbœ M¨vmxq c`v_© CO2
gvbe‡`‡n i‡³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKv ØvivI cwievwnZ nq| Lv`¨
RviY wewµqv †Kv‡l Kve©b WvBA·vBW ˆZwi K‡i| GB Kve©b
Ges jwmKv †_‡K ˆKwkKbvwji cÖvPxi †f` K‡i i³i‡m cÖ‡ek
(NaHCO3) iƒ‡c i³i‡mi gva¨‡g Ges cUvwmqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU
1 KHCO3 iƒ‡c †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Øviv cwievwnZ n‡q dzmdz‡m
Av‡m, †mLv‡b ˆKwkKbvwj I evqy_wj †f` K‡i †`‡ni evB‡i
2 wbM©Z nq|
3
cÖkœ 71  Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 4
4
Av‡jv
A + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2.
†K¬v‡ivwdj
K. AMP Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1
L. gy_v Nvm‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K A Gi ZviZg¨ Kxfv‡e wewµqv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i?
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Òwewµqvq Drcbœ c`v‡_©i DciB cÖvwYKzj wU‡K
Av‡QÓ  Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
71bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K AMP Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Adenosine Monophosphate.
L gy_v Nvm‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq| KviY GB Dw™¢‡` K¨vjwfb
P‡µi cvkvcvwk n¨vP I mø¨vK PµI cwiPvwjZ nq| weÁvbx n¨vP
I mø¨vK 1966 mv‡j CO2 weRvi‡Yi GB MwZc_ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib,
†hLv‡b GB MwZc‡_i cÖ_g ¯’vqx c`v_© wn‡m‡e 4-Kve©bwewkó
A·v‡jv A¨vwmwUK GwmW cvIqv hvq| gy_v Nv‡m GB Pµ m¤úbœ
nq weavq gy_v Nvm‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
M DÏxc‡Ki mgxKiYwU n‡jv mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Ges An‡jv
CO2| CO2 Gi ZviZg¨ mv‡jvKms‡kølY wewµqv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
_v‡K|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY n‡jv meyR Dw™¢‡` Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU RvZxq Lv`¨
ˆZwii GKwU ˆRe ivmvqwbK wewµqv| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨
Kve©b WvBA·vBW n‡jv Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU DcKiY| Kve©b
WvBA·vBW Qvov mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| G
cÖwµqvq †h Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq Zv CO2 weRvi‡Yi d‡jB n‡q _v‡K|
evqygЇj CO2 Gi cwigvY 0.03 fvM, wKš‘ G cÖwµqvq Dw™¢`
kZKiv GKfvM ch©šÍ CO2 e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB evqygЇj
CO2 Gi cwigvY e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi cwigvYI †e‡o hvq| Z‡e CO2 Gi cwigvY Lye
†ewk gvÎvq †e‡o †M‡j cvZvi †g‡mvwdj wUmy¨i †Kv‡li A¤øZ¡I
†e‡o hvq Ges cÎiܪ eÜ n‡q mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq|
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N DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU g~jZ mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv| GB
wewµqvq CO2 Ges cvwb †_‡K Møy‡KvR (C6H12O6) Z_v kK©iv
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mv‡jvKms‡kølY we‡k¦i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆRe ivmvqwbK wewµqv|
G wewµqvi gva¨‡gB m~h©v‡jvK Ges Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb m„wó
n‡q‡Q| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Av‡jvK ch©v‡q †mŠikw³ ivmvqwbK
kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| G cÖwµqvq ATP Ges NADPH + H+ Gi
mnvqZvq CO2 weRvwiZ n‡q kK©iv Drcbœ nq| G kK©iv e¨envi
K‡iB Dw™¢`‡`‡n wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wewµqv msNwUZ nq Ges
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Dw™¢`‡`‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³i mseÜb NU‡e bv d‡j Dw™¢`¸‡jv g‡i
hv‡e| Avevi †Kv‡bv cÖvYxB Zvi wb‡Ri Lv`¨ wb‡R cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z
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wWg, `ya BZ¨vw` hv-B MÖnY Kwi bv †Kb, Zvi meB cÖZ¨ÿ ev
c‡ivÿfv‡e meyR Dw™¢` †_‡K †c‡q _vwK| Kv‡RB Lv‡`¨i Rb¨
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cÖvwYKzj GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB Dw³wU h_v_© I Zvrch©c~Y©|
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M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) wewµqvwU cÖvYxi k¦vmKv‡h© Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨
K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 AZGe Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨
N. cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iÿvq DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wewµqv `ywUi
f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4 cvjb K‡i|
19
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L kK©iv RvZxq Lvevi‡K wb‡Pi ¯Í‡i †i‡L ch©vqµ‡g cwigvYMZ
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Lv`¨‡K mvRv‡j †h KvíwbK wcivwgW ˆZwi nq Zv‡K Av`k© Lv`¨
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Ki‡Z n‡e|
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mv‡jvKms‡kølY †hfv‡e cÖvYxi k¦vmKv‡h© mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv wb‡P
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k¦vmKv‡h© cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖvYxi k¦vmKv‡h© M¨vmxq
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wfZi w`‡q cwi‡ek †_‡K O2 dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges dzmdz‡mi
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k¦mb cÖwµqvq Drcv` wn‡m‡e e¨en„Z nq| †Kej gvÎ k¦mb
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¯^íZv †`Lv w`Z| k¦mb I mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv AbeiZ Pj‡Z
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K. g¨v‡µvwbDwUª‡q›U Kx?
L. iv‡dR ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. cÖgvi Av¤§yi cÖ_‡g D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvi cÖ_g ch©vqwU e¨vL¨v
Ki|
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L iv‡dR g~jZ †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z Dw™¢` †Kvl cÖvPxi| km¨`vbv,
djg~j Ges mewRi AcvP¨ Zš‘i Ask iv‡dR bv‡g cwiwPZ|
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Av‡jvKwbf©i ch©vqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
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nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I B‡jKUªb Drcbœ nq| G cÖwµqv‡K cvwbi
d‡UvjvBwmm ejv nq| Avevi d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb cÖwµqvq ATP
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ejv nq|
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2 n‡jv AevZ k¦mb| G cÖwµqvq B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi nq, hv
wewfbœ wk‡í e¨en„Z nq| j¨vKwUK GwmW dv‡g©‡›Ukb cÖwµqvi
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nq| C‡÷i AevZ k¦m‡bi d‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj I CO2 M¨vm ˆZwi
4 nq| ZvQvov Dw™¢‡`i k¦mb cÖwµqvq O2 wbM©Z nq hv mgMÖ
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MÖnY K‡i d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, RxeRM‡Z Dw™¢` I cÖvYx A_©vr mKj Rx‡ei
Rb¨ k¦mb cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
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K. mv‡jvKms‡kølY Kx? 1
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 we‡kølY Ki| 4
74bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †h cÖwµqvq meyR Dw™¢` m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z CO2 I H2O
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e‡j|
L gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq GKwU †_‡K `ywU, `ywU †_‡K
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Ab¨vb¨ Nvm RvZxq Dw™¢` cÖf…wZ|
GbRvBg
M DÏxc‡Ki mgxKiY Øviv k¦mb cÖwµqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q (i) C6H12O6 + O2 
†hLv‡b A n‡jv Aw·‡Rb| k¦mb cÖwµqv `yÕai‡bi-mevZ k¦mb I GbRvBg
(ii) C6H12O6 
AevZ k¦mb| k¦mb cÖwµqvwU A A_©vr Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z K. d‡UvjvBwmm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
NU‡j Zv‡K e‡j AevZ k¦mb| †KejgvÎ KwZcq AYyRx‡e L. †UbWb I wjMv‡g‡›Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 2
(e¨vK‡Uwiqv, C÷ BZ¨vw`) AevZ k¦mb NUvq| AevZ k¦m‡b M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvi gvB‡UªvKwÛªqv‡Z msNwUZ
k¦mwbK e¯‘ Aw·‡R‡bi mvnvh¨ QvovB †Kvl ga¨¯’ GbRvBg Øviv avcmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
AvswkK iƒ‡c RvwiZ n‡q wewfbœ ˆRe †hŠM, (CO2) I mvgvb¨ kw³ N. DÏxc‡Ki (i) I (ii) bs cÖwµqvi Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
Drcbœ nq| 76bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
GbRvBg K †h cÖwµqvq m~h©v‡jvK I †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji mnvqZvq cvwb
C6H12O6  2C26H5OH + 2CO2 + kw³
AevZ k¦mb `yÕwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq, hv wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv we‡qvwRZ n‡q Aw·‡Rb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I B‡jKUªb Drcbœ nq ZvB
d‡UvjvBwmm|
avc-1 : Møy‡Kv‡Ri Am¤ú~Y© RviY : GB av‡c GK AYy Møy‡KvR
†_‡K `yB AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW, Pvi AYy ATP (Gi g‡a¨ `yB AYy L †UbWb I wjMv‡g‡›Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv
e¨envi n‡q hvq) Ges `yB AYy NADH+H+ Drcbœ nq| A_©vr †UÛb wjMv‡g›U
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z G ch©šÍ wewµqv mevZ k¦m‡bi MøvB‡KvjvBwm‡mi 1. gvsm‡cwki cÖvšÍfvM i¾yi 1. †Kvgj A_P `„p w¯’wZ¯’vcK
Abyiƒc| Z‡e Drcbœ cvBiæwfK GwmW cieZ©x av‡c weRvwiZ n‡q g‡Zv k³ n‡q Aw¯’Mv‡Îi eÜbx Øviv Aw¯’mg~n
hvq e‡j AevZ k¦m‡b Mø‡y Kv‡Ri Am¤ú~Y© RviY N‡U- GgbUv mv‡_ mshy³ nq| GB k³ ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| cÖvšÍ‡K †UÛb e‡j| _v‡K| G‡K wjMv‡g›U
avc-2 : cvBiæwfK A¨vwm‡Wi weRviY : mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aew¯’Z e‡j|
GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZvq cvBiæwfK A¨vwmW weRvwiZ n‡q CO2 2. Nb, †k¦Z Zš‘gq †hvRK 2. †k¦ZZš‘ I cxZZš‘i
Ges B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj A_ev ïay j¨vKwUK A¨vwmW Drcbœ K‡i| wUmy¨ Øviv †UÛb MwVZ| mgš^‡q wjMv‡g›U MwVZ|
G‡ÿ‡Î MøvB‡KvjvBwm‡m Drcbœ weRvwiZ NAD (A_©vr 3. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †bB| 3. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Av‡Q|
NADH+H+) RvwiZ n‡q †h B‡j±ªb, †cÖvUb I kw³ wbM©Z K‡i, 4. Zš‘¸‡jv †k¦Z e‡Y©i, 4. Zš‘¸‡jv cxZ e‡Y©i, cÖkvLv
Zv e¨en„Z nq cvBiæwfK A¨vwmW †_‡K j¨vKwUK A¨vwmW ev kvLvwenxb| hy³|
22 SSC RxeweÁvb
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ (i)bs wewµqvwU n‡jv mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqv|
G cÖwµqv PviwU av‡c m¤úbœ n‡jI G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wZbwU avc
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P avc wZbwUi eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv
A¨vwmUvBj Co-A m„wó : MøvB‡KvjvBwmm ch©v‡q m„ó cÖwZ AYy
cvBiæwfK GwmW ch©vqµ‡g wewµqv †k‡l 2 Kve©b wewkó 1 AYy
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv GbRvBg G, GK AYy CO2 Ges GK AYy NADH
+ H+ Drcbœ K‡i| `yB AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW n‡Z `yB AYy
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv GbRvBg G, `yB AYy CO2 Ges `yB AYy NADH +
H+ Drcbœ nq|
†µem Pµ : G ch©v‡q A¨vwmUvBj Co-A gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z cÖ‡ek
K‡i Ges †µem P‡µ AskMÖnY K‡i| G P‡µi mKj wewµqvB
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z msNwUZ nq| GB P‡µ GK AYy A¨vwmUvBj Co-
A †_‡K `yB AYy Kve©b WvBA·vBW, wZb AYy NADH+H+, GK
AYy FADH2 Ges GK AYy GTP Drcbœ nq| (A_©vr `yB AYy
A¨vwmUvBj Co-A †_‡K Pvi AYy CO2, 6 AYy NADH+H+, `yB AYy
FADH2 Ges `yB AYy GTP Drcbœ nq|)
B‡jKUªb cÖevnZš¿ : MøvB‡KvjvBwmm, A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó Ges
†µem P‡µ NADH+H+ (weRvwiZ NAD), FADH2 (weRvwiZ
FAD) Drcbœ nq, GB av‡c †m¸‡jv RvwiZ n‡q ATP, cvwb,
D”Pkw³i B‡jKUªb Ges †cÖvUb Drcbœ nq| D”P kw³m¤úbœ
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv B‡jKUªb cÖevnZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi
mgq †h kw³ cÖ`vb K‡i †mB kw³ ATP ˆZwi‡Z e¨en„Z nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki (i) I (ii) bs cÖwµqv `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g k¦mb
cÖwµqvi `ywU avc mevZ k¦mb Ges AevZ k¦mb| wb‡P mevZ k¦mb
I AevZ k¦m‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
1. mevZ k¦m‡b O2-Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ AevZ k¦m‡b O2-Gi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
2. mevZ k¦m‡b k¦mwbK e¯‘ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c RvwiZ nq| wKš‘ AevZ
k¦m‡b k¦mwbK e¯‘ AvswkKfv‡e RvwiZ nq|
3. mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq cvwb Drcbœ nq| Aciw`‡K AevZ k¦mb
cÖwµqvq cvwb Drcbœ nq bv|
4. mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq wecyj cwigvY kw³ (686 kCal/Mole)
Drcbœ nq| Aciw`‡K AevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvq mvgvb¨ cwigvY
kw³ (56 Kacl/Mole) Drcbœ nq|
5. mevZ k¦m‡b A¨vj‡Kvnj ev j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcbœ nq bv|
wKš‘ AevZ k¦m‡b A¨vj‡Kvnj ev j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
6. mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvwU n‡jv Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi ¯^vfvweK k¦mb
cÖwµqv| wKš‘ AevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvwU Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi ¯^vfvweK
k¦mb cÖwµqv bq|
7. mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv, B‡÷ N‡U bv| Ab¨w`‡K
AevZ k¦mb cÖwµqvwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv, B‡÷ N‡U _v‡K|
8. mevZ k¦m‡bi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ n‡jv
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kCal/Mole.
wKš‘ AevZ k¦m‡bi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ n‡jv
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 56 kCal/Mole.
cÖkœ 77  wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq  cÖkœ 4
wb‡Pi wewµqviwU jÿ Ki
P
(i) 6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Q
Enzyme
(ii) C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + E
K. †jw›UKzjvi cÖ‡¯^`b Kx? 1
L. ga¨eqmx cvZvq mv‡jvKms‡kølY †ewk N‡U †Kb? 2
M. ii bs cÖwµqvwUi 3q av‡c KZ AYy E Drcbœ nq Zv Q‡Ki
gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3
N. i bs cÖwµqvq P I Q Dcv`vb Acwinvh©  we‡kølY Ki| 4
77bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †h cÖ‡¯^`b cÖwµqvq Dw™¢‡`i Kv‡Ði evK‡j Aew¯’Z
†jw›UKzjvi wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ cvwb ev®úvKv‡i †ei n‡q hvq
ZvB †jw›UKzjvi cÖ‡¯^`b|
L cvZvi eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i msL¨vI †ewk
nq| ga¨eqmx cvZvq me‡P‡q †ewk mv‡jvKms‡kølY N‡U| KviY
cvZvi msL¨v †ewk n‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølYI †ewk nq| wKš‘ bZzb
m„ó cvZvq Ges eq¯‹ cvZvi †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cwigvY Kg _vKvi
Kvi‡Y mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi Kg nq| A_©vr ga¨eqmx cvZvq
mv‡jvKms‡kølY †ewk N‡U|
M DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs cÖwµqvwU n‡jv mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqv Ges E
n‡jv kw³ (ATP)| mevZ k¦mb cÖwµqv 4wU av‡c m¤úbœ n‡q
_v‡K| Gi Z…Zxq avc A_©vr †µem P‡µ KZ AYy kw³ (ATP)
Drcbœ nq Zv Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
k¦m‡bi ch©vq Drcvw`Z e¯‘ e¨wqZ e¯‘ bxU Drcv`b
†µem Pµ 6 AYy 2 AYy 18 AYy ATP
NADH+H+ A¨vwmUvBj 4 AYy ATP
2 AYy FADH2 †Kv-G 2 AYy ATP
2 AYy GTP
24 AYy ATP
(bxU †gvU
ATP)
G‡ÿ‡Î,
1 AYy NADH + H+ = 3 AYy ATP
1 AYy FADH2 = 2 AYy ATP
1 AYy GTP = 1 AYy ATP
N DÏxc‡Ki (i)bs cÖwµqvwU n‡jv mv‡jvKms‡kølY| GLv‡b P I
Q Dcv`vb `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g Av‡jv I †K¬v‡ivwdj| wb‡P
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Av‡jv I †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji Acwinvh©Zv
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y Av‡jvi f‚wgKv : cvwb I CO2 †_‡K kK©iv
ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³i Drm Av‡jv| m~h©v‡jv‡Ki
cÖfv‡eB cÎiܪ Dš§y³ nq| CO2 cvZvi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| wKš‘
cvZvq †hUzKz Av‡jv c‡o Zvi AwZ mvgvb¨ AskB
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq e¨en„Z nq| Av‡jvKeY©vwji jvj,
bxj, Kgjv I †e¸wb AskUzK‡z ZB mv‡jvKms‡kølY fv‡jv nq|
meyR I njy` Av‡jv‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY fv‡jv nq bv|
mvaviYZ 400 nm †_‡K 480 nm Ges 680 nm Zi½
ˆ`N©¨wewkó Av‡jv‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY me‡P‡q fv‡jv nq|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 23

2. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji f‚wgKv : cvZvi †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji
cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nv‡ii mivmwi m¤úK©
we`¨gvb| KviY GKgvÎ †K¬v‡ivwdjB Av‡jvKkw³ MÖnY Ki‡Z
mÿg| †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i Dcv`vb m„wói nv‡ii Dci
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi wbf©ikxj| Z‡e †Kv‡l Lye †ewk
cwigvY †K¬v‡ivwdj _vK‡j GbRvB‡gi Afve †`Lv †`q Ges
mv‡jvKms‡kølY n«vm cvq|
cÖkœ 78  iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj  cÖkœ 6
GKwU †Kvlxq A½vYy Dw™¢‡` kK©iv ˆZwi K‡i| GB Drcvw`Z e¯‘
GKwU RwUj kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq †f‡O kw³ wbM©Z nq|
K. ga¨”Q`v Kx? 1 Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwµqv `ywU cwi‡ekxq fvimvg¨ iÿvq
L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K g‡biv iv‡R¨i AšÍf³©y Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½vYywUi MVb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv meyR Dw™¢‡` N‡U _v‡K| w`‡bi †ejvq
N. cwi‡ekxq fvimvg¨ iÿvq DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqv `yBwU Kxfv‡e
m¤úwK©Z? we‡kølY Ki| 4 kK©iv ˆZwii cÖavb KuvPvgvj n‡jv CO2 I H2O| Kv‡RB CO2 Gi
78bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K gvbe‡`‡ni eÿMnŸi I D`iMnŸi c„_KKvix †cwkeûj c`©vB
n‡jv ga¨”Q`v|
L e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K g‡biv iv‡R¨i AšÍf³
©y Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY,
e¨vK‡Uwiqv GK‡Kvlx, cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK A_©vr G‡`i myMwVZ
wbDwK¬Ijvm I wbDwK¬qvi c`©v †bB| e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡l cøvw÷W,
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, ER BZ¨vw` †bB| ZvQvov G‡`i †Kvl wefvRb wØ-
wefvRb cÖwµqvq n‡q _v‡K Ges wKQy msL¨K e¨vK‡Uwiqv
†K‡gvwmb‡_wUK cÖK…wZi|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½vYywU n‡jv †K¬v‡ivcøv÷| wb‡P
†K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i MVb‰ewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
†K¬v‡ivcøv÷ `yB ¯Íi wewkó| evB‡ii w`‡Ki ¯ÍiwU‡K ewnt¯Íi Ges
†fZ‡ii w`‡Ki ¯ÍiwU‡K AšÍt¯Íi ejv nq| †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ MÖvbvg
PvKwZ bvgK GK cÖKvi ¯Íixf‚Z A½ _v‡K| MÖvbv msL¨vq G‡Ki
AwaK Ges Giv ci¯úi MÖvbvg j¨v‡gjx bvgK bvwjKv w`‡q
mshy³| MÖvbvq m~h©v‡jvK Ave× n‡q ivmvqwbK kw³ Drcvw`Z nq|
†Kv‡li g¨vwUª‡·i †÷ªvgv‡Z Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK, evqy †_‡K M„nxZ
Kve©b WvBA·vBW I cvwb †_‡K mij kK©iv Drcbœ K‡i|
†K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ †K¬v‡ivwdj _v‡K e‡j Giv meyR †`Lvq| GQvov G‡Z
K¨v‡ivwUb‡qW bv‡g GK ai‡bi iÄKI _v‡K|
N DÏxc‡K mv‡jvKms‡kølY I k¦mb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
cvi¯úwiKfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z H2O I CO2 Gi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi
gva¨‡g meyR Dw™¢‡`i cvZvq kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ ˆZwi nq| A_©vr
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z meyR Dw™¢` G kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| wKš‘ mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y e¨en„Z G CO2 k¦m‡bi d‡j ˆZwi nq|
mKj mRxe †Kv‡l w`evivwÎ 24 NÈvB k¦mb cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K|
k¦mb wµqvq kK©iv Z_v Mø‡y KvR Aw·‡R‡bi gva¨‡g RvwiZ n‡q
kw³ I CO2 Drcbœ nq| k¦m‡b e¨en„Z G kK©iv (Mø‡y KvR) I O2
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡YB ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h,
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y kK©iv Ges O2 ˆZwi bv n‡j k¦mb wµqv eÜ n‡q
†h‡Zv| Avevi k¦mb wµqvi d‡j CO2 ˆZwi bv n‡j
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡YI e¨vNvZ NU‡Zv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, cÖwµqv `ywU A_©vr mv‡jvKms‡kølY I k¦mb
G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK|
24 SSC RxeweÁvb
05
Lv`¨, cywó Ges cwicvK
Food, Nutrition & Digestion
AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ 59  XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR  cÖkœ 3
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
Lv`¨ fvZ gvsm †Zj
cwigvY 500 MÖvg 200 MÖvg 100 MÖvg
K. weGgAvB Kx? 1 N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Lv`¨¸‡jv n‡jv fvZ, gvsm Ges †Zj|
L. iv‡dR ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 G¸‡jv h_vµ‡g kK©iv, Avwgl I †mœn RvZxq Lv`¨| kK©iv, Avwgl
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Lv`¨ †_‡K cÖvß kw³ wK‡jvRyj GK‡K
†`LvI| 3 cvK¯’jx †_‡K cvKgÐ ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| G mgq
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Lv‡`¨i ÿz`ªv‡š¿ cwicvK we‡kølY Ki| 4
59bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K weGgAvB (BMI) n‡jv ewWgvm Bb‡W·, hv gvbe †`‡ni
Mob I Pwe©i GKwU m~PK wb‡`©k K‡i|
L km¨ `vbvi ewniveiY, mewR, d‡ji †Lvmv, kuvmexR Ges
Dw™¢‡`i WuvUv, djg~j, cvZvq Lv`¨ Auvk ev iv‡dR _v‡K| G¸‡jv
g~jZ †Kvl cÖvPx‡ii †mjy‡jvR Ges wjMwbb| G¸‡jv RwUj
kK©iv| iv‡dR cvwb †kvlY K‡i Ges g‡ji cwigvY e„w× K‡i I
e„n`š¿ †_‡K gj wb®‹vk‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| iv‡dRhy³ Lvevi welv³
eR©bxq e¯‘‡K Lv`¨bvwj †_‡K cwi‡kvlY K‡i| aviYv Kiv nq,
Giƒc Lvevi Lv`¨bvwji K¨vÝv‡ii Avk¼v A‡bKvs‡k n«vm K‡i|
Auvkhy³ Lvevi ¯’~jZv n«vm, ÿzavcÖeYZv Ges Pwe© Rgvi cÖeYZv
n«v‡m mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
M DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë Lv`¨¸‡jv n‡jv fvZ 500 MÖvg, gvsm 200 MÖvg
I †Zj 100 MÖvg|
Avgiv Rvwb, 1 MÖvg kK©iv †_‡K 4 MÖvg, 1 MÖvg Avwgl †_‡K 4
MÖvg Ges 1 MÖvg Pwe© †_‡K 9 MÖvg wK‡jvK¨vjwi cvIqv hvq|
fvZ kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ nIqvq 500 MÖvg fvZ †_‡K 500  4 =
2000 MÖvg wK‡jvK¨vjwi cvIqv hvq|
Avevi, gvsm Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ nIqvq 200 MÖvg gvsm †_‡K
200  4 = 800 MÖvg wK‡jvK¨vjwi cvIqv hvq|
Avevi, †Zj Pwe©RvZxq Lv`¨ nIqvq 100 MÖvg ˆZj †_‡K 100 
9 MÖvg = 900 MÖvg wK‡jvK¨vjwi cvIqv hvq|
Zvn‡j 500 MÖvg fvZ, 200 MÖvg gvsm Ges 100 MÖvg †Zj †_‡K
cÖvß †gvU Lv`¨K¨vjwi = (2000 + 800 + 900) wK‡jvK¨vjwi
= 3700 wK‡jvK¨vjwi
Avgiv Rvwb,
1 wK‡jvK¨vjwi = 4.2 wK‡jvRyj
 3700 wK‡jvK¨vjwi = 4.2  3700 wK‡jvRyj = 15540 wK‡jvRyj
A_©vr DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë Lv`¨ †_‡K cÖvß †gvU kw³ n‡jv 15,540
wK‡jvRyj|
I †mœn RvZxq Lv‡`¨i ÿz`ªv‡š¿ cwicvK wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
AMœ¨vkq †_‡K GKwU ÿvixq cvPKim wWI‡Wbv‡g Av‡m| GB
cvPKim Lv`¨g‡Ði A¤øfv‡e cÖkwgZ K‡i| cvPKi‡mi GbRvBg
Øviv kK©iv I Avwgl cwicv‡Ki KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges †mœn
c`v‡_©i cwicvK ïiæ nq| AMœ¨vkq i‡m A¨vgvB‡jR, jvB‡cR I
wUªcwmb bvgK GbRvBg _v‡K| cvK¯’jx‡Z AvswkK cwicvKK…Z
Avwgl ÿz`vª ‡š¿ wUªcwm‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †f‡½ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW I mij
†ccUvB‡W cwiYZ nq|
wUªcwmb
cwj‡ccUvBW  A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW + mij †ccUvBW
A¨vgvB‡jR †k¦Zmvi‡K mij kK©ivq cwiYZ K‡i|
A¨vgvB‡jR
†k¦Zmvi  Møy‡KvR
Avevi wcËi‡mi wcËjeY †mœn c`v‡_©i ÿz`ª KYv¸‡jv‡K cvwbi
mv‡_ wgk‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges jvB‡c‡Ri KvR‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|
†mœn we‡kølK jvB‡cR †mœn c`v‡_©i `vbv¸‡jv‡K †f‡½ d¨vwU
jvB‡cR
GwWm I wMømvi‡j cwiYZ K‡i| †mœn c`v_©  d¨vwU
GwmW + wMømvij|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, ÿz`ªv‡š¿ me ai‡bi Lv`¨B
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbw`©ó GbRvB‡gi wµqvq cwicvK n‡q mij,
†kvlY‡hvM¨ Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡b cwiewZ©Z nq|
cÖkœ 60  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv  cÖkœ 6
gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q k³ Ask n‡jv `uvZ Ges me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’
n‡jv hK…Z| hK…‡Zi mv‡_ _v‡K wcË_wj| wcËbvwj I AMœvkq
bvwj GKmv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i|
K. MqUvi Kx? 1
L. gvby‡li i‡³i MÖæc Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Ôme‡P‡q k³Ó As‡ki MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÿz`vª ‡š¿ Lv`¨ cwicv‡K DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ MÖwš’Øq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
60bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K cÖPwjZ A‡_© MqUvi ev MjMÐ ej‡Z _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i †h
†Kv‡bv †dvjv‡K †evSvq|
L gvby‡li i‡³i †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq A Ges B bvgK `yB
ai‡bi A¨vw›U‡Rb _v‡K Ges i³i‡m a I b `yB ai‡bi A¨vw›UewW
_v‡K| GB A¨vw›U‡Rb Ges A¨vw›UewWi Dcw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i
gvby‡li i³‡K wewfbœ MÖæ‡c fvM Kiv hvq| G‡K eøvW MÖæc e‡j|
`vZv Ges MÖnxZvi i‡³i A¨vw›U‡Rb Gi Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ i‡³i MÖæc Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| `vZvi †jvwnZ KwYKv ev †Kv‡li
†KvlwSwjø‡Z Dcw¯’Z A¨vw›U‡Rb hw` MÖnxZvi i³i‡m Dcw¯’Z
Ggb A¨vw›UewWi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m, hv D³ A¨vw›U‡R‡bi mv‡_
wewµqv Ki‡Z mÿg, Zvn‡j A¨vw›U‡Rb-Gw›UewW wewµqv n‡Z
MÖnxZv ev †ivMxi Rxeb wecbœ n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ me MÖæ‡ci i³
mevB‡K †`Iqv hvq bv| ZvB gvby‡li i‡³i MÖæc Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Òme‡P‡q k³Ó Ask n‡jv `uvZ| cÖwZwU
`uv‡Zi wZbwU Ask _v‡K; h_v
1. gyKzU : gvwoi Dc‡ii Ask;
2. g~j : gvwoi wfZ‡ii Ask;
3. MÖxev : `uv‡Zi ga¨eZx© Ask|
cÖwZwU `uvZ †hme Dcv`vb w`‡q MwVZ Zv n‡jv :
1. †Ww›Ub : `uvZ cÖavbZ †Ww›Ub bvgK k³ Dcv`vb w`‡q MwVZ|
2. Gbv‡gj : `uv‡Zi gyKzU As‡k †Ww›U‡bi Dcwifv‡M Gbv‡gj
bvgK KwVb Dcv`vb _v‡K| Gbv‡gj Ges †Ww›Ub K¨vjwmqvg
dm‡dU, K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU Ges †d¬vivBW w`‡q ˆZwi|
3. `šÍg¾v : †Ww›U‡bi wfZ‡ii duvcv big Ask‡K `šÍg¾v
e‡j| Gi wfZ‡i agwb, wkiv, mœvqy I big †Kvl _v‡K|
`šÍg¾vi gva¨‡g †Ww›Ub As‡k cywó I Aw·‡Rb mieivn nq|
4. wm‡g›U : wm‡›Ug bvgK cvZjv AveiY `uv‡Zi g~j Ask
†Ww›Ub‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| GB wm‡g‡›Ui mvnv‡h¨ `uvZ gvwoi
mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MÖwš’Øq n‡jv hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq| ÿz`vª ‡š¿
Lv`¨ cwicv‡K hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P
Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡jv
gvbe‡`‡n cwicvK cÖwµqv PjvKv‡j cvK¯’jx †_‡K cvKgÐ
ÿz`vª ‡š¿i wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| AMœ¨vkq †_‡K wbtm„Z cvPKim
Øviv Avwgl cwicv‡Ki KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K Ges †mœn ev Pwe© RvZxq
c`v‡_©i cwicvK ïiæ nq|
hK…Z †_‡K wcËim wbtm„Z nq| GwU A¤øxq Ae¯’vq Lv`¨‡K ÿvixq
K‡i cwicv‡Ki Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| wcË-jeY †mœnc`v‡_©i ÿz`ª
KYv¸‡jv‡K cvwbi mv‡_ wgk‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wcË-jeY wcËi‡mi
Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| jvB‡cR bvgK GbRvB‡gi KvR h_vh_
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wcË-je‡Yi f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G je‡Yi ms¯ú‡k©
†mœnc`v_© mvev‡bi †dbvi g‡Zv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª `vbvq cwiYZ nq|
†mœnwe‡kølK jvB‡cR GB `vbv¸‡jv‡K †f‡O d¨vwU GwmW Ges
wMømvi‡j cwiYZ K‡i|
jvB‡cR d¨vwU GwmW + wMømvij
†mœnc`v_© 
25
AMœ¨vkq i‡m A¨vgvB‡jR, jvB‡cR I wUªcwmb bvgK GbRvBg
_v‡K| Avwš¿K i‡m Avwš¿K A¨vgvB‡jR, jvB‡cR, gj‡UR,
j¨vK‡UR I my‡µR BZ¨vw` GbRvBg _v‡K| AvswkK cwicvKK…Z
Avwgl ÿz`vª ‡š¿ wUªcwm‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †f‡O A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Ges
mij †ccUvB‡W cwiYZ nq|
cwj‡ccUvBW  wUªcwmb A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW + mij †ccvUvBW|
A¨vgvB‡jR kK©iv‡K mij kK©ivq cwiYZ K‡i|
A¨vgvB‡jR Mø‡y KvR|
†k¦Zmvi 
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Dchy©³fv‡e ÿz`vª ‡š¿ Lv`¨ cwicv‡K hK…Z I
AMœ¨vkq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cÖkœ 61  beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq,
Kzwgjøv  cÖkœ 3
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
A
B
K. iv‡dR Kx? 1
L. †evib Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' As‡k Lv`¨ cwicvK cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K 'B' †K wgkÖMÖwš’ ejv nq  we‡kølY Ki| 4
61bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K km¨`vbvi ewniveiY, mewR, d‡ji †Lvmv, kuvm, exR Ges
Dw™¢‡`i WuvUv, g~j I cvZvq _vKv Auvk ev Zš‘i b¨vq AcvP¨ AskB
n‡jv iv‡dR|
L Dw™¢‡`i mwµqfv‡e ea©bkxj A‡ji Rb¨ †evib cÖ‡qvRb|
GwU Dw™¢‡`i †KvlcÖvPx‡ii KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i cÖvPxiwU‡K
Z_v †KvlwU‡K `„pZv †`q| GQvovI wecvK wµqvi wewfbœ wewµqvq
Gi wbqš¿‡Yi f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| Gme Kvi‡YB †evib Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
M DÏxc‡K A n‡jv cvK¯’jx| cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ cwicvK wµqv
†hfv‡e m¤úbœ nq wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
Lv`¨ gyLMnŸi †_‡K Abœbvjxi ga¨w`‡q cvK¯’jx‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|
cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ Avmvi ci AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii M¨vw÷ªKMÖwš’ †_‡K
M¨vw÷ªK im ÿwiZ nq| G i‡m cÖavb †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv _v‡K Zv
n‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW, †ccwmb| nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv AwbóKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv _vK‡j Zv †g‡i
†d‡j| wbw®µq †ccwm‡bv‡Rb‡K mwµq †ccwm‡b cwiYZ K‡i
Ges cvK¯’jx‡Z †ccwm‡bi myôy Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A¤øxq cwi‡ek m„wó
K‡i| †ccwmb GbRvBg Avwgl‡K †f‡O `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Øviv ˆZwi †hŠM MVb K‡i hv cwj‡ccUvBW bv‡g
cwiwPZ| cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨`ªe¨ †cuŠQv‡bv gvÎ Dc‡iv³ im¸‡jv
wbtm„Z nq| cvK¯’jx AbeiZ ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY Ges
GbRvB‡gi wµqvi d‡j Lv`¨ Aa©Zij wgkÖ g‡Ð cwiYZ nq| G
gÐ A‡bKUv my¨‡ci g‡Zv Ges KcvwUKv †f` K‡i ÿz`ªv‡š¿ cÖ‡ek
K‡i| Gfv‡eB gvbe‡`‡ni cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ cwicvK nq|
26 SSC RxeweÁvb

N DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë wP‡Î B wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv AMœ¨vkq| gvbe Avgiv Rvwb,
kix‡ii Rb¨ AMœ¨vkq GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wgkÖMÖwš’| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY †`‡ni IRb (†KwR)
BMI =
Kiv n‡jv †`‡ni D”PZv (wgUvi)2
AMœ¨vkq GKvav‡i cwicv‡K AskMÖnYKvix GbRvBg I i‡³i 70 70
Møy‡KvR wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb wbtm„Z K‡i| A_©vr ewntÿiv I  †mv‡n‡ji BMI = (1.3)2 = 1.69 = 41.42 (cÖvq)
AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i g‡Zv KvR K‡i| AMœ¨vkqim AMœ¨vkq bvwji my¯’ Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ gvbe kix‡i mwVK BMI _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
gva¨‡g hK…r AMœ¨vkqbvwj w`‡q wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| AMœ¨vkq
†_‡K Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ AMœ¨vkqim wbtm„Z nq| AMœ¨vkqi‡m my¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ BMI-Gi Av`k© gvb n‡”Q 18.5  24.9 A_P
wUªcwmb, jvB‡cR I A¨vgvB‡jR bvgK Dr‡mPK _v‡K| Gme †mv‡n‡ji BMI n‡”Q 41.42 hv my¯^v‡¯’¨i Av`k©gvb †_‡K A‡bK
GbRvBg kK©iv, Avwgl I †mœnRvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwicv‡K mnvqZv Dc‡i| †mv‡n‡ji BMI †_‡K eySv hvq †m AwZwi³ †gvUv Ges
K‡i| Zvi g„Zz¨i SuywK i‡q‡Q| BMI gvb`‡Ð Zv‡K my¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ 42
AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e AMœ¨vk‡qi GKwU Ask AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQy †KwR nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx mwVK
ni‡gvb wbtmiY K‡i †hgb MøyKvMb I Bbmy¨wjb| Møy‡KvR wbqš¿Y cywó MÖnY I e¨vqv‡gi gva¨‡g IRb ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z gv‡b wb‡q Avm‡Z
I Ab¨vb¨ kixie„Ëxq Kv‡R G ni‡gvb `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb n‡e| G j‡ÿ¨ Zv‡K Pwe© RvZxq Lvevi LvIqv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z
K‡i| n‡e Ges cÖPzi cwigv‡Y kvKmewR, djg~j LvIqvi Af¨vm M‡o
G mKj Kvi‡YB DÏxc‡Ki B wPwýZ Ask Z_v AMœ¨vkq GKwU
Zzj‡Z n‡e| GQvov †mv‡nj‡K cwikÖgx n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b GK
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wgkÖMÖwš’|
NÈv gvSvwi gv‡bi kixi PP©v †hgb nuvUv, RwMs, †`Šo, muvZvi
cÖkœ 62  wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq  cÖkœ 5 KvUv, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z n‡e|
†mv‡n‡ji eqm 16 eQi, D”PZv 130 †m.wg. Ges IRb 70 G‡Z Zvi BMI gvb ax‡i ax‡i ¯^vfvweK ev Av`k© ch©v‡q †b‡g
†KwR| Avm‡e|
K. iv‡dR Kx? 1
L. Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ g¨vM‡bwmqvg cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2 cÖkœ 63  iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj  cÖkœ 2
M. †mv‡n‡ji BMR wbY©q Ki| 3
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
N. BMI Gi gvb`‡Ð †mv‡n‡ji KiYxq w`K Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
62bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : wcUzBUvwi AMœ¨vkq
K km¨`vbvi ewniveiY, mewR, d‡ji †Lvmv, kuvm, exR Ges A B
Dw™¢‡`i WuvUv, g~j I cvZvq _vKv Auvk ev Zš‘i b¨vq AcvP¨ AskB K. GwcMøwUm Kx? 1
n‡jv iv‡dR| L. Am‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡b e„‡°i f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L g¨vM‡bwmqvg †K¬v‡ivwdj AYyi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Gi M. DÏxc‡Ki A †K MÖwš’ivR ejv nq †Kb  e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Afve n‡j Dw™¢‡`i †K¬v‡ivwdj AYy m„wó Ges mv‡jvKms‡kølY N. DÏxc‡Ki B gvbeRx‡ebi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©  †Zvgvi Dˇii
cÖwµqvq Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z e¨vnZ nq| cvZvi wkiv¸‡jvi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
AwaK nv‡i †K¬v‡ivwmm nq| ZvB Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ g¨vM‡bwmqvg
cÖ‡qvRb|
63bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
M DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨g‡Z, K ¯^ih‡š¿i Dc‡i GKwU wRnŸv AvK…wZi XvKbv i‡q‡Q| G‡K
†mv‡n‡ji eqm = 16 eQi DcwRnŸv ev GwcMøwUm e‡j|
IRb = 70 †KwR L Am‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡b e„‡°i f‚wgKv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
Ges D”PZv = 130 †m.wg. 1. †`‡ni cvwbmvg¨ wbqš¿‡Y e„° cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Avgiv Rvwb, 2. e„° †bd«‡bi gva¨‡g cybt‡kvlY cÖwµqvq †`‡n cvwbi mgZv
†Q‡j‡`i BMR = 66 (13.7  IRb †KwR) + (5  D”PZv †m.wg.)
eRvq iv‡L|
 (6.8  eqm eQi) 3. e„‡°i †Møv‡giæjv‡m †iPb eR©¨, cvwb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Zij c`v_©
myZivs †mv‡n‡ji BMR = 66 + (13.7  70) + (5  130) cwimÖæZ nq|
 (6.8  16) 4. e„° AKvh©Ki n‡j †`‡n cvwb R‡g kixi dz‡j hvq, GgbwK
= 66 + 959 + 650  108.8 D”P i³PvcI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkbRwbZ
= 1675  108.8 = 1566.2 K¨vjwi ÎæwUi jÿY|
myZivs †mv‡n‡ji BMR = 1566.2 K¨vjwi
M DÏxc‡Ki A n‡jv wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’| G MÖwš’‡K MÖwš’ivR ejv
N DÏxcK Abymv‡i, nq| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
†mv‡n‡ji IRb = 70 †KwR
wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ ev nvB‡cvdvBwmm gw¯Í‡®‹i wb‡Pi As‡k Aew¯’Z|
Ges D”PZv = 130 †m.wg. ev 1.3 wgUvi
GwU gvbe‡`‡ni cÖavb ni‡gvb Drcv`bKvix MÖwš’| KviY GKw`‡K
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb msL¨vq †hgb †ewk,
Aciw`‡K Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’i Dci Gme ni‡gv‡bi cÖfveI †ewk|
†`‡ni me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvjxwenxb MÖwš’ n‡jI GwU AvKv‡i
me‡P‡q †QvU| GwU MÖwš’ †_‡K †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK, †mvgv‡UvUªwcK,
_vBi‡qW DÏxcK ni‡gvb (TSH), GW‡i‡bvKwU©‡KvUªwcb BZ¨vw`
ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq| GwU Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv QvovI
gvbe‡`‡ni e„w×i ni‡gvb wbM©Z K‡i| G Kvi‡Y wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’‡K
MÖwš’ivR ejv nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki B n‡jv AMœ¨vkq| gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ GwU GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wgkÖMÖwš’| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
AMœ¨vkq GKvav‡i cwicv‡K AskMÖnYKvix GbRvBg I i‡³i
Møy‡KvR wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb wbtm„Z K‡i| A_©vr ewntÿiv I
AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i g‡Zv KvR K‡i| AMœ¨vkqim AMœ¨vkq bvwji
gva¨‡g hK…r AMœ¨vkqbvwj w`‡q wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| AMœ¨vkq
†_‡K Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ AMœ¨vkqim wbtm„Z nq| AMœ¨vkqi‡m
wUªcwmb, jvB‡cR I A¨vgvB‡jR bvgK Dr‡mPK _v‡K| Gme
GbRvBg kK©iv, Avwgl I †mœnRvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwicv‡K mnvqZv
K‡i|
AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e AMœ¨vk‡qi GKwU Ask AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQy
ni‡gvb wbtmiY K‡i †hgb MøyKvMb I Bbmywjb| Møy‡KvR wbqš¿Y
I Ab¨vb¨ kixie„Ëxq Kv‡R G ni‡gvb `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
G mKj Kvi‡YB AMœ¨vkq gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cÖkœ 64  iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj  cÖkœ 7
iwng Ges Kwig `yB fvB| iwn‡gi IRb 50 †KwR, Zvi D”PZv
130 †m.wg.| †m `ya, dj, gvQ †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i Ges Kwi‡gi
IRb 60 †KwR, Zvi D”PZv 140 †m.wg.| †m gvsm, cwbi I
byWjm †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
K. iv‡dR Kx? 1 e¨vqvg Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvovI Zvi cQ‡›`i Lvevi gvsm, cwbi I
L. i³k~b¨Zv †Kb nq? 2 byWzjm Zv‡K AviI ¯^v¯’¨SuywK‡Z ivL‡Q|
M. iwng Ges Kwi‡gi BMI wbY©q Ki| 3
N. iwng I Kwi‡gi g‡a¨ †K ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK‡Z i‡q‡Q? G‡ÿ‡Î
Zv‡`i KiYxq Kx? we‡kølY Ki| 4 wbqwgZ e¨vqvg I wekÖvg Kiv|
27
64bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K km¨`vbvi ewniveiY, mewR, d‡ji †Lvmv, kuvm, exR Ges
Dw™¢‡`i WuvUv, g~j I cvZvq _vKv Auvk ev Zš‘i b¨vq AcvP¨ AskB
n‡jv iv‡dR|
L i³víZv ev i³k~b¨Zv GKwU mvaviY †ivM| i³k~b¨Zv n‡”Q
†`‡ni Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v hLb eqm I wj½‡f‡` i‡³
wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi NbZ¡ ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq K‡g hvq Ges Lv‡`¨i
gyL¨ Drcv`b wfUvwgb we-12 Gi Afve †`Lv †`q, djkÖæwZ‡Z
i³k~b¨Zv nq| evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ †jŠn NwUZ Avwg‡li Afv‡e
G †ivM nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨g‡Z,
iwn‡gi IRb = 50 †KwR
Ges D”PZv = 130 †m.wg. ev 1.3 wgUvi
†`‡ni IRb (†KwR)
Avgiv Rvwb, BMI = †`‡ni D”PZv (wgUvi)2
50
 iwn‡gi BMI = (1.3)2 = 29.58
Avevi, Kwi‡gi IRb = 60 †KwR
Ges D”PZv = 140 †m.wg. ev 1.4 wgUvi
60
 Kwi‡gi BMI = (1.4)2 = 30.61
myZivs iwng I Kwi‡gi BMI h_vµ‡g 29.58 I 30.61|
N iwng I Kwi‡gi BMI (M n‡Z cÖvß) n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h,
iwn‡gi BMI 29.58 hv BMI gvb`Û wb‡`©wkKvq 25  29.9 Gi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| GB gvb Øviv wb‡`©wkZ nq iwn‡gi IRb AwZwi³|
wKšÍ‘ Zvi cQ‡›`i Lvevi `ya, dj, gvQ G¸‡jv ¯^¯’¨m¤§Z| Zv‡K
e¨vqvg K‡i AwZwi³ IRb Kgv‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K, Kwi‡gi BMI 30.61 hv BMI gvb`Û wb‡`©wkKvq
30  34.9 gvb Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q| GB gvb Øviv wb‡`©wkZ nq
Kwig †gvUv nIqvi cÖ_g ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q| Zvi †e‡Q Lv`¨MÖnY I
myZivs, Dchy³
© we‡kølY n‡Z ejv hvq iwn‡gi Zzjbvq Kwig
AwaK ¯^v¯’¨SuywK‡Z i‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KiYxq n‡e dv÷dzW
RvZxq Lvevi cwinvi K‡i cwiwgZ cwigv‡Y mylg Lvevi MÖnY I
28 SSC RxeweÁvb

06
Rx‡e cwienb
Transport in Organisms

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cv‡i| gvwU‡Z cvwbi NvUwZ _vK‡j †kvlY Kg n‡e wKš‘ cÖ‡¯^`b
cÖkœ 47  wm‡jU †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 3
c~‡e©i g‡Zv Pj‡Z _vK‡e| G Ae¯’v‡K †VKv‡Z cÖK…wZ kxZ
wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki †gŠmy‡g eû Dw™¢‡`i cvZv Swi‡q †`q| cÖ‡¯^`‡bi Afv‡e
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vcb Pvc NvUwZ n‡e bv, d‡j AwfmÖeY Kg n‡e|
GgZve¯’vq ejv hvq, cÖ‡¯^`b wKQy ÿwZmvab Ki‡jI GB cÖwµqv
Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq GKwU Kvh©µg| ˆewk‡ó¨i ˆecix‡Z¨i
Rb¨ weÁvbx KvwU©m cÖ‡¯^`b‡K ÔcÖ‡qvRbxq ÿwZÕ (Necessary
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wPÎ-C Evil) bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e mvwe©K wePv‡i GwU Dw™¢`‡K
K. me©Rbxb i³`vZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wU‡K _vKvi †ÿ‡Î myweav †`q e‡j Gi AcKvix w`K _vKv m‡Ë¡I
L. †mjy‡jvR‡K cvwb-wcÖq c`v_© ejv nq †Kb? 2 cÖ‡¯^`b cÖwµqv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
M. DÏxc‡Ki A wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwU Dw™¢‡`i GKwU AwZ N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎ-B Ges wPÎ-C h_vµ‡g agwb Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ag½je¨vL¨v Ki| 3 wkiv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| gvbeRxe‡b agwb Ges wkivi wfbœZv wb‡¤œ
N. gvbeRxe‡b B I C Gi wfbœZv hyw³mnKv‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4 hyw³mnKv‡i we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
47bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : agwb wkiv
K O MÖæ‡ci i³wewkó e¨vw³ me MÖæ‡ci i‡³i e¨w³‡K i³ 1. †hme i³bvwji gva¨‡g 1. †hme bvwj w`‡q i³ †`‡ni
w`‡Z cv‡i e‡j G‡K me©Rbxb i³`vZv ejv nq| mvaviYZ Aw·‡Rbmg„× i³ wewfbœ As‡k †_‡K n„rwc‡Ð
L †mjy‡jvR cvwb wcÖq c`v_©| KviY †mjy‡jvR Zij c`v‡_©i n„rwcÐ †_‡K mviv‡`‡n evwnZ wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡`i wkiv
ms¯ú‡k© G‡j Zv mn‡RB Zij c`v_© A_ev cvwb ï‡l †bq, Avevi nq Zv‡K agwb e‡j| e‡j|
Zij c`v‡_©i Afv‡e Giv msKzwPZ n‡q hvq| ZvB †mjy‡jvR‡K 2. dzmdzmxq agwb Gi e¨wZµg 2. dzmdzmxq wkiv e¨wZµg hv
cvwb wcÖq c`v_© ejv nq| hv n„rwcÐ †_‡K Kve©b dzmdzm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb hy³
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ A wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwU n‡jv cÖ‡¯^`b| G WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ dzmdz‡m i³ n„rwc‡Ð wb‡q Av‡m|
cÖ‡¯^`b cÖwµqvwU Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ag½j| †cuŠQvq|
wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv 3. cÖvPxi cyiæ I w¯’wZ¯’vcK| 3. wkivi cÖvPxi Kg cyiæ, Kg
cÖ‡¯^`‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© eZ©gv‡b mKj weÁvbxB HKg‡Z¨ w¯’wZ¯’vcK I Kg †cwkgq|
†cuŠ‡Q‡Qb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| G cÖwµqvi Dc‡i mRxe Dw™¢`
4. agwb‡Z KcvwUKv _v‡K bv, 4. G‡`i bvwjc_ GKUz PIov
†Kv‡li wecvKxq Kvh©µg A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| cÖ‡¯^`‡bi d‡j
RvB‡jg evwnKvq Uvb c‡o| GB Uv‡bi d‡j Dw™¢‡`i g~j‡ivg KZ©„K Gi bvwjc_ miæ| Ges KcvwUKv _v‡K|
†kvwlZ cvwb Ges LwbR jeY cvZvq cwievwnZ nq| G Uv‡bi 5. i‡³i MwZi w`K mvaviYZ 5. i‡³i MwZi w`K mvaviYZ
NvUwZ n‡j cvwb †kvlY K‡g hv‡e Ges Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Zmn A‡bK n„rwcÐ n‡Z †`‡ni wewfbœ †`‡ni wewfbœ w`K †_‡K
wecvKxq Kvh©µg kø_ n‡q hv‡e| cÖ‡¯^`‡bi d‡j cvZvi †g‡mvwd‡j w`‡K| n„rwc‡Ði w`‡K|
e¨vcb Pvc NvUwZ m„wó nq, hv cvwb †kvl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| Dw™¢` 6. Aw·‡Rb †ewk _v‡K e‡j 6. Kve©b WvBA·vBW †ewk _v‡K
cÖ‡¯^`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ cÎdjK w`‡q †kvwlZ Zvckw³ n«vm i³ UvUKv jvj| e‡j Kvj‡P jvj ev bxj
K‡i cvZvi †Kvl¸‡jvi ZvcgvÎv mnbkxj ch©v‡q iv‡L|
i‡Oi|
Ab¨w`‡K, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GB cÖwµqvwU Dw™¢‡`i eû ai‡bi DcKvi
Ki‡jI Gi wKQy AcKvix f‚wgKvI i‡q‡Q| †hgb cvwb †kvl‡Yi 7. Ae¯’vb †`nZ¡‡Ki wKQyUv 7. Ae¯’vb †`nZ¡‡Ki wVK wb‡P|
†P‡q cÖ‡¯^`‡b cvwb nviv‡bvi nvi †ewk n‡j Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cvwb †fZ‡i|
Ges Lwb‡Ri NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡e| Gi d‡j Dw™¢`wUi g„Zz¨ n‡Z 8. mgvw߯’j ˆKwkK RvwjKv| 8. mgvw߯’j n„rwcÐ|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 29

cÖkœ 48  XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR  cÖkœ 4 N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwU Øviv n„rwcЇK eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges
DwjøwLZ wPÎ P, Q, R I S Øviv h_vµ‡g n„rwc‡Ði PviwU cÖ‡Kvô
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Wvb Awj›`, evg Awj›`, Wvb wbjq Ges evg wbjq‡K wb‡`©k
P Q K‡i‡Q| Awj›` Ges wbjq؇qi Aweivg ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi
UªvBKvmwcW evBKvmwcW T= ˆKwkK cvwb gva¨‡gB gvbe‡`‡n i³ mÂvjb n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P gvbe‡`‡n i³
R S cvZvq †cuŠ‡Q mÂvjb cÖwµqvwU we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
K. DPD Kx? 1 i³ msenbZ‡š¿i cÖavb A½ n„rwcÐ| Gi mvnv‡h¨B msenbZ‡š¿i
L. d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvmwm ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 i³ cÖevn mPj _v‡K| n„rwc‡Ði PviwU cÖ‡Kvô Ges cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ T cÖwµqvwU mwPÎ eY©bv Ki| 3 m¤ú~Y© wef³ _vKvq GLv‡b Aw·‡Rbhy³ I Aw·‡Rbwenxb i‡³i
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ P, Q, R I S Øviv msNwUZ cÖwµqv mswgkÖY N‡U bv| Awj›`Øq cÖmvwiZ n‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K
we‡kølY Ki| 4 i³ n„rwc‡Ð cÖ‡ek K‡i| EaŸ© gnvwkivi gva¨‡g Kve©b WvB
48bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : A·vBWhy³ i³ Wvb Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdzmxq ev
cvj‡gvbvwi wkivi gva¨‡g Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ evg Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek
K GKB evqyPv‡c †Kv‡bv GKwU `ªeY I `ªve‡Ki e¨vcb Pv‡ci K‡i| Awj›`؇qi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j wbjqØq cÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j
cv_©K¨‡K Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD) ev e¨vcb Pvc Wvb Awj›`wbj‡qi wQ`ªc‡_i UªvBKvmwcW KcvwUKv Ly‡j †M‡j Wvb
NvUwZ e‡j| Awj›` †_‡K Kve©b WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ Wvb wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i|
L d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm GKwU ˆRweK cÖwµqv| †h cÖwµqvq wewfbœ wVK GB mg‡q evg Awj›`-wbj‡qi evBKvcwmW KcvwUKv Ly‡j hvq
ai‡bi †k¦Z i³KwYKv †`niÿvi Ask wn‡m‡e ÿYc` m„wó K‡i Ges evg Awj›` †_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ evg wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i|
†`‡n Abyc‡Ö ekKvix RxevYy (e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm cÖf…wZ) ev wUmy¨i Avevi hLb wbjqØq msKzwPZ nq ZLb Wvb wbjq †_‡K Kve©b
g„Z‡Kvl I Ab¨vb¨ ewnivMZ KYv‡K MÖvm I GbRvB‡gi mvnv‡h¨ WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ dzmdzmxq agwbi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i
aŸsm K‡i †`n‡K AvRxeb my¯’ ivL‡Z m‡Pó _v‡K, Zv‡K Ges †mLv‡b i³ cwi‡kvwaZ nq| wVK GKB mg‡q evg wbjq
d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm e‡j| d¨v‡MvmvBU †Kvl¸‡jvi g‡a¨ g‡bvmvBU †_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ gnvagwbi gva¨‡g mviv‡`‡n cwievwnZ
Ges wbD‡Uªvwdj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| nq| Gfv‡e n„rwc‡Ði ch©vqµwgK ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Kve©b
WvBA·vBWhy³ I Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ c„_K _v‡K Ges †`‡n i³
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwU n‡jv g~j‡iv‡gi gva¨‡g
'T' mÂvjb cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
gvwU‡Z Aew¯’Z ˆKwkK cvwb cwi‡kvlY cÖwµqv| wb‡P cÖwµqvwU
mwPÎ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv cÖkœ 49  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv  cÖkœ 5
mvaviYfv‡e Dw™¢` gvwUi ˆKwkK cvwb Zvi g~j‡iv‡gi gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
†kvlY K‡i| cÖ‡¯^`‡bi d‡j cvZvi †Kv‡l e¨vcb Pvc NvUwZi
m„wó nq, Gi d‡j cv‡ki †Kvl †_‡K cvwb G †Kv‡li w`‡K avweZ A
nq| GKBfv‡e H wØZxq †KvlwU‡Z Avevi e¨vcb Pvc NvUwZ m„wó
nq Ges Zvi cv‡ki ev wb‡Pi †Kvl †_‡K cvwb †U‡b †bq| Gfv‡e
e¨vcb Pvc NvUwZ µgk g~j‡ivg ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z nq Ges GKwU
†PvlK kw³i m„wó nq| G †PvlK kw³i Uv‡b gvwUi ˆKwkK cvwb wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
g~j‡iv‡g Xz‡K c‡o| K. A¨vjwfIjvm Kx? 1
KGUÆÝ L. Ôe„‡° cv_i GKwU RwUj mgm¨vÕ  e¨vL¨v Ki | 2
M. DÏxc‡K wPÎ-1 gvbe‡`‡n Kxfv‡e i³ mÂvjb K‡i Zv
‰G´£vWvwgÆK
gƒjGivg wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
ˆfGmj N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 G A wPwýZ A‡½ AvµvšÍ †iv‡Mi KviY I
gvwUi KYv cÖwZKvi we‡kølY Ki| 4
gƒjZ½K 49bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
wPÎ : cvwb †kvlY I cwienb K gvbe‡`‡ni dzmdz‡m AmsL¨ evqy_wj ev evqy‡Kvl _v‡K
gvwU †_‡K g~j‡iv‡g AwfmªeY I e¨vcb cÖwµqvq G cvwb cÖ‡ek hv‡`i‡K A¨vjwfIjvm e‡j|
K‡i| Gfv‡e g~j‡ivg †_‡K cvwb g~‡ji K‡U©‡· cÖ‡ek K‡i| G
L gvby‡li wKWwb‡Z †QvU AvKv‡ii cv_i RvZxq c`v‡_©i m„wóB
KvRwU‡K †Kvl †_‡K †KvlvšÍi AwfmªeY c×wZ e‡j| GKBfv‡e e„° ev wKWwbi cv_i wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| AwZwi³ kvixwiK IRb,
cvwb AšÍtZ¡K I cwiPµ n‡q cwienb bvwjKv ¸‡”Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq| wKWwbi msµgY, Kg cvwb cvb Kiv BZ¨vw` e„° ev wKWwb‡Z
cvwb GKevi cwienb Kjvq †cuŠ‡Q †M‡j Zv RvB‡jg Kjvi cv_i nIqvi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
gva¨‡g Dc‡ii w`‡K I cv‡ki w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| †f‡m‡j e„‡° cv_i n‡j cv_i hLb cÖmÖve bvwj‡Z P‡j Av‡m Ges cÖmÖv‡ei
cÖ‡e‡ki cvwb wewfbœ kvLv-cÖkvLv n‡q Dw™¢‡`i cvZvq †cuŠ‡Q hvq| evav †`q| DcmM© wn‡m‡e †Kvg‡ii wcQ‡b e¨_v n‡e| A‡b‡Ki
Gfv‡eB g~j‡iv‡gi gva¨‡g cvwb cwi‡kvwlZ n‡q Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ cÖmÖv‡ei mv‡_ i³ †ei nq| A‡bK mgq Kuvcywb w`‡q R¡i Av‡m|
As‡k †cuŠ‡Q| mvaviYZ AwaK cvwb MÖnY Ges Jla †me‡b cv_i AcmviY Kiv
30 SSC RxeweÁvb

hvq| AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z BD‡iUv‡iv‡¯‹vwcK wKsev AvëªvmwbK cÖwZKvi :

wj_wUªcwm A_ev e„‡° A‡¯¿vcPvi K‡i cv_i AcmviY Kiv hvq| 1. a~gcvb, g`¨cvb, ZvgvK ev mv`vcvZv LvIqv eÜ Kiv|
ZvB ejv hvq e„‡° cv_i GKwU RwUj mgm¨v| 2. Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx †ivMxi wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv|
M DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 n‡jv n„rwcÐ| n„rwcÐ gvbe‡`‡n i³ mÂvjb 3. †ivMx‡K mnbxq DòZv I ﮋ cwi‡e‡k ivLv|
K‡i Zv wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv 4. cywóKi Zij I Mig Lvevi LvIqv‡bv| †hgb Mig `ya, my¨c
BZ¨vw`|
i³ msenbZ‡š¿i cÖavb A½ n„rwcÐ| Gi mvnv‡h¨B msenbZ‡š¿i
5. †ivMxi c~Y© wekÖvg †bIqv|
i³ cÖevn mPj _v‡K| n„rwc‡Ði PviwU cÖ‡Kvô Ges cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv
m¤ú~Y© wef³ _vKvq GLv‡b Aw·‡Rbhy³ I Aw·‡Rbwenxb i‡³i cÖkœ 50  beve dqRyG®²mv miKvwi evwjKv DœP we`Åvjq,
mswgkÖY N‡U bv| Awj›`Øq cÖmvwiZ n‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K KzwgÍÏv  cÖkœ 5
i³ n„rwc‡Ð cÖ‡ek K‡i| EaŸ© gnvwkivi gva¨‡g Kve©b WvB
A·vBWhy³ i³ Wvb Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdzmxq ev wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
cvj‡gvbvwi wkivi gva¨‡g Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ evg Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek n„rwcÐ
K‡i| Awj›`؇qi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j wbjqØq cÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j K. †Kv‡j‡÷ij Kx? 1
Wvb Awj›`wbj‡qi wQ`ªc‡_i UªvBKvmwcW KcvwUKv Ly‡j †M‡j Wvb L. LDL Kxfv‡e n„`‡iv‡Mi SzuwK evovq? 2
Awj›` †_‡K Kve©b WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ Wvb wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i| M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wUi MVb wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3
wVK GB mg‡q evg Awj›`-wbj‡qi evBKvcwmW KcvwUKv Ly‡j hvq N. DÏxc‡Ki A½wU my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ mwVK Rxeb aviv I Lv`¨
Ges evg Awj›` †_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ evg wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i| wbe©vPb cÖ‡qvRb  K_vwU we‡kølY Ki| 4
Avevi hLb wbjqØq msKzwPZ nq ZLb Wvb wbjq †_‡K Kve©b 50bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ dzmdzmxq agwbi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i K nvB‡WªvKve©b †Kv‡j‡÷Bb †_‡K Drcbœ †hŠM‡K †Kv‡j‡÷ij e‡j|
Ges †mLv‡b i³ cwi‡kvwaZ nq| wVK GKB mg‡q evg wbjq
L LDL n‡jv Low Density Lipoprotein G‡K Lvivc
†_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ gnvagwbi gva¨‡g mviv‡`‡n cwievwnZ
†Kv‡j‡÷ij ejv nq| KviY GwU n„`‡iv‡Mi SuywK evovq|
nq| Gfv‡e n„rwc‡Ði ch©vqµwgK ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Kve©b mvaviYZ Avgv‡`i i‡³ 70% LDL _v‡K| e¨w³we‡k‡l GB
WvBA·vBWhy³ I Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ c„_K _v‡K Ges †`‡n i³ cwigv‡ci cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|
mÂvjb cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wU n‡jv n„rwcÐ| wb‡P n„rwc‡Ði MVb
wPÎmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
AwjG±`i cÉmviY
AwjG±`i msGKvPb n„rwcÐ eÿMnŸ‡ii evgw`‡K `yB dzmdz‡mi gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU
w·KvYvKvi duvcv A½| GwU n„`‡cwk bvgK GK we‡kl ai‡bi
A‰bw”QK †cwk w`‡q MwVZ| n„rwcÐ †cwiKvwW©qvg bvgK cvZjv
wbjGqi cÉmviY
c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K| n„rwc‡Ði cÖvPx‡i _v‡K wZbwU ¯Íi, ewnt¯Íi
ev GwcKvwW©qvg, ga¨¯Íi ev gv‡qvKvwW©qvg Ges AšÍt¯Íi ev
(K) AwjG±`i WvqvGÕ¡vj (L) AwjG±`i wmGÕ¡vj
G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg|
ewnt¯Íi : GwU g~jZ †hvRK Kjv wb‡q MwVZ| GB ¯ÍiwU‡Z
wewÿßfv‡e Pwe© _v‡K Ges GwU AveiYx Kjv w`‡q Ave„Z|
ga¨¯Íi : GwU ewnt¯Íi Ges AšÍt¯Í‡ii gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| `„p
wbjGqi cÉmviY wbjGqi msGKvPb A‰bw”QK †cwk w`‡q G ¯Íi MwVZ|
AšÍt¯Íi : GwU me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii ¯Íi| n„rwc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv
AšÍt¯Íi w`‡q Ave„Z| GB ¯ÍiwU n„rwc‡Ði KcvwUKv¸‡jv‡KI
(N) wbjGqi WvqvGÕ¡vj (M) wbjGqi wmGÕ¡vj
Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L|
wPÎ : n„rwc‡Ð i³ mÂvjb c×wZ
EaȮ gnvwkiv
N DÏxc‡K wPÎ-2-Gi wPwýZ A½wU n‡jv UªvwKqv ev
A
gnvagwb
k¦vmbvwj| k¦vmbvwji wfZ‡i Ave„Z wSwjø‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqvi msµg‡Y Wvb
dzmdzmxq
eªsKvBwUm †ivM nq| wb‡P eªsKvBwUm †iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi Awj±` agwb
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv dzmdzmxq
KviY : wkiv
1. k¦vmbvwji wSwjø‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqvi msµgY| evg Awj±`
2. a~gcvb Kiv|
3. A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k _vKv, mu¨vZ‡mu‡Z a~wjKYv wgwkÖZ
AvenvIqvq _vKv I VvÐv jvMv| evg wbjq
4. KjKviLvbvi ayjvevwj I †auvqvgq cwi‡e‡k Z_v `~wlZ wbÁ² gnvwkiv
Wvb wbjq
cwi‡e‡k _vKv| wPÎ : gvbe‡`‡ni n„rwc‡Ði ˆ`N©‡”Q`
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
n„rwc‡Ði wfZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU duvcv Ges PviwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| Dc‡ii
cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K Wvb Ges evg Awj›` e‡j Ges wb‡Pi cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K
Wvb Ges evg wbjq e‡j| Awj›` `ywUi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e cvZjv,
Avi wbj‡qi cÖvPxi cyiæ| Awj›` cÖvPxi Ges wbjq h_vµ‡g
AvšÍtAwj›` c`©v Ges AvšÍtwbjq c`©v w`‡q ci¯úi c„_K _v‡K|
n„rwc‡Ði Dfq Awj›` Ges wbj‡qi gv‡S †h wQ`ªc_ Av‡Q, Zv
†Lvjv ev eÜ Kivi Rb¨ fvjf ev KcvwUKv _v‡K| Wvb Awj›`
Ges Wvb wbj‡qi ga¨eZ©x wQ`ªc_ wZb cvjøvwewkó UªvBKvmwcW
fvjf w`‡q myiwÿZ| GKBfv‡e evg Awj›` Ges evg wbjq `yB
cvjøvwewkó evBKvmwcW fvjf w`‡q myiwÿZ _v‡K| gnvagwb I
dzmdzmxq agwbi gy‡L Aa©P›`ªvKvi KcvwUKv _v‡K| G‡`i
Ae¯’v‡bi d‡j cv¤ú Kiv i³ †Kej GKB w`‡K P‡j Ges GK
†duvUv i³I D‡ëv w`‡K wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv|
N DÏxc‡Ki A½wU n‡jv n„rwcÐ| GwU my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ mwVK
Rxeb aviv I Lv`¨ wbe©vPb cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z f‚wgô nIqvi Av‡M †_‡KB Zvi n„`hš¿ KvR Kiv
ïiæ K‡i Ges g„Zz¨i c~e© gyn~Z© ch©šÍ wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z _v‡K|
gvby‡li euvPvgivq n„`h‡š¿i f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| n„`hš¿ my¯’
ivLvi Rb¨ mwVK Rxebaviv I Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
bvbv ai‡bi †Zj ev Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨ n„`h‡š¿i Kvh©µg‡K e¨vnZ
K‡i| i‡³i †Kv‡j‡÷ij n„rwc‡Ði i³bvwj‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó
K‡i n„`h‡š¿i ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K|
gv`K I †bkv †me‡b n„`h‡š¿i wµqv ev n„`¯ú›`b mvaviY gv‡bi
†_‡K e„w× cvq| d‡j gv`K‡mex wKQyUv gvbwmK Avb›` I cÖkvwšÍ
†c‡jI Zvi n„`h‡š¿i cÖf‚Z ÿwZ nq| a~gcvb A_ev R`©vi
wb‡KvwU‡bi welwµqv kix‡ii Ab¨ As‡ki g‡Zv n„`‡cwki ÿwZ
K‡i| mwVK Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g my¯’ _vKv hvq| †g` m„wóKvix
Lv`¨ †hgb †Zj, Pwe©, AwZwi³ kK©iv, mylgLv`¨ MÖnY I cwinvi
K‡i, cÖwZw`b cwiwgZ e¨vqvg Ges nuvUv-Pjvi gva¨‡g my¯’ Rxeb
jvf Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ 51  iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj  cÖkœ 3
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
wPÎ : P
K. Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm Kx? 1 n‡q c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K UªvBwMømvivBW †Kv‡j‡÷ij Pwe© wn‡m‡e
L. agwb I wkivi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? 2 i‡³i cøvRgvq Ae¯’vb K‡i| n„rwc‡Ði K‡ivbvwi agwbMv‡Î Pwe©
M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë A‡½i g‡a¨ i³ mÂvjb c×wZ eY©bv Ki| 3
N. D³ A½wU ÿwZMÖ¯Í nIqvi KviY Ges Zv †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi
Dcvq eY©bv Ki| 4 PjvPj K‡g hvIqvi Kvi‡Y ey‡K e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| G Ae¯’v‡K
51bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K gvbe‡`‡ni Aw¯’‡Z K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e †h †ivM nq Zv‡K
Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm e‡j|
31
L agwb I wkivi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb¤œiƒc :
agwb wkiv
1. †hme i³bvwji gva¨‡g 1. †hme bvwj w`‡q i³ †`‡ni
mvaviYZ Aw·‡Rbmg„× i³ wewfbœ As‡k †_‡K n„rwc‡Ð
n„rwcÐ †_‡K mviv‡`‡n evwnZ wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡`i wkiv
nq Zv‡K agwb e‡j| e‡j|
2. dzmdzmxq agwb Gi e¨wZµg 2. dzmdzmxq wkiv e¨wZµg hv
hv n„rwcÐ †_‡K Kve©b dzmdzm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb hy³
WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ dzmdz‡m i³ n„rwc‡Ð wb‡q Av‡m|
†cuŠQvq|
3. cÖvPxi cyiæ I w¯’wZ¯’vcK| 3. wkivi cÖvPxi Kg cyiæ, Kg
w¯’wZ¯’vcK I Kg †cwkgq|
4. agwb‡Z KcvwUKv _v‡K bv, 4. G‡`i bvwjc_ GKUz PIov
Gi bvwjc_ miæ| Ges KcvwUKv _v‡K|
M DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë A½wU n‡jv n„rwcÐ, Gi ga¨ w`‡q i³ mÂvwjZ
nq| wb‡P i³ mÂvjb c×wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
i³ msenbZ‡š¿i cÖavb A½ n„rwcÐ| Gi mvnv‡h¨B msenbZ‡š¿i
i³ cÖevn mPj _v‡K| n„rwc‡Ði PviwU cÖ‡Kvô Ges cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv
m¤ú~Y© wef³ _vKvq GLv‡b Aw·‡Rbhy³ I Aw·‡Rbwenxb i‡³i
mswgkÖY N‡U bv| Awj›`Øq cÖmvwiZ n‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K
i³ n„rwc‡Ð cÖ‡ek K‡i| EaŸ© gnvwkivi gva¨‡g Kve©b WvB
A·vBWhy³ i³ Wvb Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdzmxq ev
cvj‡gvbvwi wkivi gva¨‡g Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ evg Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek
K‡i| Awj›`؇qi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j wbjqØq cÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j
Wvb Awj›`wbj‡qi wQ`ªc‡_i UªvBKvmwcW KcvwUKv Ly‡j †M‡j Wvb
Awj›` †_‡K Kve©b WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ Wvb wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i|
wVK GB mg‡q evg Awj›`-wbj‡qi evBKvcwmW KcvwUKv Ly‡j hvq
Ges evg Awj›` †_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ evg wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i|
Avevi hLb wbjqØq msKzwPZ nq ZLb Wvb wbjq †_‡K Kve©b
WvBA·vBWhy³ i³ dzmdzmxq agwbi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i
Ges †mLv‡b i³ cwi‡kvwaZ nq| wVK GKB mg‡q evg wbjq
†_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ gnvagwbi gva¨‡g mviv‡`‡n cwievwnZ
nq| Gfv‡e n„rwc‡Ði ch©vqµwgK ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Kve©b
WvBA·vBWhy³ I Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ c„_K _v‡K Ges †`‡n i³
mÂvjb cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wU n‡jv n„rwcÐ| wb‡P n„rwcÐ ÿwZMÖ¯Í
nIqvi KviY Ges Zv †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
KviY : i‡³ wZb ai‡bi wj‡cv‡cÖvwUb †`Lv hvq| †hgb LDL,
HDL Ges UªvBwMømvivBW| LDL †K Lvivc †Kv‡j‡÷ij ejv nq,
KviY GwU n„`‡iv‡Mi SuywK evovq| mvaviYZ Avgv‡`i i‡³ 70%
LDL _v‡K| LDL †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji gvÎv †ewk n‡j i³bvwji
AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii Mv‡Î †Kv‡j‡÷ij Rgv n‡q i³bvwj MnŸi msKzwPZ
Rgv n‡j agwb‡Z ¯^vfvweK i³ cÖev‡n weNœ N‡U d‡j n„rwcÐ
ch©vß Aw·‡Rb Ges Lv`¨mvi bv cvIqvq ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| i³
A¨vbwRbv ejv nq| GQvov agwbi Mv‡q †ewk Pwe© Rgv n‡j i³
cÖevn evavMÖ¯Í nq d‡j K‡ivbvwi n„`‡iv‡Mi Avk¼v A‡bK ¸Y
†e‡o hvq|
32 SSC RxeweÁvb
cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq : gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z f‚wgô nIqvi Av‡M †_‡KB Zvi
n„`hš¿ KvR Kiv ïiæ K‡i Ges g„Zz¨i c~e© gyn~Z© ch©šÍ wbw`©ó
MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z _v‡K| gvby‡li euvPv-givq n„`h& ‡š¿i f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| n„`h& š¿‡K my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ mwVK Rxebaviv Ges Lv`¨
wbe©vP‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| bvbv ai‡bi †Zj ev Pwe©RvZxq Lv`¨
n„`h& ‡š¿i Kvh©µg‡K e¨vnZ K‡i| i‡³i †Kv‡j‡÷ij n„rwc‡Ði
i³bvwj‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i n„`h& ‡š¿i ÿwZ K‡i| ZvB †g`
m„wóKvix Lv`¨ †hgb †Zj, Pwe©, AwZwi³ kK©iv cwinvi K‡i mylg
Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki†Z n‡e| mwVK Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g n„rwcÐ my¯’
ivLv hvq|
gv`K †meb I †bkv Ki‡j n„`&h‡š¿i wµqv I n„`¯ú`b mvaviY
gvb †_‡K e„w× cvq| d‡j gv`K‡mex wKQyUv gvbwmK Avb›` Ges
cÖkvwšÍ †c‡jI Zvi n„`h& ‡š¿i A‡bK ÿwZ nq| wmMv‡i‡Ui ZvgvK
A_ev R`©vi wb‡KvwU‡bi welwµqv kix‡ii Ab¨ As‡ki g‡Zv
n„`‡cwki ÿwZ K‡i| ZvB gv`K †meb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c eÜ Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖwZw`b cwiwgZ e¨vqvg Ges nuvUv-Pjv Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
n„rwc‡Ð i³ mÂvjb ¯^vfvweK _vK‡e| my¯’ Rxeb jv‡fi cvkvcvwk
n„rwcÐI my¯’ _vK‡e|
cÖkœ 52  we`Åvgqx miKvwi evwjKv DœP we`Åvjq,
gqgbwmsn  cÖkœ 3
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
còi®¬È cvZv
A B
K. Òd¬zBW Ad jvBdÓ Kx? 1
L. ¯’jR Dw™¢‡`i Zyjbvq RjR Dw™¢‡`i mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi
†ewk †Kb? 2
M. kxZKv‡j B Gi msL¨v n«v‡m A Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L 
e¨vL¨v Ki | 3
N. ÒDw™¢‡`i kvixiZË¡xq Kvh©Kjv‡c A Gi f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh© 
Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
52bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K cvwbi cwigvY K‡g †M‡j †cÖv‡UvcøvRg msKzwPZ n‡q g‡i
†h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Dw™¢‡`i †`‡n hZ wecvKxq wewµqv P‡j Zv
cvwbi Afv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq| G Kvi‡Y cvwb‡K Ôd¬zBW Ad jvBdÕ
e‡j|
L mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ CO2 AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Dcv`vb|
Dw™¢` h‡Zv †ewk CO2 cv‡e mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi Z‡Zv e„w×
cv‡e| evqygЇj 0.03% Ges cvwb‡Z 0.3% CO2 _v‡K| A_©vr
evqygЇji Zzjbvq cvwb‡Z CO2 †ewk _v‡K| ZvB ¯’jR Dw™¢‡`i
Zzjbvq RjR Dw™¢‡`i mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi †ewk nq|
M kxZKv‡j 'B' A_©vr cvZvi msL¨v n«v‡m 'A' A_©vr cÎiܪ
Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
cÎiܪ GK‡Rvov we‡kl iÿx‡Kvl Øviv MwVZ, hv GKwU wQ`ª
we‡kl| cÎiܪ Dw™¢` I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ M¨vm wewbgq wbqš¿Y
K‡i| MvQ Zvi cvZvq cÎi‡Üªi mvnv‡h¨B †`n¯’ cvwbi 95%
ev®úvKv‡i cwi‡e‡k †ei K‡i †`q| kxZKv‡j cvZv Sivi eo
KviY n‡jv ev®ú‡gvPb cÖwµqv| MvQ Zvi g~j‡ivg Øviv cÖ‡qvR‡bi
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk cvwb fv¯‹zjvi evÛ‡ji gva¨‡g gvwU †_‡K ï‡l
†bq Ges Mv‡Qi Ab¨vb¨ As‡k †cuŠQvq| MvQ GB AwZwi³ cvwb
cvZvi cÎi‡Üªi gva¨‡g ev®úxfeb cÖwµqvq †ei K‡i †`q|
kxZKv‡j ﮋ †gŠmy‡gi Kvi‡Y MvQ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb Zzj‡Z cv‡i
bv| wKš‘ kxZKv‡j cwi‡e‡k cvwbi cwigvY K‡g †M‡jI Mv‡Qi
cÖ‡¯^`b cÖwµqv Pvjy _v‡K hv Mv‡Qi cvZvq ev®ú‡gvP‡bi Kvi‡Y
†`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i cvwbi NvUwZ nq| ZvB GB cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Aw·b bvgK ni‡gv‡bi gva¨‡g †K¬v‡ivwdj Drcbœ
Kiv eÜ K‡i †`q| cvZv I Kv‡Ði gvSLv‡b GK ai‡bi †Kvl
ˆZwi K‡i hv cÖvK…wZK KvwPi b¨vq KvR K‡i| d‡j AwZwi³
cvwbk~b¨Zv †iva Kivi Rb¨ Mv‡Qi cvZv S‡i hvq| Avi MvQ
mwÂZ Lv`¨ w`‡q evKx w`b¸‡jv KvwU‡q †`q|
N DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Øviv cÎiܪ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Dw™¢‡`i
kvixiZË¡xq Kvh©Kjv‡c cÎiܪ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P
Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. cÎi‡Üªi gva¨‡g mv‡jvKms‡kølY I k¦mb PjvKvjxb mg‡q
Dw™¢` A½ I evqygЇji g‡a¨ M¨vmxq wewbgq N‡U (O2 I
CO2 Z¨vM K‡i ev MÖnY K‡i)|
2. Dw™¢`‡`n †_‡K AwZwi³ cvwb cÖ‡¯^`b cÖwµqvq ev®úvKv‡i
†ei K‡i †`qv cÎi‡Üªi cÖavb KvR| G‡Z cwi‡ek kxZj
_v‡K| AwZ Zv‡ci ÿwZ †_‡K Dw™¢`v½ iÿv cvq|
3. cÎi‡Üªi iÿx‡Kvl¸‡jv‡Z †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _vKvq Giv
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
4. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi mgq cvwb Rjxq ev®úvKv‡i cÎi‡Üªi ga¨ w`‡q
wbM©Z nq|
5. jy°vwqZ cÎiܪ cÖ‡¯^`‡bi nvi n«vm K‡i|
cÖkœ 53  we`Åvgqx miKvwi evwjKv DœP we`Åvjq,
gqgbwmsn  cÖkœ 8
ivRyi eqm 5 eQi| wKQyw`b a‡iB Zvi ga¨K‡Y©i msµgY Ges
R¡i †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Zvi evev-gv Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q †M‡j
Wv³vi Zv‡K BwmwR Kivi civgk© w`‡jb|
K. †Kvlim Kx? 1
L. wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’‡K †Kb cÖavb ni‡gvb Drcv`bKvix MÖwš’ ejv
nq? 2
M. BwmwRi gva¨‡g †h A½wUi cixÿv Kiv nq Zvi MVb e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡lv³ evK¨wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
53bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †Kv‡li wfZiKvi cvwb I cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z LwbR jeY‡K
GK‡Î †Kvlim e‡j|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
L wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ gvbe‡`‡ni ni‡gvb Drcv`bKvix cÖavb MÖwš’|
wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb msL¨vq †hgb †ewk,
Aciw`‡K Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’i Dci Gme ni‡gv‡bi cÖfveI †ewk| ZvB
G MÖwš’‡K cÖavb MÖwš’ ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½wU n‡jv gvbe‡`‡ni n„rwcÐ| wb‡P
n„rwc‡Ði MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
n„rwcÐ eÿMnŸ‡ii evgw`‡K `yB dzmdz‡mi gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU
w·KvYvKvi duvcv A½| GwU n„`‡cwk bvgK GK we‡kl ai‡bi
A‰bw”QK †cwk w`‡q MwVZ| n„rwcÐ †cwiKvwW©qvg bvgK cvZjv
c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K| n„rwc‡Ði cÖvPx‡i _v‡K wZbwU ¯Íi, ewnt¯Íi
ev GwcKvwW©qvg, ga¨¯Íi ev gv‡qvKvwW©qvg Ges AšÍt¯Íi ev
G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg|
ewnt¯Íi : GwU g~jZ †hvRK Kjv wb‡q MwVZ| GB ¯ÍiwU‡Z
wewÿßfv‡e Pwe© _v‡K Ges GwU AveiYx Kjv w`‡q Ave„Z|
ga¨¯Íi : GwU ewnt¯Íi Ges AšÍt¯Í‡ii gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| `„p
A‰bw”QK †cwk w`‡q G ¯Íi MwVZ|
AšÍt¯Íi : GwU me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii ¯Íi| n„rwc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv
AšÍt¯Íi w`‡q Ave„Z| GB ¯ÍiwU n„rwc‡Ði KcvwUKv¸‡jv‡KI
Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L|
n„rwc‡Ði wfZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU duvcv Ges PviwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| Dc‡ii
cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K Wvb Ges evg Awj›` e‡j Ges wb‡Pi cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K
Wvb Ges evg wbjq e‡j| Awj›` `ywUi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e cvZjv,
Avi wbj‡qi cÖvPxi cyiæ| Awj›` cÖvPxi Ges wbjq h_vµ‡g
AvšÍtAwj›` c`©v Ges AvšÍtwbjq c`©v w`‡q ci¯úi c„_K _v‡K|
n„rwc‡Ði Dfq Awj›` Ges wbj‡qi gv‡S †h wQ`ªc_ Av‡Q, Zv
†Lvjv ev eÜ Kivi Rb¨ fvjf ev KcvwUKv _v‡K| Wvb Awj›`
Ges Wvb wbj‡qi ga¨eZ©x wQ`ªc_ wZb cvjøvwewkó UªvBKvmwcW
fvjf w`‡q myiwÿZ| GKBfv‡e evg Awj›` Ges evg wbjq `yB
33
cvjøvwewkó evBKvmwcW fvjf w`‡q myiwÿZ _v‡K| gnvagwb I
dzmdzmxq agwbi gy‡L Aa©P›`ªvKvi KcvwUKv _v‡K| G‡`i
Ae¯’v‡bi d‡j cv¤ú Kiv i³ †Kej GKB w`‡K P‡j Ges GK
†duvUv i³I D‡ëv w`‡K wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i bv|
N DÏxc‡Ki ivRy wKQzw`b a‡iB ga¨K‡Y©i msµgY Ges R¡‡i
fzM‡Q| GgZve¯’vq Zvi evev-gv Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q †M‡j
Wv³vi Zv‡`i BwmwR Kivi civgk© w`‡jb| Avgiv Rvwb, msµvgK
R¡i Ges ga¨K‡Y©i msµvgK †ivM evZR¡‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ jÿY|
†÷ªc‡UvK°vm AYyRx‡ei msµg‡Y m„ó k¦vmbvwji cÖ`vn
dzmKzwohy³ msµvgK R¡i, Ubwm‡ji cÖ`vn A_ev ga¨K‡Y©i
msµvgK †ivM evZR¡‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ jÿY| mvaviYZ wkïKv‡jB
G †iv‡Mi AvµgY ïiæ nq Ges †`‡ni A‡bK A½cÖZ½, we‡kl
K‡i n„rwcÐ AvµvšÍ nq| n„rwcÐ hw` G †iv‡M c~Y©fv‡e AvµvšÍ
bvI nq, n„r‡cwk Ges n„rwc‡Ði KcvwUKv ev fvjf A‡bK mgq
ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| d‡j n„ZrwcÐ h_vh_fv‡e i³ cv¤ú Ki‡Z mÿg
nq bv Ges †`‡n i³ cÖev‡ni cwigvY K‡g hvq|
ïiæ‡ZB †ivMwU wbY©xZ bv n‡j ev mwVK wPwKrmv bv n‡j †iv‡Mi
cÖ‡Kvc †e‡o hvq Ges IRb n«vm, i³¯^íZv, K¬vwšÍ, ÿzavg›`v,
†Pnvivq d¨vKv‡m fve BZ¨vw` †`Lv †`q| ZLb †iv‡Mi Dcw¯’wZ
AMÖvn¨ Kivi Avi Dcvq _v‡K bv| cieZx mg‡q Aw¯’mw܇Z e¨_v,
dz‡j hvIqv Ges Z¡‡K jvj‡P iO †`Lv †`q| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q G
†ivM kbv³ Kiv †M‡j †cwbwmwjb RvZxq Jla h_vh_fv‡e
cÖ‡qv‡M G †iv‡Mi msµgY †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq| A‡bK
wPwKrmK AvµvšÍ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i cÖvß eq‡m bv †cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ
wbqwgZfv‡e †cwbwmwjb Lvevi civgk© †`b|
evZR¡‡ii jÿY¸‡jv †h‡nZz ivRyi g‡a¨ †`Lv w`‡qwQj, ZvB ejv
hvq GgZve¯’vq Wv³v‡ii BwmwR Kivi civgk© AZ¨šÍ hyw³hy³|
34 SSC RxeweÁvb

08
†iPb cÖwµqv
Excretory System

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ 36  h‡kvi †evW© 2020  cÖkœ 2
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
X Awÿq‡`k †_‡K msMÖvnx bvjx ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z PIov bvwjwU‡K
wPÎ-Y
K. BD‡iv‡µvg Kx? 1 ˆ™ÏvGgi‚jvm
L. Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki X AskwUi wPÎmn MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 AÅvdvGi´Ÿ
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-Y weKj n‡j Kxfv‡e †`n †_‡K
bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vkb Kiv m¤¢e? hyw³mn
†Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
36bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K BD‡iv‡µvg GK ai‡bi iÄK c`v_© hvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z g~‡Îi is
nvjKv njy` nq|
L †`‡ni cvwbi mgZv eRvq ivLvi cÖwµqv‡K Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb
e‡j| gvbe‡`‡n hveZxq kvixie„Ëxq KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †`‡n
cwiwgZ cvwb _vKv Acwinvh©| g~jZ g~‡Îi gva¨‡gB me‡P‡q †ewk
cvwb †`n †_‡K †ewi‡q hvq| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y cvwbi cwigvY
K‡g †M‡j †bd«‡bi gva¨‡g cybt‡kvlY cÖwµqvq †`‡n cvwbi mgZv
eRvq iv‡L| Gfv‡e Am‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ni cvwbi
mgZv eRvq _v‡K|
M DÏxc‡Ki X AskwU n‡jv †bd«b| wb‡P †bd«‡bi wPÎmn MVb
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZwU e„‡° cÖvq 10-12 jÿ †bd«b _v‡K| cÖwZwU
†bd«b `ywU cÖavb As‡k wef³| h_v 1. †ibvj Kicvmj ev
gvjwcwRqvb A½ Ges 2. e„°xq bvwjKv ev †ibvj wUDey¨j|
1. †ibvj Kicvmj : †bd«‡bi AMÖcvÖ šÍ‡K †ibvj Kicvmj e‡j|
GwU e„‡°i K‡U©‡· Aew¯’Z Ges †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj I
†Møv‡giæjvm wb‡q MwVZ| †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj †Møv‡giæjvm‡K
†eób K‡i _v‡K| †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj `yB¯Íiwewkó †cqvjvi
g‡Zv cÖmvwiZ GKwU Ask| †Møv‡giæjvm GK¸”Q ˆKwkK
RvwjKv w`‡q ˆZwi| †ibvj agwb †_‡K m„ó A¨vdv‡i›U agwb
K¨vcmy‡ji wfZ‡i wfZ‡i Xz‡K cÖvq 50wU ˆKwkKbvwjKv ˆZwi
K‡i| G¸‡jv Avevi wef³ n‡q m~² i³RvwjKvi m„wó K‡i|
Gme RvwjKvi ˆKwkKbvwj¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q Bdv‡i›U agwb
m„wó K‡i Ges K¨vcmyj †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m|
2. e„°xq bvwjKv ev †ibvj wUDey¨jm : †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy‡j
†ibvj wUDey¨j e‡j| cÖwZwU †ibvj wUDey¨j 3wU As‡k
wef³| h_v †Mvov‡`kxq ev wbKUeZ©x cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv,
†nbwji jyc I cÖvšÍxq cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv|
cÉv¯¦xq cuÅvPvGbv BdvGi´Ÿ
bvwjKv agwb
agwb
ˆevgÅv´Ö KÅvcmyj
msMÉvnK wbKUeZÆx cuÅvPvGbv
bvwjKv bvwjKv
ˆnbwji jyc
wPÎ : †bd«b
N DÏxc‡K wPÎ-Y n‡jv e„°| e„° weKj n‡j WvqvjvBwm‡mi
gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vkb Kiv m¤¢e|
wb‡P hyw³mn Avgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
e„° m¤ú~Y© weKj nIqvi ci ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q i³ cwi‡kvwaZ
Kivi bvg WvqvjvBwmm| mvaviYZ ÔWvqvjvBwmm †gwk‡biÕ
mvnv‡h¨ i³ cwi‡kvwaZ Kiv nq| G †gwkbwUi WvqvjvBwmm
wUDewUi GK cÖvšÍ †ivMxi nv‡Zi Kwâi agwbi mv‡_ I Ab¨ cÖvšÍ
H nv‡Zi Kwâi wkivi mv‡_ ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| agwb †_‡K
wUD‡ei ga¨ w`‡q i³ WvqvjvBwmm wUD‡ei ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ
Kiv‡bv nq| Gi cÖvPxi AvswkK ˆelg¨‡f`¨ nIqvq BDwiqv,
BDwiK GwmW I Ab¨vb¨ ÿwZKi c`v_© evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m|
cwi‡kvwaZ i³ †ivMxi †`‡ni wkivi ga¨ w`‡q †`‡ni †fZi
cybivq cÖ‡ek K‡i| Gfv‡e WvqvjvBwmm †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨
bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ ÿwZKi eR©¨ c`v_© evB‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq| Z‡e
GwU GKwU e¨qeûj I mgq mv‡cÿ cÖwµqv|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 35

cÖkœ 37  PÆMÖvg †evW© 2019
mwdK mv‡ne wKQyw`b hver †Kvg‡i e¨_v Abyfe Ki‡Qb| B`vwbs
Zvi g~ÎZ¨v‡Mi mgq mgm¨v n‡”Q Ges Zvi cÖmÖv‡ei mv‡_ i³
hvIqvq wZwb Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡jb| Wv³vi Zvi i³ I cÖmÖve
cixÿv Ki‡Z ej‡jb| cixÿvq †`Lv hvq Zvi i‡³ wµ‡qwUwbb I
cÖmÖv‡e †cÖvwU‡bi cwigvY †ewk| wi‡cvU© †`‡L Wv³vi Zv‡K `ywU
wPwKrmv c×wZi K_v ej‡jb I †h †Kv‡bv GKwU c×wZ MÖn‡Yi
civgk© w`‡jb|
K. †gWzjv Kx?
L. †Zvgvi †`‡n e„° Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. mwdK mv‡n‡ei AvµvšÍ A‡½i Kvh©Kix GK‡Ki wPwýZ wPÎ
AuvK|
N. mwdK mv‡n‡ei my¯’ Rxeb-hvc‡b Wv³v‡ii civgk©
†gvZv‡eK †Kvb c×wZwU AwaK Kvh©Kix? gZvgZ `vI| 4
37bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
 cÖkœ 8 wKWwb weKj ev A‡K‡Rv †ivMxi Rxeb euvPv‡bv m¤¢eci n‡Z
cv‡i| gvby‡li me mgq GKwU wKWwb Kvh©Ki _v‡K| ZvB GKwU
my¯’ wKWwb cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv hvq| Z‡e †`L‡Z
n‡e †h wUmy¨ g¨vP K‡i wK-bv| wcZvgvZv, fvB‡evb I wbKU
AvZ¥x‡qi wKWwbi wUmy¨ g¨vP nIqvi m¤¢vebv me‡P‡q †ewk|
Ab¨w`‡K, WvqvjvBwm n‡jv ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q i³ cwi‡kvwaZ Kivi
cÖwµqv, hv e¨qeûj I mgq mv‡cÿ| GQvovI G cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
i³ cwi‡kvab Z‡ZvUv wbLuyZ nq bv| G‡Z †ivMx mvgwqK my¯’
_vK‡jI `xN©w`b my¯’ _vKv m¤¢e bq|
1
2 myZivs ejv hvq †h, WvqvjvBwm‡mi Zzjbvq wKWwb cÖwZ¯’vcb c×wZwU
AbymiY Ki‡j wKWwbi mgm¨v †_‡K my¯’fv‡e †eu‡P _vKv m¤¢e|
3 cÖkœ 38  ivRkvnx †evW© I h‡kvi †evW© 2017  cÖkœ 7
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
A

K e„‡°i K¨vcmyj msjMœ Ask‡K K‡U©· Ges wfZ‡ii Ask‡K

†gWzjv e‡j|
L Avgvi †`‡n e„° AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges ÿwZKi eR©¨ c`v_© g~‡Îi
gva¨‡g AcmviY K‡i| e„° ev wKWwbi †fZ‡ii †bd«b GKwU
RwUj cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g µgvMZfv‡e g~Î Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ g~Î
msMÖvnx bvwjKvi gva¨‡g e„‡°i †cjwf‡m †cuŠQvq Ges †cjwfm
†_‡K BD‡iUv‡ii dv‡bj AvK…wZi cÖk¯Í Ask †e‡q BD‡iUv‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i| BD‡iUvi †_‡K g~Î g~Î_wj‡Z G‡m Rgv nq Ges
c‡i †`‡ni evB‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq|
M mwdK mv‡n‡ei AvµvšÍ A½wU n‡jv e„°| hvi Kvh©Kix
GK‡Ki bvg n‡jv †bd«b| wb‡P †bd«‡bi wPwýZ wPÎ AuvKv n‡jv
cÉv¯¦xq cuÅvPvGbv BdvGi´Ÿ
bvwjKv agwb
ˆ™ÏvGgi‚jvm
AÅvdvGi´Ÿ
agwb
ˆevgÅv´Ö KÅvcmyj
msMÉvnK wbKUeZÆx cuÅvPvGbv
bvwjKv bvwjKv
ˆnbwji jyc
wPÎ : †bd«b
N DÏxc‡K mwdK mv‡n‡ei my¯’ Rxeb-hvc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Wv³vi †h
`ywU wPwKrmv c×wZi K_v ej‡jb †m¸‡jv n‡jv WvqvjvBwmm I
wKWwb cÖwZ¯’vcb| G cÖwµqv `ywUi g‡a¨ wKWwb cÖwZ¯’vcb c×wZwU
AwaK Kvh©Kix| wb‡P Avgvi gZvgZ †`Iqv n‡jv
wKWwb cÖwZ¯’vcb wPwKrmv c×wZ A‡bK djcÖm~| KviY `ywU
wKWwbi cwie‡Z© GKwU wKWwbI h‡_ó `ÿZvi mv‡_ i³
cwikva‡b mÿg| wKWwb ms‡hvRb `yfv‡e Kiv hvq †Kv‡bv wbKU
AvZ¥x‡qi wKWwb GKRb wKWwb †ivMxi †`‡n cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i, Z‡e
wbKU AvZ¥xq ej‡Z evev gv, fvB‡evb, gvgv, Lvjv eySvq| ZvQvov
gi‡YvËi Pÿz`v‡bi g‡Zv gi‡YvËi e„°`v‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb
wPÎ : X
K. Aw÷Ieøv÷ Kx? 1
L. †gŠj wecvK kw³ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPwýZ A‡½i Kvh©Kix GK‡Ki MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. wPÎ 'X' †`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© Acmvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4
38bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K Aw¯’i gvZ…Kv bvgK AvšÍt‡Kvlxq c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Aw¯’‡Kvl¸‡jv
Qov‡bv _v‡K hv‡`i‡K Aw÷Ieøv÷ e‡j|
L wekÖvg Ae¯’vq Avgv‡`i evwn¨K A½-cÖZ¨½ KvR K‡i bv|
wKš‘ k¦vm-cÖk¦vm, n„rwcÐ mswkøó †cwk¸‡jvi ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Y
mvwe©K KvR mvwaZ nIqvq kw³ e¨q nq| G kw³‡K †gŠj wecvK
kw³ ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎ X Gi A wPwýZ we‡kl A½wU n‡jv
e„°| e„‡°i BDwiwb‡divm bvwjKvi ÿiYKvix Ask I Kvh©Kix
GKK‡K †bd«b e‡j| wb‡P †bd«‡bi MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZwU e„‡° cÖvq 10-12 jÿ †bd«b _v‡K| cÖwZwU
†bd«b `ywU cÖavb As‡k wef³| h_v 1. †ibvj Kicvmj ev
gvjwcwRqvb A½ Ges 2. e„°xq bvwjKv ev †ibvj wUDey¨j|
1. †ibvj Kicvmj : †bd«‡bi AMÖcvÖ šÍ‡K †ibvj Kicvmj e‡j|
GwU e„‡°i K‡U©‡· Aew¯’Z Ges †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj I
†Møv‡giæjvm wb‡q MwVZ| †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj †Møv‡giæjvm‡K
†eób K‡i _v‡K| †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj `yB¯Íiwewkó †cqvjvi
g‡Zv cÖmvwiZ GKwU Ask| †Møv‡giæjvm GK¸”Q ˆKwkK
RvwjKv w`‡q ˆZwi| †ibvj agwb †_‡K m„ó A¨vdv‡i›U agwb
K¨vcmy‡ji wfZ‡i wfZ‡i Xz‡K cÖvq 50wU ˆKwkKbvwjKv ˆZwi
K‡i| G¸‡jv Avevi wef³ n‡q m~² i³RvwjKvi m„wó K‡i|
Gme RvwjKvi ˆKwkKbvwj¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q Bdv‡i›U agwb
m„wó K‡i Ges K¨vcmyj †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m|
36 SSC RxeweÁvb
2. e„°xq bvwjKv ev †ibvj wUDey¨jm : †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy‡j
Awÿq‡`k †_‡K msMÖvnx bvjx ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z PIov bvwjwU‡K
†ibvj wUDey¨j e‡j| cÖwZwU †ibvj wUDey¨j 3wU As‡k
wef³| h_v †Mvov‡`kxq ev wbKUeZ©x cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv,
†nbwji jyc I cÖvšÍxq cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv|
N wPÎ- X n‡jv gvbe †iPbZš¿| †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡li wecvKxq
Kvh©vewji d‡j Drcbœ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vk‡b
†iPbZš¿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv
n‡jv
†iPbZ‡š¿i cÖavb A½ n‡”Q e„°| Gi gva¨‡gB †ewki fvM †iPb
c`v_© wb®‹vwkZ nq| GKRb ¯^vfvweK gvbyl cÖwZw`b cÖvq 1500
wgwjwjUvi g~Î Z¨vM K‡i| g~‡Î BDwiqv, BDwiK A¨vwmW,
A¨v‡gvwbqv, wµ‡qwUwbb BZ¨vw` bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ c`v_© _v‡K|
G¸‡jv gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ÿwZKi| e„°w¯’Z †bd«b GKwU
RwUj cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g µgvMZfv‡e g~Î Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ g~Î
msMÖnx bvwjKvi gva¨‡g e„‡°i †cjwf‡m †cuŠQvq Ges †cjwfm
†_‡K BD‡iUv‡ii dv‡bj AvK…Zi cÖk¯Í Ask †e‡q BD‡iUv‡i
cÖ‡ek K‡i| g~Î BD‡iUvi †_‡K g~Î_wj‡Z Av‡m Ges
mvgwqKfv‡e Rgv _v‡K| g~Î_wj g~Î Øviv cwic~Y© n‡j g~Î Z¨v‡Mi
B”Qv Rv‡M Ges g~Î_wji wb‡Pi w`‡K Ae¯’Z wQ`ªc‡_ †`‡ni
evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m| †`‡ni eR©¨c`v_©¸‡jv kix‡i †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
Rg‡Z _vK‡j bvbv iK‡gi AmyL †`Lv †`q, cieZ©x‡Z g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ
NU‡Z cv‡i| †iPbZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g †`‡ni welv³ c`v_© wb®‹vwkZ nq
I †`n †_‡K †ei n‡q †`‡ni kvixie„Ëxq fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq|
Gfv‡eB †iPbZš¿ g~ÎZ¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_©
Acmvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cÖkœ 39  PÆMÖvg †evW© 2015  cÖkœ 2
`xN©w`b Wvqv‡ewU‡mi Kvi‡Y nvbœvb mv‡n‡ei wKWwb m¤ú~Y©
A‡K‡Rv n‡q †M‡Q| Zv‡K my¯’ ivL‡Z †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi i³
cwi‡kvab Ki‡Z nq|
K. †bd«b Kx? 1 3. i‡³ †mvwWqvg, cUvwkqvg, K¨vjwmqvg dm‡dU Ges
L. †nbwji jyc ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 †K¬vivBWmn wewfbœ je‡Yi wbqš¿Y eRvq _vK‡e bv|
M. nvbœvb mv‡ne‡K my¯’ ivLvi M„nxZ c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. D³ cÖwµqv e¨vnZ n‡j my¯’ Rxebhvcb Am¤¢e  hyw³mn
we‡kølY Ki| 4 6. †`‡n cÖweó welv³ c`v_©mg~n †`n †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡e bv|
39bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K e„‡°i MVb I Kv‡Ri GKKB n‡jv †bd«b|
L cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvi †klcÖvšÍ †mvRv n‡q e„‡°i †gWzjv A‡j
cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges GKwU U AvK…wZi duvm ev jyc MVb K‡i cybivq
K‡U©· A‡j wd‡i Av‡m| Avwe®‹viK Rvg©vb wPwKrmK †nbwji
bvgvbymv‡i G‡K †nbwji jyc ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ nvbœvb mv‡n‡ei wKWwb m¤ú~Y© A‡K‡Rv n‡q
hvIqvq †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ A_©vr WvqvjvBwmm c×wZ‡Z Zvi i³
cwi‡kvab Kiv nq| wb‡P WvqvjvBwmm c×wZwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
e„° m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c weKj nIqvi ci ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q i³ cwi‡kvwaZ
Kivi bvg WvqvjvBwmm| mvaviYZ WvqvjvBwmm †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨
i³ cwi‡kvwaZ Kiv nq| G †gwkbwUi WvqvjvBwmm wUD‡ei GK
cÖvšÍ †ivMxi nv‡Zi KewRi agwbi mv‡_ I Ab¨ cÖvšÍ H nv‡Zi
KewRi wkivi mv‡_ ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| agwb †_‡K wUD‡ei ga¨
w`‡q i³ WvqvjvBwmm wUD‡ei ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Kiv‡bv nq| Gi
cÖvPxi AvswkK ˆelg¨‡f`¨ nIqvq BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW I
Ab¨vb¨ ÿwZKi c`v_© evB‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m| cwi‡kvwaZ i³
†ivMxi †`‡ni wkivi ga¨ w`‡q †`‡ni wfZi cybivq cÖ‡ek K‡i|
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, WvqvjvBwmm wUDewU Ggb GKwU Zi‡ji g‡a¨
Wzev‡bv _v‡K hvi MVb i‡³i cøvRgvi Abyiƒc nq| Gfv‡e
WvqvjvBwmm †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ ÿwZKi eR©¨
c`v_© evB‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq|
hw`I G cÖwµqvq nvbœvb mv‡ne my¯’ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Z‡e G c×wZ
GKwU e¨qeûj I mgq mv‡cÿ cÖwµqv|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqv Øviv e„‡°i Kvh©vewj‡K wb‡`©k Kiv
n‡q‡Q| e„‡°i Kvh©vewj e¨vnZ n‡j my¯’ Rxebhvcb Am¤¢e wb‡P
Zv hyw³mn we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. i³ †_‡K †cÖvwUb wecv‡K m„ó bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ AcmviY
wewNœZ n‡e|
2. †`‡n Ges i‡³ cvwbi fvimvg¨ eRvq _vK‡e bv|
4. i‡³ A¤ø I ÿv‡ii fvimvg¨ eRvq _vK‡e bv|
5. i³Pv‡ci wbqš¿Y _vK‡e bv|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, e„‡°i Kvh© cÖwµqv
e¨vnZ n‡j my¯’ Rxebhvcb Am¤¢e|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 37

09
`„pZv cÖ`vb I Pjb
Firmness and Locomotion

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ 18  wm‡jU †evW© 2016  cÖkœ 4
wecøe wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z wM‡q Wvb cv‡qi nuvUz‡Z cÖPÐ AvNvZ †cj|
Wv³vi cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i ej‡jb, Zvi nuvUzi ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eÜbx
wQu‡o wM‡q‡Q|
K. ZiæYvw¯’ Kx? 1 gva¨‡gB Pjb Kvh©µ‡gi c×wZ I fvimvg¨ wbqwš¿Z nq| Avevi
L. Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 gvsm‡cwki cÖvšÍfvM i¾yi g‡Zv k³ n‡q Aw¯’ Mv‡Îi mv‡_ mshy³
M. wecø‡ei AvNvZcÖvß ¯’v‡bi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 _v‡K, GB k³ cÖvšÍ‡K †UbWb e‡j| †cwk ev Aw¯’i Zzjbvq
N. wecø‡ei D³ A‡½i Kvh©µgwU m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eÜbxwUi
mv‡_ †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki Kv‡Ri mgš^qwe‡kølY Ki| 4
18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K ZiæYvw¯’ GKwU Zš‘gq †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z AveiYx Øviv
cwi‡ewóZ, A‡cÿvK…Z big I w¯’wZ¯’vcK Ges †Kvl¸‡jv GKK
ev †Rvovq †Rvovq Lye Nbfv‡e w¯’wZ¯’vcK gvZ…Kv‡Z we¯Í…Z _v‡K|
L Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm GKwU K¨vjwmqv‡gi AfveRwbZ †ivM|
mvaviYZ eq¯‹ cyiæl I gwnjv‡`i G †ivMwU nq| †Kv‡bv eq¯‹
cyiæl eûw`b hver †÷i‡qWhy³ Ilya †meb Ki‡j I gwnjv‡`i
†g‡bvcm nIqvi ci G †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| GQvovI hviv
Ajm Rxebhvcb K‡ib Ges `xN©w`b hver Av_©ªvBwUm †iv‡M
fzM‡Qb Zv‡`i G †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G †iv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
Aw¯’i cyiæZ¡ Kg‡Z _v‡K I Aw¯’ f½yi n‡q hvq|
M wecø‡ei AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU n‡jv mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜi
wjMv‡g›U| wb‡P wjMv‡g‡›Ui MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
GKwU cvZjv Kvc‡oi g‡Zv †Kvgj A_P `„p w¯’wZ¯’vcK eÜbx
Øviv Aw¯’mg~n ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K, G‡KB Aw¯’eÜbx ev
wjMv‡g›U e‡j| wjMv‡g›U †k¦ZZš‘ I cxZZš‘i mgš^‡q MwVZ|
G‡Z cxZ e‡Y©i w¯’wZ¯’vcK e¯‘i msL¨v †ewk _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ miæ
kvLv-cÖkvLvwewkó RvwjKvKv‡i web¨¯Í KZK¸‡jv Zš‘I Qov‡bv
_v‡K| G Zš‘¸‡jv ¸”QvKv‡i bv †_‡K Avjv`vfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
G‡`i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Av‡Q, Zš‘¸‡jv Bjvw÷K bvgK Avwgl Øviv
ˆZwi| Zš‘¸‡jvi gv‡S dvB‡eªveøv÷ †Kvl _v‡K| Kâv †hgb
cvjøv‡K `iRvi KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ AvU‡K iv‡L †Zgwb A½wU mew`‡K
†mvRv ev euvKv n‡q bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges nvo¸‡jv ¯’vbPz¨Z I
wePz¨Z nq bv|
N wecø‡ei nuvUzi Aw¯’mwÜwU n‡jv mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ Ges
AvNvZcÖvß eÜbwU n‡jv wjMv‡g›U| wecø‡ei mvB‡bvwfqvj
Aw¯’mwÜi Kvh©µg m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wjMv‡g›U bvgK eÜbxi mv‡_
†`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ Ask Kv‡Ri mgš^q K‡i| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv
n‡jv
A½-cÖZ¨½ mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ wjMv‡g›Umn Aw¯’, ZiæYvw¯’ I
Aw¯’mwÜi mgwš^Z Kvh©µg cÖ‡qvRb| †cwk Aw¯’i mv‡_ wgwjZ
n‡q †`n KvVv‡gv MVb I `„pZv cÖ`v‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Aw¯’i eÜbx
MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Pvc-Uv‡bi weiæ‡× hvwš¿K cÖwZ‡iva M‡o
†Zv‡j| Ab¨w`‡K Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i mgš^‡q MwVZ K¼vjZ‡š¿i
†UbWb †f‡O wQ‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK Kg _v‡K|
AZGe, GB Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, wecø‡ei Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ ÿwZMÖ¯Í wjMv‡g›UB h‡_ó bq|
cÖkœ 19  PÆMÖvg †evW© 2015  cÖkœ 1
gvby‡li †`nvf¨šÍixY KvVv‡gv MVbKvix Zš¿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mgq
wkÿK nv‡Zi KbyB‡qi Aw¯’mwÜ †`wL‡q ej‡jb GwU we‡kl
ai‡bi Aw¯’mwÜ|
K. Pjb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. ewntK¼vj ej‡Z wK eySvq? 2
M. wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©wkZ Aw¯’mwÜwUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. D³ Z‡š¿i Kvh©µg, †Zvgvi †`n‡K mPj iv‡L hyw³mn
we‡kølY Ki| 4
19bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †h c×wZ‡Z cÖvYx wbR cÖ‡Póvq mvgwqKfv‡e GK¯’vb †_‡K
Ab¨¯’v‡b hvq Zv‡K Pjb e‡j|
L K¼v‡ji †h Ask¸‡jv †`‡ni evB‡ii w`‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K
ewntK¼vj e‡j| †hgb bL, Pzj, †jvg BZ¨vw` ewntK¼v‡ji
AšÍfz©³|
M DÏxc‡Ki wkÿK wb‡`©wkZ Aw¯’mwÜwU g~jZ Kâv Aw¯’ mwÜ|
wb‡P Kâv Aw¯’mwÜi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
G ai‡bi Aw¯’mwÜ mn‡R bovPov Kiv‡bv hvq|
mvaviYZ Kâv †hgb `iRvi cvjøv‡K KvVv‡gvi
mv‡_ AvU‡K iv‡L, †miƒc Kâvi g‡Zv Aw¯’
mwÜI nv‡Zi KbyB‡K †`‡ni mv‡_ AvU‡K
iv‡L| Gme Aw¯’mwÜ †KejgvÎ GK w`‡K
wPÎ : Kâv
bvov‡bv hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq wkÿK wb‡`©wkZ Aw¯’ mwÜwU n‡jv KâvmwÜ hv
g~jZ mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’ mwÜi AšÍf³z© |
38 SSC RxeweÁvb
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Zš¿ Øviv K¼vjZš¿‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K¼vjZ‡š¿i Kvh©µg wb‡P hyw³mn we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. K¼vj gvbe‡`n‡K GKwU wbw`©ó AvKvi I KvVv‡gv `vb K‡i|
GwU wb‡Pi A½¸‡jvi mv‡_ Dc‡ii A½¸‡jvi mshyw³ mvab
K‡i|
2. gw¯Í¯‹ K‡ivwUi g‡a¨, †giæi¾y †giæ`‡Ð Ges n„rwcÐ I
dzmdzm eÿ MnŸ‡i wbivc` AvkÖ‡q _v‡K|
3. nvZ, cv, ¯‹ÜPµ I †kÖvwYPµ bovPovq mvnvh¨ K‡i| G
Kv‡R †cwkZš¿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aw¯’i mv‡_
†cwk AvUKv‡bvi d‡j Aw¯’ bvov‡bv m¤¢e nq Ges Avgiv
PjvPj Ki‡Z cvwi|
4. Aw¯’g¾v †_‡K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Drcbœ nq|
5. K¨vjwmqvg, cUvwmqvg, dmdivm BZ¨vw` LwbR jeY Aw¯’
mÂq K‡i iv‡L, G‡Z Aw¯’ k³ I gReyZ _v‡K|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z †`Lv hvq K¼vjZ‡š¿i mvwe©K Kvh©µg
Avgv‡`i †`n‡K myiÿv I mPj ivL‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
myZivs ejv hvq K¼vjZ‡š¿i h_v‡cvhy³ Kvh©µgB Avgvi †`n‡K
mPj iv‡L|
cÖkœ 20  we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn
 cÖkœ 7
Drm Ges Zvi evev `yR‡bB GKB Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡jb|
dzUej †Lj‡Z wM‡q Drmi Ggb GKwU Ask ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡jv, hv
nvo¸‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ iv‡L| Aciw`‡K Zvi evev
`xN©w`b hver †÷i‡qWhy³ Jla †meb K‡iI wc‡Vi †cQb w`‡K I
Aw¯’‡Z e¨_v Abyfe Ki‡Qb|
K. j¨vwKDwb Kx? 1 eûw`b hver †÷i‡qWhy³ Jla †meb K‡ib Zv‡`i I gwnjv‡`i
L. ZiæYvw¯’‡K PKP‡K mv`v †`Lvq †Kb? 2 †g‡bvcm nIqvi ci G †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| GQvov hviv
M. Drmi cv‡qi ÿwZMÖ¯’ AskwUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Ajm Rxebhvcb K‡ib, KvwqK cwikÖg Kg K‡ib Ges A‡bKw`b
N. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U Drmi evevi †ivMwU DˇivËi e„w×
cvIqvi KviY we‡kølY Ki| 4
20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K RxweZ Ae¯’vq ZiæYvw¯’ †Kv‡l †h ¯^”Q †cÖv‡UvcøvRg,
†MvjvKvi wbDwK¬qvm KwÛª‡bi gv‡S †h MnŸi †`Lv hvq †m¸‡jv‡K
K¨vcmyj ev j¨vwKDwb e‡j|
L Avgv‡`i †`‡n K‡qK iKg ZiæYvw¯’ Av‡Q| ZiæYvw¯’ wewfbœ
Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’‡j, wKsev Aw¯’i wKQy As‡k Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| me
ZiæYvw¯’ GKwU Zš‘gq †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z AveiYx Øviv cwi‡ewóZ
_v‡K, G‡K †cwiKwÛªqvg e‡j| G AveiYwU †`L‡Z PKP‡K mv`v|
G Kvi‡YB ZiæYvw¯’‡K PKP‡K mv`v †`Lvq|
M DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq, Dr‡mi cv‡qi †h Ask
ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv wjMv‡g›U| wb‡P Gi MVb eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv :
cvZjv Kvc‡oi g‡Zv †Kvgj A_P `„p, w¯’wZ¯’vcK eÜbx Øviv
Aw¯’mg~n ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| G‡K Aw¯’eÜbx ev
wjMv‡g›U e‡j| wjMv‡g›U †k¦ZZš‘ I cxZZš‘i mgš^‡q MwVZ|
G‡Z cxZ e‡Y©i w¯’wZ¯’vcK Zš‘i msL¨v †ewk _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨
miæ, kvLv-cÖkvLvwewkó RvjKvKv‡i web¨¯Í KZK¸‡jv Zš‘I
Qov‡bv _v‡K| G Zš‘¸‡jv ¸”QvKv‡i bv †_‡K Avjv`vfv‡e Ae¯’vb
K‡i| G‡`i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Av‡Q| Zš‘¸‡jv Bjvw÷K bvgK Avwgl
Øviv ˆZwi| Zš‘¸‡jvi gv‡S dvB‡eªveøv÷ †Kvl _v‡K| KeRv †hgb
cvjøv‡K `iRvi KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ AvU‡K iv‡L Abyiƒcfv‡e Aw¯’eÜbx
ev wjMv‡g›U nvo‡K AvU‡K iv‡L| G‡Z A½wU mew`‡K †mvRv ev
euvKv n‡q bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges nvo¸‡jv ¯’vbPz¨Z I wePz¨Z nq
bv|
N DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq Dr‡mi evevi †ivMwU
n‡jv Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm bvgK nv‡oi GKwU †ivM| evsjv‡`‡ki
†cÖÿvc‡U Dr‡mi evevi †ivMwUi DˇivËi e„w× cvIqvi KviY
wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv :
Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm GKwU K¨vjwmqvg AfveRwbZ †ivM hv mvaviYZ
cÂv‡kva© cyiæl I gwnjv‡`i n‡q _v‡K| G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ e¨w³i
Aw¯’ f½yi n‡q hvq, cyiæZ¡ Kg‡Z _v‡K| †cwki kw³ Kg‡Z
_v‡K| wc‡Vi wcQb w`K I Aw¯’‡Z e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| wewfbœ
Kvi‡Y G †ivMwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K †hgb †hme eq¯‹ cyiæl
hver Av_ª©vBwU‡m fzM‡Qb Zv‡`iI G †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk
_v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY LyeB AvivgwcÖq| mvgvb¨ my‡Li mÜvb †c‡j
KvRKg©nxbfv‡e Avivg-Avqv‡m †g‡Z _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i †hme
†jvK‡`i mšÍv‡biv fv‡jv †ivRMvi K‡i Zviv mšÍv‡bi nv‡Z msmvi
†Q‡o w`‡q Kg©weiwZi gva¨‡g wekÖv‡g P‡j hvb| Gfv‡e nVvr
KvwqK cwikÖg †_‡K wb‡R‡K ¸uwU‡q wb‡j kixi Ajm n‡q c‡o|
Avevi A‡bK †jvK Avw_©K AbU‡bi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq
K¨vjwmqv‡gi Pvwn`v wgUv‡Z cv‡ib bv| mvwe©Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
gvby‡li Am‡PZb Rxebhvcb, `vwi`ªZv, mwVK cywóÁv‡bi Afve
BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YB Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm †ivMwU DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
10
mgš^q
Co-ordination
AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ 26  XvKv †iwm‡Wbwmqvj g‡Wj K‡jR  cÖkœ 7
M = civM‡iYy Mf©g‡y Ð Mgb|
N = AwaK wccvmv jvMv, `ye©jZv
†eva Kiv, ÿZ¯’vb mn‡R bv ïKv‡bv
K. Lv`¨Rvj Kx?
L. cÖwZeZx© Pµ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ M eY©bv Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ N RwUjZvwU mwe¯Ív‡i we‡kølY Ki|
26bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K K‡qKwU Lv`¨ wkKj GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU Rv‡ji b¨vq MVbB
Lv`¨Rvj|
L cÖwZeZx© wµqv ej‡Z DÏxcbvi AvKw¯§KZv I ¯^qswµq
cÖwZwµqv‡K eySvq| nVvr K‡i Av½y‡j myP dzU‡j A_ev nv‡Z Mig
wKQy co‡j Avgiv AwZ`ªæZ nvZwU DÏxcbvi ¯’vb †_‡K mwi‡q
†bB| GwU cÖwZeZx© wµqvi dj| cÖwZeZx© wµqv g~jZ myly¤vœ KvÐ
Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki M n‡jv civMvqb| G cÖwµqvq dz‡ji civMavbx
†_‡K civM‡iYy GKB dz‡j A_ev GKB Rv‡Zi Ab¨ dz‡ji Mf©g‡y Ð
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| civMvqb `yÕai‡bi ¯^civMvqb Ges ci-
civMvqb|
¯^-civMvqb : GKB dz‡j ev GKB Mv‡Qi wfbœ `ywU dz‡ji g‡a¨
hLb civMvqb N‡U, ZLb Zv‡K ¯^-civMvqb e‡j| mwilv, ayZziv
BZ¨vw` Dw™¢‡` ¯^-civMvqb N‡U _v‡K| ¯^-civMvq‡bi d‡j
civM‡iYyi AcPq Kg nq| †Kv‡bv evn‡Ki Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq
bv Ges civMvqb wbwðZ nq, bZzb †h Dw™¢` Drcbœ nq Zv‡Z
ˆewk‡ó¨i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
ci-civMvqb : GKB cÖRvwZi `ywU wfbœ Dw™¢‡`i dz‡ji g‡a¨ hLb
civM ms‡hvM N‡U, ZLb Zv‡K ci-civMvqb e‡j| wkgyj, †cu‡c
BZ¨vw` Mv‡Qi dz‡j ci-civMvqb n‡Z †`Lv hvq| ci-civMvq‡bi
d‡j bZzb Pwi‡Îi m„wó nq| Z‡e GwU evnK wbf©i nIqvq
civMvq‡bi wbðqZv _v‡K bv| G‡Z cÖPzi civM‡iYyi AcPq nq|
d‡j cÖRvwZi weï×Zv bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'N' RwUjZvwU Øviv Wvqv‡ewUm bvgK
†ivM‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Wvqv‡ewUm †ivM m¤ú‡K© mwe¯Ív‡i
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
AMœ¨vk‡qi wfZi AvB‡jUm Ae j¨v½vin¨vbm bvgK GK cÖKvi
MÖwš’ Av‡Q| G MÖwš’ †_‡K Bbmywjb wbtm„Z nq| Bbmywjb n‡jv GK
cÖKvi ni‡gvb hv †`‡ni kK©iv cwicvK wbqš¿Y K‡i| AMœ¨vk‡q
hw` cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv Bbmywjb ˆZwi bv nq Z‡e i‡³ kK©ivi cwigvY
¯’vqxfv‡e †e‡o hvq, cÖmªv‡ei mv‡_ Møy‡KvR wbM©Z nq| G Ae¯’v‡K
39
eûg~Î ev Wvqv‡ewUm †gwjUvm e‡j| Wvqv‡ewUm `yB ai‡bi n‡q
_v‡K| h_v : UvBc-1, UvBc-2| UvBc-1 G AvµvšÍ †ivMxi †`‡n
G‡Kev‡iB Bbmywjb ˆZwi nq bv| UvBc-2 †ivMxi †`‡n
AvswkKfv‡e Bbmywjb ˆZwi nq| G †ivMwU mvaviYZ eskMZ I
1 cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| i‡³ I cÖmªv‡e Mø‡y Kv‡Ri gvÎv
2 cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †e‡o †M‡j G †iv‡Mi jÿY cÖKvk cvq|†QvU-eo
3 meviB G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| i³ I cÖmÖve cixÿv K‡i Mø‡y Kv‡Ri
4 gvÎv wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g G †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq| wPwKrmv K‡i
Wvqv‡ewUm G‡Kev‡i wbivgq Kiv hvq bv wKš‘ GB †ivM wbqš¿‡Y
ivLv hvq| Wv³vi‡`i g‡Z Wvqv‡ewUm wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wZbwU D
†g‡b ejv AZ¨vek¨K| G¸‡jv n‡jv Discipline, Diet I Drug|
1. k„•Ljv (Discipline) : GKRb Wvqv‡ewUm AvµvšÍ e¨w³i Rb¨
Zvi myk„•Lj Rxeb e¨e¯’v g‡nŠla¯^iƒc| GQvov wbqwgZ I
Wv³v‡ii civgk©g‡Zv cwiwgZ Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv, wbqwgZ e¨vqvg
Kiv, †ivMxi †`‡ni cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv I we‡klfv‡e cv‡qi
hZœ †bIqv, wbqwgZ cÖmªve cixÿv Kiv Ges ˆ`wnK †Kv‡bv
RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡j Wv³v‡ii civgk© †bIqv|
2. Lv`¨ wbqš¿Y (Diet) : Wvqv‡ewUm wbqš¿‡Yi cÖavb Dcvq n‡jv Lv`¨
wbqš¿Y Kiv| wgwóRvZxq Lvevi cwinvi Kiv I Wv³v‡ii civgk©
Abyhvqx wbqwgZ I mgqg‡Zv Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv| Wv³v‡ii civgk©
Abyhvqx Lvev‡ii †gby AbymiY Ki‡j mydj cvIqv hvq|
3. Jla †meb (Drug) : Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †Kv‡bv Jla †meb
Kiv DwPZ bq| Wv³vi †ivMxi kvixwiK Ae¯’v ey‡S Jla LvIqv
ev Bbmywjb †bIqvi civgk© †`b| †mB civgk© Abyhvqx
†ivMx‡K wbqwgZ Jla †meb Ki‡Z n‡e| wVKg‡Zv wPwKrmv bv
Kiv n‡j †ivMxi k¦mb nvi K‡g hvq, cvwb ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y i‡³
Mø‡y Kv‡Ri cwigvY †e‡o hvq| G‡Z †ivMx †eûk n‡q c‡o|
A‡bK mgq †ivMxi n„`h‡š¿i wµqv eÜ n‡q g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
D‡jøwLZ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ejv hvq †h, †KvôKvwVb¨ †ivMwU wbivgq
†hvM¨ Z‡e Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMwU Awbivgq‡hvM¨, †KejgvÎ wbqš¿‡Y
ivLv hvq|
cÖkœ 27  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv  cÖkœ 8
X = †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v mgvb _v‡K
Y = AwaK wccvmv jvMv, ÿzav †e‡o hvIqv, IRb K‡g hvIqv,
ÿZ¯’vb ïKv‡Z †`ix nIqv|
K. B›Uvi‡dR Kx? 1
L. †d¬vwi‡Rb‡K cyó‡z j‡UW ni‡gvb ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. X wefvR‡b K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm Gi 3q I 4_© av‡ci wPÎmn
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Y †ivMwU msµvgK †ivM bq  hyw³mnKv‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4
40 SSC RxeweÁvb
27bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †Kvl wefvR‡bi ïiæ‡Z GKwU †Kv‡li cici `yÕevi
wefvR‡bi ga¨eZ©x †h `kvq wbDwK¬qvm cÖ¯‘wZg~jK Kvh©µg m¤úbœ
K‡i ZvB B›Uvi‡dR|
L Dw™¢‡`i wKQy ni‡gvb i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i Avjv`v Kiv ev kbv³
Kiv hvqwb| Giƒc ni‡gvb¸‡jv‡K c÷z‡j‡UW ni‡gvb ejv nq|
†d¬vwi‡Rb Giƒc GKwU ni‡gvb hv‡K Avjv`v Kiv ev kbv³ Kiv
hvqwb| ZvB †d¬vwi‡Rb‡K c÷z‡j‡UW ni‡gvb ejv nq| †d¬vwi‡Rb
ni‡gvb Dw™¢‡`i dzj †dvUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
M DÏwc‡Ki X wefvRb n‡jv gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqv|
G wefvR‡b K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm A_©vr wbDwK¬qvm wefvR‡bi cuvPwU
av‡ci g‡a¨ 3q I 4_© avc n‡jv h_vµ‡g †gUv‡dR I
A¨vbv‡dR| wb‡P avc `ywUi wPÎmn e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv
†gUv‡dR :
1. G ch©v‡qi cÖ_‡gB mg¯Í †µv‡gv‡mvg w¯úÛj h‡š¿i welyexq
A‡j G‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Kvl wefvR‡bi †gUv‡dR `kvq
w¯úÛj h‡š¿i welyexq A‡j †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi web¨¯Í nIqv‡K
†gUvKvB‡bwmm e‡j|
2. G ch©v‡q †µvgv‡mvg¸‡jv‡K me©vwaK †gvUv, Lv‡Uv I ¯úó
†`Lvq| †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi Lv‡Uv I †gvUv nIqv‡K e‡j
Kb‡Wb‡mkb| GKwU RwUj K‡qwjs cÖwµqvq GwU n‡q _v‡K
hv‡K ejv nq mycvi K‡qwjs|
ˆgi‚
wÕ·´£j h¯¨
welyexq Açj
ˆKÌvGgvGmvg
UÇÅvKkb dvBevi
wPÎ : †gUv‡dR
3. G ch©v‡q †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v, AvKvi I AvK…wZ wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
4. G ch©v‡qi †kl w`‡K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi m¤ú~Y© wef³ n‡q `ywU
AcZ¨ †m‡›Uªvwgqvi m„wó K‡i, d‡j `ywU AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡mvg
m„wó nq|
A¨vbv‡dR : cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi `yÕfv‡M wef³
n‡q hvq| d‡j †µvgvwUW `ywU Avjv`v n‡q c‡o| G Ae¯’vq
cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW‡K AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j Ges G‡Z GKwU
K‡i †m‡›Uªvwgqvi _v‡K| AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ weKl©Y
kw³ e„w× cvq| d‡j Giv welyexq AÂj †_‡K ci¯úi wecixZ
†giæi w`‡K Mgb K‡i| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi G †giægyLx Pj‡b
†m‡›Uªvwgqvi AMÖMvgx Ges evûØq AbyMvgx nq|
AcZÅ ˆKÌvGgvGRvg
jyµ¦cÉvq wÕ·´£j Z¯§
ˆgi‚
wPÎ : A¨vbv‡dR ch©vq
AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’v‡bi wewfbœZvi Rb¨ G
mgq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iwR eY©gvjvi V, L, J I I Aÿ‡ii
g‡Zv †`Lv hvq| G‡`i‡K h_vµ‡g †gUv‡mw›UªK, mve-†gUv‡mw›UªK,
A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK I †U‡jv‡mw›UªK †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j| G av‡ci
†k‡li w`‡K AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv w¯úÛjh‡š¿i †giæcÖv‡šÍ
Ae¯’vb †bq Ges †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cu¨vP Ly‡j Giv ˆ`‡N©¨ e„w× †c‡Z
_v‡K|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'Y' †ivMwU n‡jv Wvqv‡ewUm| GwU msµvgK
†ivM bq| wb‡P hyw³mnKv‡i we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
gvbe‡`‡n AMœ¨vk‡qi wfZi AvB‡jUm Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ bvgK GK
ai‡bi MÖw¯’ Av‡Q| GB MÖwš’ †_‡K Bbmywjb wbtm„Z nq| Bbmywjb
n‡jv GK ai‡bi ni‡gvb, hv †`‡ni kK©iv cwicvK wbqš¿Y K‡i|
AMœ¨vk‡q hw` cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Bbmywjb ˆZwi bv nq Z‡e i‡³
kK©ivi cwigvY ¯’vqxfv‡e †e‡o hvq Ges cÖmÖv‡ei mv‡_ Møy‡KvR
wbM©Z nq| G Ae¯’v‡K eûg~Î ev Wvqv‡ewUm e‡j| G †ivMwU
msµvgK ev †Quvqv‡P bq| GwU mvaviYZ eskMZ Ges cwi‡e‡ki
cÖfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i evev, gv, `v`v, `vw`i G †ivM
_vK‡j Zvi G †ivM nIqvi Avk¼v LyeB †ewk| eskMZfv‡e
A‡bK wkïi †`‡n Bbmywjb Drcv`b Kg nq, d‡j wkïwU Bbmywjb
NvUwZRwbZ Amy¯’Zvq fzM‡Z _v‡K| c~‡e© aviYv Kiv n‡Zv †Kej
eq¯‹‡`i Wvqv‡ewUm nq| G aviYvwU mwVK bq| †QvU-eo me
eq‡m G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e hviv KvwqK cwikÖg K‡ib bv,
w`‡bi †ewki fvM mgq e‡m KvR K‡ib A_ev Ajm Rxeb hvcb
K‡ib, Zv‡`i Wvqv‡ewUm nIqvi Avk¼v †ewk _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMwU msµvgK bq| GwU
ni‡gv‡bi A¯^vfvweKZvRwbZ GKwU eskMZ †ivM|
cÖkœ 28  beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq,
Kzwgjøv  cÖkœ 6
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
ˆK±`Êxq Õ²vqyZ¯¨
A mylyÁ²vKví
K. cÖwZeZ©x wµqv Kx? 1
L. Aw¯’mwÜ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. A wPwýZ As‡ki MvVwbK I Kvwh©K GK‡Ki wPwýZ wPÎ
MVbmn eY©bv Ki| 3
N. gvbe‡`‡n 'A' Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K DÏxcbvi AvKw¯§KZv I ¯^qswµq cÖwZwµqvB n‡jv cÖwZeZx©
wµqv|
L `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’j‡K Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j| cÖwZwU
Aw¯’mwÜi Aw¯’¸‡jv GKiKg w¯’wZ¯’vcK i¾yi g‡Zv eÜbx w`‡q
`„pfv‡e AvUKv‡bv _v‡K, d‡j Aw¯’¸‡jv mn‡R mwܯ’j †_‡K
wePz¨Z n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avgv‡`i kix‡i me Aw¯’mwÜ GK iKg bq| G‡`i †Kv‡bvwU
G‡Kev‡i Abo, †hgb AvšÍtK‡kiæKxq Aw¯’mwÜ, †Kv‡bvwU Avevi
mn‡R mÂvjb Kiv hvq, †hgb nvZ Ges cv‡qi Aw¯’mwÜ|
M DÏxc‡K ’A’ wPwýZ AskwU n‡e gw¯Í®‹| mœvqyZ‡š¿i Z_v
gw¯Í‡®‹i MvVwbK I Kvwh©K GKK n‡jv wbDib| wb‡P wbDi‡bi
wPÎmn MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
cÖwZwU wbDib `ywU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ, h_v †Kvl‡`n Ges
cÖjw¤^Z Ask|
†Kvl‡`n : cøvRgv‡gg‡eªb, mvB‡UvcøvRg I wbDwK¬qvm mgš^‡q MwVZ
wbDi‡bi †MvjvKvi, ZviKvKvi A_ev wW¤^vKvi Ask †Kvl‡`n bv‡g
cwiwPZ| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, MjwRe¯‘, jvB‡mv‡Rvg, Pwe©,
MøvB‡Kv‡Rb, iÄK KYvmn AmsL¨ wbmj `vbv _v‡K|
cÖjw¤^Z Ask : †Kvl‡`n †_‡K m„ó kvLv-cÖkvLv‡KB cÖjw¤^Z Ask
e‡j| cÖjw¤^Z Ask `yB ai‡bi| h_v
1. †WbWªvBU : †Kvl‡`‡ni Pviw`‡K kvLvhy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cÖjw¤^Z
Ask‡K †WbWªvBU e‡j| GKwU wbDi‡b †WbWªvB‡Ui msL¨v
k~b¨ †_‡K K‡qKUv ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
2. A¨v·b : †Kvl‡`n †_‡K Drcbœ †ek j¤^v kvLvwenxb Zš‘wUi
bvg A¨·b| Gi Pviw`‡K wbDwi‡jgv bvgK cvZjv AveiY
_v‡K| wbDwi‡jgv cwi‡ewóZ A¨v·b‡K mœvqyZš¿ e‡j|
ˆWbWÈvBU
ˆKvlG`n
wbDwKÑqvm
wbDwiGjgv
AveiYx
AÅvÝb gvGqwjb
AÅvÝb
iÅvbwfqvGii ceÆ
AÅvÝb
cÉv¯¦
wPÎ : wbDib
wbDwi‡jgv I A¨v·‡bi ga¨eZx© A‡j †mœn c`v‡_©i GKwU
¯Íi _v‡K| G‡K gv‡qvwjb e‡j| G AveiYxwU Awew”Qbœ bq|
wbw`©ó `~iZ¡ ci ci GwU mvaviYZ wew”Qbœ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G
wew”Qbœ As‡k wbDwi‡jgvi mv‡_ A¨v·‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ ¯úk© N‡U|
G AveiYxwenxb AskwU‡K i¨vbwfqv‡ii ce© e‡j| A¨v·‡bi
g~j A‡ÿi AveiYx‡K A¨vw·‡jgv e‡j|
41
N DÏxc‡Ki 'A' n‡jv gw¯Í®‹| gvbe‡`‡n gw¯Í‡®‹i ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
AMÖgw¯Í‡®‹i KvR : AMÖgw¯Í‡®‹i †mwieªvg cÖ‡Z¨K A½ †_‡K mœvqy
Zvobv MÖn‡Yi Ges cÖ‡Z¨K A‡½ mœvqyZvobv †cÖi‡bi D”PZi A½|
GwU Avgv‡`i wPšÍv, †PZbv, Ávb, ¯§„wZ, B”Qv, evKkw³ wbqš¿Y
K‡i| †Kvb DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ Kx ai‡bi mvov w`‡e †m wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
mnvqZv K‡i|
ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i KvR : wewfbœ †cwki Kv‡R mgš^q mvab I fvimvg¨
iÿv Kiv ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i KvR|
cðvrgw¯Í‡®‹i KvR : cðvrgw¯Í‡¯‹i †mwi‡ejvg Pj‡b mgš^q
mvab, †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿv, †`Šov‡bv, jvdv‡bvi Kv‡R RwoZ
†cwk¸‡jvi Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y K‡i| †gWzjv AejsMvUv †_‡K Drcbœ
K‡ivwUK mœvqy Lv`¨ MjvatKiY, n„rwcÐ, dzmdzm, Mjwej BZ¨vw`i
KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i| ZvQvov GB mœvqy¸‡jv kÖeYI fvimv‡g¨i g‡Zv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, gw¯Í‡®‹i wewfbœ Ask wfbœ
wfbœ Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ|
cÖkœ 29  we`Åvgqx miKvwi evwjKv DœP we`Åvjq,
gqgbwmsn  cÖkœ 1
Kbvi `v`x Kuv_v †mjvB KiwQ‡jb| nVvr Zvi nv‡Z myB we× n‡jv;
wZwb nvZ mwi‡q †bb| Kbvi `v`xi GB KvRwU ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q
e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB NUbvwU GKwU we‡kl c×wZi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z|
K. Gwc‡jcwm Kx? 1
L. †d¬vwi‡Rb ni‡gvbwU Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ we‡kl c×wZwUi Kvh©Kix GK‡Ki MVb 
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. `v`x nVvr nvZ mwi‡q †bb, †Kb Giƒc N‡U? G NUbvwUi
ˆeÁvwbK Dcvq e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
29bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K Gwc‡jcwm gw¯Í‡®‹i GKwU †ivM hv‡Z AvµvšÍ e¨w³i kixi
wLuPzbx ev Kuvcywb w`‡Z _v‡K|
L †d¬vwi‡Rb ni‡gvbwU Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq| KviY
†d¬vwi‡Rb cÖavbZ Dw™¢‡`i dzj I Rbb mswkøó A‡½i weKv‡k
mvnvh¨ K‡i| aviYv Kiv nq, †d¬vwi‡Rb cvZvq Drcbœ nq Ges Zv
cÎg~‡j ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q cÎgyKzj‡K cy®úgyKz‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
ZvB †`Lv hvq, †d¬vwi‡Rb Dw™¢‡` dzj †dvUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kvh©Kix I MvVwbK GKKwU n‡jv wbDib|
wb‡P wbDi‡bi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
cÖwZwU wbDib `ywU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ, h_v †Kvl‡`n Ges
cÖjw¤^Z Ask|
42 SSC RxeweÁvb

†Kvl‡`n : cøvRgv‡gg‡eªb, mvB‡UvcøvRg I wbDwK¬qvm mgš^‡q MwVZ wbDwi‡jgv I A¨v·‡bi ga¨eZx© A‡j †mœn c`v‡_©i GKwU
wbDi‡bi †MvjvKvi, ZviKvKvi A_ev wW¤^vKvi Ask †Kvl‡`n bv‡g ¯Íi _v‡K| G‡K gv‡qvwjb e‡j| G AveiYxwU Awew”Qbœ bq|
cwiwPZ| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, MjwRe¯‘, jvB‡mv‡Rvg, Pwe©, wbw`©ó `~iZ¡ ci ci GwU mvaviYZ wew”Qbœ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G
MøvB‡Kv‡Rb, iÄK KYvmn AmsL¨ wbmj `vbv _v‡K| wew”Qbœ As‡k wbDwi‡jgvi mv‡_ A¨v·‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ ¯úk© N‡U|
cÖjw¤^Z Ask : †Kvl‡`n †_‡K m„ó kvLv-cÖkvLv‡KB cÖjw¤^Z Ask G AveiYxwenxb AskwU‡K i¨vbwfqv‡ii ce© e‡j| A¨v·‡bi
e‡j| cÖjw¤^Z Ask `yB ai‡bi| h_v g~j A‡ÿi AveiYx‡K A¨vw·‡jgv e‡j|
1. †WbWªvBU : †Kvl‡`‡ni Pviw`‡K kvLvhy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cÖjw¤^Z
N `v`xi nv‡Zi Av½y‡j myB dzU‡j †m ZvrÿwYK nvZwU‡K mwi‡q
Ask‡K †WbWªvBU e‡j| GKwU wbDi‡b †WbWªvB‡Ui msL¨v
†d‡j| Zvi nv‡Zi Av½y‡j msNwUZ GB Kvh©wU cÖwZeZ©x wµqvi
k~b¨ †_‡K K‡qKUv ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
Kvi‡Y msNwUZ nq| wb‡P GB NUbvwUi ˆeÁvwbK Dcvq e¨vL¨v
2. A¨v·b : †Kvl‡`n †_‡K Drcbœ †ek j¤^v kvLvwenxb Zš‘wUi
Kiv n‡jv
bvg A¨·b| Gi Pviw`‡K wbDwi‡jgv bvgK cvZjv AveiY
_v‡K| wbDwi‡jgv cwi‡ewóZ A¨v·b‡K mœvqyZš¿ e‡j| cÖwZeZx© wµqv ej‡Z DÏxcbvi AvKw¯§K I ¯^qswµq cÖwZwµqv‡K
†evSvq| Avgiv B”Qv Ki‡jB cÖwZeZx© wµqv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvwi
ˆWbWÈvBU
bv| cÖwZeZx© wµqv g~jZ myly¤vœ KvÐ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| wbDib
gvbe‡`‡ni mKj Kvh©vewji wbqš¿K| mœvqywUmy¨ ev wbDib cwi‡ek
ˆKvlG`n †_‡K DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i †`‡ni wfZ‡i cwievwnZ K‡i| cieZx©‡Z
wbDwKÑqvm M„nxZ DÏxcbv Abyhvqx Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó K‡i Ges Zv
wbDwiGjgv ev¯ÍevqbI K‡i| mœvqyKv‡Ði a~mi As‡k Aew¯’Z ms‡e`x wbDi‡bi
AveiYx A¨v·b †_‡K Zwor ivmvqwbK c×wZ‡Z DÏxcbv †gvUi ev
AÅvÝb gvGqwjb AvÁvevnx mœvqyi †WbWªvB‡U cÖ‡ek K‡i| ms‡e`x mœvqyi A¨v·b I
AÅvÝb AvÁvevnx mœvqyi †WbWªvB‡Ui ga¨eZx© wmb¨vc‡mi ga¨ w`‡q G
iÅvbwfqvGii ceÆ DÏxcbv †cwk‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| †gvUi ev AvÁvevnx mœvqyi wbDi‡bi
†WbWªvBU †_‡K DÏxcbv †cwk‡Z †cŠuQ‡j †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿i
AÅvÝb wb‡`©‡k †cwki ms‡KvPb N‡U| d‡j D™¢‚Z wµqvwUi ZvrÿwYK
cÉv¯¦ cÖwZwµqv N‡U|
wPÎ : wbDib Avi Gfv‡eB cÖwZeZ©x wµqvi Kvi‡YB AvOz‡j myB dzU‡j Kbvi
`v`x `ªæZ nvZ mwi‡q †d‡j|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 43

11
Rx‡ei cÖRbb
Reproduction in Organism

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

G wefvR‡b GKwU eo †Kvl I GKwU ÿz`ª †Kvl m„wó nq| eo
cÖkœ 56  h‡kvi †evW© 2020  cÖkœ 4
†KvlwU‡K bvwj‡Kvl Ges ÿz`ª †KvlwU‡K †Rbv‡iwUf †Kvl e‡j|
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki bvwj †Kvl e„w×cÖvß n‡q civMbvwj Ges †Rbv‡iwUf †KvlwU
R wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU cys Rbb‡Kvl Drcbœ nq| †Rbv‡iwUf †Kv‡li
G wefvRb civM‡iYy‡Z A_ev civMbvwj‡Z msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i|
N DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î wb‡`©wkZ Q I R Øviv Dw™¢‡`i h_vµ‡g
Mf©vkq I civMavbx‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cysRbb‡Kvl ev cysM¨v‡gU
Q civMavbx‡Z Ges ¯¿xRbb‡Kvl ev wW¤^vYy Mf©vk‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i m„wó
nq| cysM¨v‡gU I wW¤^vYyi mshyw³B n‡jv wb‡lK| G wb‡lK cÖwµqv
cÖK…wZ‡Z Dw™¢‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Q| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
cÖRb‡bi cÖ_g kZ© n‡jv wb‡lK| cys Rbb †Kvl I ¯¿x Rbb
K. wb‡lK Kx? 1 †Kv‡li wgj‡b wb‡lK m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| G‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Dw™¢`
L. Agiv‡K dzmdz‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq †Kb? 2 cÖRbb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Am¤¢e| cys Rbb †Kvl civMavbx‡Z ˆZwi
M. DÏxc‡Ki R As‡k m„ó M¨v‡gUwUi weKvk eY©bv Ki| 3 civM‡iYyi Af¨šÍ‡i m„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K wW¤^vYy ev ¯¿x Rbb‡Kvl
N. Q Ges R Gi mgwš^Z Kvh©µgB Dw™¢‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q Mf©vk‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i ˆZwi nq| civMvq‡bi ci cys Rbb †Kvl
ivL‡Q Dw³wU hyw³mnKv‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4 wW¤^vYyi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q wb‡lK NUvq| wbwl³KiY cÖwµqv
56bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : Mf©vk‡q we‡kl DÏxcbvi gva¨‡g dj m„wó K‡i Ges wbwl³ wW¤^vYy
ex‡R cwiYZ nq hv d‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cwic° dj
K †hŠb cÖRb‡b wW¤^vYy I ïµvYyi wgjbB n‡jv wb‡lK|
†_‡K msM„nxZ exR wbw`©ó mgq ci ecb Ki‡j Zv †_‡K bZzb
L gvbe‡`‡n cÖavb †iPb A½ n‡jv e„°| 僇Yi Agiv A½wU Dw™¢‡`i Rš§ nq| Gfv‡e Dw™¢`i cÖRbb m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| myZivs
e„‡°i g‡Zv KvR K‡i| e„° †hgb gvbe‡`n †_‡K bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ †`Lv hvq †h, civMavbxi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z cys Rbb †Kvl ˆZwi †hgb
eR©¨ c`v_© †ei K‡i †`q, †Zgwb Mf©ve¯’vq 僇Yi wecv‡Ki d‡j m¤¢e bq, †Zgwb Mf©vk‡qi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wW¤^vYy ev ¯¿x Rbb †Kvl
†h eR©¨ c`v_© Drcbœ nq Zv Agivi gva¨‡g 僇Yi †`n †_‡K ˆZwiI Am¤¢e| Avevi G `yÕai‡bi Rbb †Kv‡li Abycw¯’wZ‡Z
AcmvwiZ nq| Dw™¢` Rbb m¤¢e bq| Avi Dw™¢‡`i Rbb bv NU‡j Dw™¢‡`i
M DÏxc‡Ki R AskwU n‡jv dz‡ji civMavbx, hv †_‡K eske„w× NU‡e bv hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z Dw™¢‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ nvwi‡q hv‡e|
cysM¨v‡g‡UvdvBU m„wó nq Ges weKvk jvf K‡i| wb‡P cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, DÏxc‡Ki Q I R Gi mgwš^Z Kvh©µgB
cysM¨v‡g‡UvdvBU m„wói cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv Dw™¢‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Q|
civM‡iYy cys M¨v‡g‡UvdvB‡Ui cÖ_g †Kvl| civM gvZ…‡KvlwU (2n)
cÖkœ 57  wm‡jU †evW© 2020  cÖkœ 6
wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g PviwU AcZ¨ civM †Kvl (n) m„wó K‡i|
c~Y©ZvcÖvwßi cici civM‡iYy civM_wj‡Z _vKv Ae¯’vqB A¼z‡iv`Mg ïiæ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
nq| civM‡iYyi †Kw›`ªKvwU gvB‡UvwUK c×wZ‡Z wefvwRZ nq| cÉRbb
ewntZ½K Rbb wbDwKÑqvm
avc

civMvqb wbGlK
(S) (F)
civMGiYy A¯¦tZ½K K. Agiv Kx? 1
civM bvwjKv
L. AwbqZ cy®úgÄwi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
bvwjKv wbDwKÑqvm cysMÅvGgU M. DÏxc‡Ki ÔSÕ Gi cÖKvi‡f‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI| 3
wPÎ : cysM¨v‡g‡UvdvB‡Ui DrcwËi wewfbœ avc N. Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î ÔFÕ Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
44 SSC RxeweÁvb

57bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : cÖkœ 58  ivRkvnx †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 5

K †h we‡kl A‡½i gva¨‡g gvZ… Rivqy‡Z µgea©gvb åƒY Ges wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
gvZ… Rivqy wUmy¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Zv‡K Mf©dzj ev Agiv
e‡j|
L dzjmn GKwU Mv‡Qi kvLv‡K cy®úgÄwi ejv nq| Mv‡Qi †h
C
kvLvq dzj¸‡jv mw¾Z _v‡K Zv‡K gÄwi`Ð e‡j| Mv‡Qi G
kvLvi e„w× Amxg n‡j Zv‡K AwbqZ cy®úgÄwi e‡j| G ai‡bi
cy®úgÄwi‡Z gÄwi`‡Ði kxl©‡`k GKwU dz‡j †kl bv n‡q e„w×
†c‡Z _v‡K| wPÎ-X wPÎ-Y
K. Agiv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M DÏxc‡Ki ÔSÕ A_©vr civMvqb `yB cÖKvi; h_v ¯^-civMvqb
L. cvZv‡kIjvq civMvqb nq Kxfv‡e? 2
Ges ci-civMvqb| wb‡P G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎ-X G C Gi weKvk e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
¯^-civMvqb ci-civMvqb N. åƒY I mm¨ m„wó‡Z X I Y Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
1. GKB dz‡j ev GKB 1. GKB cÖRvwZi `ywU wfbœ 58bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
Mv‡Qi wfbœ `ywU dz‡ji Dw™¢‡`i dz‡ji g‡a¨ K †h we‡kl A‡½i gva¨‡g gvZ… Rivqy‡Z µgea©gvb åƒY Ges
g‡a¨ civMvqb NU‡j civM ms‡hvM NU‡j gvZ… Rivqy wUmy¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Zv‡K Mf©dzj ev Agiv
Zv‡K ¯^-civMvqb e‡j| Zv‡K ci-civMvqb e‡j| e‡j|
2. bZzb cÖKiY m„wó nq bv| 2. bZzb cÖKiY m„wó nq|
3. cÖRvwZi weï×Zv iwÿZ 3. cÖRvwZi weï×Zv bó
L cvZv‡kIjvq cvwbi gva¨‡g civMvqb N‡U| cvZv‡kIjvi dzj
AvKv‡i ÿz`ª Ges nvjKv| Giv mn‡RB cvwb‡Z fvm‡Z cv‡i|
nq| nq|
¯¿xcy‡®úi e„šÍ j¤^v wKš‘ cyscy‡®úi e„šÍ †QvU| cwiYZ cyscy®ú e„šÍ
4. civMvq‡bi Rb¨ evn‡Ki 4. civMvq‡bi Rb¨ evnK †_‡K Ly‡j cvwb‡Z fvm‡Z _v‡K Ges ¯¿xcy‡®úi Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡j
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb| †mLv‡bB civMvqb N‡U|
5. exR Kg Rxebxkw³ 5. exR AwaK Rxebkw³
m¤úbœ nq| m¤úbœ nq| M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wPÎX n‡jv ¯¿x M¨vwg‡UvdvBU Ges C n‡jv
wW¤^vYy| wb‡P wW¤^vYyi weKvk e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
6. ¯^-civMvq‡b civM‡iYyi 6. ci-civMvq‡b cÖPzi
dz‡ji Mf©vk‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wW¤^K _v‡K †hLv‡b ¯¿x Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl
AcPq Kg nq| civM‡iYyi AcPq N‡U|
m„wó nq| G †KvlwU wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g PviwU n¨vcø‡qW
N Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î F A_©vr wb‡lK GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwµqv| ¯¿x †iYy †Kvl m„wó K‡i hvi wZbwU bó n‡q hvq| RxweZ †KvlwUi
wb‡P Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv wbDwK¬qvm wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq| Avevi
RxeRM‡Z wb‡l‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Z_v Zvrch© Acwimxg| wb‡lK n‡jv cÖwZwU wbDwK¬qvm ci ci `yevi wef³ n‡q PviwU K‡i AvUwU
cysRbb‡Kvl ev ïµvYyi mv‡_ ¯¿xRbb‡Kvl ev wW¤^vYyi wgjb| wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i| G AvUwU wbDwK¬qvm GKwU _wji b¨vq A‡½i
Avgiv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e Dw™¢‡`i †h dj MÖnY Kwi Zv wb‡lK wµqviB `yÕ‡giæ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| _wji b¨vq G A½‡K åƒY_wj e‡j|
dmj| wb‡lK wµqv †kl n‡jB Dw™¢‡`i dj MV‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ åƒY_wji `yÕ†giæ n‡Z GKwU K‡i wbDwK¬qvm _wji gvSLv‡b P‡j
nq| G cÖwµqv Mf©vk‡q †h DÏxcbv m„wó K‡i, Zvi Kvi‡Y ax‡i Av‡m Ges ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q †m‡KÐvwi wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi K‡i|
ax‡i GwU dz‡j cwiYZ nq Ges wW¤^K¸‡jv ex‡R cwiYZ nq| exR wW¤^Ki‡Üªi w`‡K Aew¯’Z †giæi wZbwU wbDwK¬qvm‡K GK‡Î wW¤^vYy
Dw™¢‡`i esk iÿv K‡i| ZvB exR m„wó bv n‡j cy®úK Dw™¢`B hš¿ e‡j| wW¤^vYy h‡š¿i wZbwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi gvSLv‡bi A‡cÿvK…Z
eo †KvlwUB n‡jv wW¤^vYy Ges Ab¨ †Kvl `ywU‡K mnKvwi †Kvl
nq‡Zv wejxb n‡q †hZ| Avevi wb‡lK wµqv bv NU‡j Dw™¢`mg~n
e‡j|
n¨vcø‡qW (n) Ae¯’v †_‡K wWcø‡qW (2n) Ae¯’vq A_©vr c~Y©v½
Dw™¢‡` wd‡i Avm‡Zv bv| d‡j cÖRvwZ‡Z N‡U †hZ Avg~j N DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ X Ges wPÎ Y h_vµ‡g ¯¿xM¨vwgU ev wW¤^vYy
cwieZ©b| Ges cysM¨vwgU ev ïµvYyi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| G `ywU Ask åƒY I
Ab¨w`‡K, cÖvYxi †ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq wb‡lK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve iv‡L| mm¨ m„wó‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv
cÖvYxi †hŠb cÖRb‡b ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgj‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡lK wµqv n‡jv
m¤úbœ nq Ges RvB‡MvU MVb K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœ avc Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i GKwU we‡kl ˆewkó¨ n‡jv wØwb‡lK| G
AwZµg K‡i RvB‡MvU †_‡K åƒY Ges åƒY †_‡K wkïi Rš§ †bq| cÖwµqvq GKwU cysM¨vwgU wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq Ges Aci
GKwU cysM¨vwgU †m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq| d‡j
wb‡lK 僇Y wWcø‡qW †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v‡K cybt¯’vwcZ K‡i,
wW¤^vYy RvB‡Mv‡U cwiYZ nq Ges wWcø‡qW Ae¯’vcÖvß nq wKš‘
wW¤^vYy‡K cwiùzU‡bi Rb¨ mwµq K‡i †Zv‡j, †µv‡gv‡Rvg KZ…©K
†m‡KÛvwi wbDwK¬qvm wUªc‡ø qW Ae¯’vcÖvß nq| RvB‡Mv‡Ui wekÖvg
enbK…Z wcZv-gvZvi ˆewk󨸇jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i 僇Yi wj½
†k‡l gvB‡UvwUK wefvRb ïiæ nq| cÖ_g wefvRb AvovAvwofv‡e
wba©viY K‡i| nq, d‡j GKwU w؇Kvlx Avw` åƒY MwVZ nq| Avw` åƒYwU
AZGe, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi eske„wׇZ wb‡lK wµqvi µgwefvRb I weKv‡ki gva¨‡g GKwU c~Y©v½ 僇Y cwiYZ nq|
¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg Ges AZzjbxq| åƒY Drcbœ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mm¨ wbDwK¬qvmwU `ªæZ gvB‡Uvwmm
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cªwµqvq wefvwRZ n‡q A‡bK¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i|
wbDwK¬qvm¸‡jv mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi mgš^‡q †Kv‡l cwiYZ n‡q mm¨ ev
G‡Ûv¯úvg© ˆZwi K‡i|
AZGe, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, åƒY Ges mm¨ m„wó‡Z DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ X I
Y A_©vr wW¤^vYy I ïµvYy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
cÖkœ 59  wm‡jU †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 6
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
wbGlK RvBGMvU B
K. eqtmwÜKvj Kx?
L. Rivqyi †Kvb A½ e„‡°i g‡Zv KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. "B" m„wóKvix †Kvl wefvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. gvbewkï m„wó‡Z DÏxc‡Ki cÖevn wPÎwU we‡kølY Ki|
59bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K ˆK‡kvi Ges Zviæ‡Y¨i mwÜKvjB n‡jv eqtmwÜKvj|
L Rivqyi Agiv gvbe‡`‡ni e„° A_©vr †iPb A‡½i g‡Zv KvR
K‡i| KviY †h we‡kl A‡½i gva¨‡g gvZ… Rivqy‡Z µgea©gvb
åƒY Ges gvZ… Rivqy wUmy¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Zv‡K Agiv ev
Mf©dzj e‡j| Agivi mvnv‡h¨ åƒY Rivqyi Mv‡q ms¯’vwcZ nq|
wecv‡Ki d‡j †h eR©¨ c`v_© Drcbœ nq Zv Agivi gva¨‡g 僇Yi
†`n †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki cÖevnwP‡Î 'B' n‡jv åƒY| gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl
wefvR‡bi d‡j wb‡l‡Ki ci RvB‡MvU 僇Y cwiYZ nq| wb‡P
gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
1. eû‡Kvlx Rx‡e RvB‡MvU bvgK GKwU gvÎ †Kv‡li gvB‡Uvwmm
wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g eû‡Kvlx †`n MwVZ nq Ges Gi ˆ`wnK
e„w× N‡U|
2. gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡bi d‡jB eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei Rbbv½ m„wó nq,
d‡j esk e„w×i µg aviv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|
3. GK‡Kvlx my‡Kw›`ªK Rx‡e G cÖwµqvq eske„w× N‡U|
4. G wefvRb cÖwµqvi d‡j †Kv‡li ¯^vfvweK AvKvi, AvK…wZ,
AvqZb BZ¨vw` ¸Yv¸Y eRvq _v‡K|
5. gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq †Kvl wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y cÖwZwU †Kv‡li
wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi ga¨Kvi cwigvYMZ I wbqš¿YMZ
fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq|
6. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y †`‡ni me †Kv‡l
mgmsL¨K I mg¸Ym¤úbœ †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K|
7. eû‡Kvlx Rxe‡`‡n m„ó †h‡Kv‡bv ÿZ¯’vb gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq
†Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g `ªæZ c~iY nq|
8. G cÖKvi wefvR‡bi d‡j RxeRM‡Zi ¸YMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i
w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq _v‡K|
AZGe DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z GUvB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, B
m„wóKvix †Kvl wefvRb Z_v gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb RxeRM‡Zi
Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖevn wPÎwU Øviv wb‡lK I wb‡lK cieZ©x
僇Yi weKv‡ki gva¨‡g gvbewkï m„wó nIqvi Ae¯’v‡K wb‡`©k Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wb‡P gvbewkï m„wó‡Z DÏxc‡Ki cÖevn wPÎwU we‡kølY Kiv
n‡jv
45
¯^vgx-¯¿xi ˆ`wnK m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g cyiæ‡li ïµvYy ¯¿x cÖRbb A‡½
cÖ‡ek K‡i| ïµvYy‡Z †jR _v‡K| hv Zv‡K muvZwi‡q ¯¿x
cÖRbbZ‡š¿i wfZi cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| cwiYZ ïµvYy Ges
wW¤^vYyi wgjb N‡U ¯¿xi wW¤^bvwj‡Z| G wgjb‡K wb‡lK e‡j|
Gfv‡e gvbe‡`‡ni wfZ‡i AšÍtwb‡lK N‡U Ges `yB cÖ¯’
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi (2n) mgš^‡q RvB‡MvU Drcbœ nq|
wbwl³ wW¤^vYy ax‡i ax‡i wW¤^bvwj †e‡q Rivqyi w`‡K AMÖmi nq|
G mgq wbwl³ wW¤^vYyi †Kvl wefvRb ev wK¬‡fR Pj‡Z _v‡K|
†Kvl wefvR‡bi †kl ch©v‡qi MVš§yL åƒY wW¤^bvwj †_‡K Rivqy‡Z
†cuŠQvq| G ch©v‡q åƒY‡K eøv‡÷vwm÷ e‡j| eøv‡÷vwm‡÷i cieZ©x
ch©vq¸‡jv m¤úbœ nIqvi Rb¨ åƒY‡K Rivqyi cÖvPx‡i msjMœ n‡Z
nq| G mshyw³‡K åƒY ms¯’vcb ev Mf©aviY e‡j| Rivqyi
1 AšÍtMv‡Î msjMœ Ae¯’vq åƒYwU evo‡Z _v‡K Ges ax‡i ax‡i
2 gvbewkï‡Z cwiYZ nq|
3
4 cÖkœ 60  ewikvj I w`bvRcyi †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 8
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
A
B
C
K. Ae„šK Í dzj Kx? 1
L. ayZziv dz‡j Kx ai‡bi civMvqb nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki C A½wUi DrcwË †KŠkj eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki A, B I C Gi cvi¯úwiK Kvh©KvwiZvq wKfv‡e
bZzb Dw™¢` m„wó nq? we‡kølY Ki| 4
60bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K e„šÍnxb dzjB n‡jv Ae„šÍK dzj| †hgb nvZxïuo|
L ayZziv dz‡j ¯^-civMvqb N‡U| hLb GKB dz‡j ev GKB Mv‡Qi
wfbœ `ywU dz‡ji g‡a¨ civMvqb N‡U, ZLb Zv‡K ¯^-civMvqb e‡j|
ayZziv Dw™¢‡`I GKB dz‡j A_ev GKB Mv‡Qi wfbœ `ywU dz‡ji g‡a¨
civMvqb N‡U|
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ 'C' A½vYywU n‡jv wW¤^vYy (n)| wW¤^vYy
DrcwËi †KŠkj wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
dz‡ji Mf©vk‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wW¤^K _v‡K| G wW¤^‡Ki †fZ‡i mvgvb¨
eo AvK…wZi GKwU ¯¿xRbb gvZ…‡Kvl (2n) m„wó nq| G †KvlwU
wg‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g PviwU n¨vcø‡qW (n) ¯¿x †iYy †Kvl m„wó
K‡i hvi me©wb¤œ †KvlwU Qvov evwK wZbwU †Kvl bó n‡q hvq|
RxweZ †KvlwUi wbDwK¬qvm wef³ n‡q `ywU wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i|
GB wbDwK¬qvm `ywU cici `yBevi wef³ n‡q PviwU K‡i †gvU
AvUwU wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i| G AvUwU wbDwK¬qvm GKwU _wji b¨vq
A‡½i `yÕ‡giæ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| _wji b¨vq G A½‡K åƒY_wj
e‡j| åƒY_wji `yÕ†giæ n‡Z GKwU K‡i wbDwK¬qvm _wji gvSLv‡b
P‡j Av‡m Ges ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q †MŠY wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi K‡i|
wW¤^Ki‡Üªi w`‡K Aew¯’Z †giæi wZbwU wbDwK¬qvm‡K GK‡Î
wW¤^vYyhš¿ e‡j| wW¤^vYyh‡š¿i wZbwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi gvSLv‡bi
A‡cÿvK…Z eo †KvlwU n‡jv wW¤^vYy Ges Ab¨ †Kvl `ywU‡K mnKvix
†Kvl e‡j| Gfv‡eB åƒY_wji Af¨šÍ‡i wW¤^vYyi DrcwË N‡U|
46 SSC RxeweÁvb

N DÏxc‡K A wPwýZ Ask n‡jv `jgÐj ev cvcwo, B wPwýZ †Kvl webó n‡q hvq| me©wb¤œ GB eo †KvlwU e„w× †c‡q µgk
Ask n‡jv civMavbx ev cys¯ÍeK Ges C wPwýZ Ask n‡jv wW¤^vYy åƒY_wj‡Z cwiYZ nq| G †KvlwUi wbDwK¬qvm n¨vcø‡qW (n)| GB
ev ¯¿x¯ÍeK| wb‡P Gme A½vYyi cvi¯úwiK Kvh©KvwiZvq bZzb wbDwK¬qvmwU wef³ n‡q `ywU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq| G wbDwK¬qvm
Dw™¢` m„wói cÖwµqv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv `ywU åƒY_wji `yB †giæ‡Z Ae¯’vb †bq| Gevi G `ywU wbDwK¬qv‡mi
dz‡ji cvcwo mvaviYZ iwOb nq| G ai‡bi D¾¡j Sjg‡j i‡Oi cÖwZwU cici `yevi wef³ n‡q PviwU K‡i wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i|
PviwU Õ¨x
cvcwo¸‡jv †cvKvgvKo I cïcvwL AvKl©Y K‡i Ges civMvq‡bi mnvqZv ˆiYy ˆKvl
wZbwU bÓ¡
K‡i| A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †cvKvgvKo dz‡ji cvcwo‡Z e‡m gay cÉvq Õ¨x ˆiYy
Õ¨x ˆiYy gvZ‡GKvl
†L‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gme Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb mg‡q civMvq‡bi KvRwU
Pj‡Z _v‡K| G KvRwU g~jZ dj I exR ˆZwii c~e©kZ©|
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nq| cieZx©‡Z exR A¼zwiZ n‡q GKwU bZzb Dw™¢` m„wó K‡i|
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†Kvl ejv nq| Mf©h‡š¿i wecixZ w`‡Ki †Kvl wZbwU‡K cÖwZcv` †Kvl
cÖkœ 61  wmGjU ˆevWÆ 2017  cÖkœ 2 e‡j| Gfv‡eB åƒY_wji MVb cÖwµqv †kl nq|
wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki N DÏxc‡Ki C wPÎwU n‡jv HIV fvBivm| HIV Øviv msµwgZ
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GwU GKwU giYNvZx †ivM| G †ivM †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi †Kv‡bv
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K. wdUvm Kx? 1 mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| GKwU myP, wmwiÄ GKR‡bi †ewk e¨envi
L. mm¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 Kiv hv‡e bv|
M. wPÎ A †_‡K wPÎ B m„wói cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 2. AcixwÿZ i³ kix‡i MÖnY Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
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61bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : 4. Awbivc` ˆ`wnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
K cÖvq 8 mßvn eq¯‹ åƒY‡K wdUvm e‡j| 5. GBWm AvµvšÍ gwnjvi mšÍv‡biI GBWm n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
GBWm AvµvšÍ gwnjv‡`i mšÍvb MÖnY †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
L mm¨ n‡jv ex‡Ri GKwU Ask| wØwb‡lKKvjxb mg‡q GKwU Avgvi g‡Z Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jvi Dci bRi ivL‡jB HIV fvBivm
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mm¨‡Kvl Drcbœ K‡i| G‡Z 3n msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvg we`¨gvb cÖkœ 62  ivRkvnx †evW© 2015  cÖkœ 6
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nIqvi cÖwµqv wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
åƒY‡cvlK Kjvq wW¤^Ki‡Üªi KvQvKvwQ GKwU †Kvl AvKv‡i mvgvb¨ K. †jvKvm Kx? 1
eo nq| Gi †cÖv‡UvcøvRg Nb Ges wbDwK¬qvmwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e L. ewntwb‡lK ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
eo| G †KvlwU we‡qvRb wefvR‡bi (wg‡qvwmm) gva¨‡g PviwU M. A-Gi weKvk cÖwµqv/e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
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 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
62bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
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L †h wb‡lK wµqv cÖvwY‡`‡ni evB‡i msNwUZ nq Zv‡K
ewntwb‡lK e‡j| G ai‡bi wb‡lK mvaviYZ cvwb‡Z evm K‡i
Ggb me cÖvYxi g‡a¨ mxgve×| †hgb wewfbœ ai‡bi gvQ I
e¨vO|
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ †iLvwP‡Îi 'A' wPwýZ Ask Øviv ïµvYy I
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RvB‡Mv‡Ui weKvk cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
1. GKwU ïµvYy Øviv GKwU wW¤^vYy wbwl³ nq| GKwU we‡kl
c×wZ‡Z ïµvYyi GK cÖ¯’ †µv‡gv‡Rvg (n) Ges wW¤^vYyi
GKcÖ¯’ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi (n) wgjb N‡U| d‡j `yB cÖ¯’
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi (2n) mgš^‡q RvB‡MvU Drcbœ nq|
2. wbwl³ wW¤^vYy ax‡i ax‡i wW¤^bvwj †e‡q Rivqyi w`‡K AMÖmi
nq| G Ae¯’vq cÖvq 36 NÈv c‡i wbwl³ wW¤^vYyi wefvRb ïiæ
nq| wefvRb wbwl³ wW¤^vYy `ywU †Kvl wewkó MVb m„wó K‡i|
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16 †Kvl wewkó GKwU e‡ji AvKvi aviY K‡i| G‡K eøv÷zjv e‡j|
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g‡a¨ fvm‡Z _v‡K| G mgq 僇Yi n„`¯ú›`b I gw¯Í‡®‹i MVb
ïiæ nq|
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cv‡qi MV‡bi gyKz‡ji g‡Zv A½vYy m„wó nq|
6. cÖvq 8 mßvn c‡i 僇Yi A½¸‡jvi weKvk N‡U Ges †QvU
AvKv‡ii nq| 僇Yi G Ae¯’v‡K wdUvm e‡j|
7. cieZ©x‡Z 僇Yi ˆ`wnK e„w× NU‡Z _v‡K Ges 28 mßvn c‡i
wdUvm c~Y©v½Zv cÖvß nq|
8. wdUv‡mi c~Y©v½Zv cÖvwßi cieZ©x‡Z 38 mßv‡n Rivqyi wfZi
wdUv‡mi gv_v wb‡Pi w`‡K Ny‡i hvq| G ch©v‡q wkïi f‚wgô
cÖwµqvi cÖ¯‘wZ Pj‡Z _v‡K|
N DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ †iLvwP‡Î gvby‡li cÖRbb cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv
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wKQy MÖwš’ gvbe cÖRbb msµvšÍ ni‡gvb wbtmiY K‡i| wb‡P gvbe
cÖRb‡b ni‡gv‡bi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi e„w× DÏxcK ni‡gvb I
Drcv`K ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq| G ni‡gvb¸‡jv RbbMÖwš’ e„w×,
ÿiY I KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i|
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I gvbwmK e„w×, †hŠbjÿY cÖKvk I wecv‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
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ni‡gvb †g‡q‡`i bvix myjf jÿY¸‡jv m„wó, FZzPµ wbqš¿Y,
Mf©ve¯’vq Rivqy, åƒY, Agiv BZ¨vw`i e„w× wbqš¿Y K‡i|
ZvQvov wW¤^vYy Drcv`‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
6. Agiv †_‡K wbtm„Z †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK I †cÖv‡R‡÷ib wW¤^vk‡qi
Abvj MÖwš’‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i I ¯ÍbMÖwš’i e„w× wbqš¿Y K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, gvbe cÖRb‡b ni‡gv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
47
cÖkœ 63  we`Åvgqx miKvwi evwjKv DœP we`Åvjq,
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ayZziv BZ¨vw` Mv‡Q ¯^-civMvqb N‡U|
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†M‡j ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgj‡bi d‡j wW¤^K I Mf©vkq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
cwiewZ©Z n‡q cieZ©x eska‡ii m~Pbv K‡i|
48 SSC RxeweÁvb

12
Rx‡ei eskMwZ I weeZ©b
Heredity in Organisms and Evolution

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

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L. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©vi‡Y A I B Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
F1 Rby : wRGbvUvBc  Tt Tt Tt Tt N. Dw™¢` cÖRb‡b F1 eska‡i mKj Dw™¢` j¤^v n‡jI F2
 eska‡i wKQy Lv‡Uv Dw™¢` m„wó nq †Kb? (i) bs wP‡Îi
wd‡bvUvBc  Tt me¸‡jv j¤^v Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 49

57bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : F1 Rbyi eska‡ii g‡a¨ µm

K GKB †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Rv‡oi wbw`©ó †jvKv‡m Ae¯’vbKvix wbw`©ó wd‡bvUvBc  j¤^v  j¤^v
wRb †Rvovi GKwU‡K AciwUi A¨vwjj e‡j| wRGbvUvBc  Tt  Tt
L WviDB‡bi g‡Z Rxeb-msMÖv‡g †mme cÖvYx mvdj¨ jvf K‡i
hv‡`i kvixwiK MVb cÖK…wZ‡Z †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b cwiewZ©Z nq| MÅvGgU  T t T t
Zviv cwieZ©bkxjZvq `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q Awf‡hvwRZ ¸Y¸‡jv
eskci¤úivq mÂvwiZ n‡q †eu‡P _vKvi ev weeZ©‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq
Rqx nq| Ab¨w`‡K hviv G ai‡bi cwieZ©bkxjZvq Ask MÖnY Ki‡Z F2 Rby : wRGbvUvBc  TT Tt Tt tt
cv‡i bv Zviv cÖK…wZ KZ…©K g‡bvbxZ nq bv| d‡j Zv‡`i wejywß N‡U| wdGbvUvBc  wZbwU jÁ¼v, ‰KwU LvGUv
cÖvPxbKv‡ji cÖvYx WvB‡bvmi ewjô nIqv m‡Ë¡I cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ myZivs DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-ÔiÕ Abymv‡i †`Lv hvq †h, weï× j¤^v I
myôzfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ bv n‡Z cvivq wejyß n‡q‡Q| weï× Lv‡Uv Dw™¢‡`i msKivq‡bi d‡j F1 eska‡i m„wó mKj
M DÏxc‡K "A" Ges "B" Øviv gvby‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K Dw™¢` j¤^v| Avevi F1 eska‡ii j¤^v Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ msKivqb
eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©vi‡Y A I B Gi f‚wgKv wb‡P NUv‡j F2 eska‡i m„ó Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ wZbwU j¤^v Ges GKwU weï×
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv Lv‡Uv| A_©vr hLb †Kv‡bv Rx‡e wR‡bi `ywU msKivqbB cÖ”Qbœ nq,
Rx‡ei wj½ wba©viYKvix †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j| †Kej ZLbB cÖ”Qbœ ˆewkó¨wU cÖKvk cvq| †hgb ïay tt n‡jB
†m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg `ywU X Ges Y bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki gUiïuwU Lv‡Uv nq|
wWcø‡qW †Kv‡l `ywU †m· †µv‡gv‡RvgB X †µv‡gv‡Rvg A_©vr
XX| wKš‘ cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î `ywUi g‡a¨ GKwU X Ges AciwU Y cÖkœ 58  h‡kvi †evW© 2020  cÖkœ 6
†µv‡gv‡Rvg A_©vr XY| X Ges Y Dfq ai‡bi †m· Av‡qkvi †`‡n we‡kl ai‡bi A‰bw”QK †cwk Øviv MwVZ GKwU
†µv‡gv‡RvgB AvK…wZ‡Z j¤^v Ges i‡Wi g‡Zv Z‡e Y A½ cv¤ú †gwk‡bi b¨vq KvR K‡i i³ PjvPj mPj iv‡L|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg X †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Zzjbvq wKQyUv †QvU| ¯¿x‡jvK‡`i Av‡qkvi Av‡iv †QvU wZb †evb _vKvq Zvi evev Kb¨v mšÍvb
wW¤^vk‡q wW¤^vYy m„wói mgq hLb wg‡qvwmm wefvRb N‡U ZLb Rš§`v‡bi Rb¨ Zvi gv‡K `vqx K‡ib|
cÖwZwU wW¤^vYy Ab¨vb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ GKwU X †µv‡gv‡Rvg K. eskMwZ Kx? 1
jvf K‡i| Acic‡ÿ cyiæ‡l ïµvYy m„wói mgq A‡a©K msL¨K L. AwZwi³ †Kv‡j‡÷ij gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ ÿwZKi †Kb? 2
ïµvYy GKwU K‡i X Ges A‡a©K msL¨K ïµvYy GKwU K‡i Y M. Av‡qkvi A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ Gu‡K Zxi wP‡ýi gva¨‡g i³
†µv‡gv‡Rvg jvf K‡i| wW¤^vYy cyiæ‡li X ev Y †µv‡gv‡Rvgevnx cÖevn †`LvI| 3
ïµvYy Øviv wbwl³ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j RvB‡MvUwU `ywU X A_ev N. Av‡qkvi evevi `vqx Kiv welqwU hyw³m½Z wK bv? gZvgZ `vI| 4
GKwU X Ges GKwU Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó n‡Z cv‡i| `ywU X
58bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
wb‡q †h wkï Rš§v‡e †m n‡e GKwU †g‡q A_©vr XX Avi †h wkï
GKwU X Ges GKwU Y A_©vr XY wb‡q Rš§v‡e †m n‡e GKwU K Rx‡ei wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿YKvix wRbmg~n cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g
†Q‡j| wcZvgvZv †_‡K eskvbyµ‡g mšÍvb-mšÍwZi †`‡n mÂvwiZ nIqvi
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, †µv‡gv‡RvgB gvby‡li wj½ cÖwµqvB n‡jv eskMwZ|
wba©vi‡Y gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| L i‡³ D”PgvÎvq †Kv‡j‡÷ij n„rwcÐ Ges i³ msen‡bi
N gvZv-wcZvi ˆewkó¨ Dw™¢‡`i eskai‡`i g‡a¨ Kxfv‡e cÖKvk wek„•Ljvi mv‡_ RwoZ| †Kv‡j‡÷ij wcËi‡mi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb
cvq, †m m¤^‡Ü weÁvbx †g‡Ûj cixÿvi gva¨‡g g~j¨evb ZË¡ n‡jI GwU GKwU eR©¨ c`v_© Ges hK…‡Zi gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †g‡Û‡ji Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K Dw™¢` cÖRb‡b F1 AcmvwiZ nq| wcËi‡m †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji gvÎv †e‡o †M‡j Zv
eska‡i mKj Dw™¢` j¤^v n‡jI F2 eska‡i wKQy Lv‡Uv Dw™¢` m„wó Zjvwbi g‡Zv wcË_wj‡Z Rgv nq| †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji G ZjvwbB
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i AbycvZ `uvovq 3 : 1 hv †g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g m~Î k³ n‡q wcË_wji cv_i m„wó K‡i|
bv‡g cwiwPZ| †g‡Û‡ji m~‡Îi Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ-i M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ Av‡qkvi A½wU n‡jv n„rwcÐ| wb‡P
†K c~Y©v½iƒ‡c cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g F1 I F2 Rbyi djvdj wb‡P n„rwc‡Ði wPÎ Gu‡K Zxi wP‡ýi gva¨‡g i³cÖevn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv Ea»Æ gnvwkiv
awi, weï× j¤^v †Qvjv Mv‡Qi wR‡bvUvBc = TT Ges weï× Lv‡Uv gnvagwb
†Qvjv Mv‡Qi wR‡bvUvBc = tt dzmdzmxq
Wvb agwb
wcZv-gvZv : wdGbvUvBc  we÷«¬ jÁ¼v  we÷«¬ LvGUv Awj±`
dzmdzmxq
wdGbvUvBc
wR‡bvUvBc  TT  tt
wkiv
evg Awj±`
MÅvGgU  T T t t

evg wbjq
F1 Rby : wRGbvUvBc  Tt Tt Tt Tt wbÁ² gnvwkiv
Wvb wbjq
wd‡bvUvBc 
 Tt me¸‡jv j¤^v wPÎ : n„rwc‡Ði i³mÂvjb MwZc_ ()
50 SSC RxeweÁvb
N DÏxcK Abymv‡i Kb¨v mšÍvb Rš§`v‡bi Rb¨ Av‡qkvi evev
Av‡qkvi gv‡K `vqx Kivi welqwU hyw³m½Z bq| wb‡P welqwU
m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ †cvlY KiwQ
Avgiv Rvwb, †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv `ywU Ges Zv X I Y bv‡g
cwiwPZ| wj½ wba©vi‡Y Giv gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| bvix‡`i
wWcø‡qW †Kv‡l `ywU †m· †µv‡gv‡RvgB X †µv‡gv‡Rvg A_©vr XX,
wKš‘ cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î `ywUi g‡a¨ GKwU X AciwU Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg
A_©vr XY| bvix‡`i wW¤^vk‡q wW¤^vYy ˆZwii mgq hLb wg‡qvwmm
N‡U, ZLb cÖwZwU wW¤^vYy Ab¨vb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ GKwU K‡i
X †µv‡gv‡Rvg jvf K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K ïµvYy m„wói mgq A‡a©K msL¨K ïµvYy GKwU K‡i X
†µv‡gv‡Rvg Ges Aewkó A‡a©K ïµvYy GKwU K‡i Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg
jvf K‡i| wW¤^vYy cyiæ‡li X ev Y enbKvix †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU
ïµvYy w`‡q wbwl³ n‡Z cv‡i| Mf©aviYKv‡j †Kvb ai‡bi ïµvYy
gvZvi X enbKvix wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡e Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i
fwel¨r mšÍv‡bi wj½| hw` X enbKvix ïµvYy wb‡lK NUvq,
Zvn‡j RvB‡MvU n‡e XX, A_©vr mšÍvb n‡e Kb¨v| Avi hw` Y
enbKvix ïµvYy wb‡l‡K AskMÖnY K‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î RvB‡Mv‡U X
Ges Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg _vK‡e A_©vr †µv‡gv‡Rvg `ywU n‡e XY|
d‡j mšÍvb n‡e cyÎ| gvby‡li wj½ wba©vi‡Y A_©vr Kb¨v ev cyÎ
mšÍv‡bi Rš§ nIqvi e¨vcv‡i gv‡qi Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB|
D‡jøwLZ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq †h, Av‡qkvi gv‡K `vqx
Kivi e¨vcv‡i Av‡qkvi evevi `vwe hyw³m½Z wQj bv|
cÖkœ 59  XvKv †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 7
GK `¤úwZi N‡i GKwU dzUdz‡U Kb¨v mšÍvb Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
wkïwU †`L‡Z Zvi gv‡qi gZB my›`ix| wKQyw`b ci †`Lv †Mj
†g‡qwUi †Pnviv d¨vKv‡k n‡q hv‡”Q| GQvovI Zvi †Pv‡Li Kwb©qv
†Nvjv‡U n‡q hv‡”Q, me wKQy Svcmv †`L‡Q|
K. ˆRe weeZ©b Kx? 1 hvq| AZ¨waK i³cvZ NU‡j, K…wgi Avµg‡Y, †jŠn MwVZ Lv`¨
L. c„w_ex †_‡K WvB‡bvmi †jvc †c‡q‡Q wKš‘ †Zjv‡cvKv wU‡K
Av‡Q Kxfv‡e? 2 i³k~b¨Zv n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi i‡³ k~b¨Zvi Kvi‡YB wkï I
M. wkïwU Zvi gv‡qi gZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î †h Dcv`vbwU KvR
K‡i‡Q Zvi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wkïwUi Ae¯’v Ggb nIqvi KviY Kx n‡Z cv‡i? gZvgZ
`vI| 4
59bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K K‡qK nvRvi eQi mg‡qi e¨vcKZvq Rxe cÖRvwZi c„w_ex‡Z
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †h cwieZ©b I Awf‡hvRb cÖwµqv Pvjy i‡q‡Q
ZvB ˆRe weeZ©b|
L c„w_ex †_‡K WvB‡bvmi Gi †jvc cvIqv Ges †Zjv‡cvKvi
wU‡K _vKvi KviY n‡”Q weeZ©b| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mg‡qi mv‡_ †h
cÖRvwZwUi wU‡K _vKvi ÿgZv hZ †ewk, †m weeZ©‡bi Ave‡Z© ZZ
†ewk w`b wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Kg n‡j †m wejyß nq|
weeZ©b avivq WvB‡bvm‡ii Awf‡hvRb ÿgZv Kg nIqvq †mwU
†jvc †c‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K †Zjv‡cvKvi wU‡K _vKvi ÿgZv †ewk
e‡j Zviv AvRI wU‡K i‡q‡Q|
M DÏxc‡Ki wkïwU Zvi gv‡qi g‡Zv nIqvi †ÿ‡Î †h Dcv`vbwU
KvR K‡i‡Q Zv n‡jv DNA| KviY DNA n‡jv Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK
ˆewk‡ó¨i aviK I evnK| wb‡P DNA Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
DNA †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb| DNA mvaviYZ wØ-
m~ÎKwewkó cwjwbIwK¬IUvB‡Wi mwc©jvKvi MVb| GKwU m~ÎK
Ab¨wUi cwic~iK| G‡Z cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv, bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ
†em I A‰Re dm‡dU _v‡K| G wZbwU Dcv`vb‡K GK‡Î
ÒwbDwK¬IUvBWÓ e‡j| DNA †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ¯’vqx c`v_©|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em¸‡jv `yÕai‡bi| h_v wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWb|
GwWwbb (A) I ¸qvwbb (G) n‡jv wcDwib Ges mvB‡Uvwmb (C) I
_vqvwgb (T) †em n‡jv cvBwiwgwWb| GKwU m~‡Îi GwWwbb (A)
Ab¨ m~‡Îi _vqvwgb (T) Gi mv‡_ `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv hy³
(A = T) _v‡K Ges GKwU m~‡Îi ¸qvwbb (G) Ab¨ m~‡Îi
mvB‡Uvwm‡bi (C) mv‡_ wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv (G  C) hy³
_v‡K| A_©vr G eÜb GKwU wcDwib I cvBwiwgwW‡bi g‡a¨ n‡q
_v‡K| myZivs `ywU m~‡Îi GKwU Ab¨wUi cwic~iK wKš‘ GK iKg
bq| †nwj‡·i cÖwZwU c~Y© N~Y©b 34 A ˆ`N©¨wewkó Ges GKwU c~Y©
N~Y‡© bi g‡a¨ 10wU wbDwK¬IUvBW _v‡K|
myZivs cvk¦©eZx© `ywU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi `~iZ¡ 3.4 A | DNA Gi `ywU
cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW m~Î wecixZfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| A‡bKUv
cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi av‡ci g‡Zv, ÿvi¸‡jv kvwqZfv‡e cÖavb A‡ÿi
mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| A_©vr DNA AYyi evB‡ii w`‡Ki `Ê
`ywU (cÖavb Aÿ) cici myMvi I dm‡dU Øviv MwVZ Ges G‡`i
wfZ‡ii w`‡K N2 †em Ae¯’vb K‡i| DNA Wvej †nwj‡·i e¨vm
me©Î 20A | Gfv‡eB ch©vqµ‡g GKwU DNA AYy MwVZ nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvq †`Lv hvq wkïwUi †Pnviv d¨vKv‡k n‡q
hvIqv, †Pv‡Li Kwb©qv †Nvjv‡U n‡q hvIqv, †Pv‡L Svcmv †`Lv
BZ¨vw` NUbv N‡U‡Q| wkïwUi Ggb Ae¯’v nIqvi KviY n‡jv
i³k~b¨Zv I ivZKvbv †iv‡M †fvMv|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkï I bvix‡`i i³¯^íZv ev i³k~b¨Zv GKwU
mvaviY †ivM| G †iv‡M eqm I wj½‡f‡` i‡³ wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi
NbZ¡ ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq K‡g hvq| Lv‡`¨i gyL¨ Dcv`vb †jŠn,
dwjK GwmW, wfUvwgb we-12 BZ¨vw`i Afve NU‡j G †ivM †`Lv
Dcv`vb h_vh_ †kvlY NU‡j Lv‡`¨i †jŠ‡ni cwigvY Kg _vK‡j
bvix‡`i gyL d¨vKv‡k †`Lv hvq|
Avevi, ivZKvbv wfUvwgb ÔGÕ-Gi AfveRwbZ GKwU †ivM|
wfUvwgb ÔGÕ-Gi Afv‡e †PvL ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡q †R‡ivd_¨vjwgqv
bvgK †ivM nq| wfUvwgb ÔGÕ-Gi Afve c~iY bv n‡j †ivMwUi
gvÎv I ZxeªZv evo‡Z _v‡K| †R‡ivd_¨vjwgqvi mvZ †_‡K AvUwU
gvÎv i‡q‡Q, hvi me©wb¤œ gvÎv n‡”Q ivZvKvbv| mvaviYZ `yB †_‡K
cuvP eQ‡ii wkï‡`i g‡a¨ G †ivM †`Lv hvq| G‡Z †Pv‡Li ms‡e`x
ÔiWÕ †Kvl¸‡jv ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq, ¯^í Av‡jv‡Z fv‡jv †`L‡Z cvq bv|
†Pv‡L mewKQy Svcmv †`Lv hvq| †ivMUv †e‡o †M‡j Kwb©qv
†Nvjv‡U n‡q hvq|
cÖkœ 60  h‡kvi †evW© I Kzwgjøv †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 5 I 8
wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
Q
P
ˆKvl
wPÎ-R wPÎ-S
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
K. cvBwiwgwWb Kx? 1 cvjb K‡i| ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki wWcø‡qW †Kv‡l `ywU †m· †µv‡gv‡RvgB X
L. i‡³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi GK A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vRwbZ †ivM
†KvbwU? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 Ges AciwU Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg A_©vr XY| ¯¿x‡jvK‡`i wW¤^vk‡q
M. wPÎ-R †Z D‡jøwLZ P wPwýZ AskwUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 wW¤^vYy m„wói mgq hLb wg‡qvwmm wefvRb N‡U ZLb cÖwZwU wW¤^vYy
N. wPÎ-S wba©vi‡Y Q wPwýZ AskwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4 Acic‡ÿ, cyiæ‡l ïµvYy m„wói mgq A‡a©K msL¨K ïµvYy GKwU
60bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K cvBwiwgwWb n‡jv DNA Gi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em hv mvB‡Uvwmb I
_vqvwgb Øviv MwVZ|
L i‡³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi GK A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vRwbZ †ivM
_¨vjv‡mwgqv| wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
†jvwnZ i³ KwYKv `yB ai‡bi †cÖvwUb †MøvweDwjb Ges 
†MøvweDwjb Øviv MwVZ| †jvwnZ i³ †Kv‡l G `ywU †cÖvwU‡bi wRb
bó n‡j †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv¸‡jv bó nq| d‡j †ivMx i³k~b¨Zvq
†fv‡M| myZivs †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq †cÖvwU‡bi wRb bó nIqvi
Kvi‡Y _¨vjv‡mwgqv †ivM nq| G †ivM esk ci¤úivq n‡q _v‡K|
M wPÎ-R G D‡jøwLZ P wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv DNA, hv GKwU
eskMwZi Dcv`vb| wb‡P DNA-Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
DNA †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb| DNA mvaviYZ wØ-
m~ÎKwewkó cwjwbIwK¬IUvB‡Wi mwc©jvKvi MVb| GKwU m~ÎK
Ab¨wUi cwic~iK| G‡Z cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv, bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ
†em I A‰Re dm‡dU _v‡K| G wZbwU Dcv`vb‡K GK‡Î
ÒwbDwK¬IUvBWÓ e‡j| DNA †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ¯’vqx c`v_©|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em¸‡jv `yÕai‡bi| h_v wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWb|
GwWwbb (A) I ¸qvwbb (G) n‡jv wcDwib Ges mvB‡Uvwmb (C) I
_vqvwgb (T) †em n‡jv cvBwiwgwWb| GKwU m~‡Îi GwWwbb (A)
Ab¨ m~‡Îi _vqvwgb (T) Gi mv‡_ `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv hy³
(A = T) _v‡K Ges GKwU m~‡Îi ¸qvwbb (G) Ab¨ m~‡Îi
mvB‡Uvwm‡bi (C) mv‡_ wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv (G  C) hy³
_v‡K| A_©vr G eÜb GKwU wcDwib I cvBwiwgwW‡bi g‡a¨ n‡q
_v‡K| myZivs `ywU m~‡Îi GKwU Ab¨wUi cwic~iK wKš‘ GK iKg
bq| †nwj‡·i cÖwZwU c~Y© N~Y©b 34 A ˆ`N©¨wewkó Ges GKwU c~Y©
N~Y‡© bi g‡a¨ 10wU wbDwK¬IUvBW _v‡K|
myZivs cvk¦©eZx© `ywU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi `~iZ¡ 3.4 A | DNA Gi `ywU
cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW m~Î wecixZfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| A‡bKUv
cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi av‡ci g‡Zv, ÿvi¸‡jv kvwqZfv‡e cÖavb A‡ÿi
mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| A_©vr DNA AYyi evB‡ii w`‡Ki `Ê
`ywU cici myMvi I dm‡dU Øviv MwVZ Ges G‡`i wfZ‡ii w`‡K
N2 †em Ae¯’vb K‡i| DNA Wvej †nwj‡·i e¨vm me©Î 20 A |
N DÏxc‡Ki Q wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| Avi wPÎ S-
†Z cÖ`wk©Z bvix-cyiæl Øviv gvbe wj½‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gvbe
wj½ wba©vi‡Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
gvbe‡`‡n †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v 46wU ev 23 †Rvov| Gi g‡a¨ 44
wU‡K ev 22 †Rvov‡K A‡Uv‡Rvg Ges GK †Rvov‡K †m·
†µv‡gv‡Rvg ejv nq| †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg `ywU X Ges Y bv‡g
cwiwPZ| Rx‡ei wj½ wba©vi‡Y GB †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg gyL¨ f‚wgKv
51
†µv‡gv‡Rvg A_©vr XX| wKš‘ cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î `ywUi g‡a¨ GKwU X
Ab¨vb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ GKwU X †µv‡gv‡Rvg jvf K‡i|
K‡i X Ges A‡a©K msL¨K ïµvYy GKwU K‡i Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg jvf
K‡i| wW¤^vYy cyiæ‡li X ev Y †µv‡gv‡Rvgevnx ïµvYy Øviv wbwl³
n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j RvB‡MvUwU `yÕwU X A_ev GKwU X Ges GKwU Y
†µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó n‡Z cv‡i| `ywU X wb‡q †h wkï Rš§v‡e †m
n‡e GKwU †g‡q (XX) Avi †h wkï GKwU X Ges GKwU Y A_©vr
XY wb‡q Rš§v‡e †m n‡e GKwU †Q‡j (XY)|
Gfv‡eB †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gva¨‡g wj½ wba©vwiZ nq A_©vr wj½
wba©vi‡Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
cÖkœ 61  ivRkvnx ˆevWÆ 2017  cÖkœ 6
RxeweÁv‡bi K¬v‡m wkÿK ej‡jb †h, 1953 mv‡j `yBRb weÁvbx
GKwU wØm~Îx AYyi MV‡bi eY©bv †`b| GwU wKQy ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb
wb‡q MwVZ| wZwb AviI ej‡jb, G AYywU GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqvi
gva¨‡g msL¨v e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K. CysE Kx? 1
L. wUmy¨ KvjPvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ AYywUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡li jvB‡bi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki| 4
61bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K CysE n‡jv GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqvj wRb hv †fovi ck‡gi
cwigvY e„w×i Rb¨ †fovi wR‡bv‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
L wew”Qbœ †Kv‡bv wUmy¨ m¤ú~Y© RxevYyg³
y Ae¯’vq cywó gva¨‡g
Avev` K‡i c~Y©v½ Pviv Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv‡K wUmy¨ KvjPvi e‡j| wUmy¨
KvjPvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`wk I we‡`wk AwK©‡Wi Pviv
Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GQvov A‡bK †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax I AwaK
Drcv`bkxj Kjvi Pviv, †e‡ji Pviv, KuvVv‡ji Pviv Drcv`b Kiv
n‡”Q|
M DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wØm~ÎK AYywU n‡jv DNA AYy| wb‡P DNA
AYyi MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
DNA †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb| DNA mvaviYZ wØ-
m~ÎKwewkó cwjwbIwK¬IUvB‡Wi mwc©jvKvi MVb| GKwU m~ÎK
Ab¨wUi cwic~iK| G‡Z cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv, bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ
†em I A‰Re dm‡dU _v‡K| G wZbwU Dcv`vb‡K GK‡Î
ÒwbDwK¬IUvBWÓ e‡j| DNA †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ¯’vqx c`v_©|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em¸‡jv `yÕai‡bi| h_v wcDwib I cvBwiwgwWb|
GwWwbb (A) I ¸qvwbb (G) n‡jv wcDwib Ges mvB‡Uvwmb (C) I
_vqvwgb (T) †em n‡jv cvBwiwgwWb| GKwU m~‡Îi GwWwbb (A)
Ab¨ m~‡Îi _vqvwgb (T) Gi mv‡_ `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv hy³
(A = T) _v‡K Ges GKwU m~‡Îi ¸qvwbb (G) Ab¨ m~‡Îi
mvB‡Uvwm‡bi (C) mv‡_ wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ Øviv (G  C) hy³
52 SSC RxeweÁvb
_v‡K| A_©vr G eÜb GKwU wcDwib I cvBwiwgwW‡bi g‡a¨ n‡q
_v‡K| myZivs `ywU m~‡Îi GKwU Ab¨wUi cwic~iK wKš‘ GK iKg
bq| †nwj‡·i cÖwZwU c~Y© N~Y©b 34 A ˆ`N©¨wewkó Ges GKwU c~Y©
N~Y‡© bi g‡a¨ 10wU wbDwK¬IUvBW _v‡K|
myZivs cvk¦©eZx© `ywU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi `~iZ¡ 3.4 A | DNA Gi `ywU
cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW m~Î wecixZfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| A‡bKUv
cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi av‡ci g‡Zv, ÿvi¸‡jv kvwqZfv‡e cÖavb A‡ÿi
mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| A_©vr DNA AYyi evB‡ii w`‡Ki `Ð
`ywU (cÖavb Aÿ) cici myMvi I dm‡dU Øviv MwVZ Ges G‡`i
wfZ‡ii w`‡K N2 †em Ae¯’vb K‡i| DNA Wvej †nwj‡·i e¨vm
me©Î 20A | Gfv‡eB ch©vqµ‡g GKwU DNA AYy MwVZ nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki †k‡li jvBbwU AYyi msL¨ve„w× m¤úwK©Z|
DNA
Abywjc‡bi gva¨‡g DNA AYy Zvi AcZ¨ AYy ˆZwi K‡i| A_©vr
msL¨v e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
DNA Abywjcb cÖwµqvq GKwU DNA
AYy †_‡K Avi GKwU bZzb DNA AYy
ˆZwi nq ev ms‡køwlZ nq| DNA
Aa©-iÿYkxj c×wZ‡Z AbywjwcZ
nq| G c×wZ‡Z DNA m~Î `ywUi
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb †f‡O wM‡q Avjv`v
nq Ges cÖwZwU m~Î Zvi cwic~iK
bZzb m~Î m„wó K‡i| wPÎ : DNA Abywjcb
GKwU cyivZb gvZ… m~ÎK Ges GKwU bZzb m„ó m~·Ki mgš^‡q
MwVZ e‡j G‡K Aa©-iÿYkxj c×wZ e‡j| 1956 mv‡j Watson
I Crick G ai‡bi DNA Abywjcb cÖwµqvi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib|
cÖkœ 62  PÆMÖvg †evW© 2016  cÖkœ 2
wjgb R‡š§i GK eQi †_‡KB i³k~b¨Zvq fzM‡Q| Wv³v‡ii
civg‡k© cÖwZ `yB gvm AšÍi AšÍi wjgb‡K GKevi i³ w`‡Z nq|
Z‡e Avqibhy³ Lvevi w`‡Z wb‡la K‡ib|
K. DNA-Gi c~Y©iƒc wjL| 1 Avevi AvµvšÍ e¨w³ Zvi cieZx© mšÍvbmšÍwZ‡Z _¨vjv‡mwgqvi
L. Rxb‡K eskMwZi aviK ejv nq †Kb? 2 wRb enb K‡i _v‡K| †h‡nZz wRbB n‡jv eskMwZi aviK I
M. wjg‡bi †ivMwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 evnK| ZvB wjg‡bi gv-evev `yBRbB ev GKRb Zv‡`i c~e©eZx©
N. wjg‡bi GB †ivM nIqvi Rb¨ Zvi gv-evevB `vqx Dw³wU
we‡kølY Ki| 4 (wjg‡bi) kix‡i _¨vjv‡mwgqvi wRb cÖ‡e‡ki KviY n‡q `uvovq|
62bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K DNA Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
L Rx‡ei me `„k¨ I A`„k¨gvb jÿY ev ˆewkó¨ aviY I wbqš¿Y
K‡i wRb| mvaviYZ GKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó wRb _v‡K
Ges †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î GKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ GKvwaK wRbI _vK‡Z
cv‡i| wbw`©ó ˆewkó¨ aviYKvix wRb wcZv-gvZv n‡Z ˆewkó¨mg~n
mšÍvbmšÍwZ‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i| GRb¨B wRb‡K eskMwZi aviK
ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡K wjg‡bi †ivMwUi jÿY I Wv³v‡ii civgk© †_‡K
eySv hvq wjgb _¨vjv‡mwgqv †iv‡M fzM‡Q| wb‡P _¨vjv‡mwgqv
†ivMwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
_¨vjv‡mwgqv gvbe‡`‡ni †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvi GK A¯^vfvweK
Ae¯’vRwbZ †ivM| G †iv‡M †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv¸‡jv bó n‡q hvq|
d‡j †ivMx i³k~b¨Zvq †fv‡M| †hgbwU n‡q‡Q wjg‡bi †ÿ‡Î|
gvbe‡`‡ni †jvwnZ i³‡Kv‡l `yÕ ai‡bi †cÖvwUb _v‡K, 
†MøvweDwjb Ges  †MøvweDwjb hviv †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Drcv`‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| wjg‡bi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, Zvi †jvwnZ
i³‡Kv‡l G `ywU †cÖvwU‡bi wRb bó n‡q †M‡Q| d‡j wjg‡bi
ÎæwUc~Y© †jvwnZ i³‡Kvl Drcvw`Z nq| _¨vjv‡mwgqv `yB ai‡bi|
h_v Avjdv () _¨vjv‡mwgqv Ges weUv () _¨vjv‡mwgqv| ()
_¨vjv‡mwgqv †ivM ZLbB nq hLb Zvi  †MøvweDwjb ˆZwii wRb
Abycw¯’Z wKsev cwiewZ©Z nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e weUv () _¨vjv‡mwgqv
†ivM ZLbB n‡e hLb  †MøvweDwjb ˆZwii wRb Abycw¯’Z wKsev
cwiewZ©Z nq|
Dchy³ © KviY¸‡jvi Rb¨ wjg‡bi _¨vjv‡mwgqv n‡Z cv‡i|
N DÏxc‡K wjg‡bi †ivMwU n‡jv i³RwbZ mgm¨v _¨vjv‡mwgqv|
G †ivMwU eskci¤úivq n‡q _v‡K| ZvB wjg‡bi G †ivM nIqvi
Rb¨ Zvi gv-evevB `vqx| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
_¨vjv‡mwgqv evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G †iv‡M
AvµvšÍ e¨w³i †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv¸‡jv bó n‡q hvq| G †ivM
eskci¤úivq n‡q _v‡K| G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ e¨w³ Zvi c~e©eZx©
eskai †_‡K A_©vr gv-evev †_‡K _¨vjv‡mwgqvi wRb †c‡q _v‡K|
eskai †_‡K _¨v‡jwmgqvi wRb cvq hv cieZx©‡Z Zv‡`i mšÍv‡bi
Dchy³© we‡kølY †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, wjg‡bi _¨vjv‡mwgqv
†iv‡Mi Rb¨ Zvi gv-evevB `vqx|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 53

13
Rx‡ei cwi‡ek
Environment of Life

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

2. cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K : bvbv ai‡bi fvmgvb ÿz‡` †cvKv, gkvi
cÖkœ 31  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK K‡jR  cÖkœ 4 k~KKxU, AwZÿz`ª cÖvYx, Rycø¨vsKUb QvovI iæB, KvZjv gvQI
1. m~h©  fvmgvb meyR Dw™¢`  †QvU gvQ  eo gvQ cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K| fvmgvb ÿz`ª cÖvYx‡`i Rycø¨vsKUb e‡j| G
2. †ivwnYx  Avg Lv`K¸‡jv wb‡Riv Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB mivmwi
M N Drcv`K‡K fÿY K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K|
K. Rxe‰ewPΨ Kx? 1 3. wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K : †QvU gvQ, wKQy RjR cZ½, e¨vO cÖf…wZ
L. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K| Giv wb‡R Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
M. DÏxcK 1 Gi Av‡jv‡K GKwU RjR ev¯ÍyZ‡š¿i wPwýZ wPÎ Ges Drcv`K‡KI Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e mivmwi MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
A¼b K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Giv cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡`i Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
N. DÏxcK 2 bs G M I N Gi g‡a¨ wµqvkxj 4. Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K : †hme Lv`K †QvU gvQ, wPswo BZ¨vw`
AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq Kx f‚wgKv wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K‡K fÿY K‡i Zv‡`i Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K
ivL‡e  we‡kølY Ki| 4 e‡j| †kvj, †evqvj, †fUwK cÖf…wZ eo gvQ, eK BZ¨vw` n‡”Q
31bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : Z…Zxq ¯Íi ev m‡e©v”P Lv`K|
K c„w_ex‡Z weivRgvb Rxemg~‡ni cÖvPzh© I wfbœZvB n‡jv Rxe‰ewPΨ| 5. we‡qvRK : cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z eû QÎvK I e¨vK‡Uwiqv g„ZRxex
wn‡m‡e evm K‡i| G‡`i we‡qvRK e‡j| Giv cvwb‡Z fvmgvb
L GKwU Rxe KZ…©K m„ó ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i Kvi‡Y hw` Ab¨ ev cvwbi Zjvq Kv`vi g‡a¨ evm K‡i| Giv RxweZ ev g„Z
Rx‡ei e„w× I weKvk AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c evavcÖvß nq A_ev cÖvYx‡`i AvµgY K‡i Ges cP‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j
g„Zz¨ N‡U Z‡e †mB cÖwµqv‡K A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm e‡j|
Drcv`‡Ki e¨envi Dc‡hvMx ˆRe I A‰Re ivmvqwbK c`v_©
AYyRxeRM‡Zi G ai‡bi m¤úK© A‡bK †ewk †`Lv hvq| cwi‡e‡k
we`¨gvb wewfbœ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ cÖwZwbqZ wµqv-wewµqv nq Ges cybivq m„wó nq| Gme we‡qvwRZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avevi cyKz‡ii
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©h³ y | GB m¤úK© Øviv Drcv`K †kÖwYi Rxe e¨envi K‡i|
†KD jvfevb n‡”Q Avevi †KD ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q| Avi Gfv‡eB Zviv N DÏxc‡K-2 G M I N n‡jv h_vµ‡g †ivwnYx I AvgMvQ|
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq †i‡L P‡j‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ wbf©ikxj AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq
M DÏxc‡K 1 Gi Av‡jv‡K wb‡P GKwU RjR ev¯‘Z‡š¿i wPwýZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡e| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
wPÎ A¼b K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv hLb mn‡hvMx‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb gvÎ DcK…Z nq| Ab¨ mn‡hvMx
m`m¨ DcK…Z bv n‡jI KLbI ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq bv| ZLb GB ai‡bi
Drcv`K NUbv‡K K‡gb‡mwjRg e‡j| GwU abvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqv| DÏxc‡K
gÅvKGivdvBU †ivwnYx Dw™¢` Ges AvgMv‡Qi g‡a¨ AvšÍtm¤úK© n‡”Q
dvBGUvµÏÅvsKUb K‡gb‡mwjRg| †ivwnYx Dw™¢` g~‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wb‡R‡K gvwU‡Z
Ave× K‡i Ges AvgMvQ Av‡ivnY K‡i Dc‡i D‡V| Giƒ‡c
1g Õ¦Gii Lv`K †ivwnYx Dw™¢` Avg Mv‡Qi Dci cÖmvwiZ n‡q †ewk cwigvY Av‡jv
(RyµÏÅvsKUb) MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ AvgMv‡Qi †Kv‡bv iKg ÿwZ mvwaZ nq bv|
2q Õ¦Gii Lv`K cwi‡e‡k we`¨gvb wewfbœ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ cÖwZwbqZ wµqv-wewµqv
3q Õ¦Gii Lv`K n‡”Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍtm¤úK©h³ y | GB
m¤úK© Øviv †KD jvfevb n‡”Q Avevi †KD ÿwZMÖ¯ÍI n‡”Q| Dw™¢`
Ro Dcv`vb w`evfv‡M †h Aw·‡Rb M¨vm Z¨vM K‡i k¦m‡bi Rb¨ cÖvwYK‚j Zv
(A‹Re I ŠRe ˆhŒM)
weGqvRK e¨envi K‡i| GK K_vq ejv hvq cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM I
wPÎ : cyKz‡ii ev¯‘Zš¿ wbf©ikxjZvB Rxebwµqv cwiPvjbvi PvweKvwV|
1. Drcv`K : Drcv`K n‡”Q mv‡jvKms‡kølYKvix wewfbœ cÖKvi DÏxc‡Ki †ivwnYx Dw™¢` AvgMv‡Q AvkÖq †c‡q wb‡R‡K weKwkZ
ˆkevj I AMfxi cvwbi Dw™¢`| cvwb‡Z fvmgvb ÿz`ª Rxe‡`i K‡i cwi‡e‡k wb‡Ri f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| G‡Z cÖvwYK‚j
cø¨vsKUb e‡j| dvB‡Uvcø¨vsKUb ev Dw™¢` cø¨vsKUb meyR DcK…Z n‡”Q| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ejv hvq, M (†ivwnYx)
RjR ˆkevj I Ab¨vb¨ RjR Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Ges N (AvgMvQ) Gi g‡a¨ wµqvkxj AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZv cwi‡e‡ki
Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i| ZvB G‡`i Drcv`K e‡j| fvimvg¨ iÿvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve eRvq iv‡L|
54 SSC RxeweÁvb
cÖkœ 32  iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj  cÖkœ 4
Lv`¨ wkKjwU jÿ Ki
meyR Dw™¢`  nwiY  evN
(A) (B) (C)
K. Lv`¨k„•Lj Kx? 1 n‡q‡Q Zvi wecixZ AvšÍtwµqv we‡kølY Ki|
L. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. D³ Lv`¨wkK‡j 'B' Gi msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j Kx NU‡e 
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K Lv`¨wkK‡ji cÖwZwU ¯Íi‡K UªwdK †j‡fj e‡j|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvq 'A' Gi f‚wgKvB gyL¨  we‡kølY Ki| 4
32bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K hLb Lv`¨kw³ Drcv`K †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii Lv`‡K
cÖevwnZ nq, ZLb †mB cÖevn‡K GKmv‡_ Lv`¨k„•Lj e‡j|
L GKwU Rxe KZ…©K m„ó ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i Kvi‡Y hw` Ab¨
Rx‡ei e„w× I weKvk AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c evavcÖvß nq A_ev
g„Zz¨ N‡U Z‡e †mB cÖwµqv‡K A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm e‡j|
AYyRxeRM‡Zi G ai‡bi m¤úK© A‡bK †ewk †`Lv hvq|
M DÏxc‡Ki Lv`¨ wkK‡j B A_©vr nwiY n‡”Q cÖ_g †kÖwYi Lv`K|
meyR Dw™¢`  nwiY  evN (Drcv`K  1g †kÖwYi Lv`K  2q
†kÖwYi Lv`K) †hme cÖvYx mivmwi meyR Dw™¢` †_‡K Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i
Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvYx| ev¯‘Z‡š¿ Giv cÖ_g †kÖwYi Lv`K|
hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y nwi‡Yi msL¨v †e‡o hvq Zvn‡j Zviv mKj meyR
Dw™¢`‡K †L‡q †dj‡e| d‡j D³ ev¯‘Z‡š¿ Drcv`‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ m„wó
n‡e| Aciw`‡K nwi‡Yi msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j nwiY‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e
MÖnYKvix ev‡Ni msL¨vI †e‡o hv‡e Ges evN †ewk K‡i nwiY wkKvi
Ki‡e| d‡j GK mgq nwi‡Yi msL¨v K‡g Avm‡e Ges Drcv`K
Avevi evo‡Z _vK‡e| Gfv‡e ev¯‘Z‡š¿i mvg¨Zv cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
N DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ k„•L‡ji A A_©vr meyR Dw™¢` n‡jv
Drcv`K| hviv wb‡R‡`i Lv`¨ wb‡RivB ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P
k„•L‡ji meyR Dw™¢` Z_v Drcv`K Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
meyR Dw™¢` Z_v Drcv`K Ggb GKwU RxeR Dcv`vb hv cÖZ¨ÿ ev
c‡ivÿfv‡e k„•L‡j Ab¨vb¨ RxeR Dcv`vb‡K Lv`¨ mieivn K‡i
MwZkxjZv eRvq iv‡L| meyR Dw™¢` m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
cwi‡ek †_‡K Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨vm I cvwb MÖnY K‡i kK©iv
RvZxq Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡k Aw·‡Rb M¨vm wbM©Z K‡i|
Gfv‡e Drcvw`Z kK©ivi wKQy Ask meyR Dw™¢‡` Rgv _v‡K I wKQy
Ask e„w× I kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq e¨en„Z nq| k„•L‡j (B) nwiY
Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ meyR Dw™¢‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj| myZivs meyR Dw™¢`
Qvov nwiY euvP‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avevi nwiY‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i
evN| meyR Dw™¢‡`i Afv‡e hw` nwi‡Yi msL¨v K‡g hvq Zvn‡j
ev‡Ni msL¨vI K‡g hv‡e| evN, nwi‡Yi msL¨v K‡g †M‡j we‡qvRK
KZ…©K we‡qvwRZ wewfbœ ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_© Kg m„wó n‡e|
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki Lv`¨ k„•LjwU‡Z ¯^vfvweK aviv eRvq ivL‡Z
Z_v D³ ev¯‘Zš¿wUi fvimvg¨ iÿvq meyR Dw™¢` ev Drcv`K gyL¨
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cÖkœ 33  we`Åvgqx miKvwi evwjKv DœP we`Åvjq,
gqgbwmsn  cÖkœ 2
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
wPÎ : K
K. UªwdK †j‡fj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. nv‡qbv‡K avOi ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎwUi AvšÍtwµqv †Kvb aib wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q?
e¨vL¨v Ki | 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎwUi gva¨‡g †h AvšÍtwµqv wb‡`©k Kiv
4
33bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
L Ônv‡qbvÕ RxešÍ cÖvYxi †P‡q g„Z cÖvYxi gvsm ev AveR©bv †L‡Z
†ewk cQ›` K‡i| Giv g„Z‡`n ev AveR©bv †L‡q cwi‡ek cwi®‹vi
iv‡L| GRb¨ nvqbv‡K avOi ejv nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎwUi AvšÍtwµqv n‡jv abvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqvi
GKwU fvM wgDPzqvwjRg| wb‡P wgDPzqvwjRg AvšÍtwµqvwU e¨vL¨v
Kiv n‡jv
mvaviYZ †h abvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqvq AskMÖnYKvix mn‡hvMx‡`i
Df‡qB G‡K A‡b¨i Øviv DcK…Z nq Zv‡K wgDPzqvwjRg e‡j|
†gŠgvwQ, cÖRvcwZ, †cvKvgvKo cÖf…wZ dz‡ji gay Avni‡Yi Rb¨
dz‡j dz‡j Ny‡i †eovq Ges wewbg‡q dz‡ji civMvqb N‡U| A‡bK
cvwL Ges ev`yo dj †L‡q euv‡P Ges gjZ¨v‡Mi mv‡_ d‡ji
exRI Z¨vM K‡i| Gfv‡e ex‡Ri ¯’vbvšÍi nq Ges Dw™¢‡`i we¯Ívi
N‡U| G exR bZzb MvQ m„wó‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GKwU ˆkevj I
GKwU QÎvK mnve¯’vb K‡i jvB‡Kb MVb K‡i| QÎvK evqy †_‡K
Rjxqev®ú msMÖn K‡i Ges Df‡qi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ LwbR jeY
msMÖn K‡i| Aciw`‡K ˆkevj Zvi †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji gva¨‡g wb‡Ri
Rb¨ I QÎv‡Ki Rb¨ kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| ivB‡Rvweqvg
e¨vK‡Uwiqv wkgRvZxq Dw™¢‡`i wkK‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i ¸wU ˆZwi K‡i
Ges evqexq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K †mLv‡b mseÜb K‡i| GB bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
mn‡hvMx wkg Dw™¢`‡K mieivn K‡i Ges wewbg‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv
mn‡hvMx Dw™¢` †_‡K kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ †c‡q _v‡K|
N DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎwUi AvšÍtwµqv n‡jv abvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqvi
GKwU fvM wgDPzqvwjRg Ges Gi wecixZ AvšÍtwµqvwU n‡jv
FYvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqv| wb‡P FYvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqvwU we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
FYvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqv : G‡ÿ‡Î Rxe؇qi GKwU ev Df‡qB ÿwZMÖ¯Í
nq| FYvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqv‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq 1. †kvlY, 2.
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ges 3. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm|
1. †kvlY : †kvlY n‡jv GK ai‡bi FYvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqv|
G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU Rxe Ab¨ Rxe‡K cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Zvi
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i wb‡Ri AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| A_©vr
AvwkÖZ Dw™¢` AvkÖq`vZv Dw™¢`‡K Zvi wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx e¨envi K‡i Dciš‘ AvkÖq`vZv Dw™¢` mvgvb¨Zg
DcK…Z nq bv| †hgb ¯^Y©jZv n‡÷vwiqv bvgK †PvlK A‡½i
gva¨‡g AvkÖq`vZv Dw™¢` †_‡K Zvi Lv`¨ msMÖn K‡i|
2. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv : †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Av‡jv, evZvm, cvwb I
Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ Rxe¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n‡q _v‡K| G
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq myweavRbK ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ Rxemg~n wU‡K _v‡K
Ges Ab¨iv weZvwoZ n‡q _v‡K|
3. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm : GKwU Rxe KZ…©K m„ó ˆRe ivmvqwbK
c`v‡_©i Kvi‡Y hw` Ab¨ Rx‡ei e„w× I weKvk AvswkK ev
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c evavMÖ¯Í nq A_ev g„Zz¨ N‡U Z‡e †mB cÖwµqv‡K
A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm e‡j| AYyRxeRM‡Z G ai‡bi m¤ú‡K© A‡bK
†ewk †`Lv hvq| Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬vwgs‡qi (1881  1955)
†cwbwmwjb A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Avwe®‹v‡ii †cQ‡b wQj
†cwbwmwjqvg QÎvK KZ…©K GKB KvjPvi †cø‡U ivLv
e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jvi A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi 55

14
RxecÖhyw³
Biotechnology

AwaKZi I Smart cÖ¯‘wZ QR Code ¯‹¨vbwfwËK AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

N DÏxc‡Ki M I N wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z cÖwµqv n‡jv h_vµ‡g wUmy¨
cÖkœ 24  ivRkvnx †evW© 2019  cÖkœ 4 KvjPvi Ges wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³| K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wUmy¨ KvjPvi I
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i mdjZv e¨vcK| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
wUmy¨ KvjPvi :
1. wewfbœ cÖKvi †`wk I we‡`wk AwK©‡Wi Pviv Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
2. †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax Ges AwaK Drcv`bkxj Kjvi Pviv, †e‡ji
Pviv, KuvVv‡ji Pviv Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. P›`ªgwjøKv, MøvwWIjvm, wjwj, Kv‡b©kvb cÖf…wZ dzj
wPÎ-M wPÎ-N Drcv`bKvix Dw™¢‡`i Pviv Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. jvB‡Kb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 4. K`g, Rviæj, Bwcj-Bwcj, ebdzj, †m¸b, wbg cÖf…wZ KvV
L. gvby‡l eY©vÜZv †`Lv hvq †Kb? 2 Drcv`bKvix e„‡ÿi Pviv Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M. DÏxc‡K N cÖwµqvi avcmg~‡ni wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3 5. wewfbœ Wvj RvZxq km¨, ev`vg I cvU Gi Pviv Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
N. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î M I N cÖwµqvi mdjZv we‡kølY Ki| 4 6. †ivMgy³ Avjyi Pviv Ges exR gvB‡µvwUDevi Drcv`b Kiv
24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi : m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
K ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq m„ó ¯^Zš¿ Dw™¢`‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i :
jvB‡Kb e‡j| 1. G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g ÿwZKi †cvKvgvKo I fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivax
dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
L †Pv‡Li mœvqy‡Kv‡li is kbv³Kvix wcM‡g‡›Ui Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y 2. G c×wZ e¨envi K‡i N2 mseÜbKvix dj I †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax
gvby‡l eY©vÜZv †`Lv hvq| GgbwK eskMwZ KviY QvovI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv RvZ, jeYv³Zv mnbkxj Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Jla †hgb evZ †iv‡Mi Rb¨ nvBWªw· †K¬v‡ivKzBwbb †me‡b cvk¦© 3. wRbMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvMvQv mwnòz fzÆv, U‡g‡Uv, Zzjv
cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e †Pv‡Li iwOb wcM‡g›U bó n‡q hvq| eY©vÜZv ev Kvjvi BZ¨vw` dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eøvBÛ †ivMxiv jvj Avi meyR e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 4. G c×wZ‡K cÖ‡qvM K‡i mycvi ivBm, wfUvwgbmg„× fzÆv,
M DÏxc‡Ki N cÖwµqv Øviv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³‡K wb‡`©k †cÖvwUbmg„× mqvwebmn bvbv ai‡bi †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax
Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i avcmg~‡ni wPwýZ Uªv݇RwbK mewR D™¢veb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv AZGe Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, K…wl‡ÿ‡Î M I
E. coli `ywU Drm (E.coli Dw«¿`GKvl) Dw«¿`GKvl N Z_v wUmy¨ KvjPvi I wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i mdjZv e¨vcK|
ˆ^GK DNA-i
ˆiwÕ¡ÈKkb ‰bRvBGgi
c†^Kxfeb
mvnvGhÅ Dfq DNA
µÏvRwgW ˆK KZÆb
DNA
cÖkœ 25  ewikvj †evW© 2017  cÖkœ 6
Kvw›ÞZ wRb
Muv^b cÉv¯¦
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
DNA wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA

X Y
K. G·cø¨v›U Kx? 1
DNA jvBGMGRi mnvqZvq
DNA- i msGhvRb ‰es wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ
L. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
DNA m†wÓ¡ M. b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôvq X Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L eY©bv Ki| 3
wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ Kvw›ÞZ wRb
N. Y cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡Z bZzb ¸YMZ ˆewkó¨
DNA-µÏvRwgW

UÇv´ÖdiGgkb cÉwKÌqvq wiKwÁ¼Gb´Ÿ DNA µÏvRwgW-

ms‡hvRb m¤¢e we‡kølY Ki| 4
‰i eÅvKGUwiqvGg cÉGek
25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K wUmy¨KvjPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Dw™¢‡`i †h Ask c„_K K‡i wb‡q
eÅvKGUwiqvGgi ˆKÑvwbs
e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K G·cø¨v›U ejv nq|
L WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i GB cÖwZcv`¨wU me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
ÔAbyK‚j (ev Awf‡hvRbg~jK) cÖKiY mgwš^Z Rx‡eiv Ab¨‡`i
Kvw›ÞZ wRb enbKvix eÅvKGUixq ˆKÑvb m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †ewk my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i, GB cÖwµqv‡K
wPÎ : wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb e‡j|Õ AbyK‚j cÖKiY mgwš^Z Rx‡eiv cÖK…wZi
56 SSC RxeweÁvb
Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk msL¨v †eu‡P _v‡K Ges
AZ¨waK nv‡i eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| Aciw`‡K, cÖwZK‚j cÖKiYm¤úbœ
Rx‡eiv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j
ax‡i ax‡i Aejyß nq|
M DÏxc‡Ki 'X' n‡jv DNA| eskMwZi ˆewk‡ó¨i aviK I
evnK n‡jv DNA AYy| b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvq DNA AYyi Kvh©KvwiZv
A‡bK †ewk| wb‡P G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ AcivacÖeYZv †e‡oB Pj‡Q| wKš‘ A‡bK AcivaB
Av‡Q †h¸‡jv cÖgvY Kiv A‡bKUv Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| †hgb wcZ…‡Z¡i
A¯^xKvi I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i AwaKvi| Z‡e DNA cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g
mn‡RB G ai‡bi Acivax‡K kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_g
cÖ‡qvRb ˆRweK bgybv| e¨w³i nvo, `uvZ, Pzj, i³, jvjv, exh© BZ¨vw`
ev wUmy¨ g~j¨evb ˆRweK bgybv n‡Z cv‡i| Aciv‡ai wkKvi Ggb
e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K cÖvß ˆRweK bgybvi DNA bKkv‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq
m‡›`nfvR‡bi KvQ †_‡K †bIqv i³ ev ˆRweK bgybvi DNA bKkvi
mv‡_| hw` Aciv‡ai wkKvi e¨w³ †_‡K cÖvß bgybvi mv‡_
m‡›`nfvRb bgybvi wgj I Awgj wPwýZ K‡i Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvn‡j
mn‡RB m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³‡K kbv³KiY m¤¢e n‡e| A_©vr
m‡›`nfvRK e¨w³ Acivax bv n‡j †m gyw³ cv‡e| wKš‘ Acivax
cÖgvwYZ n‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvBbvbyM wePvi Kivi my‡hvM _vK‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvq eZ©gvb we‡k¦ DNA
AYyi A_©vr DNA cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
N DÏxc‡K Y Øviv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i K_v D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡Z bZzb ¸YMZ ˆewkó¨
ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq| wb‡P welqwU we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
Dw™¢‡`i †ÿ‡Î GB cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i ÿwZKi †cvKvgvKo
cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgbwewU fzÆv, wewU
Zzjv, wewU avb BZ¨vw`| Gme dj †jwc‡Wvc‡Uiv Ges
KwjIc‡Uiv e‡M©i AšÍf³ ©y ÿwZKi KxUcZ‡½i weiæ‡×
cÖwZ‡ivaÿg| D‡jøL¨, Bacillus thuringiansis (Bt) bvgK
e¨vK‡Uwiqv wRb k‡m¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi Kvi‡Y †KŠwjMZfv‡e
cwiewZ©Z km¨mg~n‡K Bt Corn. Bt Cotton BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ
Kiv n‡”Q| GB cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ
D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb fvBivm †KvU †cÖvwU‡b wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
gva¨‡g U‡g‡Uv †gvRvBK fvBivm (ToMV), †Uvev‡Kv †gvRvBK
fvBivm (TMV) Ges †Uvev‡Kv gvBì wMÖb †gvRvBK fvBivm
(TMGMV) cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wis-¯úU
fvBivm (PRSV) cÖwZ‡iv‡a mÿg †cu‡ci RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ AvKvi e„w× Ges gvs‡mi
Drcv`b evov‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ `vqx ni‡gv‡bi wRb ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i †fovi
†R‡bwUK cwieZ©b NwU‡q e¨vcK mdjZv cvIqv †M‡Q| ZvQvovI †fovi
ck‡gi cwigvY I ¸YMZgvb e„w×i Rb¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqvi 2wU wRb, h_v
CysE Ges CysM †fovi wR‡bv‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g
Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡Z bZzb ¸YMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i ms‡hvRb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ 26  h‡kvi †evW© 2016  cÖkœ 6
ivRxe †eKvi hyeK wQj| †m wbKU¯’ K…wl Dbœqb †K‡›`ª wKfv‡e
Dw™¢` wUmy¨i ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb Kiv hvq †m wel‡q cÖwkÿY MÖnY
K‡i| d‡j †m GLb ¯^”Qj I ¯^wbf©i hyeK|
K. wUmy¨ Kx? 1 Avi wfUvwgb A †L‡Z n‡e bv|
L. RxecÖhyw³ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 2. cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î : Mevw`cï †hgb, Miæi `y‡a Avwg‡li cwigvY e„w×i
M. ivRx‡ei cÖwkÿY cÖwµqvwUi avc¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Rb¨ Protein C ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvKvi e„w× Ges gvs‡mi
N. Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Dbœq‡b D³ cÖwµqvwU LyeB Kvh©Ki 
hyw³mn we‡kølY Ki| 4 wRb ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i †fovi †R‡bwUK cwieZ©b NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
26bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K GKB ev wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii GK¸”Q †Kvl GKwÎZ n‡q hw` GKB
KvR K‡i Ges Zv‡`i DrcwËI hw` Awfbœ nq ZLb Zv‡`i wUmy¨ e‡j|
L Biology Ges Technology-i AvšÍtm¤úwK©Z welqB n‡jv
RxecÖhyw³| RxecÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †Kv‡bv Rxe‡Kvl, AYyRxe ev
Zvi Askwe‡kl e¨envi K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ Rxe
(Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx ev AYyRxe) Gi D™¢veb Kiv nq| RxecÖhyw³i
A‡bK c×wZi g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b wUmy¨ KvjPvi I wRb cÖ‡KŠkj c×wZ
K…wl Dbœqb I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î eûjfv‡e e¨en„Z n‡”Q|
M ivRx‡ei cÖwkÿY †bIqv cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA
cÖhyw³| †Kbbv G cÖwµqv‡Z Dw™¢` wUmy¨i ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb Kiv
nq| wb‡P G cÖhyw³i avc¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
1. cÖ_‡g `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ wRbmn wWGbG AYy‡K c„_K Kiv
nq| Gici GB wR‡bi evnK ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi
Rb¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cøvRwgW wWGbG c„_K Kiv nq| cøvRwgW n‡”Q
e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evB‡i Av‡iKwU ¯^Zš¿ wWGbG
AYy, †hwU wefvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i ev ¯^wefvRb mÿg|
2. G av‡c cøvRwgW wWGbG Ges `vZv wWGbG‡K GK we‡kl
ai‡bi GbRvBg ev Dr‡mPK w`‡q LwÐZ Kiv nq| `vZv
wWGbGi Gme L‡Ði †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z Kvw•ÿZ wRbwU _v‡K|
3. G av‡c jvB‡MR bvgK GKai‡bi GbRvBg w`‡q `vZv
wWGbG‡K cøvRwgW wWGbG-Gi KvUv cÖvšÍ `y‡Uvi gvSLv‡b ¯’vcb
Kiv nq| jvB‡MR GLv‡b AvVvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Gi d‡j
wbw`©ó wRbmn wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cøvRwgW ˆZwi nq| GB
wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW GLb `vZv wWGbGi LwÐZ Ask enb K‡i|
4. GLb GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqvi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek
Kiv‡bv nq| LwÐZ wWGbG MÖvnK †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi c×wZ‡K
UªvÝdi‡gkb e‡j| UªvÝdi‡gk‡bi d‡j bZzb wRb wb‡q †h
e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U, Zv‡K Uªv݇RwbK Rxe e‡j|
5. Gevi wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW aviY Kiv
e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K kbv³ K‡i Avjv`v Kiv nq| Gici wbw`©ó wRb
enbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jvi e¨vcK eske„w× NUv‡bv nq| GB
e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z GLb GKwU K‡i Kvw•ÿZ wRb
i‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ‡Z wRb ˆZwi Kiv‡K ejv nq wRb †K¬vwbs|
wRb‡K e¨eni Kvi Rb¨ cøvRwgW‡K Avevi Avjv`v K‡i †bIqv nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³| Avgv‡`i
†`‡ki Dbœq‡b wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ LyeB Kvh©Ki| wb‡P Zv
hyw³mn we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î : K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨
ÿwZKi †cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †jwc‡Wvc‡Uiv Ges KwjIc‡Uiv e‡M©i AšÍf³ z©
ÿwZKi KxUcZ‡½i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡ivaÿg wewU fzÆv, wewU avb,
wewU Zzjv BZ¨vw` D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvBivj †KvU †cÖvwU‡b
wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g U‡g‡Uv †gvRvBK fvBivm, †Uvev‡Kv
†gvRvBK fvBivm, †Uvev‡Kv gvBÛ wMÖb †gvRvBK fvBivm
cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wRbMZ
iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g dm‡ji cywógvb Dbœqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb,
av‡b wfUvwgb A Z_v weUv-K¨v‡ivwUb wRb ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GB av‡bi Pvj †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z fvZ †L‡j Avjv`v K‡i
Drcv`b evov‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvby‡li e„w×i Rb¨ `vqx ni‡gv‡bi
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
3. grm¨ Dbœq‡b : gv¸i, Kgb Kvc©, jBÆv I †Zjvwcqv gv‡Q
m¨vgb gv‡Qi ˆ`wbK e„w× ni‡gv‡b wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g
†R‡bwUK cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqvq Gme gv‡Qi AvKvi cÖvq 60
fvM eo Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
4. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î : †R‡bwUK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g B÷ bvgK
QÎvK †_‡K †ncvUvBwUm we-fvBiv‡mi Ilya (B›Uvi‡dib)
ˆZwi n‡”Q| gvbe‡`‡ni Bbmywjb ˆZwii wRb e¨envi K‡i
†R‡bwUKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z E.coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges B÷ †_‡K
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb ˆZwi n‡”Q, hv gvby‡li eûg~Î ev
Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡Mi wPKrmvq e¨en„Z n‡”Q|
5. cwi‡ek myiÿvq : †c‡Uªvwjqvg I KqjvLwb GjvKv
`~lYgy³KiY, wkí‡ÿ‡Î eR©¨‡kvab, cqtwb®‹vkb BZ¨vw`
cwi‡ek e¨e¯’vcbv mnR Ges `ªæZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB cÖhyw³
e¨envi Kiv nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, DNA cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gvbe Rxe‡bi
Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb m¤¢e n‡”Q| hvi mewKQyB
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| A_©vr Dw³wU h_v_©|
cÖkœ 27  XvKv †evW© 2016  cÖkœ 4
iwngvi Lvgv‡i GKwU weij cÖRvwZi cvg MvQ Av‡Q †hwU GLb
Avi dzj I dj w`‡”Q bv| ZvQvov Zuvi Lvgv‡ii Miæ-QvM‡ji
e„w×I e¨vnZ n‡”Q| GKw`b wUwf‡Z K…wl m¤úwK©Z Abyôv‡b †m
†`L‡jv eskMwZ e¯‘i cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g mgm¨v
mgvavb Kiv hvq|
K. weeZ©b Kx?
L. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. iwngvi Lvgv‡ii Dw™¢`wU †Kvb Rxe cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wejywßi
nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡lv³ mgm¨vwU mgvav‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³‡K Bw½Z
K‡i‡Q? we‡kølY Ki|
27bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kg ˆewPΨc~Y© c~‡e©i Rxe †_‡K myk„•Lj I
AbyµwgK c×wZ‡Z ch©vqµwgKfv‡e ˆewPΨgq Rx‡ei weKvk‡K
weeZ©b e‡j|
L WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i GB cÖwZcv`¨wU me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
ÔAbyK‚j (ev Awf‡hvRbg~jK) cÖKiY mgwš^Z Rx‡eiv Ab¨‡`i
m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †ewk my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i, GB cÖwµqv‡K
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb e‡j|Õ AbyK‚j cÖKiY mgwš^Z Rx‡eiv cÖK…wZi
Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk msL¨v †eu‡P _v‡K Ges
AZ¨waK nv‡i eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| Aciw`‡K, cÖwZK‚j cÖKiYm¤úbœ
Rx‡eiv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j
ax‡i ax‡i Aejyß nq|
M iwngvi Lvgv‡ii weij cÖRvwZi cvg MvQwU wUmy¨ KvjPvi bvgK
RxecÖhyw³i gva¨‡g iÿv Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
AvaywbK weÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU kvLv n‡jv RxecÖhyw³ Z_v wUmy¨
KvjPvi| †hLv‡b i‡q‡Q KíbvZxZ mvd‡j¨i †Quvqv| wUmy¨ KvjPvi
cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i iwngv Zvi cvg Mv‡Qi †h‡Kv‡bv Ask †hgb
civM‡iYy, kxl© gyKzj, ce©, g~jvsk e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Aí mg‡q
wb‡ivM Ges AwaK Pviv Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY †hme
Dw™¢‡`i Pviv Kg nq A_ev wb‡ivM Pviv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg
_v‡K, dzj I exR nq bv, FZzwfwËK Pviv Drcv`‡b mxgve×Zv
_v‡K †mme Dw™¢‡`i Drcv`b I msiÿ‡Yi wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q
wUmy¨ KvjPvi| G c×wZ‡Z wbe©vwPZ wefvRbÿg wUmy¨ ev G·cøv›U,
A‡Uv‡K¬f Kiv Kv‡Pi cv‡Î cywó gva¨gmn ivLv nq K‡qK mßv‡ni
57
g‡a¨| G·cøv›U n‡Z K¨vjvm ev AYyPviv ˆZwi n‡j g~j
Drcv`bKvix Avev` gva¨‡g ¯’vcb Kiv nq| hv cieZx©‡Z gvV
ch©v‡q ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i iwngv ev †h †KD wejyßcÖvq
Dw™¢`‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
N DÏxc‡Ki †k‡lv³ mgm¨vwU wQj iwngvi Lvgv‡ii Miæ-QvM‡ji
e„w× e¨vnZ nIqv| G mgm¨v mgvav‡b DÏxc‡K wRb cÖhyw³‡K Bw½Z
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv wRb cÖ‡KŠkj ev †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Ggb
GKwU c×wZ †hLv‡b Rxe wbivcËv †g‡b wRb ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
Kvw•ÿZ wRb A_©vr †h wRb Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi †`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaÿg
†cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡iv‡a f‚wgKv iv‡L, ev AvMvQv bvkK mwnòz wfUvwgb
ev Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx †mB wRbwU‡K Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ
Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi †`‡n ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g Lye `ªæZ Kvw•ÿZ ˆewkó¨
m¤úbœ Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx ev AYyRxe cvIqv hvq| †hwU iwngvi Lvgv‡ii
†ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvi Mevw`cïi `y‡a Avwgl ev
Protein Gi cwigvY e„w×i Rb¨ Protein C wRb GKB cÖRvwZi Ab¨
cÖvYx †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Ab¨ cÖRvwZ †hgb
gvby‡li e„w×i Rb¨ `vqx ni‡gv‡bi wRb †fovq ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g
Zvi AvKvi I gvsm e„w× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó †h, wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³B
DÏxc‡Ki e„w×RwbZ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Kvh©Kix Dcvq|
cÖkœ 28  Av`gRx K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj, XvKv  cÖkœ 3
A = wiKw¤^‡bU DNA
1 B = wUmy¨ KvjPvi
2 K. cøvRwgW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. XvKv kn‡ii cwi‡ek `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a RxecÖhyw³i
3 cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki A cÖhyw³i c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
4 N. DÏxc‡Ki B wb‡`©wkZ cÖhyw³wUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †µv‡gv‡Rvg ewnf©~Z e„ËvKvi DNA AYy‡K
cøvRwgW e‡j|
L RxecÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i †c‡Uªvwjqvg I KqjvLwb GjvKv
`~lYgy³KiY, wkí‡ÿ‡Î eR©¨‡kvab, c‡qvwb®‹vkb BZ¨vw` cwi‡ek
e¨e¯’vcbv mn‡R I `ªæZ Kiv hvq| wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji Dci M‡elYv
K‡i bZzb GK Rv‡Zi Pseudomonas e¨vK‡Uwiqv Avwe®‹vi Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q hv cwi‡e‡ki †Zj I nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K `ªæZ bó K‡i
cwi‡ek‡K `~lYgy³ Ki‡Z mÿg| ZvB XvKv kn‡ii cwi‡ek `~lY
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z RxecÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv A‡bK|
M DÏxc‡Ki A wb‡`©wkZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA
cÖhyw³| wb‡P wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
1. cÖ_‡g `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ wRbmn wWGbG AYy‡K c„_K Kiv
nq| Gici GB wR‡bi evnK ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi
Rb¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cøvRwgW wWGbG c„_K Kiv nq| cøvRwgW n‡”Q
e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evB‡i Av‡iKwU ¯^Zš¿ wWGbG
AYy, †hwU wefvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i ev ¯^wefvRb mÿg|
2. G av‡c cøvRwgW wWGbG Ges `vZv wWGbG‡K GK we‡kl
ai‡bi GbRvBg ev Dr‡mPK w`‡q LwÐZ Kiv nq| `vZv
wWGbGi Gme L‡Ði †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z Kvw•ÿZ wRbwU _v‡K|
3. G av‡c jvB‡MR bvgK GKai‡bi GbRvBg w`‡q `vZv
wWGbG‡K cøvRwgW wWGbG-Gi KvUv cÖvšÍ `y‡Uvi gvSLv‡b
¯’vcb Kiv nq| jvB‡MR GLv‡b AvVvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Gi
d‡j wbw`©ó wRbmn wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cøvRwgW ˆZwi nq| GB
wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW GLb `vZv wWGbGi LwÐZ Ask enb K‡i|
58 SSC RxeweÁvb
4. GLb GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqvi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek
Kiv‡bv nq| LwÐZ wWGbG MÖvnK †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi c×wZ‡K
UªvÝdi‡gkb e‡j| UªvÝdi‡gk‡bi d‡j bZzb wRb wb‡q †h
e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U, Zv‡K Uªv݇RwbK Rxe e‡j|
5. Gevi wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW aviY Kiv
e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K kbv³ K‡i Avjv`v Kiv nq| Gici wbw`©ó wRb
enbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jvi e¨vcK eske„w× NUv‡bv nq| GB
e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z GLb GKwU K‡i Kvw•ÿZ wRb
i‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ‡Z wRb ˆZwi Kiv‡K ejv nq wRb †K¬vwbs|
wRb‡K e¨eni Kvi Rb¨ cøvRwgW‡K Avevi Avjv`v K‡i
†bIqv nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki B wb‡`©wkZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³|
wb‡P wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. G cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dw™¢`vsk †_‡K Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ GKB
ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ AmsL¨ Pviv m„wó Kiv hvq|
2. †ivMgy³, we‡kl K‡i fvBivmgy³ Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
3. G c×wZ‡Z mviv eQiB Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
4. Kg mg‡q Kg RvqMvi g‡a¨ AwaK Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
5. wejyßcÖvq Dw™¢` Drcv`b I msiÿY Ki‡Z wUmy¨ KvjPvi
GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖhyw³ wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
6. åƒY †_‡K KvjPvi c×wZ‡Z mivmwi Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv hvq|
7. bZzb cÖK…wZi/ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` D™¢ve‡b wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³
e¨envi Kiv nq|
8. wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii gva¨‡g †Rv‡Rvev bvgK weij cÖRvwZi
Dw™¢‡`i eske„w× m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
9. †`wk-we‡`wk AwK©‡Wi Pviv QvovI P›`ªgwjøKv, MøvwWIjvm,
wjwj, Kv‡b©kb cÖf…wZ dzj Drcv`bKvix Dw™¢‡`i Pviv Drcv`b
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
10. wewfbœ KvV Drcv`bKvix Dw™¢`, Wvj RvZxq km¨ cÖf…wZ
Drcvw`Z n‡”Q wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g|
Dw™¢‡`i bZzb bZzb RvZ D™¢veb I †ivMgy³, m‡ZR Pviv Drcv`‡b
wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³i e¨envi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
cÖkœ 29  beve dqRy‡bœmv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq,
Kzwgjøv  cÖkœ 8
Rvgvj mv‡ne GKRb RxecÖhyw³we`| wZwb Dw™¢‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv
A½we‡kl e¨envi K‡i H Dw™¢‡`i AmsL¨ Pviv Drcv`b Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| GQvov wZwb Kvw•LZ ˆewk‡ó¨i bZzb cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` m„wói
D‡Ï‡k¨ DNA Gi cwieZ©b A_ev ms‡hvRb K‡i _v‡Kb|
K. wgDPzqvwjRg ej‡Z Kx eyS? 1 Rb¨ Protein C ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvKvi e„w× Ges gvs‡mi
L. K¼v‡ji KvR¸‡jv wjL| 2 Drcv`b evov‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvby‡li e„w×i Rb¨ `vqx ni‡gv‡bi
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖ_g c×wZwUi avcmg~n wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
Dc¯’vcb Ki| 3 3. grm¨ Dbœq‡b : gv¸i, Kgb Kvc©, jBÆv I †Zjvwcqv gv‡Q
N. DÏxc‡K e¨en„Z †k‡lv³ c×wZwU A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  hyw³ `vI| 4 †R‡bwUK cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqvq Gme gv‡Qi AvKvi cÖvq 60
29bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K †h AvšÍtm¤ú‡K© `ywU Rx‡ei Df‡qB G‡K A‡b¨i Øviv DcK…Z nq
Zv‡K wgDPzqvwjRg e‡j| †hgb †gŠgvwQ, cÖRvcwZ cÖf…wZ dz‡ji gay
Avni‡Yi Rb¨ dz‡j dz‡j D‡o †eovq wewbg‡q dz‡ji civMvqb N‡U|
GLv‡b †gŠgvwQ ev cÖRvcwZ †hgb dzj †_‡K gay †c‡q DcK…Z nq, Avevi
dzjI civMvq‡bi gva¨‡g DcK…Z nq| ZvB m¤úK©Uv wgDPzqvwjRg|
L K¼v‡ji KvR¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc
1. K¼vj gvbe‡`n‡K GKwU wbw`©ó AvKvi I KvVv‡gv `vb K‡i|
GwU wb‡Pi A½¸‡jvi mv‡_ Dc‡ii A½¸‡jvi mshyw³ mvab K‡i|
2. gw¯Í®‹ K‡ivwUi g‡a¨, †giæi¾y †giæ`‡Ði wfZ‡i Ges n„rwcÐ
I dzmdzm eÿMnŸ‡i wbivc` AvkÖ‡q _v‡K| †cwk¸‡jv
K¼v‡ji mv‡_ AvU‡K _v‡K Ges †`‡ni fvien‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3. nvZ, cv, ¯‹ÜPµ I †kÖvwYPµ bovPovq mvnvh¨ K‡i| G Kv‡R
†cwkZš¿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aw¯’i mv‡_ †cwk AvUKv‡bvi
d‡j Aw¯’ bvov‡bv m¤¢e nq Ges Avgiv PjvPj Ki‡Z cvwi|
4. Aw¯’g¾v †_‡K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Drcbœ nq|
5. K¨vjwmqvg, cUvwmqvg, dmdivm BZ¨vw` LwbR jeY Aw¯’
mÂq K‡i iv‡L| G‡Z Aw¯’ k³ Ges gReyZ _v‡K|
M DÏxc‡Ki ewY©Z cÖ_g c×wZwU n‡jv wUmy¨ KvjPvi| wb‡P G
c×wZi avcmg~n wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
bgybv wUmyÅ
bgybv wUmyÅ
AvevG` Õ©vcb KÅvjvm ŠZwi AYyPviv ŠZwii RbÅ
KÅvjvm ˆ^GK Avjv`v
Kiv ˆKvl
AYyPviv
cÉvK‡wZK cwiGeGk Lvc gƒj Drc®²Kvix
LvIqvGbvi RbÅ gvwUGZ Õ©vbv¯¦i Avev`
wPÎ : wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖwµqvi µwgK ch©vq
N DÏxc‡K e¨en„Z †k‡lv³ c×wZwU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA
cÖhyw³| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhy³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Zv hyw³mn we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
1. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î : K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨
ÿwZKi †cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †jwc‡Wvc‡Uiv Ges KwjIc‡Uiv e‡M©i AšÍf³ z©
ÿwZKi KxUcZ‡½i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡ivaÿg wewU fzÆv, wewU avb,
wewU Zzjv BZ¨vw` D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvBivj †KvU †cÖvwU‡b
wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g U‡g‡Uv †gvRvBK fvBivm, †Uvev‡Kv
†gvRvBK fvBivm, †Uvev‡Kv gvBÛ wMÖb †gvRvBK fvBivm
cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wRbMZ
iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g dm‡ji cywógvb Dbœqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb,
av‡b wfUvwgb A Z_v weUv-K¨v‡ivwUb wRb ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GB av‡bi Pvj †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z fvZ †L‡j Avjv`v K‡i
Avi wfUvwgb A †L‡Z n‡e bv|
2. cÖvYxi †ÿ‡Î : Mevw`cï †hgb, Miæi `y‡a Avwg‡li cwigvY e„w×i
wRb ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i †fovi †R‡bwUK cwieZ©b NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
m¨vgb gv‡Qi ˆ`wbK e„w× ni‡gv‡b wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g
fvM eo Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
4. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î : †R‡bwUK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g B÷ bvgK
QÎvK †_‡K †ncvUvBwUm we-fvBiv‡mi Ilya (B›Uvi‡dib)
ˆZwi n‡”Q| gvbe‡`‡ni Bbmywjb ˆZwii wRb e¨envi K‡i
†R‡bwUKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z E.coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges B÷ †_‡K
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb ˆZwi n‡”Q, hv gvby‡li eûg~Î ev
Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡Mi wPKrmvq e¨en„Z n‡”Q|
5. cwi‡ek myiÿvq : †c‡Uªvwjqvg I KqjvLwb GjvKv `~lYgy³KiY,
wkí‡ÿ‡Î eR©¨‡kvab, cqtwb®‹vkb BZ¨vw` cwi‡ek e¨e¯’vcbv mnR
Ges `ªæZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ 30  wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq  cÖkœ 7
wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ Ki
RxecÉhywÚ
A B
wUmyÅ KvjPvi ˆRGbwUK Bwéwbqvwis
K. cøvRwgW Kx?
L. Dw™¢` †`‡n wR‡e‡iwjb Gi KvR D‡jøL Ki|
M. A cÖwµqvi avcmg~n eY©bv Ki|
N. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î B cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki|
30bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †µv‡gv‡Rvg ewnf©~Z e„ËvKvi DNA AYyB n‡”Q
cøvRwgW|
L Dw™¢`‡`‡n wR‡e‡iwj‡bi KvR wb¤œiƒc :
wR‡e‡iwj‡bi cÖfve Dw™¢‡`i ce©ga¨¸‡jv ˆ`N©¨ †e‡o hvq| hvi
Kvi‡Y Dw™¢` Kv‡Ði AwZ e„w× N‡U| Lv‡Uv Dw™¢` AwaK j¤^v K‡i|
ZvQvov dzj †dvUv‡Z, ex‡Ri myßve¯’vi ˆ`N©¨ Kgv‡Z Ges
A¼z‡iv`M‡g Kvh©Kix f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
M DÏxc‡Ki A cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³| wb‡P wUmy¨
KvjPvi cÖhyw³i avcmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
1. gvZ…Dw™¢` wbe©vPb : DbœZ ¸Ym¤úbœ, ¯^v¯’¨evb I †ivMgy³
Dw™¢`‡K G·cø¨v‡›Ui Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
2. Avev` gva¨g ˆZwi : Dw™¢‡`i e„w×i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq LwbR
cywó, wfUvwgb, dvB‡Uvni‡gvb, my‡µvR Ges A¨vMvi cÖf…wZ
mwVK gvÎvq wgwk‡q Avev` gva¨g ˆZwi Kiv nq|
3. RxevYygy³ Avev` cÖwZôv : Avev` gva¨g‡K A‡Uv‡K¬f h‡š¿
†i‡L RxevYyg³ y Kiv nq| RxevYygy³ Zij Avev`‡K VvÐv I
RgvU euvavi ci G·cø¨v›U¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó Av‡jv I ZvcgvÎv
m¤úbœ wbqwš¿Z K‡ÿ ea©‡bi Rb¨ ivLv nq| G ch©v‡q Avev‡`
¯’vwcZ wUmy¨ evi evi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g mivmwi AYyPviv ˆZwi
nq ev Aeqenxb wUmy¨g‡Ð cwiYZ nq| G wUmy¨gÐ n‡Z
cieZx©‡Z ch©vqµ‡g GKvwaK AYyPviv Drcbœ nq|
4. g~j Drcv`K gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi : G mg¯Í Drcvw`Z PvivMv‡Q
hw` g~j Drcbœ nq Z‡e GKwU wbw`©ó D”PZv jv‡fi ci
weUc¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †bIqv nq Ges Zv‡`i‡K cybivq
g~j Drcv`bKvix Avev` gva¨‡g ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
5. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k Z_v gvV ch©v‡q ¯’vbvšÍi : g~jhy&³
Pviv¸‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z ay‡q A¨vMvigy³ Ae¯’vq j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z
gvwU fiv †QvU †QvU cv‡Î ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| c~Y©v½ Pviv¸‡jv
mRxe I mej n‡q DV‡j †m¸‡jv‡K GK ch©v‡q cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡e‡k gvwU‡Z jvMv‡bv nq|
N DÏxc‡Ki B cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³| wb‡P
K…wl‡ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv we‡kølY Kiv
n‡jv
1. GB cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ ÿwZKi †cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ
D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bacillus thuringienisis (Bt) bvgK
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi wRb k‡m¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi Kvi‡Y †R‡bwUKfv‡e
cwiewZ©Z km¨mg~n‡K Bt Corn, Bt Cotton BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ
Kiv n‡”Q| GKBiKgfv‡e wewU fzÆv, wewU avb (Px‡b) BZ¨vw`
D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| Gme dmj †jwc‡Wvc‡Uiv Ges KwjIc‡Uiv
e‡M©i AšÍf©³
y ÿwZKi KxUcZ‡½i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡ivaÿg|
59
2. GB cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb fvBivj †KvU †cÖvwU‡b (Coat Protein) wRb
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g U‡g‡Uv †gvRvBK fvBivm (ToMV),
†Uvev‡Kv †gvRvBK fvBivm (TMV) Ges †Uvev‡Kv gvBì wMÖb
†gvRvBK fvBivm (TMGMV) cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb
Kiv n‡q‡Q| wis ¯úU fvBivm (PRSV) cÖwZ‡iv‡a mÿg
†cu‡ci RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †jU eøvBU QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax
wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g †jU eøvBU cÖwZ‡ivax †Mvj Avjyi RvZ
1 D™¢ve‡bi j‡ÿ¨ M‡elYv Pj‡Q|
2 3. wRbMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvMvQvbvkK ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i
3 weiæ‡× mnbkxjZvm¤úbœ fzÆv, Zzjv BZ¨vw` dm‡ji RvZ
4 D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4. GK ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K weÁvbxiv AvMvQvbvkK mwnòz
wRb U‡g‡Uv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i AvMvQvbvkK mwnòz U‡g‡Uvi RvZ
ˆZwi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e mqvweb, fzÆv, Zzjv,
K¨v‡bvjv BZ¨vw` AvMvQv bvkK mwnòz RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi gva¨‡g GKB Dw™¢‡` GKvwaK
ˆewkó¨ Abyc‡Ö ek Kiv‡bv hvq| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e GLb G ai‡bi
Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` mnRjf¨ n‡q‡Q| †hgb Zzjv Ges fzÆvi
g‡a¨ GKB mv‡_ AvMvQvbvkK mwnÂz Ges †cvKvgvKo
cÖwZ‡ivax ˆewkó¨ Abyc‡Ö ek Kiv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
6. wRbMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g dm‡ji cywógvb Dbœqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †hgb, av‡b wfUvwgb A Z_v weUv-K¨v‡ivwUb wRb
¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB av‡bi Pvj †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z fvZ †L‡j
Avjv`v K‡i Avi wfUvwgb A †L‡Z n‡e bv| av‡b †jŠn ev
Avqib †hvM KiviI cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ n‡q‡Q| jeYv³Zv Ges
Liv mnbkxj wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g wRbMZ cwieZ©b NwU‡q
wewfbœ dm‡ji RvZ D™¢ve‡bi †Póv Pj‡Q|
cÖkœ 31  iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj  cÖkœ 8
P  wUmy¨ KvjPvi
Q  †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
K. ˆRe weeZ©b Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. †g‡qiv mvaviYZ †m·-wjsKW †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq bv †Kb?
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K P cÖhyw³i c×wZmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
N. km¨ Dbœq‡b Q-Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
31bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K K‡qK nvRvi eQi mg‡qi e¨vcKZvq Rxe cÖRvwZi c„w_ex‡Z
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †h cwieZ©b I Awf‡hvRb cÖwµqv Pvjy i‡q‡Q
ZvB ˆRe weeZ©b|
L †ewkifvM †m· wjsKW AmyL nq x †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z
wRb¸‡jvi wgD‡Uk‡bi Kvi‡Y| †g‡q‡`i †h‡nZz `ywU x
†µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K, †m‡nZz GKwU x †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wgD‡Ukb
_vK‡jI Av‡iKwU x †µv‡gv‡Rvg ¯^vfvweK _vKvi Kvi‡Y †ivM
jÿY cÖKvk cvq bv| Avi GRb¨B †g‡qiv mvaviYZ †m·-wjsKW
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq bv|
M DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ P cÖhyw³wU n‡jv wUmy¨ KvjPvi| wb‡P wUmy¨
KvjPvi cÖhyw³i avcmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
1. gvZ…Dw™¢` wbe©vPb : DbœZ ¸Ym¤úbœ, ¯^v¯’¨evb I †ivMgy³
Dw™¢`‡K G·cø¨v‡›Ui Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
2. Avev` gva¨g ˆZwi : Dw™¢‡`i e„w×i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq LwbR
cywó, wfUvwgb, dvB‡Uvni‡gvb, my‡µvR Ges A¨vMvi cÖf…wZ
mwVK gvÎvq wgwk‡q Avev` gva¨g ˆZwi Kiv nq|
60 SSC RxeweÁvb
3. RxevYygy³ Avev` cÖwZôv : Avev` gva¨g‡K A‡Uv‡K¬f h‡š¿
†i‡L RxevYyg³ y Kiv nq| RxevYygy³ Zij Avev`‡K VvÐv I
RgvU euvavi ci G·cø¨v›U¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó Av‡jv I ZvcgvÎv
m¤úbœ wbqwš¿Z K‡ÿ ea©‡bi Rb¨ ivLv nq| G ch©v‡q Avev‡`
¯’vwcZ wUmy¨ evi evi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g mivmwi AYyPviv ˆZwi
nq ev Aeqenxb wUmy¨g‡Ð cwiYZ nq| G wUmy¨gÐ n‡Z
cieZx©‡Z ch©vqµ‡g GKvwaK AYyPviv Drcbœ nq|
4. g~j Drcv`K gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi : G mg¯Í Drcvw`Z PvivMv‡Q
hw` g~j Drcbœ nq Z‡e GKwU wbw`©ó D”PZv jv‡fi ci
weUc¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †bIqv nq Ges Zv‡`i‡K cybivq
g~j Drcv`bKvix Avev` gva¨‡g ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
5. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k Z_v gvV ch©v‡q ¯’vbvšÍi : g~jhy&³
Pviv¸‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z ay‡q A¨vMvigy³ Ae¯’vq j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z
gvwU fiv †QvU †QvU cv‡Î ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| c~Y©v½ Pviv¸‡jv
mRxe I mej n‡q DV‡j †m¸‡jv‡K GK ch©v‡q cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡e‡k gvwU‡Z jvMv‡bv nq|
N DÏxc‡K Q Øviv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡P km¨ Dbœq‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis-Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv
wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ n‡jv me©vaywbK RxecÖhyw³| G cÖhyw³i
mvnv‡h¨ ÿwZKi †cvKvgvKo cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †hgb wewU fzÆv, wewU Zzjv, wewU avb (Px‡b D™¢vweZ)
BZ¨vw`| G cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivax dm‡ji RvZ
D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†hgb fvBivj †KvU †cÖvwU‡b wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g U‡g‡Uv
†gvRvBK fvBivm (TMV), †Uvev‡Kv †gvRvBK fvBivm (TMV),
Ges †Uvev‡Kv gvBì wMÖb †gvRvBK fvBivm (TMGMV) cÖwZ‡ivax
dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wis-¯úU fvBivm (PRSV)
cÖwZ‡iv‡a mÿg †cu‡ci RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wRbMZ
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvMvQvbvkK ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i weiæ‡×
mnbkxjZv m¤úbœ fzÆv, Zzjv BZ¨vw` dm‡ji RvZ D™¢veb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
Avevi GB cÖhyw³ Øviv wRbMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g dm‡ji cywógvb
Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| Gfv‡e, av‡b wfUvwgbÔGÕ Z_v weUv-K¨v‡ivwUb
wRb ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI jeYv³Zv I Liv-mnbkxj
dm‡ji RvZ I G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g D™¢veb Kiv m¤¢e|
cÖkœ 32  we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq,
gqgbwmsn  cÖkœ 5
wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
A= D”P djbkxj RvZ B= Kg djbkxj RvZ
K. CysE Kx? 1 wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Lye `ªæZ Kvw•ÿZ ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ Dw™¢`,
L. GMO I Uªv݇RwbK Rxe GK bq-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 cÖvYx ev AYyRxe cvIqv m¤¢e| cÖPwjZ cÖRb‡b Kvw•ÿZ wR‡bi
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †KvlwU †h cÖhyw³i mv‡_ m¤úK©h³
y Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍiI A‡bK Lvwb AwbwðZ| wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡j
N. cÖPwjZ c×wZi evB‡i wM‡q Zywg Kxfv‡e B RvZwU‡K A
Rv‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4 ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii m¤¢vebv A‡bK †ewk| cÖPwjZ cÖRbb †Kv‡bv iKg
32bs cÖ‡kœi DËi :
K CysE n‡jv GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqvj wRb, hv †fovi ck‡gi
cwigvY e„w×i Rb¨ †fovi wR‡bv‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
L wRGgI (†R‡bwU‡Kwj gwWdvBW AM©vwbRg) n‡jv GK ai‡bi
†R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb hvi gva¨‡g cÖvYx ev Dw™¢`‡`‡n Av‡M
†_‡KB Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q Ggb †Kv‡bv wR‡bi cwieZ©b NUv‡bv nq
A_©vr K…wÎgfv‡e wgD‡Ukbi gva¨‡g Rxe‡`‡n Dcw¯’Z †Kv‡bv
wR‡bi G·‡cÖkb evwo‡q A_ev †Kv‡bv wRb‡K AcmviY K‡i
Kvw•LZ †Kv‡bv ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖKvk NUv‡bv nq| Aciw`‡K Uªv݇RwbK
Rx‡ei †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i wR‡bv‡g bZzb wRb hy³ Kiv nq hv Zv‡`i
†`‡n Av‡M †_‡KB Dcw¯’Z wQj bv| G Kvi‡Y wRGgI Ges
Uªv݇RwbK Rxe GK bq| wKš‘ `ywUB wRb cÖ‡KŠkj Øviv Kiv nq|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †KvlwU n‡jv †UvwU‡cv‡U›U †÷g †Kvl, hv
wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³i mv‡_ m¤úK©h³y | wb‡P wUmy¨ KvjPvi cÖhyw³wU
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
1. gvZ…Dw™¢` wbe©vPb : DbœZ ¸Ym¤úbœ, ¯^v¯’¨evb I †ivMgy³
Dw™¢`‡K G·cø¨v‡›Ui Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
2. Avev` gva¨g ˆZwi : Dw™¢‡`i e„w×i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq LwbR
cywó, wfUvwgb, dvB‡Uvni‡gvb, my‡µvR Ges A¨vMvi cÖf…wZ
mwVK gvÎvq wgwk‡q Avev` gva¨g ˆZwi Kiv nq|
3. RxevYygy³ Avev` cÖwZôv : Avev` gva¨g‡K A‡Uv‡K¬f h‡š¿
†i‡L RxevYyg³ y Kiv nq| RxevYygy³ Zij Avev`‡K VvÐv I
RgvU euvavi ci G·cø¨v›U¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó Av‡jv I ZvcgvÎv
m¤úbœ wbqwš¿Z K‡ÿ ea©‡bi Rb¨ ivLv nq| G ch©v‡q Avev‡`
¯’vwcZ wUmy¨ evi evi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g mivmwi AYyPviv ˆZwi
nq ev Aeqenxb wUmy¨g‡Ð cwiYZ nq| G wUmy¨gÐ n‡Z
cieZx©‡Z ch©vqµ‡g GKvwaK AYyPviv Drcbœ nq|
4. g~j Drcv`K gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi : G mg¯Í Drcvw`Z PvivMv‡Q
hw` g~j Drcbœ nq Z‡e GKwU wbw`©ó D”PZv jv‡fi ci
weUc¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †bIqv nq Ges Zv‡`i‡K cybivq
g~j Drcv`bKvix Avev` gva¨‡g ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
5. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k Z_v gvV ch©v‡q ¯’vbvšÍi : g~jhy&³
Pviv¸‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z ay‡q A¨vMvigy³ Ae¯’vq j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z
gvwU fiv †QvU †QvU cv‡Î ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| c~Y©v½ Pviv¸‡jv
mRxe I mej n‡q DV‡j †m¸‡jv‡K GK ch©v‡q cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡e‡k gvwU‡Z jvMv‡bv nq|
N DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' n‡jv D”P djbkxj RvZ Ges 'B' n‡jv
Kg djbkxj RvZ| cÖPwjZ c×wZi evB‡i wM‡q Avwg Kg
djbkxj RvZwU‡K D”P djbkxj Rv‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis c×wZwU e¨envi Kie| wb‡P Zv we‡kølY Kiv
n‡jv
bZzb dmj D™¢ve‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ cÖRb‡bi Zzjbvq wRb
cÖ‡KŠkj A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Kix, KviY cÖPwjZ cÖRbb cÖwµqvq wRb
¯’vbvšÍi GKB A_ev Lye wbKUeZ©x cÖRvwZi gv‡S mxgve×, wKš‘
wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †h‡Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi
gv‡S GK ev GKvwaK wRb mivmwi ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e| cÖPwjZ
cÖRb‡b Kvw•ÿZ djvdj AR©b Ki‡Z A‡bK mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb|
mv‡_ AbvKvw•ÿZ wRbI ¯’vbvšÍi n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Kvw•ÿZ
AbvKvw•ÿZ wRb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii m¤¢vebv †bB Ges Kvw•ÿZ wRb
RxewbivcËv wbqg c×wZ w`‡q wbqwš¿Z bq wKš‘ wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji
†ÿ‡Î AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z RxewbivcËv wbqg-bxwZ w`‡q
wbqwš¿Z| cÖPwjZ cÖRb‡b welv³Zv cixÿv Kiv nq bv, wKš‘ wRb
cÖ‡KŠk‡j welv³Zv cixÿv Kiv nq|
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 61

cÖ‡kœi aib I gv‡bi aviYvi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë

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1. evnK evev I evnK gv‡qi mšÍvb‡`i wfZi 8. D³ wPÎwUi 15. wP‡Îi wUmy¨wU Dw™¢‡` Kx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i?
_¨vjv‡mwgqv AvµvšÍ mšÍvb R‡š§i i. †giæ‡Z cÖwZcv` †Kvl we`¨gvb K `„pZv cÖ`vb
m¤¢vebvi AbycvZ KZ? ii. Mf©hš¿ wZb‡Kvlx L Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY
K1 t 2 t 1 L1 t 1 t 1 t 1 iii. †K›`ª¯’‡j wØwb‡lK N‡U M dvBevi Drcbœ
M1 t 3 N2t1t1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N wmf‡cøU MV‡b mnvqZv
2. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †h ¯’v‡b wRb Ae¯’vb K‡i K i I ii L i I iii 16. civMavbx I cys`‡Ði ms‡hvMKvix Ask‡K
Zv‡K Kx e‡j? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Kx ejv nq?
K †jvKvm L KvqvRgv 9. ADP Gi mv‡_ A‰Re dm‡dU hy³ K †cv‡jb wUDe L †hvRbx
M µwmsIfvi N ¯úvBK nIqv‡K ejv nq M civM‡iYy N civM_wj
3. †g‡Û‡ji Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q †KvbwU‡Z? K d‡UvjvBwmm 17. Mf©‡Kki †Kv_vq Ae¯’vb K‡i?
K Rwgi AvMvQv wbim‡b L Aw·‡WwUf dm‡dvivB‡jkb K cvcwoi evB‡i
L DbœZ Rv‡Zi km¨ Drcv`‡b M d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb L dz‡ji †K‡›`ª
M †cvKv-gvKo wbqš¿‡Y N dv‡g©‡›Ukb M e„wZi wb‡P
N gwjKzjvi dvwg©s-G N cys‡Kk‡ii cv‡k¦©
10. H2O we‡qvwRZ n‡q Drcbœ nq
4. RjR Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi †ewk KviY i. e 
ii. H2 iii. O2 18. ¯^-civMvq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ †KvbwU?
i. cvwb‡Z CO2 Gi cwigvY 0.3% wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K ˆewP‡Î¨i Avwef©ve N‡U
ii. mKj A½ CO2 †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i K i I ii L ii I iii L Awf‡hvRb ÿgZv e„w× cvq
iii. CO2 I O2 Gi cwigvY mgvb M i I iii N i, ii I iii M ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`M‡gi nvi e„w× cvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 11. cZ½civMx dzj †KvbwU? N ex‡Ri PwiÎMZ weï×Zv iÿv nq
K i I ii L ii I iii K avb L KPz 19. gvB‡UvKwÛª qvi KvR †KvbwU?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M mwilv N AvL K †Kvl‡K iÿv L kw³ Drcv`b
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M esk e„w× N Lv`¨ ˆZwi
12. 20. cøvw÷‡Wi †Kv_vq m~h©v‡jvK Ave× nq?
5 eQi c~‡e© mywgi we‡q n‡q‡Q| cyÎ
mšÍv‡bi Avkvq Zv‡`i G ch©šÍ wZb Kb¨v K MÖvbv L †÷ªvgv
mšÍvb n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ Zvi ¯^vgx I k¦vïwo M g¨vwUª· N j¨v‡gjvg
mvivÿY Zv‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| wPÎwU‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi cvBwiwgwWb †em Dcw¯’Z? 21. R¨v‡š’vwdj _vK‡j Dw™¢` Kx eY© aviY
5. mywgi mšÍvb‡`i wj½ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î KAI U LCI T K‡i?
†KvbwU mwVK? MUI T NCI U K jvj L bxj
K 22 + XX L 22 + XY 13. eø¨vKg¨vb KZ mv‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølY M njy` N Kgjv
M 44 + XX N 44 + XY cÖwµqv‡K `ywU ch©v‡q fvM K‡ib? 22. jvB‡mv‡Rv‡gi KvR †KvbwU?
6. mywgi cyÎ mšÍvb n‡e hw` K 1905 L 1915 K Avwgl ms‡kølY
i. ¯^vgx †_‡K Y enbKvix ïµvYy Av‡m M 1920 N 1925 L Lv`¨ mÂq
ii. ¯^vgx †_‡K X enbKvix ïµvYy Av‡m  wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 14 I 15 bs cÖ‡kœi M cÖevn c‡_i wb‡`©kbv
iii. wbwl³ RvB‡MvU XY nq N RxevYy aŸsm
DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
23. †cÖvwUb ms‡kølx A½vYy¸‡jv n‡jv
K i I ii L i I iii
K †m‡›Uªv‡mvg I †µv‡gv‡Rvg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
L wbDwK¬Ijvm I jvB‡mv‡Rvg
 wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M ivB‡ev‡Rvg I G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv
14. DÏxc‡K wPÎwU wb‡`©k K‡i N jvB‡mv‡Rvg I ivB‡ev‡Rvg
A i. GK ai‡bi RwUj wUmy¨
24. cÖwZ‡gvj ATP AYyi cÖvšÍxq dm‡dU MÖæ‡c
ii. RvB‡jg wUmy¨ KZ wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ Rgv _vK‡Z cv‡i?
K 7.1 kCal L 7.3 kCal
iii. †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨ M 7.6 kCal N 7.9 kCal
7. ‘A’ wPwýZ AskwU Kx‡m cwiYZ nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. †KvbwU mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvi evwn¨K cÖfveK?
K k‡m¨ L ex‡R K i I ii L i I iii K Aw·‡Rb L kK©iv
M 僇Y N wW¤^‡K M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M cUvwkqvg N GbRvBg
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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14 K 15 K 16 L 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 K 21 M 22 N 23 M 24 L 25 K
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1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z †÷vb †mj we`¨gvb? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Zvj L Kjv K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M euvk N mvBKvm M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
2. dz‡ji AZ¨vek¨Kxq A½vYy KqwU? 10. B‡fvwjDkb kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib †K? 18. wb‡Pi †Kvb dz‡j eû¸”Q civM`Ð _v‡K?
K2 L3 K A¨vwi÷Uj L nve©vU© †¯úbmvi
K wkgyj L gUi
M4 N5 M †R‡bv‡db N WviDBb
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡` †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv 11. RNA †Z †KvbwUi cwie‡Z© BDivwmj _v‡K? M Rev N ayZziv
Abycw¯’Z? 19. QÎv‡Ki †KvlcÖvPxi †KvbwU Øviv MwVZ?
K GwWwbb L ¸qvwbb
K wbUvg L cvBbvm K wjMwbb L KvBwUb
M _vqvwgb N mvB‡Uvwmb
M mycvwi N †XuwK kvK M †cKwUb N my‡ewib
12. jvB‡mv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwUi
M N  F1 Dw«¿` 20. †Kv‡li mKj Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y K‡i
Kvh©MZ wgj i‡q‡Q?
K jwmKv †Kvl L ¯œvqy †Kvl †KvbwU?
M1 M2 N1 N2  MÅvGgU
M Rbb †Kvl N Aw¯’ †Kvl K wbDwK¬qvm
13. k¦m‡bi Rb¨ DËg ZvcgvÎv KZ? L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
P Q R S  X Rbyt
K 20 †m.  25 †m. M cøvw÷W
4. DÏxc‡K N2 M¨v‡gU cÖ”Qbœ ˆewkó¨avix| myZivs N ivB‡ev‡Rvg
L 20 †m.  35 †m.
i. M I N DfqB j¤^v
M 20 †m.  40 †m. 21. wSwjøwenxb mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy †KvbwU?
ii. M1 M2 cÖKU ˆewk‡ó¨i
N 20 †m.  45 †m. K MjwR e¯‘ L jvB‡mv‡Rvg
iii. X Rby‡Z j¤^v I Lv‡Uv Dw™¢‡`i
GbRvBg M ivB‡ev‡Rvg N †Kvl MnŸi
AbycvZ 3 t 1 14. C6H12O6  C3H4O3 DÏxc‡Ki
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z AšÍtwb‡lK N‡U?
cÖwµqvwU K †Zjvwcqv L e¨vO
K i I ii L i I iii
i. ¯^evZ I AevZ k¦m‡bi cÖ_g avc
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Bwjk N nvOi
ii. †Kv‡li gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq N‡U _v‡K
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYx‡Z UªvbwRkbvj wUmy¨ 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †iPb Z‡š¿i A½?
iii. G‡Z wbU 8 AYy ATP Drcbœ nq
Abycw¯’Z? K Mjwej L BD‡i_ªv
K †Ku‡Pv L e¨vO
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M †iKUvg N j¨vwism
M Kzwgi N DUcvwL K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 24 I 25 bs cÖ‡kœi
6. DNA -Gi cÖwZwU N~Y‡© b KZwU
wbDwK¬IUvBW Dcw¯’Z _v‡K? 15. †Kvb wUmy ¨ ‡Z gvZ… K v cÖ vq Abycw¯’Z? DËi `vI :
K4 L6 K †hvRK L AveiYx
M8 N 10 M †cwk N ¯œvqy R
7. giæjv `kv KZ msL¨K †Kvlwewkó?  wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 16 I 17 bs cÖ‡kœi
K2 L4 DËi `vI :
M8 N 16
8. †KvbwU evqycivMx dzj? wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y
K mwilv L avb M 24. ‘X’ wP‡Îi R Ask
M K`g N Kzgov K †cÖvwUb mÂq K‡i
N
L ATP ˆZwi K‡i
M Av‡jvKkw³ Ave× K‡i
wPÎ : S
N Dr‡mPK aviY K‡i
16. wPÎ S
K AwaKmsL¨K civM‡iYy ˆZwi K‡i 25. DÏxc‡Ki X I Y
L iwOb I eo `jgÐj aviY K‡i i. B‡jKUª b Uªv݇cvU© wm‡÷g aviY K‡i
wPÎ : P
M kvLvwš^Z Mf©gyÐ ii. kK© i vi kw³‡K ATP Gi P MÖæ‡c Rgv
9. wPÎ P Øviv m„wó †iv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î iv‡L
N AvKv‡i ÿz`ª I nvjKv
i. A¨vw›UewWi cwigvY Kg‡Z _v‡K
17. M I N Df‡q wg‡j iii. wewfbœ ai‡bi iÄK ms‡kølY K‡i
ii. AvµvšÍ gv‡qi M‡f©i mšÍvb AvµvšÍ nq
bv i. mm¨ m„wó K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. AvµvšÍ evev †_‡K mivmwi mšÍv‡b ii. †¯úv‡ivdvBU m„wó K‡i K i I ii L i I iii
Qovq bv iii. cÖRvwZi ¯^vZš¿¨Zv iÿv K‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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1 N 2 K 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 N 7 N 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 K 13 N
14 L 15 M 16 L 17 N 18 K 19 L 20 K 21 M 22 N 23 L 24 N 25 N
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1. †iKUvg †Kvb Z‡š¿ cvIqv hvq? 9. wPÎ ‘Y’ Gi gva¨‡g 17. †µe&m P‡µ `yB AYy Møy‡KvR n‡Z KZ AYy
K †cŠwóKZš¿ L †iPbZš¿ i. †K¬v‡ivwdj aviY K‡i CO2 Drcbœ nq?
M k¦mbZš¿ N ¯œvqyZš¿ ii. civMvqb msNwUZ nq K `yB L Pvi
2. B‡jKUªb Uªv݇cvU© wm‡÷g N‡U †KvbwU‡Z? iii. kK©iv Drcbœ nq M Qq N AvU
K wbDwK¬qvm L ivB‡ev‡Rvg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 18. AevZ k¦mb N‡U †Kvb Dw™¢‡`?
M jvB‡mv‡Rvg N gvB‡UvKwÛªqv K i I ii L i I iii K fzÆv L C÷
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU C4 Dw™¢`? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M dvb© N ˆkevj
K eU L Avg 10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i? 19. evqycivMx dzj †KvbwU?
M AvL N Rev K †hvRK wUmy¨ L ¯œvqy wUmy¨ K mwilv L avb
 wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi M AveiYx wUmy¨ N †cwk wUmy¨ M Rev N wkgyj
`vI : 11. †Kvb AveiYx wUmy¨ QuvKwbi g‡Zv KvR K‡i? 20. gvbe 僇Y O2 mieivnKvix A½wU †Kvb
K Kjvgbvi ni‡gvb wbtmiY K‡i?
Av‡jv
ADP + Pi  A L wKDeqWvj
†K¬v‡ivwdj K †cÖv‡R‡÷ib L A¨v‡Ûªv‡Rb
M †¯‹vqvgvm
4. DÏxc‡Ki †KvbwU D”Pkw³ mg„× †hŠM? M B‡÷ªv‡Rb N †U‡÷v‡÷ib
N wmD‡Wv-÷ª¨vwUdvBW
K ADP L †K¬v‡ivwdj C
12. wn‡gv‡Møvweb enbKvix KwYKvwU bó n‡j
MA N Av‡jv
†Kvb †ivMwU n‡Z cv‡i?
5. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡Z K _¨vjv‡mwgqv L wjD‡Kwgqv
B
i. dm‡dvivB‡jkb N‡U
M eܨvZ¡ N KvjvieøvBÛ
ii. A kw³ Rgv iv‡L A
 wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 13 I 14 bs cÖ‡kœi
iii. cvwb we‡qvwRZ nq wPÎ : Q
DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 21 I 22 bs
K i I ii L i I iii
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
21. wb‡l‡Ki d‡j wPÎ Q Gi ‘A’ AskwU
6. †KvbwUi †KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb Øviv wbwg©Z?
wK‡m cwiYZ nq?
K fvBivm L e¨vK‡Uwiqv
K km¨Kjvq L ex‡R
M QÎvK N dvb©
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q M Mf©c‡Î N 僇Y
7. Aw·‡Rvg aviYKvix A½vYywU †Kvb
13. wPÎ P Ges wPÎ Q DfqwU‡ZB 22. wPÎ Q Gi ‘B’ AskwU
cÖwµqvq Ask †bq? i. cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv _v‡K i. km¨Kjv m„wó K‡i
K k¦mb L AwfmÖeY
ii. N2 †em GKB ai‡bi nq ii. 3n wbDwK¬qvm m„wó K‡i
M BgevBwekb N mv‡jvKms‡kølY iii. cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW myÎ we`¨gvb iii. exRcÎ m„wó K‡i
 wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 8 I 9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
`vI : K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
P 14. wPÎ ‘Q’ †Z †KvbwU Abycw¯’Z?
23. †Kvb cÖvYxwUi AšÍtwb‡lK N‡U?
K GwWwbb L ¸qvwbb
K Bwjk L nv½i
M mvB‡Uvwmb N _vqvwgb
M iƒcPuv`v N †fUwK
15. eskMwZwe`¨vi RbK †K?
wPÎ : Y 24. †KvbwU Ae„šÍK dzj?
K wjwbqvm L WviDBb
8. wPÎ ‘Y’ Gi P As‡k †KvbwU N‡U? K Rev L ayZziv
M IqvU&mb N †g‡Ûj
K CO2 M„nxZ nq M nvZxkuyo N jvD
16. GKwU m¨vgb gvQ cÖRbb FZz‡Z Kx
L m~h©v‡jvK Ave× nq cwigvY wWg Qv‡o? 25. †KvbwU TMV Gi eskMwZi Dcv`vb?
M Dr‡mPK ˆZwi nq K wZb jvL L wÎk jvL K DNA L †cÖvwUb
N Lv`¨e¯‘ mwÂZ nq M wZb †KvwU N wÎk †KvwU M RNA N kK©iv

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 N 3 M 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 L 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 K 13 L
14 N 15 N 16 M 17 L 18 L 19 L 20 K 21 N 22 K 23 L 24 M 25 M
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1. eY©vÜ †iv‡Mi wR‡bi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 17. †KvbwUi cys‡Kki `jjMœ?
K A‡Uv‡mvg K i I ii L i I iii K gUi L ayZziv
L †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M wkgyj N Rev
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Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

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Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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9. PI Q M gvB‡UvKwÛª q v N MjwRe¯‘
M KuvVvj N gy_v Nvm
i. Df‡qi i‡q‡Q B‡jKUªb Uªv݇cvU© wm‡÷g 19. †KvbwU cZ½ civMx dz j?
3. GBWm †iv‡Mi jÿY n‡jv K Rev L K`g
ii. Df‡qi Kvh©µg ci¯úi wecixZ
i. †ivMxi IRb `ªæZ Kg‡Z _v‡K M wkgyj N KPz
iii. mKj Rxe‡Kv‡l cvIqv hvq
ii. Nvo Ges eM‡j e¨_v Abyfe nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y i³ jvj
iii. wMU dz‡j hvq K i I ii L i I iii nq?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K cUvwkqvg L K¨vjwmqvg
K i I ii L i I iii 10. Q A½vYywU‡Z M Avqib N g¨vM‡bwmqvg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K †µemP‡µi wewµqv¸‡jv N‡U  wb‡Pi DÏxcK Abymv‡i 21 I 22 bs
4. åƒY gvZ…M‡f© M‡o cÖvq KZ mßvn Ae¯’vb L †cÖvwUb ms‡køwlZ nq cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M _vBjvK‡qW we`¨gvb A¨vwW‡bvwmb + Pi  ADP + Pi  Y
K‡i?
N †cÖvwUb UªvwdwKs nq 21. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvi cÖ_g av‡c
K 28  30 L 32  34 11. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi †KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb w`‡q ˆZwi? KqwU dm‡dU AskMÖnY K‡i?
M 34  36 N 38  40 K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L ˆkevj
K1 L2
5. 3 AYy FADH2 n‡Z KZ AYy ATP ˆZwi nq? M fvBivm N QÎvK
M3 N4
K3 L6 12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z AšÍtwb‡lK N‡U?
K nv½i L KvZjv
22. AevZ k¦ mb cÖ w µqvq 1 AYy Mø‡y KvR n‡Z
M9 N 12 hZwU Y †hŠM Drcbœ nq Zv n‡Z KZ
M iæB N e¨vO
6. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y  13. †Kvb MÖwš’ n‡Z _vBiw·b ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq? wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ Drcbœ nq?
i. m~h©v‡jvK I Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb K wcUzBUvwi L A¨v‡Wªbvj K 10.6 L 12.6
m„wó nq M _vBi‡qW N ïµvkq M 13.6 N 14.6
ii. mKj RxeB Zvi wb‡Ri Lv`¨ ˆZwi 14. †Kvb A½vYywU †Kvl wefvR‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L?  wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 23 I 24 bs cÖ‡kœi
Ki‡Z cv‡i DËi `vI :
iii. †mŠikw³ ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K
O
K i I ii L i I iii M
N
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii P
7. DNA Wej †nwj‡·i 40wU c~Y© N~Y©‡bi L
wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
ˆ`N©¨ KZ Å ? 23. mm¨‡Kvl m„wó‡Z †Kvb AskwU f‚wgKv iv‡L?
K 136.0 Å KMI N LNI O
L 860.0 Å M MMI P NOI P
M 1360.0 Å 24. M I N Gi wgj‡b
N 1460.0 Å i. RvB‡MvU Drcbœ nq
8. †µv‡gvcøv÷ N ii. wUªcø‡qW †Kvl MwVZ nq
iii. m„ó †KvlwU †¯úv‡ivdvB‡Ui cÖ_g †Kvl
i. MvR‡ii g~‡j cvIqv hvq
15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨i †Kvl? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i
K †f‡mj L UªvwKW K i I ii L i I iii
iii. civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i
M †Kv‡jbKvBgv N wmf‡Kvl M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
16. RNA-†Z †KvbwU Abycw¯’Z? 25. †KvbwU ms‡KvPb I cÖmviYkxj wUmy¨?
K i I ii L i I iii
K _vqvwgb L ¸qvwbb K †cwk wUmy¨ L AveiYx wUmy¨
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M mvB‡Uvwmb N BDivwmj M †hvRK wUmy¨ N ¯œvqy wUmy¨
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 M 3 K 4 N 5 L 6 L 7 M 8 L 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 K 13 M
14 L 15 N 16 K 17 M 18 L 19 K 20 M 21 L 22 N 23 L 24 L 25 K
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Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkc
œ ‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. mveZ k¦m‡b GK AYy Mø‡y KvR m¤ú~Y© RvwiZ 7. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡kølY nvi 16. wØZxq eska‡i Drcbœ
n‡q †gvU KZ kw³ Drcbœ nq? †ewk? i. 50% MvQ j¤^v
K 668 kCal L 678 kCal K eU MvQ L KuvVvj ii. 25% MvQ Lv‡Uv
M 686 kCal N 866 kCal M †cqviv N KPzwicvbv iii. j¤^v : Lv‡Uv = 3 t 1
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 2bs cÖ‡kœi 8. wb‡l‡Ki KZ mßv‡ni g‡a¨ Agiv MwVZ nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi `vI : K 12 L 11 K i I ii L i I iii
iwKe we‡Kj †ejv jÿ Kij †h Zvi U‡ei M 10 N9 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
MvQwU cvwbi Afv‡e ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| †m  wb‡Pi DÏxcK Abymv‡i 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi 17. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †ivMvµvšÍ‡`i †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi
cvwb cÖ`v‡bi wKQyÿY c‡i MvQwU cybivq DËi `vI : †KvbwU bó n‡q hvq?
mRxeZv wd‡i †cj| wg. X Gi GKUvbv GK gv‡miI †ewk R¡i, K †k¦Z i³KwYKv L †jvwnZ i³KwYKv
2. Dw™¢‡` D³ c`v_© cwienb K‡i †KvbwU? cvZjv cvqLvbv Ges ïK‡bv Kvwk| Zvi M AYyPwµKv N cøvRgv
K mxf‡Kvl Nvo I eM‡j e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| gyLgÐj 18. DËi I ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi †Kv‡qj cvwL
L †f‡mj LmL‡m n‡q †M‡Q| wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wejyß nIqvi KviY †KvbwU?
M m½x‡Kvl †M‡j wPwKrmK cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i K cÖKi‡Yi cwieZ©b
N †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv Rvbv‡jb, wZwb Ggb GK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ L AvšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg
3. Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡Kv‡li cv_©K¨ m„w÷Kvix n‡q‡Qb, hvi Jla GLbI Avwe®‹vi nqwb| M AšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg
A½vYy †KvbwU? 9. wg. X †Kvb RxevYy Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Qb? N cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ msMÖvg
K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv K Pneumococcus 19. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖRvwZi PwiÎMZ weï×Zv
L G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg L Mycobacterium tuberculosis eRvq _v‡K Ges Awf‡hvRb ÿgZv Kg?
M cøvw÷W M Human Immune Deficiency virus
K mwilv L †cu‡c
N Hepatitis B virus
N ivB‡ev‡Rvg M wkgyj N K`g
10. D³ †iv‡Mi d‡j 20. †Kvl‡K RxevYyi AvµgY †_‡K iÿv K‡i †KvbwU?
 wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi i. i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKv bó n‡q hvq
`vI : K wbDwK¬qvm L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
ii. †Kv‡li Gw›UewW Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq bv M MjwR ewW N jvB‡mv‡Rvg
iii. AvµvšÍ evev †_‡K mivmwi mšÍv‡b 21. †KvbwU AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’?
B Qovq bv K AMœ¨vkq L hK…Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M wcUzBUvwi N jvjvMÖwš’
AvGjv
K i I ii L i I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 22 I 23
H2O AvGjvK wbfÆi chÆvq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
11. †Kvb AskwU ex‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nq? Kv‡Ri wfwˇZ cÖK…Z †Kvl `yB ai‡bi| h_v
NADP+ K wW¤^K L civM`Ð A B
ADP+Pi
M Mf©gyÐ N cy®úvÿ †`n‡Kvl Rbb †Kvl
12. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z M¨v‡gU m„wó nq? 22. DÏxc‡K A Gi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv :
KÅvjwfb K Fragmentation L Amitosis i. gvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z †Kvl wefvwRZ nq
PKÌ M Mitosis N Meiosis
ii. wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½ MVb K‡i
13. evqycivMx dzj †KvbwU? iii. Rxe‡`‡ni e„w× NUvq
CO2
K K`g L wkgyj
A wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M Kzgov N avb K i I ii L i I iii
4. DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq Drcbœ ‘A’ †hŠMwU n‡jv 14. †KvbwU eskMwZi cÖavb Dcv`vb?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K †µv‡gv‡Rvg L †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg
K †K¬v‡ivwdj L Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU 23. B †KvlwU A †_‡K wfbœZi, KviY
M jvB‡mv‡Rvg N wbDwK¬Ijvm
M A¨vwg‡bv GwmW N cvBiæwfK GwmW i. cÖRvwZi avivevwnKZv eRvq iv‡L
5. D³ cÖwµqvi Av‡jvK wbf©i ch©v‡q Drcbœ  wb‡Pi wPÎ Aby m v‡i 15 I 16 bs cÖ‡kœi ii. †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li mgvb _v‡K
nq DËi `vI : iii. ïaygvÎ eû‡Kvlx Rx‡e m„wó nq
i. ATP iwdK eskMwZi welqwU cixÿvi Rb¨ Zvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. NADPH evMv‡b GKwU j¤^v I GKwU Lv‡Uv wkg K i I ii L i I iii
iii. O2 Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ msKivqb NUv‡jv| Ab¨ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †Kv‡bv civM‡iYy hv‡Z bv Avm‡Z cv‡i, 24. †KvbwU‡Z †d¬v‡qg dvBevi cvIqv hvq?
K i I ii L i I iii †mRb¨ h_vh_ e¨e¯’v wbj| K cvU L AvL M fzÆv N mwilv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 15. cÖ_g eska‡i kZKiv KZfvM j¤^v MvQ 25. ÷ª¨vwUdvBW AveiYx wUmy¨ _v‡K †Kvb
6. k¦m‡bi Rb¨ DËg ZvcgvÎv wb‡Pi †KvbwU? cvIqv hv‡e? cÖvwYi Z¡‡K?
K 10C  35C L 15C  40C K 100 L 75 K †Ku‡Pv L mvc
M 20C  45C N 25C  50C M 50 N 25 M †Zjv‡cvKv N Nvmdwos
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 L 3 M 4 L 5 N 6 M 7 N 8 K 9 M 10 L 11 K 12 N 13 N
14 K 15 K 16 M 17 L 18 N 19 K 20 N 21 M 22 N 23 L 24 K 25 L
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Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkc
œ ‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. cvBiæwfK Gwm‡Wi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 17 I 18 bs cÖ‡kœi
K C3H4O3 L C6H12O6 K i I ii L i I iii DËi `vI :
M C2H5OH N CH3OH M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
2. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi evwn¨K cÖfveK †KvbwU? 8. Kx‡mi mvnv‡h¨ åƒY Rivqyi mv‡_ ms¯’vwcZ
K cvwb L †K¬v‡ivwdj nq?
M cUvwkqvg N GbRvBg K A¨vgwbqb
L i³bvwj 17. wP‡Îi A½vYywUi bvg Kx?
M Avw¤^wjKvj KW©
K wbDwK¬qvm L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
N Agiv
M cøvw÷W N MjwR e¯‘
 wb‡Pi DÏxcK Abymv‡i 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi 18. wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z A½vYywU
DËi `vI :
i. meyR e‡Y©i n‡j †K¬v‡ivwdj aviY K‡i
¯¿x-M¨v‡g‡UvdvBU DrcwËi †ÿ‡Î GKwU ¯¿x
wPÎ : A ii. †KejgvÎ Dw™¢`‡Kv‡l we`¨gvb
Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K PviwU n¨vcø‡qW †Kvl
3. wPÎ A Gi KvR n‡”Q iii. jvj, njy` Ges bxj e‡Y©i n‡Z cv‡i
m„wó nq| Dc‡ii wZbwU †Kvl webó nq
K †Kvl‡K RxevYyi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv Ges wb‡Pi †KvlwU wefvwRZ n‡Z _v‡K| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L †Kv‡l †cÖvwUb mÂq Kiv 9. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ PviwU †Kvl Drcv`‡b K i I ii L i I iii
M gvB‡UvKwÛªqv I †KvlMnŸi m„wó Kiv †Kvb cÖwµqv msNwUZ nq? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N †Kv‡li Rb¨ kw³ Drcv`b Kiv K gvB‡Uvwmm L wg‡qvwmm 19. †Kvb cÖvYxwU‡Z AšÍtwb‡lK msNwUZ nq?
4. RjR Dw™¢‡` evqyKzVzixhy³ †Kvb wUmy¨ M A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm N wØ-wefvRb K iæB L nv½i
_v‡K? 10. DÏxc‡Ki M¨v‡g‡UvdvBU DrcwËi mgq M g„‡Mj N †Zjvwcqv
K †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv L †Kv‡jbKvBgv i. cÖwZcv` †Kvl MVb K‡i 20. AvK…wZ, Ae¯’vb Ges Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ‡f‡`
M A¨v‡ibKvBgv N UªvwKW ii. †MŠY †Kw›`ªKv MVb K‡i AveiYx wUmy¨ Kq cÖKvi?
iii. Mf©hš¿ MVb K‡i K3 L4
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M5 N6
K i I ii L i I iii 21. AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z im‡K Kx
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii e‡j?
11. †KvbwU gvby‡li †Pv‡Li is I Pvgovi MVb K GbRvBg L cøvRgv
wPÎ : M ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i? M jwmKv N ni‡gvb
5. M wUmy¨wU †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? K ivB‡ev‡Rvg L †mw›UªIj
K †giæ`Ðx cÖvYxi k¦vmbvwj‡Z M †µv‡gv‡Rvg N wbDwK¬Ijvm
22. UªvwKqv‡Z cvIqv hvq
12. BDivwmj †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? i. wmD‡Wv-÷ª¨vwUdvBW AveiYx wUmy¨
L †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx‡`i Z¡‡K
K wRb L wW Gb G ii. wmwjqvhy³ AveiYx wUmy¨
M e„‡°i †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy‡ji cÖvPx‡i
M Avi Gb G N †jvKvm iii. wKDeqWvj AveiYx wUmy¨
N e„‡°i msMÖvnK bvwjKvq
M = cUvwkqvg O = g¨vM‡bwmqvg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wb‡Pi wPÎ Abymv‡i 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K i I ii L i I iii
N = †K¬v‡ivdg© P = K¨vjwmqvg
`vI : M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
A 13. Dc‡i DwjøwLZ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
†KvbwUi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY 23. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm cÖwµqvq `yB AYy Møy‡KvR
B cÖwµqv eÜ n‡q hvq? †_‡K Kq AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW m„wó nq?
C KM LN K1 L2
D MO NP M3 N4
E 14. †KvbwU †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY K‡i? 24. k¦m‡bi Rb¨ DËg ZvcgvÎv †KvbwU?
K †µv‡gvcøv÷ L ivB‡ev‡Rvg K 20C  30C
6. B wPwýZ AskwUi bvg Kx?
M †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg N MjwR e¯‘ L 20C  35C
K civM bvwjKv L civMavbx
15. †KvbwU‡Z GK¸”Q civM`Ð i‡q‡Q? M 20C  45C
M Mf©gyÐ N civM`Ð
K Rev L gUi N 20C  46C
7. A I E Gi KvR M wkgyj N ayZziv 25. KZ mv‡j Watson I Crick DNA AYyi
i. dz‡ji civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv 16. eskMwZwe`¨vi RbK †K? Wvej †nwj· KvVv‡gv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib?
ii. dzj‡K †iv` I e„wó †_‡K iÿv Kiv K WviDBb L †g‡Ûj K 1949 L 1951
iii. dz‡ji civM‡iYy Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv M IqvUmb N wjwbqvm M 1952 N 1953
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 K 3 K 4 M 5 M 6 L 7 K 8 N 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 M 13 L
14 L 15 K 16 L 17 M 18 N 19 L 20 K 21 N 22 K 23 N 24 M 25 N
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Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkc
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1. †Kvb iv‡R¨i m`m¨iv †nUv‡iv‡UªvwdK? 10. dzmdzm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb †Kvb cÖwµqvq i‡³  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 20 I 21 bs
K g‡biv L dvbRvB cÖ‡ek K‡i? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M †cÖvwU÷v N A¨vwb‡gwjqv K AwfmÖeY L e¨vcb KbK Zuvi GKwU †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y we‡kl
2. gvby‡li Z¡‡K †Kvb ai‡bi AveiYx wUmy¨ M BgevBwekb N cÖ‡¯^`b `yBwU is Gi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z bv cvivi `iæY
†`Lv hvq? 11. †gWzjvq mvaviYZ KZwU †ibvj wcivwgW UªvwdK wmMbv‡j GKv iv¯Ív cvi n‡Z cv‡i
K †¯‹vqvgvm L wKDeqWvj _v‡K? bv|
M ÷ª¨vwUdvBW N wmD‡Wv-÷ª¨vwUdvBW K6  7 L 8  12 20. we‡kl is `yBwU wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
3. wg‡qvwmm N‡U mcy¯úK Dw™¢‡`i †Kvb M 12  16 N 18  22 K jvj, meyR L jvj, njy`
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10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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1000
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1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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KvR? K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
K ni‡gvb L GbRvBg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M jwmKv N i³ 9. cys cy‡®úi e„šÍ †QvU _v‡K †Kvb civMx 17. cwjm¨vKvivBW w`‡q MwVZ nq †KvbwUi
2. eªsKvBwU‡mi jÿY dz‡j? †KvlcÖvPxi?
i. nVvr k¦vmKó nIqv K evqy L cÖvYx K gvkiæg L A¨vwgev
ii. Kvwki mv‡_ A‡bK mgq Kd †ei nIqv M cvwb N cZ½ M eû‡Kvlx ˆkevj N e¨vK‡Uwiqv
iii. k¦mKó nIqv 10. _vBiw·b ni‡gvb 18. †µv‡gvcøv÷ cvIqv hvq Dw™¢‡`i †Kvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. ˆ`wnK e„w× NUvq As‡k?
K i I ii L i I iii ii. Mjvi ¯^i cwieZ©b K‡i i. MvR‡ii g~j
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. iwOb cvZv
iii. wecv‡K mnvqZv K‡i
3. e„‡° cv_i nIqvi KviY †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. dzj
K AwZwi³ kvixwiK IRb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
L A‡š¿i msµgY K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M †ewk cvwb cvb Kiv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
11. GKB cÖRvwZi Rx‡e me mgq GKB _v‡K
N i‡³i NbZ¡ K‡g hvIqv 19. †KvbwUi Afv‡e dz ‡ji Kuywoi Rš§ e¨vnZ
†KvbwU?
4. DiæmwÜ †Kvb ai‡bi mwÜ? K DNA L RNA nq?
K Clr mPj Aw¯’ mwÜ K †evib L mvjdvi
M wRb N †µv‡gv‡Rvg
L wbðj Aw¯’ mwÜ M dmdivm N bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
12. cyKz‡ii ev¯‘Z‡š¿ e¨vO †Kvb ¯Í‡ii AšÍf©y³?
M ej I †KvUi mwÜ 20. Paramecium †Kvb iv‡R¨i Rxe?
K Drcv`K L 1q
N KeRv mwÜ K g‡biv L †cÖvwU÷v
M 2q N 3q
5. Dw™¢` Kv‡Ði AwZ e„w× N‡U †KvbwUi M dvbRvB N cøvw›U
13. MøvwWIjvm Kx?
Kvi‡Y? 21. †Kvb Rx‡ei †Kv‡l gvB‡UvKwÛª qv Abycw¯’Z
K dzj Drcv`bKvix e„ÿ
K Aw·b L Bw_wjb
L giæf‚wgi Dw™¢` _v‡K?
M wR‡e‡iwjb N mvB‡UvKvBwbb K Artocarpus L Copsychus
M AwaK Drcv`bkxj d‡ji Pviv
6. M Trichomonas N Apis
N †ivMgy³ Dw™¢‡`i Pviv
14. Rxe‡`‡n ni‡gvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq 22. †m‡›Uª v wgqv‡ii wefvRb ïiæ nq †Kvb
†Kvb kvLvq? av‡c?
K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR
A K wn‡÷vjwR L mvB‡UvjwR
M †gUv‡dR N A¨vbv‡dR
A wPwýZ MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb M B‡KvjwR N G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR
23.
mvaviYZ KZ ermi eq‡mi gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16 bs
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 12 L 13
M 14 N 25 A

 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 7 I 8 bs A wP‡Îi g‡WjwU †Kvb ai‡bi †µvgvwUW?

cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK L †gUv‡mw›UªK
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B M mve-†gUv‡mw›UªK N †U‡jv‡mw›UªK
15. wPÎ-A-Gi KvR †KvbwU? 24. cvZvi eqm evovi mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i
K ni‡gvb Drcv`b Kiv m¤úK© Kx?
L RxevYy aŸsm Kiv K msL¨vq †ewk n‡e
7. gvbe‡`‡n wPÎwU MwVZ n‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? M †cÖvwUb mÂq Kiv L Kg msL¨K n‡e
K 36 NÈv L 72 NÈv N d¬v‡Rjv m„wó Kiv M AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e
M 4 mßvn N 8 mßvn 16. wP‡Îi-B-Gi mvB‡UvcøvRgxq AskwUi N Kvh©KvwiZv K‡g hv‡e
8. wPÎwUi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Kx NU‡Z cv‡i? 25. †ewiqvg G·‡ii gva¨‡g †Kvb †ivM wbb©q
i. RvB‡Mv‡Ui wK¬‡f‡Ri d‡j ˆZwi nq i. †cÖvwUb m‡q evav Kiv hvq?
ii. Agiv m„wói Av‡M nq ii. wecvKxq Kv‡h© mgm¨v K A¨v‡cbwWmvBwUm L †KvôKvwVb¨
iii. GwU eøv‡÷vwm‡÷i Av‡Mi ch©vq iii. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv K‡g hvq M Avjmvi N K…wg
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 M 3 K 4 M 5 M 6 N 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 L 11 M 12 M 13 K
14 N 15 L 16 K 17 N 18 N 19 K 20 L 21 M 22 M 23 N 24 K 25 M
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1. civMvq‡bi d‡j cwiYZ civM‡iYy †Kv_vq wPÎ M †Kvb ai‡bi †µvgvwU‡Wi g‡Wj? 19. "A" I "B"
cwZZ nq? K †gUv‡mw›UªK L mve-†gUv‡mw›UªK i. Gi KvR GKB ai‡bi
K Mf©vk‡q L Mf©`‡Ð M A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK N †U‡jv‡mw›UªK ii. Gi MV‡b wfbœZv †bB
M Mf©c‡Î N Mf©g‡y Ð 12. mv‡jvKms‡kølY ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z NUvi iii. C Gi KvR‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i
2. Mf©ve¯’v KZ mßvn ch©šÍ we`¨vgb _v‡K? Rb¨ Av`k© ZvcgvÎv KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 9  10 mßvn K 22  35C L 27  40C K i I ii L i I iii
L 20  25 mßvn M 32  45C N 37  50C M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M 38  40 mßvn
20. C
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14 bs i. Gi gvÎv Kg-†ewki Dci gvby‡li
N 30  35 mßvn cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : AvPiY wbf©i K‡i
3. AwaKvsk mgq Ave× ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡j 35 eQi eqmx RvwKi Gi D”PZv 150 †m. ii. me‡P‡q †QvU MÖwš’ †_‡K me‡P‡q †ewk
kix‡i †Kvb wfUvwg‡bi NvUwZ n‡Z cv‡i? wg. Ges IRb 70 †KwR| wbtm„Z nq
KB LD 13. RvwKi Gi weGgAvB KZ? iii. wecvKx KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i
ME NK
K 20.5 L 31.1 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4. wg‡qvwmm †Kv_vq N‡U?
M 46.6 N 50 K i I ii L i I iii
K wW¤^vYyh‡š¿ L km¨ †Kv‡l
14. G Ae¯’ v q RvwKi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M civMavbx‡Z N †Rbv‡iwUf †Kv‡l
i. †`‡ni IRb wVK ivL‡e 21. †KvbwUi cÖvPxi †N‡l †cÖv‡UvcøvRg _v‡K?
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z kw³i cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk? K UªvwKW L †f‡mj
K avb MvQ L Li‡Mvk ii. †e‡Q Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡e
M m½x‡Kvl N mxfbj
M wkqvj N QÎvK iii. wbqwgZ kvixwiK cwikÖg Ki‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. Dw™¢ ‡ `i g~ j e„ w ×i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq
6. DKzb Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
AvšÍtwµqv we`¨gvb? K i I ii L i I iii
K K¨vjwmqvg L cUvwkqvg
K wgDPzqvwjRg L K‡gb‡mwjRg M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M dmdivm N Avqib
M †kvlY N A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm 15. myMwÜi ÿz`ª KYv evZv‡m Qwo‡q cov †Kvb
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 23 I 24 bs
7. mygb‡`i bvm©vwi‡Z Aí mg‡q ¯^í cwikÖ‡g ai‡bi cÖwµqv?
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
AwaK Pviv Drcv`b n‡q‡Q GKwU cÖwµqv K †fŠZ L ˆRe
Aej¤^b K‡i cÖwµqvwU M ˆRe ivmvqwbK N ivmvqwbK
K wRb cÖ‡KŠkj L wUmy¨ KvjPvi 16. g~‡Îi is nvjKv njy` nq †KvbwUi Kvi‡Y?
M mvi cÖ‡qvM N AvMvQv wbg©~j K BDwiqv L BDwiK GwmW
8. n¨vcø‡qW †¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g eske„w× NUvq M wµ‡qwUwbb N BD‡iv‡µvg wPÎ-A wPÎ-B
†KvbwU? 17. Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm wK‡mi AfveRwbZ 23. wPÎ-A †Kvlxq A½vYywUi
K C÷ L WvqvUg †ivM? i. c`©v ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡j Av‡kcv‡ki A½vYy
M e¨vK‡Uwiqv N c¨viv‡gwmqvg K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L K¨vjwmqvg bó nq
9. A¨v‡b‡gwjqv iv‡R¨i ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU? M wRsK N mvjdvi ii. Gi ni‡gvb¸‡jv GKwU c`©v Øviv
K †hŠb Ges A‡hŠb Rb‡bi gva¨‡g 18. n + n  2n µgea©gvb 2n †_‡K Avjv`v _v‡K
eske„w× N‡U iii. Gi Dr‡mPK¸‡jv RxevYy¸‡jv‡K nRg
AcÖ‡qvRbxq c`v_© wb®‹vkbKvix A½wU
L Giv AvwK©‡Mvwb‡qU K‡i †d‡j
i. O2 mieivn K‡i
M åƒYxq ¯Íi m„wó nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N †`‡n mij wUmy¨Zš¿ we`¨gvb ii. 2n Gi Rb¨ Awe‡”Q`¨ A¯’vqx A½
K i I ii L i I iii
10. ivB‡ev‡mvg wnmv‡e KvR K‡i
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. GbRvBg mieivn K‡i iii. gvZ…`y» Drcv`‡bi ni‡gvb ˆZwi K‡i
24. wPÎ-B AskwU
ii. cÖvY ivmvqwbK wewµqvi MwZ‡K n«vm K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. A¨vw›UewW MVb K‡i
iii. Avwgl ms‡køl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i K i I ii L i I iii
ii. A Gi mv‡_ Kvh©MZfv‡e m`„k¨c~Y©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. †cÖv‡UvcøvRg m~² `vbvhy³
K i I ii L i I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 19 I 20 bs wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K i I ii L ii I iii
11. A Gi Ae¯’vb K‡kiæKvi wfZi w`‡q M i I iii N i, ii I iii
B Gi Ae¯’vb K‡ivwUKvq 25. †Kvb Lvev‡i K¨vjwi gvb †ewk n‡e?
M C AwZ Aí gvÎvq wbtm„Z n‡q i‡³i K fvZ L Avjy
gva¨‡g evwnZ nq| M iæwU N wLPzwi
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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14 M 15 K 16 N 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 N 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 K 25 N
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K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L eû‡Kvlx ˆkevj i. AB– I A– †Kvb Rx‡e?
M c¨viv‡gwmqvg N gvkiæg ii. AB+ I O– K Rycø¨v¼Ub
2. †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i †Kvb As‡k mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi iii. A+ I B+ L dvB‡Uvcø¨v¼Ub
Av‡jvK ch©vq msNwUZ nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M bxjvf meyR ˆkevj
K `yB wSwjøi gv‡S L MÖvbvq K i I ii L i I iii N †Uvev‡Kv †gvRvBK fvBivm
M †÷ªvgvq N MÖvbvg j¨v‡gjv‡g M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
3. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb av‡c 11. gyiv‡`i i‡³ Dcw¯’Z 18. meyR Dw™¢`  QvMj  gvbyl
AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg Drcbœ nq? DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g UªwdK †j‡fj P wK‡jvRyj
i. Gw›U‡Rb A, Gw›U‡Rb B Ges Rh
K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR kw³ _vK‡j gvbyl KZ wK‡jvRyj kw³
d¨v±i
M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR cv‡e?
ii. Gw›UewW a, Gw›UewW b Ges Rh
4. GK AYy Møy‡KvR Rvi‡Yi Z…Zxq av‡c Kq P
Gw›UewW K wK‡jvRyj
AYy CO2 Drcbœ nq? 10
iii. Gw›U‡Rb A, Gw›U‡Rb B Ges Rh
K1 L2 L
P
wK‡jvRyj
Gw›UewW 100
M4 N6
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? P
5. GK kK©ivi Drm †KvbwU? Ki L ii M wK‡jvRyj
1000
K d‡ji im L mewR
M i I iii N ii I iii P
M wPwb N `ya N wK‡jvRyj
12. k¦vmKó, Kvwk I ey‡Ki g‡a¨ No No 10000
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cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : RxevYy †KvbwU? K A¨v‡gvwbqv L A¨vjeywgb
kvnxb mKv‡ji bvkZvq 80 MÖvg M‡gi K Plasmodium L Mycobacterium M †MøvweDwjb N dvBweª‡bv‡Rb
AvUvi iæwU I 1wU wWg (100 MÖvg) Lvq| M Helicobacter N Pneumococcus
20. Kâv mwÜ †Kv_vq _v‡K?
6. kvnx‡bi M„nxZ iæwU †_‡K cÖvq KZ 13. BDwiqv cwimÖæZ nq †Kv_vq?
K ¯‹ÜP‡µ L †giæ`‡Ð
wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq? K g¨vjwcwRqvb A‡½ L msMÖvnx bvwjKvq
M nv‡Zi Av½y‡j N K‡ivwUKvq
K 256 wK‡jvK¨vjwi M †cjwf‡m N †gWzjvq
L 273 wK‡jvK¨vjwi 14. cvZvq Drcbœ nq †KvbwU? 21. wcUz B Uvwi MÖ w š’ wbtm„ Z ni‡gvb †KvbwU?
M 320 wK‡jvK¨vjwi K Aw·b L †d¬vwi‡Rb K _vB‡gvwmb L A¨vW‡ibvwjb
N 342 wK‡jvK¨vjwi M mvB‡UvKvBwbb N Bw_wjb M K¨vjwm‡Uvwbb N †mvgv‡UvUªwcK
7. kvnxb mKv‡ji bvkZv †_‡K †gvU KZ  RxeweÁvb wkÿK Aw¯’mwÜ cov‡Z wM‡q 22. †Wvcvwgb ˆZwii †Kvl bó n‡j †Kvb †ivM
wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ cvq? †kÖwYK‡ÿi `iRvi cvjøv, Kâv I KvVv‡gvi nq?
K 367 wK‡jvK¨vjwi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i †`Lvb| K c¨vivjvBwmm L Gwc‡jcwm
L 429 wK‡jvK¨vjwi 15. Zzjbxq As‡ki mv‡_ wgj m¤úbœ †KvbwU? M cviwKbmb N Av_©ªvBwUm
M 446 wK‡jvK¨vjwi
K †cwk  †UbWb  Aw¯’  wb‡Pi DÏxcK Abymv‡i 23 I 24 bs
N 515 wK‡jvK¨vjwi
L Aw¯’  ZiæYvw¯’  Aw¯’ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
8. cÎiܪxq cÖ‡¯^`‡bi nvi KZ?
M †cwk  wjMv‡g›U  ZiæYvw¯’
K 75  80% L 80  85%
N Aw¯’  wjMv‡g›U  Aw¯’ A
M 85  90% N 90  95%
9. D‡ovRvnvR Pvjv‡Z wZwg gv‡Qi †Z‡ji  wb‡Pi DÏxcK Abymv‡i 16 I 17 bs 23. KZ mßvn ci A c~Yv© ½Zv cvq?
weKí wn‡m‡e †Kvb Mv‡Qi †Zj e¨envi cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K4 L8
Kiv nq? M 12 N 28
K †Rv‡Rvev L MøwWIjvm 24. A-†Z KqwU †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K?
M Kv‡b©kvb N AwK©W
wPÎ-P wPÎ-Q K 1wU L 2wU
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 10 I 11 bs
16. †Kvb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em Øviv P I Q m~Î M 22wU N 46wU
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
gyiv` moK `yN©Ubvq cwZZ nIqvq Zvi `y B wU‡K c„ _ K Kiv hvq? 25. †KvbwU cÖ _ g ¯Í ‡ii Lv`K?
i‡³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Zvi i‡³i MÖæc AB K GwWwbb L ¸qvwbb K †QvU gvQ L Rycø¨v¼Ub
cwRwUf| M _vBwgb N mvB‡Uvwmb M dvB‡Uvcø ¨ v¼Ub N e¨vO
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 L 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 N 9 K 10 N 11 K 12 N 13 K
14 L 15 N 16 M 17 N 18 L 19 K 20 M 21 N 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 L
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1. kvixiwe`¨v Gi Av‡jvwPZ welq †KvbwU? 9.
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K †iPb dv‡g©‡›Ukb nq? K g~Î_wj L †Møv‡giæjvm
L 僇Yi MVb K cvDiæwU L `B M msMÖvnK bvwjKv N BD‡iUvi
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19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
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f‚wgKv AwaK? hyw³mn Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
Q
3  P + H2O  C6H12O6 + H2O + O2.
†K¬v‡ivwdj
K. mv‡jvKms‡kølY Kx? 1 wPÎ : M wPÎ : N
L. ATP †K ˆRe gy`ªv ejv nq †Kb? 2 K. wRb Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi Av‡jvK-wbf©i ch©vqwU eY©bv Ki| 3 L. DNA †K eskMwZi ivmvqwbK wfwË ejv nq †Kb? 2
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Q Gi Abycw¯’wZ Ges P Gi NUwZ D³ M. gvby‡li wj½ wba©vi‡Y M Gi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki| 3
cÖwµqvq weNœ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡iÓ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. Acivax kbv³Ki‡Y wPÎ : N Kxfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
4  Rxe‡Kv‡l Aew¯’Z GKwU A½vYy †`n cwiPvjbvq we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? we‡kølY Ki| 4
cvjb K‡i| D³ A½vYy‡Z msNwUZ ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Drcbœ 8  iwng mv‡n‡ei †Q‡j mygb wewfbœ is Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ Ki‡Z
Zvc I kw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Rx‡ei mKj kvixie„Ëxq KvR cv‡i bv| Zvi †g‡q myRvbv †jvwnZ KwYKvi GK A¯^vfvweK
m¤úbœ nq| D³ cÖwµqvwU h_vh_fv‡e msNwUZ bv n‡j Ae¯’vRwbZ †iv‡M fzM‡Q| d‡j Zvi †`‡n i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv
w`‡q‡Q| G mgm¨v wb‡q Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡j Wv³vi cixÿv
RxeKzj aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡Zv|
K‡i Rvbv‡jb myRvbvi G †ivMwU Zvi evev-gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K
K. k¦mwbK e¯‘ Kx? 1 eskvbyµ‡g G‡m‡Q|
L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z mevZ k¦mb nq bv †Kb? 2 K. †jvKvm Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½vYywU‡Z msNwUZ wewµqvi L. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Kxfv‡e cwi‡e‡k RxeKz‡ji wU‡K _vKv
avc¸‡jv eY©bv Ki| 3 wbqš¿Y K‡i? 2
N. ÒDÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwU h_vh_fv‡e msNwUZ bv M. DÏxc‡K myg‡bi mgm¨vi KviYmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
n‡j RxeKzj aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡Zv|ÓDw³wU we‡kølY N. myRvbvi †ivMwU Zvi gv-evevi KvQ †_‡K Kxfv‡e Zvi
Ki| 4 †`‡n mÂvwqZ n‡q‡Q? we‡kølY Ki| 4
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1  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki 5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
O2

CO2 P

H2O B_vbj + CO2 X

C6H12O6 Y
C6H12O6 kw³
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O
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O2 wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2
wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y K. gvB‡µvwfjvB Kx? 1
K. ˆRe gy`ªv Kx? 1 L. ivB‡ev‡Rvg‡K †cÖvwUb ˆZwii d¨v±wi ejv nq †Kb? 2
L. Av‡jvK ch©v‡q cvwb fv½‡bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wPÎ-2 Øviv m„ó †iv‡Mi jÿY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. wPÎ-X G cÖ`wk©Z P cÖwµqvwUi RxeRM‡Z Kxiƒc
Ae`vb ivL‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K X I Y Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK MVbMZ we‡kølY
N. wPÎ-X I wPÎ-Y Gi Drcbœ kw³i cwigvY Kx GKB? Ki| 4
†Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki| 4 6  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
M †ivM  †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi fv½b|
R
N †ivM  is kbv³Kvix wcM‡g‡›Ui Afve| P
K. †m· wjsKW wWmAW©vi Kx? 1
L. cÖRvwZi wU‡K _vKvq weeZ©b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? 2 Q
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ N †ivMwU eskMwZ‡Z Kxiƒc cÖfve
†dj‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y
N. DÏxc‡K N Gi †P‡q M †ewk SuywKc~Y © we‡kølY Ki| 4 K. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm Kx? 1
3  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki L. A½, Z‡š¿i GKK e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ-X Gi ÔQÕ m„wói cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wPÎ-Y G P Gi weKv‡k R Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
7  A : Rbb‡Kv‡li wgjb  RvB‡MvU  åƒY  T|
B : Rbb‡Kv‡li wgjb  RvB‡MvU  åƒY  wkï|
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
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K. Mf©dzj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. dzj‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ weUc ejv nq †Kb? 2 L. Kxfv‡e km¨Kjvi DrcwË N‡U? 2
M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎ-1 Gi MVb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. Dw™¢‡`i Rx‡ei T m„wói cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wPÎ-2 Gi Kvh©KvwiZvq wPÎ-1 Gi cÖfve we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. RxeRM‡Z A I B cÖwµqv `ywUi ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j ai| 4
4  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki 8  c×wZ-1 : jvj dzj (RR) X mv`v dzj (rr)  jvj dzj|
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L. cicivMvq‡bi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e Dw™¢` ˆewP‡Î¨i m„wó nq? 2
wPÎ : A wPÎ : B wPÎ : C M. DÏxc‡Ki c×wZ-2 Rxe‡`‡n Kxfv‡e N‡U Zv e¨vL¨v
K. wØ-wb‡lK Kx? 1 Ki| 3
L. AIDS †K NvZK e¨vwa ejv nq †Kb? 2
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki c×wZ-1 †g‡Û‡ji m~Î (3 t 1) AbymiY
M. DÏxc‡K ‘C’ wP‡Îi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Dw™¢‡`i cwien‡b A I B Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4 K‡iÓ we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
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1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki 5  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki

Y Y
X

K. civMvq‡bi gva¨g Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wPÎ : X

L. cys¯ÍeK †Kb AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¯ÍeK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. wbDwK¬IUvBW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡K 'X' Gi DrcwË Kxfv‡e msNwUZ nq? mwPÎ L. DNA cixÿvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. 'X' Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wP‡Îi 'Y' wb‡lK cieZ©x‡Z RxeKzj wUwK‡q ivL‡Z N. 'Y' Gi cÖavb Dcv`vbwU Kx Rx‡ei mKj cÖKvi ˆewkó¨
Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| 4 wbqš¿Y K‡i? †Zvgvi Dˇii c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki 6  Z_¨-M : gvwK©b weÁvbx Watson Gi Bs‡iR weÁvbx Crick
X DaŸ©gyLx cwienb K‡i 1953 mv‡j GKwU AYyi wØm~Îx KvVv‡gv eY©bv K‡ib Ges Gi
Dw™¢‡`i cwienb Kjv Rb¨ Zuviv †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi jvf K‡ib|
Y wb¤œgyLx I cvk¦©gyLx cwienb K‡i Z_¨-N : 2020 wLªt n‡Z A`¨vewa †KvwfW-19 fvBiv‡mi
K. Z¡K Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Avµg‡Y jÿ jÿ gvbyl g„Zz¨eiY K‡i‡Qb| hvi †`‡n GKwU
L. iƒcvšÍwiZ cøvw÷W Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 GKK m~‡Îi eskMZ e¯‘ we`¨gvb|
M. 'Y' wUmy¨i cÖ_g †KvlwUi ˆewkó¨ wjL| 3 K. MvW© †mj Kx? 1
N. Dw™¢‡`i wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ 'X' I 'Y' wUmy¨i f‚wgKv L. †giæ`Ðx cÖvYxi Z¡K‡K UªvbwRkbvj AveiYx Kjv ejv
g~j¨vqb Ki| 4 nq †Kb? 2
3  `„k¨Kí 1 : iv‡k` evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv Gu‡K is Ki‡Z M. Z_¨-M G DwjøwLZ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbwUi MVb eY©bv
wM‡q we‡km GKwU †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y mwVK iswU Ki‡Z cvij bv|
`„k¨Kí 2 : AwbK R‡š§i GK eQi ci †_‡KB i³¯^íZvq Ki| 3
fzM‡Q| wKš‘ Wv³vi Zuv‡K KPzmn meyR kvK-mewR, gvsm, N. Z_¨-M I Z_¨-N G DwjøwLZ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb؇qi
KwjRv, wW‡gi Kzmyg w`‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| g‡a¨ wgj I Awgj we`¨gvb hyw³mn Dc¯’vcb Ki| 4
K. †jvKvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1 7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
L. Rxe‡bi DrcwË †h cvwb‡Z n‡qwQj, G wb‡q †Kv‡bv
wØgZ Av‡Q Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 B wUmy¨ : hv dvBevi I
M. `„k¨Kí-1 G iv‡k‡`i †ivMwU wPwýZ K‡i Gi KviY †¯‹¬ivBW wb‡q MwVZ
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. `„k¨Kí-2 Awb‡Ki mgm¨vi Rb¨ evev-gv Df‡qi
f‚wgKv Av‡Q Kx hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| 4 A wUmy¨
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki K. jwmKv †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. A½ wb‡q Zš¿ MwVZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. 'A' wUmy¨i ˆewk󨸇jv wjL| 3
kK©iv N. 'A' I 'B' wUmy¨‡Z wgj I Awgj `y‡UvB we`¨gvb
ATP,
NADPH I H
+
Drcv`b gZvgZ `vI| 4
Drcv`b 8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
H2O CO2
O2
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wPÎ : A
K. C3 Dw™¢` Kv‡K e‡j? 1 G
L. ZvcgvÎv mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK-
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. cøvR‡gv‡WRgvUv Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K ch©vq (i) bs Gi bvg D‡jøLc~e©K cÖwµqvwU L. wbDib wefvwRZ nq bv †Kb? 2
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. 'G' Gi DrcwË eY©bv Ki| 3
N. gvbe mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z wPÎ 'A' cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡ N. bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvBU m„wó‡Z 'A' Ges 'G' Gi f‚wgKv
eûweahyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| 4 ch©v‡jvPbv Ki| 4
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1  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki K. RvB‡MvU Kx? 1
Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ L. †KvlK¼vj ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
cÖ¯‘Z, mÂq I M. Dc‡ii 'Q' wP‡Îi MVb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Dw™¢`‡K eY©gq
K‡i| N. wPÎ-P A½vYywU Rx‡ei Rb¨ Acwinvh©we‡kølY Ki| 4
A wPÎ : B wPÎ : C 6  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
K. ¯øvBW †÷Bwbs Kx? 1
L. wbDib wefvwRZ nq bv †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 'A' Gi cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-B I wPÎ-C Gi MVb GKB n‡jI KvR
wfbœ we‡kølY Ki| 4
2  C6H12O6 + A GbRvBg CO2 + H2O + kw³| wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y

K. Rxebxkw³ Kx? 1 K. eskMwZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. C4 Dw™¢` ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki A Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wewµqvwU‡Z Kxiƒc M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-Y Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
cwieZ©b n‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. Acivax kbv³Ki‡Y DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-X Gi f‚wgKv
N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡kølY Ki| 4
gZvgZ `vI| 4 7  DÏxcK-1 : TT  tt
3  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
T = j¤^v
ˆewkó¨
t = Lv‡Uv ˆewkó¨
3n DÏxcK-2 : Rx‡ei mnRvZ ˆewkó¨ n‡jv AZ¨waK nv‡i
P eske„w×| d‡j cÖRvwZwU cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _v‡K, Z‡e
Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K cÖwZwbqZ msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq|
wPÎ : A wPÎ : B K. †m·-wjsKW AmyL Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. wfbœevmx Dw™¢` Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. AIDS †K NvZK e¨vwa ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. AwbqZ cy®úgÄix ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 M. DÏxcK-1 G msNwUZ cÖwµqvq F1 I F2 Dw™¢‡` Kxiƒc
M. wPÎ-A I 'P' Gi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
djvdj NU‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wPÎ-B bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvBU MV‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L we‡kølY
Ki| 4 N. cÖRvwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z cÖwZwbqZ msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq
4  Dw™¢‡`i GKwU ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv hv‡Z cvwbi mv‡jvK DÏxcK-2 Gi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki| 4
wefvRb N‡U Ges CO2 weRvwiZ n‡q 'S' Drcbœ nq| 8  gvbe‡`‡ni bvwjwenxb MÖwš’ n‡Z wKQy ˆRe-ivmvqwbK c`v_©
K. k¦mwbK e¯‘ Kx? 1 wbtm„Z nq †h¸‡jv gvbe cÖRb‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e
L. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
wcZvgvZv †R‡bwUK Amy‡L AvµvšÍ n‡j mšÍvbI AvµvšÍ nq|
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'S' ˆZwii cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwU‡Z Òcvwbi mv‡jvK wefvRb I ATP †Zgwb †R‡bwUK Amy‡Li evnK Rbve iwd‡Ki †Q‡j wiqvR
Drcv`b cÖwµqv hyMcr N‡UÓ we‡kølY Ki| 4 R‡š§i ci †_‡K i³k~b¨Zvq fzM‡Q|
5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki K. Dfwj½ dzj Kx? 1
L. †g‡Ûj‡K eskMwZi RbK ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. wiqvR Ôi³k~b¨ZvqÕ AvµvšÍ nevi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. gvbe cÖRb‡b MÖwš’ wbtm„Z im¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
wPÎ-P wPÎ-Q Ki| 4
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1  †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv eskMwZi cÖavb e¯‘| GwU DNA, RNA 5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
Ges †cÖvwUb wb‡q MwVZ| gvbe‡`‡n `yB ai‡bi †µv‡gv‡Rvg
Av‡Q| GKwU A‡Uv‡Rvg Ges Ab¨wU †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg bv‡g
cwiwPZ| G‡`i g‡a¨ †k‡liwU gvbe wj½ wba©vi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
K. wbDwK¬ImvBW Kx? 1
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MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. dzj Ges dj iwOb nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡li jvBbwUi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. wPÎ-A Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
2  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ-B wUmy¨ kvixie„Ëxq I A_©‰bwZK
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6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
A
B
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B (Zij †hvRK Kjv)
K. †Kvgjvw¯’ Kx? 1 C
L. †Kvb wUmy¨ †`‡ni Af¨šÍixY KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 2 K. ¯^civMvqb Kx? 1
M. wPÎ-A Gi Zš¿wU gvbe‡`‡ni ÿwZKviK c`v_© wb®‹vk‡b L. 僇Yi †Kvb A½vYywU e„‡°i g‡Zv KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v
mvnvh¨ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Ki| 2
N. wPÎ-B Gi gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y © we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. A I B dz‡ji AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¯ÍeK e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki N. A, B I C Gi mgwš^Z Kvh©µg bZzb Dw™¢` m„wó‡Z
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7  (i) C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + kw³
RvB‡MvU (ii) C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + kw³
A
K. ATP Kx? 1
L. C3 I C4 Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wjL| 2
åƒY Agiv
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B C
N. (ii) bs †_‡K (i) bs wewµqvq AwaK kw³ Drcbœ nq
K. GKwj½ dzj Kx? 1
hyw³ †`LvI| 4
L. ci-civMvq‡b bZzb f¨vivBwU m„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K
8  Avwid mv‡ne evwo †divi c‡_ gvivZ¥K `yNU© bvq c‡ob Ges
†Kb? 2
i³ cixÿv bv K‡i GKRb †ckv`vi i³`vZvi KvQ †_‡K i³
M. wP‡Î ewY©Z B-Gi weKvk Kxfv‡e N‡U? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
MÖnY K‡ib| G‡Z wKQyw`b ci wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j
N. wP‡Î-B Gi e„wׇZ C-Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ nb Ges Wv³vi Zvi i‡³ GK we‡kl
4  iweb R‡š§i GK eQi †_‡KB i³k~b¨Zvq fzM‡Q| Wv³v‡ii
ai‡bi fvBiv‡mi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ K‡ib Ges e‡jb G †iv‡Mi
civg‡k© cÖwZ `yB gvm AšÍi iweb‡K GKevi i³ w`‡Z nq|
Jla GL‡bv Avwe®‹vi nqwb|
Z‡e Wv³vi Zv‡K Avqib hy³ Lvevi w`‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|
K. A‡Uv‡Rvg Kx? 1 K. ni‡gvb Kx? 1
L. cyiæl Ges gwnjvi g‡a¨ Kviv †ewk eY©vÜ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ L. nv½‡i Kx ai‡bi wb‡lK nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. Avwid mv‡n‡ei †`‡n Kx ai‡bi jÿY †`Lv †`‡e?
M. iwe‡bi †ivMwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. iwe‡bi †ivMwU nIqvi Rb¨ Zvi gv-evevB `vqx N. DÏxc‡Ki †ivMwU cÖwZ‡iv‡ai GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡”Q
we‡kølY Ki| 4 Rbm‡PZbZv  we‡kølY Ki| 4
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1  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki 5  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki

wbDwKÑqvm

wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q wPÎ : R

wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y wPÎ : Z
K. †jvKvm Kx? 1
K. ivB‡ev‡Rvg Kx? 1
L. DNA †iwcø‡Kkb‡K Aa©iÿYkxj ejv nq †Kb? 2
L. †Kvb †cwk‡K gm„Y †cwk ejv nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ R Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. Rxe †`‡n wPÎ 'Z' Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Rxe †`n‡K mPj ivL‡Z wPÎ 'X' I wPÎ 'Y' Gi g‡a¨ N. wPÎ-Q Kxfv‡e wPÎ-P Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq? we‡kølY Ki| 4
†KvbwU AwaK Kvh©Ki? we‡kølY Ki| 4 6  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : O2
CO2
Av‡jv
6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
†K¬v‡ivwdj
K. wWmd‡dvivB‡jkb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 C2H4O6
L. ATP †K kw³ gy`ªv ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 O2 CO2
N. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
we‡kølY Ki| 4 K. d‡UvjvBwmm Kx? 1
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki L. A¨vgvib¨v_vm‡K C4 Dw™¢` ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. wPÎ B Gi cÖ_g avcwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
D
N. wPÎ A I B ci¯ú‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj we‡kølY Ki| 4
C
7  wb‡Pi wPÎ`ywU jÿ Ki 
E

K. wØwb‡lK Kx? 1
L. ci-civMvq‡b bZzb f¨vivBwU m„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv
KZUzKz? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wPÎ : A wPÎ : B
M. Dw™¢‡`i 'C' As‡ki f‚wgKv Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. †¯‹¬ivBW Kx? 1
N. Dw™¢‡`i esk we¯Ív‡i D I E Gi cvi¯úwiK mswkøóZv L. Avw`‡Kvl I cÖK…Z †Kv‡li g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wjL| 2
we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. ‘B’ wP‡Îi MVb, ˆewkó¨ I KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki N. ‘A’ wP‡Îi A½vYywU Kxfv‡e RxeRMr wUwK‡q ivL‡Q?
†µv‡gv‡Rvg we‡kølY Ki| 4
8  bqb I Kwig `yB eÜy| bq‡bi wKQyw`b a‡i ïKbv Kvwk, Nvo
A‡Uv‡Rvg †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg
I eM‡j e¨_v Abyfe Ki‡Q| kix‡i GKUvbv R¡i _v‡K|
XX XY Wv³vi Zv‡K ej‡jb, Zvi gvivZ¥K NvZK †ivM n‡q‡Q|
(A) (B) Ab¨w`‡K Kwig Ggb GKwU †iv‡M AvµvšÍ hvi Kvi‡Y Zvi
K. AIDS Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1 †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv¸‡jv bó n‡q hv‡”Q| Wv³vi Zv‡K ej‡jb,
L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq †Kb? GwU eskevwnZ †ivM|
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. wdUvm Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A I B †Z †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v GK L. 僇Yi †e‡o DVvq Agiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? 2
†mU (n) nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K bq‡bi †ivMwUi KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©vi‡Y ‘B’ Gi f‚wgKvB gyL¨ we‡kølY N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Kwi‡gi †ivMwUi cwiYwZ fqven
Ki| 4 †Kb? we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
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1  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki K. wb‡lK Kx? 1
L. avb evqycivMx dzj †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ M G ‘P’ Gi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wPÎ 'N' bZzb †¯úv‡ivdvBU MV‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L we‡kølY
wPÎ : ‘X’ wPÎ : ‘Y’ Ki| 4
K. cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl Kx? 1 6  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
L. jvB‡mv‡Rvg‡K RxevYy fÿK ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 X
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ 'X' Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Y
N. Dw™¢‡`i Rxebavi‡Y DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ ‘Y’ Gi
f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
wPÎ : ‘P’ wPÎ : ‘Q’
2  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
K. hy³ avbx Kv‡K e‡j? 1
X L. cicivMvq‡b bZzb cÖKiY m„wói m¤¢vebv _v‡K †Kb? 2
Y M. wPÎ ‘P’ Gi ‘X’ I ‘Y’ Drcv`‡b ni‡gv‡bi f‚wgKv
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wPÎ ‘P’ †_‡K ‘Q’ m„wói avcmg~n we‡kølY Ki| 4
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q
7  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
K. †Kvl K¼vj Kx? 1
L. wbDib wefvwRZ nq bv †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wPÎ ‘P’ Gi X I Y As‡ki MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. cÖvwY‡`‡n wPÎ ‘Q’ Gi ¸iæZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
L
3  ADP + Pi †K¬v‡ivwdj Q
K. k¦mb Kx? 1 wPÎ : ‘X’ wPÎ : ‘Y’
L. C4 Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi †ewk nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v K. Heredity Kx? 1
Ki| 2 L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq †Kb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi ‘L’ Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki ‘Q’ Dcv`vb e¨envi K‡i kK©iv ˆZwii M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ ‘Y’ Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†KŠkj eY©bv Ki| 4 N. mywePvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z wPÎ ‘X’ Gi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
GbRvBg
4  C6H12O6 + A  CO2 + H2O + kw³ 8  DÏxcK-1 :
K. cøvRgv‡jgv Kx? 1 T = j¤^v ˆewkó¨
TT  t t t = Lv‡Uv ˆewkó¨
L. RwUj wUmy¨‡K cwienb wUmy¨ ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. A Gi Abycw¯’wZ wewµqvwU‡Z Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e DÏxcK-2 :
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Rx‡ei mnRvZ ˆewkó¨ n‡jv AZ¨waK nv‡i eske„w×| d‡j
N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖRvwZwU cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k wU‡K hvq, Z‡e Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi
gZvgZ `vI| 4 Rb¨ cÖRvwZ‡K cÖwZwbqZ msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq|
5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki K. †m·-wjsKW AmyL Kx? 1
L. AIDS †K NvZK e¨vwa ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxcK-1 G msNwUZ cÖwµqvq F1 I F2 Dw™¢‡` Kxiƒc
3n
P djvdj NU‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. cÖRvwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z cÖwZwbqZ msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq
wPÎ : ‘M’ wPÎ : ‘N’ DÏxcK 2-Gi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki| 4
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1  wg. Avbvm B‡jKUªb AYyexÿY h‡š¿ GKwU Dw™¢`‡Kvl ch©‡eÿY K. wØwb‡lK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Ki‡Qb| Gi †Kvl A½vYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `yBwU Zvi we‡kl L. cicivMvq‡b bZzb ˆewP‡Î¨i m„wó nq †Kb? 2
g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡jv| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_g †Kvl A½vYywU M. wPÎ : 1 Gi Dcv`vbwUi DrcwË Kxfv‡e N‡U? e¨vL¨v
†µv‡gv‡Rvg enbKvix| Avi wØZxq A½vYywU meyR i‡Oi| Ki| 3
K. Avw`‡Kvl Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. M I N Gi wgjb RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb?
L. cys I ¯¿x Rbb‡Kvl Kxfv‡e bZzb Rx‡ei †`n MV‡bi g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
m~Pbv K‡i? 2 6  ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wbwl³Ki‡Yi c‡i K‡qKwU avivevwnK
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g †Kvl A½vYywUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wdUvm MwVZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU we‡kl
N. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq A½vYywU c„w_exi mg¯Í Rxe‡K euvwP‡q
A½ åƒY I gvZ…Rivqy wUmy¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i|
ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. ni‡gvb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
L. GBWm AvµvšÍ †ivMxi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv bó n‡q
wUmy¨
hvq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ avivevwnK cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(i) ms‡KvPb-cÖmviYkxj, (ii) DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i Ges N. 僇Yi myôz weKv‡k DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡kl A½wUi
miæ, j¤^v I Zš‘gq cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i|
f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. A½ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
7  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
L. Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ Kxfv‡e eskci¤úivq evwnZ nq? 2
M. (i) bs wUmy¨i cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. †`‡ni mwµqZvq (ii) bs wUmy¨i f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
3  mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv‡K `ywU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv nq| Gi cÖ_g
ch©v‡q ATP ˆZwi nq Ges Aci ch©v‡q CO2 weRvwiZ nq|
K. RwUj wUmy¨ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. ZvcgvÎv Kxfv‡e mv‡jvKms‡kølY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i? 2 wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g ch©vqwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. eskMwZwe`¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1
N. DÏxc‡Ki †kl ch©v‡qi mswkøó M¨vm weRvi‡Yi `yBwU L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZwfwË ejv nq †Kb? 2
MwZc‡_i Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. wPÎ : 1 Gi Dcv`vbwUi Abywjcb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
4  Rx‡ei kw³ Drcbœ nIqvi cÖwµqvwU wKQy Rx‡e Aw·‡R‡bi
N. wPÎ : 1 I wPÎ : 2 Gi Dcv`vb `ywUi wfbœZv we‡kølY
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ges wKQy Rx‡e Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U|
Ki| 4
Gi g‡a¨ Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z NUv cÖwµqvwU PviwU av‡c
m¤úbœ nq| 8  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
K. wjD‡Kvcøv÷ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Tt  Tt P
Q X Y
L. †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Kxfv‡e Aw·‡Rb cwienb K‡i? 2 T t T t 
M. DÏxc‡Ki PviwU av‡ci †kl `yBwU avc †h †Kvl
X XX XY
A½vYy‡Z N‡U Zvi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Rx‡ei Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4 X XX XY
5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2
K. cÖKiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. ga¨ Av‡gwiKvq †Kv‡qj cvwL wejyß n‡q hvIqvi KviY
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M M. wPÎ : 1 Gi Av‡jv‡K gUikuywU MvQ wb‡q †g‡Û‡ji
N ZË¡wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. gvby‡li wj½ wba©vi‡Y P I Q Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU f‚wgKv
wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2 iv‡L? wPÎ : 2 Gi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
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1  Dw™¢` †Kvlxq GKwU A½vYy †mŠikw³‡K ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z 5  dzj M N dj I exR Dw™¢`
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wbR †`‡n mÂq K‡i iv‡L| Aci GKwU A½vYy K. cy®ú gÄwi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
GB mwÂZ kw³‡K MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i mKj ˆRweK L. cvwb-civMx dz‡ji Awf‡hvRwbK ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i| M. N cÖwµqvwUi djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. A¨v‡ibKvBgv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. DÏxc‡Ki M cÖwµqvwU bv _vK‡j RxeRM‡Z Kx cÖfve
L. Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †Kv‡li cÖavb cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
co‡e e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? hyw³mnKv‡i gZvgZ `vI| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g A½vYywUi MVb mwPÎ eY©bv Ki| 3
N. Dw™¢`‡Kv‡l D³ A½vYy `ywUi Abycw¯’wZ cwi‡e‡k Kx 6  R‡š§i cÖ_g eQ‡iB myg‡bi RwUj i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|
wech©q NUv‡Z cv‡i? †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki| 4 Wv³vi †ivMwU‡K eskMZ †ivM wn‡m‡e kbv³ K‡ib|
2  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki Ab¨w`‡K we‡`k †_‡K †diZ Avmvi ci myg‡bi evevi GK
gv‡miI AwaK mgq a‡i R¡i, cvZjv cvqLvbv I ïK‡bv Kvwk
n‡”Q| Wv³vi †ivMxi i³ cixÿv K‡i Zv‡K ej‡jb, GwU
fvBivmRwbZ, Awbivgq‡hvM¨ †ivM|
K. ewntwb‡lK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. dz‡ji Z…Zxq ¯Íe‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q M. myg‡bi †ÿ‡Î †ivMwUi Dck‡gi Rb¨ KiYxq Kx? e¨vL¨v
K. jwmKv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Ki| 3
L. ÷ª¨vwUdvBW AveiYx wUmy¨‡K UªvbwRkbvj AveiYx wUmy¨ N. myg‡bi evevi nIqv Ggb RwUj †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡iva
ejv nq †Kb? 2 †KejgvÎ m‡PZbZvi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e †hŠw³K we‡kølY
M. DÏxc‡Ki ‘P’ cÖvwY‡`‡ni Af¨šÍixY A½vw`i mÂvj‡b Ki| 4
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
N. D”PZi cÖvYx‡Z ‘Q’ _vKvi Kvi‡YB gw¯Í‡®‹i I kix‡ii
wewfbœ A‡½i mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i hyw³ `vI| 4
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
O2 CO2 B ch©vq
m~h© A ch©vq C6H12O6

H2O

wPÎ : R
K. ATP Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. Awf‡hvRb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi Kxfv‡e †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ m„wói mv‡_
L. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
m¤úwK©Z? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi A-ch©vq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. R wP‡Îi Dcv`vbwUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. D³ cÖwµqvwU bv NU‡j RxeRM‡Z Kx cÖfve co‡e? N. R wP‡Îi Dcv`vbwUi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e b¨vqwePvi cÖvwß
†Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki| 4 wbwðZ Kiv hvq? we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  iæbv e¨vWwg›Ub †Lj‡Z wM‡q †ek K¬všÍ †eva K‡i| Zvi evev 8  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki
Zv‡K GK Møvm kieZ †L‡Z w`‡jb Ges †m Zv‡Z kw³ wd‡i tt
TT XY XX
†cj I ¯^w¯Í‡eva Kij| iæbv evev‡K wR‡Ám Kij, GB kw³
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MvQ †Qvjv MvQ wPÎ-ii
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M. A †_‡K C As‡k cvwbi Av‡ivnY cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†KvbwU‡Z AwaK kw³ e¨q nq? Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY
N. Dw™¢‡` B cÖwµqvwUi DcKvix Ges AcKvix `yB f‚wgKvB
Ki| 4
i‡q‡Q  we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
7  wZb eÜyi g‡a¨ iwb `ye©j kixi wb‡q K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i| Pvi
mßvn a‡i iwbi LykLy‡k Kvwk Ges weKv‡ji w`‡K Aí R¡i
Av‡m| dwi` dz‡ji evMv‡b A‡bK dzj †`‡L Lywk‡Z wewfbœ
B
dz‡ji NªvY †bq| evmvq Avmvi ci nVvr k¦vmKó †e‡o hvq
C Ges GK ch©v‡q ey‡Ki wfZi muvB muvB AvIqvR nq| Rwb
RvnvR fv½v wk‡í KvR K‡i| d‡j `xN©w`b a‡i Zvi Kvwk
K. wfjvB Kx? 1 Ges Mjvi ¯^i †f‡½ †M‡Q|
L. K¨vÝvi m„wó nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. Wv‡ei cvwb‡Z †Kvb dvB‡Uvni‡gvb _v‡K? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki B wPwýZ As‡k Lv`¨ cwicvKwµqv e¨vL¨v L. cv‡qm †Kvb ai‡bi Avwgl? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Ki| 3 M. iwbi AvµvšÍ †iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. C GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wgkÖMÖwš’ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. dwi` I Rwbi g‡a¨ †K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †ivM †_‡K gyw³
4  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4
2n 8  wb‡KvwUb RvZxq e¯‘ †me‡b gvby‡li ¯œvqyZ‡š¿ we‡kl K‡i
2n gw¯Í®‹ mivmwi ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| ¯œvqy‡Kvl Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv nvivq|
n n
K. K¨vjwi Kx? 1
2n 2n
n n n n L. D”P i³Pvc †Kb nq? 2
wPò-1
wPò-2 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A‡½i MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. AvKl©Y Zš‘ Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †KvlwU Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv nviv‡j Kx
L. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K kw³Ni ejv nq †Kb? 2 ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó n‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 97

g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI

kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb
37 exi‡kÖô gyÝx Avãyi iDd cvewjK K‡jR, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 3 8
mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wb‡l‡Ki KZ mßv‡ni g‡a¨ Agiv MwVZ nq? 9. n‡÷vwiqv bvgK †PvlK A½ †Kvb Dw™¢‡` 16. weGgAvB gvb`‡Ð mvjgv †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Qb?
K 8 mßvn L 10 mßvn _v‡K? K my¯^v‡¯’¨i Av`k© gvb
M 12 mßvn N 20 mßvn K †PvlK L ¯^Y©jZv L †gvUv nIqvi 1g ¯Íi
2. cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K †KvbwU? M ˆkevj N QÎvK M †gvUv nIqvi 2q ¯Íi
K QvMj L e¨vO 10. wmwjqvhy ³ Gwc‡_wjqvj wUmy ¨ †Kv_vq _v‡K? N AwZwi³ †gvUvZ¡
M wkqvj N e¨vK‡Uwiqv K †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i k¦vmbvwji cÖvPx‡i 17. dz‡ji Kzuwoi Rš§ e¨vnZ nq wK‡mi Afv‡e?
K †evib L g¨vM‡bwmqvg
3. f‚ga¨mvMixq GjvKvq †Kvb †iv‡M AvµvšÍ L nvBWªvi G‡ÛvWv‡g©
M †jŠn N cUvwmqvg
†ivMxi msL¨v †ewk? M †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i A‡¯¿
18. D‡ovRvnvR I i‡KU Pvjv‡Z wZwg gv‡Qi
K -_¨vjv‡mwgqv L -_¨vjv‡mwgqv N †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i Z¡‡K
†Z‡ji weKí wn‡m‡e †Kvb MvQ n‡Z cÖvß
M -_¨vjv‡mwgqv N -_¨vjv‡mwgqv 11. wb‡Pi wP‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ †Zj e¨envi Kiv hvq?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 4 I 5 bs K m~h©gyLx L †Rv‡Rvev
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M cvg N Awjf
gBb GKRb eY©vÜ| †m ¯^vfvweK 19. GK ai‡bi i³KwYKv †hwU AvKvi
`„wóm¤úbœ wjRv‡K we‡q K‡i| GKeQi e`jv‡Z cv‡i †mwU
c‡i Zv‡`i mšÍvb nq| i. jvj Aw¯’g¾vq Drcbœ nq
4. eY©vÜZvi wRbwUi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq? ii. ÿYc` m„wó nq
i. †µv‡gv‡Rvg me©vwaK Lv‡Uv I †gvU nq
K A‡Uv‡mvg iii. Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb enb K‡i bv
ii. wbDwK¬Ijvm m¤ú~Y© wejyß nq
L †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evû `ywU †giægyLx nq
K i I ii L ii I iii
M wbDwK¬qv‡m wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M i I iii N i, ii I iii
N gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq K i I ii L i I iii
20. ga¨”Q`v msKzwPZ n‡j
5. gBb I wjRvi eskai‡`i g‡a¨ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. Dc‡ii w`‡K I‡V
i. cÖ_g eska‡i mevB `„w÷ m¤úbœ n‡e 12. n¨vcø‡qW Rx‡e wg‡qvwmm N‡U †Kv_vq? ii. wb‡Pi w`‡K bv‡g
ii. cÖ_g eska‡i cyÎ eY©vÜ n‡e K RvB‡Mv‡U L †`n‡Kv‡l iii. eÿMnŸ‡ii AvqZb e„w× cvq
iii. wØZxq eska‡ii GKRb eY©vÜ cyÎ M Rbb‡Kv‡l N Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡l wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
n‡e 13. µem P‡µ Drcbœ nq K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. 4 AYy CO2 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii ii. 2 AYy ATP 21. h²v †ivMwU †Kvb RxevYyi Kvi‡Y nq?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. 6 AYy NADH + H+ K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L QÎvK
6. gvi¸wjm KZ mv‡j ûBU‡UKv‡ii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M fvBivm N †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv
†kÖwYweb¨vm‡K we¯ÍvwiZ iƒc †`b? K i I ii L ii I iii 22. ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi e„‡° †ibvj wcivwgW †`Lv
K 1961 L 1969 M i I iii N i, ii I iii hvq †Kvb As‡k?
14. Pµ Avwe®‹v ‡ii Rb¨ KZ mv‡j K †cjwf‡m L nvBjv‡m
M 1974 N 1975 C 3

K¨vjwfb †bv‡ej cy i ®‹v i cvb? M †gWzjv‡Z N K‡U©‡·

7. The Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection eBwU KZ mv‡j K 1961 L 1905
23. cÖ w ZwU †ibvj wUDey ¨ j KqwU As‡k wef³?
K 2wU L 3wU
cÖKvwkZ nq? M 1966 N 1965
M 4wU N 5wU
K 1858 L 1859  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 15 I 16 bs 24. nv‡Zi KbyB †Kvb ai‡bi Aw¯’ mwÜ?
M 1860 N 1861 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K wbðj Aw¯’mwÜ L Clr mPj Aw¯’mwÜ
8. †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY K‡i 35 eQi eq¯‹v mvjgvi D”PZv 120 †m.wg M ej I †KvUvi mwÜ N KeRv mwÜ
K †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg I †µv‡gv‡Rvg Ges IRb 55 †KwR| 25. †gWzjv AejsMvUv †_‡K KZ †Rvov
L †µv‡gv‡Rvg I jvB‡mv‡Rvg 15. mvjgvi weGgAvi gvb KZ? K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy Drcbœ nq?
M jvB‡mv‡Rvg I ivB‡ev‡Rvg K 1181.50 L 1234.50 K 4 †Rvov L 8 †Rvov
N ivB‡ev‡Rvg I G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg M 1281.50 N 1563.50 M 9 †Rvov N 10 †Rvov

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 K 3 L 4 L 5 L 6 M 7 L 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 N 12 K 13 M
14 K 15 L 16 K 17 K 18 L 19 L 20 M 21 K 22 M 23 L 24 N 25 L
 98 SSC RxeweÁvb

38 gwbcyi D”P we`¨vjq I K‡jR, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 8. †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g kZKiv KZ fvM cvwb? 16. cvZvq Lv`¨ Rgv iv‡L †Kvb Dw™¢`?
A K 60 L 70 K wgwó Avjy L †Mvj Avjy
M 80 N 90 M N„ZKzgvix N AvgMvQ
B 9. i³RgvU euva‡Z †Kvb wfUvwgb I Avqb 17. wUDwbKv B›Uvibv Kx w`‡q ˆZwi?
RwoZ _v‡K? K Zš‘gq †hvRK Kjv
1. wP‡Îi-B A½vYyi KvR †KvbwU? K A I Na L K I Ca L A‰bw”QK †cwk
K RxevYy aŸsm Kiv M C I Mg N D I Fe M ¯œvqy Kjv
L kw³ Drcv`b Kiv  DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 10 I 11bs cÖ‡kœi N mij AveiYx Kjv
M d¬v‡Rjv m„wó Kiv DËi `vI : 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi DcRvZ
N Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿Y Kiv `ª e ¨?
2. †KvbwU mwµq bv _vKvq wbDib wefvR‡b B K Kve©b WvBA·vBW
Aÿg? L GwUwc
A
M Møy‡KvR
K jvB‡mv‡Rvg L MjwRewW
D C N Aw·‡Rb
M †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ N †mw›UªIj
19. K¨v‡jvR cÖfvweZ K‡i †KvbwU‡K?
3. ATP AYyi cÖvšÍxq dm‡dU MÖæ‡c KZ 10. wP‡Î-B Gi i‡³ †KvbwU _v‡K?
K cvwb PjvPj
wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ Rgv _v‡K? K Kve©b WvBA·vBW
L Kve©b WvBA·vBW cÖ‡ek
K 5.6 L 6.86 L Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb
M Lv`¨ PjvPj
M 7.3 N 30.55 M Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW
N Aw·‡Rb wbM©gb
4. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY nq? N †mvwWqvg A·vBW
20. mvB‡UvKvB‡bwm‡mi c‡i †KvbwU N‡U?
K A¨vwgev L nvBWªv 11. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi Kvh©µg Abyhvqx K †cÖv‡dR L B›Uvi‡dR
M B÷ N WvqvUg i. D †_‡K i³ dzmdz‡m P‡j hvq
M †gUv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi ii. A †Z i³ dzmdzm †_‡K Av‡m
21. dzmdz‡mi AveiYwU‡K ejv nq
DËi `vI : iii. C †_‡K i³ mviv †`‡n Qwo‡q hvq
K †cwiKvwW©qvg L cøyiv
Wvt Av‡e` evsjv‡`‡ki DËi A‡j wM‡q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M †cwi‡Uvwbqvg N A¨vjwfIjvm
K i I ii L i I iii
Ggb wKQy †ivMvµvšÍ gvbyl jÿ Ki‡jb, 22. RxweZ Aw¯’‡Kv‡l kZKiv KZ fvM A‰Re
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
hv‡`i Mjv dzjv| c`v_© _v‡K?
12. †Kvb Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© K 40 L 60
5. Wv: Av‡e‡`i †`Lv †ivMwU wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
wb®‹vwkZ nq? M 80 N 90
K nvU© A¨vUvK
K cwicvK L †iPb 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU c÷z‡j‡UW ni‡gvb?
L A¨vwbwgqv
M ¯œvqy N k¦mb K wR‡e‡iwib
M MqUvi
13. †Kvb Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y ÿvixq g~Î ˆZwi nq? L mvB‡UvKvBwjb
N †ccwUK Avjmvi
K wWg M Bw_wjb
6. D³ †ivMwU-
L gïi Wvj N fvb©vwjb
i. †mvwWqv‡gi Afv‡e nq
M wPbvev`vg 24. ciRxex I g„ZRxex Lv`¨wkKj me mgqB
ii. cve©Z¨ A‡j †`Lv hvq
N dzjKwc Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU Abycw¯’wZi
iii. _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i †ivM 14. cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ we‡kl ai‡bi Kvi‡Y?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? weUc n‡jv †KvbwU? K Drcv`K L e¨vK‡Uwiqv
K i I ii L i I iii K dzj L cvZv M QÎvK N Rycø¨vsKUb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M KvÐ N dj 25. ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR kãwU cÖeZ©b K‡ib †K?
7. †Kvb Lv`¨wU †`‡ni e„w× mvab Ges 15. †KvbwU‡Z cÖRvwZi weï×Zv bó nIqvi K Pvj©m WviDBb
ÿqc~iY K‡i? m¤¢vebv _v‡K? L ievU©ûK
K Mg L ïUwK K mwilv L †cu‡c M Kvj© G‡iwK
M d‡ji im N Pwe© M Kzgov N ayZziv N †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 N 3 M 4 N 5 M 6 M 7 L 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 N 12 L 13 N
14 K 15 L 16 M 17 N 18 N 19 M 20 L 21 L 22 L 23 N 24 K 25 M
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 99

39 avbgwÛ Mf. e‡qR nvB ¯‹zj, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. ivR¨ dvbRvB I ivR¨ cøvbwU Gi mv`„k¨ 9. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi evwn¨K cÖfveK †KvbwU?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 17 I 18 bs
n‡jv K cvZvi AvqZb cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. †¯úvi w`‡q esk e„w× K‡i L c‡Îi msL¨v
ii. wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ M Av‡cwÿK Av`ª©Zv
iii. †Kv‡l †Kvl cÖvPxi Dcw¯’Z N LwbR c`v_©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 10. d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq †ivMRxevYy
K i I ii L i I iii aŸsm K‡i
17. wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv mwÜwUi bvg Kx?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. g‡bvmvBU
K ej I †KvUi mwÜ
2. †cÖvwUb ms‡kølx A½vYy¸‡jv n‡jv ii. wbD‡Uªvwdj
L Kâv I Aw¯’ mwÜ
K †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg I †µv‡gv‡Rvg iii. †e‡mvwdj
M Aw¯’ I †UbWb
L wbDwK¬Ijvm I jvB‡mv‡Rvg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N ej I Kwâ
K i I ii L i I iii
M ivB‡ev‡Rvg I G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv 18. wPÎwUi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N jvB‡mv‡Rvg I ivB‡ev‡Rvg i. mn‡R bovPov Kiv‡bv hvq
3. cvZvi †Kvb Ask m~h©iwk¥‡K Ave× K‡i 11. wjD‡Kvwgqv n‡j †KvbwU A¯^vfvweK gvÎvq ii. mKj w`‡K bvov‡bv m¤¢eci nq
Drcbœ nq?
ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i? iii. big I w¯’wZ¯’vcK
K †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv
K MÖvbv L g¨vwUª· wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L †k¦Z i³ KwYKv
M †÷ªvgv j¨v‡gjvg N AvšÍt¯Íi K i I ii L i I iii
M AYyPwµKv
4. GK‡Kvlx Rxe n‡jv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N jwmKv
i. e¨vK‡Uwiqv 19. †Kvb ni‡gvb me©cÖ_g QÎvK †_‡K wb®‹vkb
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 12 I 13 bs Kiv nq?
ii. A¨vwgev
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K Aw·b L wR‡e‡iwjb
iii. cøvR‡gvwWqvg
mv¾v` k¦vmbvwji wSwjøMv‡Îi cÖ`vnRwbZ M mB‡UvKvBwbb N Bw_wjb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡j 20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU eµPjb?
K i I ii L i I iii
Wv³vi ej‡jb, G †iv‡Mi jÿY¸‡jv K QÎv‡Ki Pjb L d‡UvUªwcK Pjb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
n‡jv, aygcvb, A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek `~lY| M ˆkev‡ji Pjb N Volvox-Gi Pjb
5. cvZvi †g‡mvwdj wUmy¨i †Kv‡li A¤øZ¡ 12. †ivMwUi bvg Kx?
†e‡o hvq †KvbwU? 21. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †kl ch©v‡qi åƒY‡K Kx
K eªsKvBwUm L nuvcvwb ejv nq?
K CO2 Gi gvÎv Lye †ewk †e‡o †M‡j
M hÿv N K¨vÝvi K Agiv L Mf©dzj
L CO2 Gi gvÎv Lye †ewk K‡g †M‡j
13. †ivMwUi jÿY n‡jv M RvB‡MvU N eøv‡÷vwm÷
M Lye †ewk †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
i. Kvwk, ey‡K e¨_v, k¦vmKó 22. DNA-Gi evB‡ii `øwU Kx Øviv MwVZ nq?
N GbRvB‡gi †ewk NvUwZ _vK‡j
ii. k³ Lvevi †L‡Z cv‡i bv K myMvi I dm‡dU L wbDwK¬K GwmW
6. k¦mb cÖwµqvq Zvc wbM©g‡Yi cixÿYwU iii. mvaviYZ R¡i _v‡K bv M ivB‡evR myMvi N dm‡dU
m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 23. K‡gb‡mwjRg AšÍf³ z© Rxe †KvbwU?
wn‡m‡e e¨en„Z nq †KvbwU? Ki L i I ii K QÎvK L wkg
K 5% mvjwdDwiK GwmW `ªeY M i I iii N i, ii I iii M ¯^Y©jZv N †ivwnbx
L 10% gviwdDwiK GwmW `ªeY 14. nvBjv‡gi wfZi †_‡K Kx †ei nq? 24. †jU eøvBU ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g †KvbwU bZzb
M 10% B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj `ªeY K †gWzjv L K‡U©· RvZ D™¢ve‡bi M‡elYv Pj‡Q?
N 10% wf‡bMvi M BD‡iUvi N †bd«b K avb L Kvc©
7. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb DcKiY †KvbwU? 15. AvKw¯§K e„° weKj nIqvi KviY Kx? M U‡g‡Uv N †MvjAvjy
K Ca I Fe L Mg I N K gvivZ¥K Wvqwiqv L Avgvkq 25. AvMvQvbvkK mwnòzRvZ n‡jv
M Fe I K N Na I Mg M D”P i³Pvc N A¨v‡cwÛmvBwUm i. mqvweb
8. Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`¨ †KvbwU _v‡K bv? 16. DiæmwÜ †Kvb ai‡bi mwÜ? ii. Zzjv
K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb K Clr mPj Aw¯’ mwÜ iii. K¨v‡bvjv
L Aw·‡Rb L wbðj Aw¯’ mwÜ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M ej I †KvUi mwÜ K i I ii L ii I iii
N Kve©b WvBA·vBW N Kâv mwÜ M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 M 3 K 4 N 5 K 6 L 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 K 11 L 12 K 13 L
14 M 15 K 16 M 17 K 18 K 19 L 20 L 21 N 22 K 23 N 24 N 25 N
 100 SSC RxeweÁvb

40 gwZwSj miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wUDwbKv B›Uvibv Kx w`‡q ˆZwi? 10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY nq? 19. Lv`¨ cwicvK n‡q †Kv_vq †kvwlZ nq?
K Zš‘gq †hvRK Kjv K A¨vwgev L nvBWªv K cvK¯’jx‡Z L A‡š¿i Mv‡Î
L A‰bw”QK †cwk M B÷ N WvqvUg M agwbi Mv‡Î N hK…‡Z
M ¯œvqyKjv 11. †KvbwU‡K †÷vb‡mj ejv nq? 20. wdeyjv †Kv_vq _v‡K?
N mij AveiYx Kjv K ev÷ dvBevi K cv‡q L nv‡Z
2. ayZziv dz‡ji Z…Zxq ¯ÍeK †KvbwU? L †¯‹¬ivBW M †giæ`‡Ð N K‡ivwU‡Z
K Androecium L Thalamus M mv‡d©m dvBevi 21. †KvbwU‡Z j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi dv‡g©‡›Ukb
M Gynoecium N Calyx N KvôZš‘
nq?
3. KZ mßvn c‡i gvbe åƒY‡K wdUvm e‡j? 12. †KvbwU me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’?
K cvDiæwU L `B
K8 L6 K AMœ¨vkq L jvjvMÖwš’
M wgwó N we¯‹zU
M5 N4 M hK…Z N M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’
22. _vBiw·b ni‡gvb
4. †KvbwU AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’Z‡š¿i Ask? 13. gvby‡li KZwU †clY `uvZ _v‡K?
i. ˆ`wnK e„w× NUvq
K hK…Z L c¨viv_vBi‡qW K2 L4
ii. Mjvi ¯^i cwieZ©b K‡i
M UªvwKqv N BDwib M6 N8
iii. wecv‡K mnvqZv K‡i
5. gv‡qvdvBweªj _v‡K 14. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †Kvl cÖvPxi Kx Øviv MwVZ?
K †cÖvwUb I wjMwbb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. Hw”QK †cwk‡Z
L †cÖvwUb I wjwcW K i I ii L i I iii
ii. A‰bw”QK †cwk‡Z
M KvBwUb I my‡ewib M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. n„`‡cwk‡Z
N Pwe© I MøvB‡Kv‡Rb 23. e¨w³ we‡kl wPswo †L‡j †Kvb †ivMwU n‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
15. †Kvb MÖæ‡ci i‡³ †Kvb Gw›UewW †bB? cv‡i?
K i I ii L i I iii
KA LB K A¨vRgv L eªsKvBwUm
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
MO N AB M wbD‡gvwbqv N h²v
6. †Kvb `uvZ Lvevi UzKiv K‡i? 16.
K Incisor L Canine
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 24 I 25 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M Premolar N Molar `vI :
7. ivZKvbv †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡iv‡a AwaK cwigvY wkgMv‡Qi wkK‡o Rhizobium emevm
†L‡Z nq K‡i|
i. MvRi 24. DÏxc‡K wkg Mv‡Qi wkK‡o emevmKvix
ii. cvKv Avg
wP‡Îi RxewUi bvg Kx? AYyRxewU Kx ai‡bi?
K Penicillium L Spirogyra
iii. gjv gvQ K fvBivm L e¨vK‡Uwiqv
M Apis N Nostoc
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M QÎvK N †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv
17. †jw›U‡mj †Kv_vq _v‡K?
K i I ii L i I iii K cvZvq L g~‡j 25. cÖ`Ë Z_¨ †_‡K ejv hvq
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Kv‡Ði evK‡j N dz‡j i. GwU K‡gb‡mwjRg
8. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? 18. Dw™¢‡`i gvB‡µv Dcv`vb n‡jv ii. wkg MvQ Ab¨ RxewU‡Z Lv`¨ mieivn
K Mg I N L Fe I N i. Kcvi K‡i
M KI N N Cl I N ii. †evib iii. Ab¨ RxewU evqygЇj N2 wkgMv‡Qi
9. cÖ”Qbœ wRb F2 eska‡i KZ fvM Rx‡e iii. Kve©b wkK‡o Rgv K‡i
cÖKvk cvq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K GK-PZz_©vsk L GK-Z…Zxqvsk K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
M Aa©vsk N m¤ú~Y© M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 K 3 K 4 L 5 N 6 K 7 N 8 K 9 K 10 N 11 L 12 M 13 N
14 L 15 N 16 N 17 M 18 K 19 L 20 K 21 L 22 L 23 K 24 L 25 L
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 101

41 b¨vkbvj AvBwWqvj ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, wLjMuvI, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. ZiæYvwš’i  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki 9 I 10 bs cÖ‡kœi 14. †KvbwU 2q ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
i. gvZ…Kv KwÛªb Øviv MwVZ DËi `vI : K CMj L mvc
ii. †Kvl‡K Aw÷Ieøv÷ e‡j M dwos N e¨vO
iii. AveiYx‡K †cwiKwÛªqvg e‡j 15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †_‡K †ncvUvBwUm we
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? fvBiv‡mi wUKv ˆZwi nq?
K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L cøvR‡gvwWqvg
K i I ii L i I iii
M fvBivm N B÷
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
16. †giæi¾xq ¯œvqy¸‡jv †Kvb cÖK…wZi?
2. nv‡o kZKiv KZ fvM cvwb _v‡K?
9. Dc‡ii wPÎwU gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi K ms‡e`x L AvÁvevnx
K 20 – 30 L 30 – 40
M 40 – 50 N 50 – 60
†Kvb ch© v ‡qi? M wgkÖ N †gvUi I wgkÖ
3. dwjZ RxeweÁv‡bi kvLv †KvbwU? K †cÖ v ‡dR L †g‡Uv‡dR 17. †KvbwU w`b wbi‡cÿ Dw™¢ `?
K wn‡÷vjwR L åƒYwe`¨v M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR K P›`ª g wjø
K v L wSOv
10. Dc‡ii wP‡Î †`Lv hvq M Wvwjqv N kmv
M ev¯‘we`¨v N KxUZË¡
4. wØkK©ivi Drm †KvbwU? i. †mw›Uªwgqvi `yBfv‡M wef³ nq 18. †Kvb Lv‡`¨ eû AYy w ewkó Møy‡KvR i‡q‡Q?
ii. weKl©Y kw³ n«vm cvq K gay L `y a
K wPwb I Avjy
M wPwb N Avjy
L wPwb I `ya iii. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. KvV `xN©w`b cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡j dz‡j
M `ya I gay
K i I ii L i I iii
IVvi KviY
N AvUv I wPwb
K BgevBwekb L e¨vcb
5. hK…Z i‡mi Dcv`vb n‡jv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M AwfmÖeY N †kvlY
i. cvwb 11. KZ wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv k¦mb wµqvi
20. †KvbwU gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’?
ii. †Kv‡j‡÷ij Rb¨ DËg?
K AMœ¨vkq L jvjvMÖwš’
iii. wcËjeY K 20  45 L 22  45
M hK…Z N M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’
M 25  45 N 30  45
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 21. agwbi cÖvPxi Kq ¯Íi wewkó?
 myg‡bi eqm 3 eQi| Zvi ¯^vfvweK e„w×
K i I ii L i I iii K GK L `yB
n‡”Q bv| †m wVKgZ nuvUv I Pjv‡div
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M wZb N Pvi
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Zvi nvZ I cv‡qi nvo
6. bvwe‡ji ˆ`wnK IRb 40 †KwR I D”PZv 22. †jU eøvBU ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g †KvbwU bZzb
mvgvb¨ euvKv †`Lv hvq|
150 †m. wg.| bvwe‡ji BMI gvb KZ? RvZ D™¢ve‡bi M‡elYv Pj‡Q?
K 15.50 L 16.50 12. mygb Kx †iv‡M fzM‡Q? K avb L Kvc©
M 17.01 N 17.77 K †KvqviwkqiKi M U‡g‡Uv N †MvjAvjy
7. bvwe‡ji cÖ‡qvRb L wK‡Uvwmm 23. wK‡Uv GwmW KZ Kve©bwewkó †hŠM?
i. †ewk Avwgl MÖnY M wi‡KUm K2 L3
ii. e¨vqvg Kiv N g¨vivmgvm M4 N6
13. †hme Lv‡`¨i Afv‡e myg‡bi GB †ivM 24. Larynx Gi Ae¯’v b †Kv_vq?
iii. ˆ`wnK IRb evov‡bv
K bvmvc‡_
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv
L Mjwe‡ji wb‡P
K i I ii L i I iii i. wWg I `ya
M Mjwe‡ji Dc‡i
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. KWwjWvi †Zj, nv½‡ii †Zj
N Lv`¨vbvwji mvg‡b
8. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ †Kvb we`¨v iii. gvQ, gvsm
25. wmD‡Wv ÷ªvwUdvBW AveiYx wUmy¨ †Kv_vq
Rx‡ei m¤úK© welqK weÁvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †`Lv hvq?
K eb¨cÖvYx L ev¯‘we`¨v K i I ii L i I iii K †iPbZš¿ L cwicvKZš¿
M K…wl weÁvb N KxUZË¡ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ¯œvqyZš¿ N k¦mbZš¿

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 M 3 N 4 L 5 N 6 N 7 L 8 L 9 M 10 L 11 K 12 M 13 K
14 N 15 N 16 M 17 N 18 N 19 K 20 M 21 M 22 N 23 N 24 L 25 N
 102 SSC RxeweÁvb

42 DËiv nvB ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, XvKv welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLv †KvbwU? 10. ivB‡Rvweqvg e¨vK‡Uwiqv I wkgRvZxq 18. widv‡Zi i‡³ MÖæc 'O'| †m wb‡Pi †Kvb
K åƒYwe`¨v L ev¯‘we`¨v Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK©wU n‡jv MÖæ‡ci i³ wb‡Z cvi‡e?
M wRb cÖhyw³ N Rxef‚‡Mvj K K‡gbwmwjRg L cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KA LB
2. Kv‡bi wcbvi gvZ…Kvq i‡q‡Q †KvbwU? M wgDPzqvwjRg N A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm M AB NO
K Aw÷Ieøv÷ L KwÛªb 11. wbDwK¬Ijv‡mi m¤ú~Y© wejywß N‡U †Kvb  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 19 I 20 bs cÖ‡kœi
M †cwi‡UwÛªqvg N †UbWb av‡c? DËi `vI :
3. †KvbwU eskMwZi cÖavb Dcv`vb? K †cÖv‡dR L A¨vbv‡dR jvj Rev mv`v Rev
K †µv‡gv‡Rvg L †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg M †cÖv-†gUv‡dR N †gUv‡dR
R, R r, r
M jvB‡mv‡Rvg N wbDwK¬Ijvm  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 12 I 13 bs cÖ‡kœi
4. †Kvb Dw™¢‡`i weUv K¨v‡ivwUb wRb ¯’vbvšÍi DËi `vI :
n‡q‡Q? wiqv‡Ri evev eûgyÎ †ivMx| wPwKrmK
F1
K U‡g‡Uv L fzÆv Zv‡K wbqwgZ Bbmywjb MÖn‡Yi civgk© Õ¼-civMvqb
M avb N Avjy w`‡jb| F2
5. mylg Lv‡`¨i ˆewkó¨ n‡jv 12. wiqv‡Ri evevi †ivMwU †Kvb ai‡bi? 19. F1 †Rbv‡ik‡bi mKj Rev Kx e‡Y©i n‡e?
i. GwU mnR cvP¨ K UvBc 1 L UvBc 2 K jvj L mv`v
ii. cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb I LwbR jeY Av‡Q M UvBc 3 N UvBc 4 M njy ` N †Mvjvwc
iii. G‡Z dvBevi †bB 13. wiqv‡Ri evevi †iv‡Mi KviY¸‡jv n‡jv 20. F2 †Rbv‡ik‡b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. Ajm Rxeb hvcb i. jvj Rev n‡e 3 fvM
K i I ii L i I iii ii. †Mvjvwc Rev n‡e 2 fvM
ii. cvwb Kgcvb Kiv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. m`v Rev n‡e 1 fvM
iii. Bbmywjb Gi Drcv`b K‡g hvIqv
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
Kwig wgqvi U‡g‡Uv †ÿ‡Î cvZv¸‡jv ax‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ax‡i njy` n‡q hv‡”Q| 14. †k¦Z i³KwYKv †Kvb cÖwµqvq RxevYy aŸsm 21. wb‡l‡Ki KZ mßvn ci Agiv MwVZ nq?
6. Kwi‡gi U‡g‡Uv †ÿ‡Z †Kvb †Kvb Lwb‡Ri K‡i? K 10 L 12
Afve n‡q‡Q? K K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm M 14 N 16
K N, K L P, Ca
L mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm 22. wUmy ¨ KvjPvi c×wZ‡Z e¨en„Z nq?
M N, B N P, Cu
M d¨v‡MvmvB‡UvwUm i. g~ j vsk
7. iwng wgqvi †ÿ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e
N †cwi÷vjwmm ii. civM‡iYy
i. BDwiqv
15. dzmdz‡mi AveiY‡K Kx e‡j? iii. cvk¦©gyKzj
ii. wgD‡iU Ae cUvk
K Wvqvd«vg
iii. wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L cøyiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iii
M †cwiKvwW©qvg
K i I ii L i I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
N †cwiKwÛªqvg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 23. Miæi `y‡a Avwg‡li cwigvY e„wׇZ †Kvb
16. Kâv mwÜ †Kv_vq _v‡K?
8. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †L‡j ÿvixq g~Î ˆZwi nq? wRb ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K ¯‹ÜP‡µ L †giæ`‡Ð
K Av‡cj L KvZjv gvQ K CysE L CysM
M K‡ivwUKvq N nv‡Zi Av½y‡j
M gvsm N wPbvev`vg M ProteinC N CysF
17. AMœ¨vkq i‡m _v‡K 24. †gWzjvq KZwU †ibvj wcivwgW _v‡K?
9. AvZ¥xKiY kw³ n‡jv
i. jvB‡cR
i. NADP K67 L 8  12
ii. ATP ii. A¨vgvB‡jR
iii. NADPH2 iii. gj‡UR M 12  16 N 18  12
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. †KvbwU‡K †÷vb ejv nq?
K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii K †K¬vivBW L UªvwKW
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M †f‡mj N wmfbj

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 L 3 K 4 M 5 K 6 K 7 K 8 K 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 K 13 L
14 M 15 L 16 N 17 K 18 N 19 N 20 M 21 L 22 N 23 M 24 L 25 K
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 103

43 mwdDwÏb miKvi GKv‡Wwg GÛ K‡jR, U½x, MvRxcyi welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. ni‡gvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †KvbwU‡Z? 11. †KvbwU‡K bxie NvZK ejv nq? 20. ÒKv‡Ki evmvq †KvwKj wWg cv‡o Ges
K Endocrinology K nvU© A¨vUvK L evZR¡i Kv‡Ki Øviv wWg †dvUvqÓ †Kvb ai‡bi
L Microbiology M A¨vRgv N D”P i³Pvc
M Entomology AvšÍtwµqv?
N Biotechnology
12. wKWwb WvqvjvBwmm K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv L A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm
i. ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q i³ cwi‡kvab
2. Nostoc †Kvb iv‡R¨i Rxe? M K‡gb‡mwjRg N †kvlY
K Plante L Fungi ii. ¯^íe¨‡q m¤úbœ Kiv hvq
21. wgDPzqvwjR‡g mn‡hvMx‡`i †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU
M Monera N Protista iii. mgqmv‡cÿ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N‡U?
3. †Kw›`ªKv Abycw¯’Z _v‡K †Kvb †Kv‡l?
Ki L i I ii K GKRb DcK…Z nq
K UªvwKW L m½x‡Kvl
M cwiYZ mxf‡Kvl N †f‡mj M i I iii N i, ii I iii L Df‡qB DcK…Z nq
13. dvB‡eªveøv÷ †Kvl †Kv_vq †`L‡Z cvIqv M Df‡qB ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq
4. c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
i. cvZjv cÖvPxihy³
hvq? N GKRb DcK…Z I Ab¨Rb AcK…Z nq
K †cwiKvwW©qv‡g L †cwi‡UwÛqv‡g 
ii. AvšÍt‡Kvlxi duvK _v‡K
M wjMv‡g‡›U N †UbW‡b Nvmdwos
iii. †÷vb †mj _v‡K
14. gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kvb Ask †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K‡i? meyR Dw™¢` †QvU cvwL mvc CMj
K i I ii L ii I iii
K cbm
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
L †mwieªvg †QvU cvwL
5. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb av‡c w¯úÛjh‡š¿i
M †mwi‡ejvg
m„wó nq? †QvU gvQ
N †gWzjv AejsMvUv
K †cÖv-†gUv‡dR L †gUv‡dR Dc‡ii wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 22 I 23 bs
15. †Wvcvwg‡bi Afv‡e †KvbwU nq?
M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K Wvqv‡ewUm L cviwKbmb
6. AevZ k¦m‡b †KvbwU Drcbœœ nq? M Gwc‡jcwm N cÿvNvZ 22. Dc‡iv³ wP‡Î KqwU Lv`¨k„•Lj Av‡Q?
K C3H4O2 L C2H5OH
16. ex‡Ri myßve¯’vq ˆ`N©¨ Kgv‡Z †Kvb K 1wU L 2wU
M C6H12O6 N H2O
ni‡gvbwU e¨envi nq? M 3wU N 4wU
7. ETS Zš¿ †Kv_vq msNwUZ nq?
K Aw·b L Bw_wjb
K mvB‡UvcøvR‡g 23. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Lv`K
M wR‡e‡iwjb N mvB‡UvKvBwbb
L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z †KvbwU?
M wbDwK¬qv‡m
17. ga¨ gw¯Í‡®‹i KvR n‡jv
K †QvU gvQ L mvc
i. fvimvg¨ iÿv
N MjwR ewW‡Z M Li‡Mvk N Nvmdwos
ii. evKkw³ wbqš¿Y
8. †KvbwUi Afv‡e cvZv †e¸wb is aviY 24. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †_‡K evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb
iii. wewfbœ †cwki Kv‡Ri mgš^q
K‡i? ˆZwi K‡i Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMxi wPwKrmv Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L cUvwkqvg
K i I ii L i I iii nq?
M dmdivm N K¨vjwmqvg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K Pseudomonas L E.coli
9. Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq Kgc‡ÿ KZ fvM 18. KZ N›Uv ci wbwl³ wW¤^vYyi †Kvl wefvRb M Yeast N Hepatitis-B
cÖvwYR Avwgl _vKv `iKvi? ïiæ nq? 25. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis-Gi gva¨‡g
K 25 L 20 K 12 N›Uv L 18 N›Uv i. Dw™¢‡`i e„w× n«vm cvq
M 15 N 10 M 24 N›Uv N 36 N›Uv ii. fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q
10. Wvb Awj›` I Wvb wbj‡qi gv‡Si 19. †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi
iii. †cvKvgvoK cÖwZ‡ivax Dw™¢‡`i RvZ
KcvwUKvi bvg Kx? bvg Kx?
K Aa©P›`ªKvi D™¢veb n‡q‡Q
K _¨vjv‡mwgqv
L evBKvmwcW L Av_ª©vBwUm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M UªvBKvmwcW M Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm K i I ii L i I iii
N Awj›` wbjq N wmb‡R‡bwmqvm M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 M 3 M 4 K 5 K 6 L 7 L 8 M 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 M 13 L
14 M 15 L 16 M 17 L 18 N 19 K 20 N 21 L 22 N 23 K 24 M 25 L
 104 SSC RxeweÁvb

44 dwi`cyi wRjv ¯‹zj welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. k¦mb cÖwµqv Av‡jvwPZ nq †Kvb kvLvq? 9. †KvbwUi wfZi w`‡q O2 hy³ i³ evg 19. DÏxc‡Ki dz‡j civMvq‡bi †ÿ‡Î
K Cytology Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i? i. evn‡Ki Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq
L Histology K gnvagwb L gnvwkiv ii. cÖRvwZi weï×Zv bó nq
M Biochemistry
M dzmdzmxq wkiv N dzmdzmxq agwb iii. civM‡iYyi AcPq N‡U
N Physiology
10. my¯’ gvby‡li n„`¯ú›`‡bi gvb cÖwZwgwb‡U wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2. cvk¦x©q †Rvov K‚‡ci mvnv‡h¨ cvwb PjvPj
KZ? K i I ii L i I iii
K‡i †Kvb †Kv‡l?
K 60  100 L 70  90 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K UªvwKW
M 80  100 N 75  90 20. DNA Gi GKwU wbDwK¬IUvBW eÜbx‡Z
L †f‡mj
11. Epiglottis †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? KZwU Dcv`vb _v‡K?
M RvB‡jg c¨v‡ibKvBgv
K Larynx L Bronchus K 3wU L 4wU
N RvB‡jg dvBevi
M Pharynx N Trachea M 6wU N 10wU
3. AveiYx Kjvi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv 12. Wvb I evg dzmdzm wef³ h_vµ‡g 21. DËi I ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi †Kv‡qj cvwL
i. †Kvl¸‡jv GKwU wfwË c`©vi Dci web¨¯Í K `yB I wZb L‡Ð wejyß nIqvi KviY †KvbwU?
ii. †Kvl¸‡jv Nbmwbœ‡ewkZ L wZb I `yB L‡Ð K cÖKi‡Yi cwieZ©b
iii. gvZ…Kvi cwigvY Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e Kg M wZb I Pvi L‡Ð L AvšÍt cÖRvwZK msMÖvg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N Pvi I wZb L‡Ð M cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ msMÖvg
K i I ii L i I iii 13. †ibvj c¨vwcjv †Kv_vq _v‡K? N AšÍt cÖRvwZK msMÖvg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K K‡U©· L nvBjvm 22.
4. †KvbwU‡Z wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb N‡U? M †gWzjv N †cjwfm gvZv wcZv
K gyKzj L civMavbx 14. wKWwb‡Z cv_i nIqvi KviY Aa Ba a  _¨vjv‡mwgqv wRb
M g~‡ji AMÖfvM N mm¨‡Kv‡l i. AwZwi³ kvixwiK IRb A  my¯’ wRb
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU C3 Dw™¢`? ii. wKWwbi msµgb AB Aa B  my¯’ wRb
Ba aa
K avb L AvL iii. Kg cvwb cvb Kiv GLv‡b
M fzÆv N gy_v Nvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. _¨vjv‡mwgqv AvµvšÍ wkï Pvi fv‡Mi
6. cvZvi †g‡mvwdj wUmy¨i A¤øZ¡ †e‡o hvq K i I ii L i I iii GKfvM
†KvbwUi Kvi‡Y? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. my¯’ wKš‘ evnK wkï Pvi fv‡Mi `yB
K CO2 Gi gvÎv Lye †ewk †e‡o †M‡j 15. Kv‡bi wcbvi gvZ…Kvq i‡q‡Q †KvbwU? fvM
L O2 Gi gvÎv Lye K‡g †M‡j K KwÛªb L Aw÷Ieøv÷ iii. my¯’ wkï Pvi fv‡Mi `yB fvM
M Lye †ewk †K¬v‡ivwdj _vK‡j M †cwiKwÛªqvg N j¨vwKDwb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N GbRvB‡gi NvUwZ ZvK‡j 16. †Kvb ni‡gvb Dw™¢‡`i k¦mb wµqvi nvi K i I ii L i I iii
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi evovq? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
DËi `vI : K wR‡e‡iwjb L Aw·b 23. meyR Dw™¢`  Qvj  gvbyl
Bgiv‡bi eqm 35 eQi| D”PZv 160 M Bw_wjb N mvB‡UvKvBwbb DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g UªwdK †j‡f‡j P
†m.wg. IRb 92 †KwR| †m †Kv‡bv cwikÖg 17. †gWzjv AejsMvUv †_‡K KZ †Rvov wK‡jvRyj kw³ _vK‡j gvbyl KZ wK‡jvRyj
K‡i bv| K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy Drcbœ nq? kw³ cv‡e?
7. Bgiv‡bi BMI KZ? K 11 †Rvov L 12 †Rvov P P
K KJ L KJ
K 34.93 L 35.93 M 8 †Rvov N 31 †Rvov 10 100
P P
M 28.39 N 33.93  DÏxcKwU c‡o 18 I 19 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi M KJ N
10000 1000
8. Bgiv‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ `vI : 24. avb †ÿ‡Z e¨vO †Kvb ¯Í‡ii Lv`K?
i. cwiwgZ Lv`¨ MÖnY ivZz‡ji evev GKRb wkÿK| wZwb Zv‡`i K 1g L 2q
ii. wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv evwo‡Z m`¨ †dvUv wkgyj dzj †`wL‡q M 3q N m‡e©v”P ¯Íi
iii. ˆ`wbK 2266 K¨vjwi MÖnY Kiv civMvqb m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡jb| 25. †KvbwU wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 18. DÏxc‡Ki dz‡ji civMvq‡bi gva¨g Pviv?
K i I ii L i I iii K cZ½ L evqy K KuvVvj L Avg
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M cvwL N †gŠgvwQ M wbg N †m¸b
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 K 3 K 4 L 5 K 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 K 11 K 12 L 13 N
14 N 15 K 16 L 17 M 18 M 19 N 20 K 21 M 22 K 23 L 24 L 25 K
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 105

†mU : K 45 wK‡kviMÄ miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. gvby‡li Pirmate e‡M©i ˆewkó¨ n‡jv 9. wek¦e¨vcx †ivUv fvBivmRwbZ †gvU g„Zz¨i 17. wkÿ‡Ki kÖæwZwjwc wkÿv_x© KZ…©K
K AuvK‡o aivi Dc‡hvwM nvZ KZ kZvsk nZ `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡Z n‡q wjwce×Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kvb
L Lvovfv‡e `yB cv‡q nuvU‡Z cv‡i _v‡K? †K›`ªwU m¤ú„³ bq?
K 81 kZvsk L 82 kZvsk K we‡kølY‡K›`ª L ¯§„wZ‡K›`ª
M eyw×e„wËKfv‡e DbœZ
M 84 kZvsk N 88 kZvsk M `k©b‡K›`ª N wPšÍv‡K›`ª
N PIov Ges Lvov Kcvj
10. n„rwc‡Ð Aw·‡Rbhy³ I Aw·‡Rbwenxb 18. wb‡Pi †Kvb ni‡gvbwU K¨vjwmqvg I
2. weÁvbx K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm Zvi 'Species
i‡³i mswgkÖY bv NUvi KviY dmdiv‡mi wecvK wbqš¿Y K‡i?
Plantarum' MÖ‡š’ Rx‡ei †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi †h
K Awj›`-wbjq wQ`ªc_ KcvwUKv wewkó K c¨viv_i‡gvb L A¨vW‡ibvwjb
avc¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb L wm‡÷vwjK Pv‡c i³ me©`v GKw`‡K M _vBiw·b N B‡÷ªv‡Rb
K ce©, †kÖwY, eM© I †MvÎ cÖevwnZ nq 19. `kwU åƒY _wji Mf©h‡š¿ †gvU KZwU
L ce©, †kÖwY, MY I †MvÎ M GKB mgq wbjq I Axj›` cÖmvwiZ †Kw›`ªKv wW¤^vYy _v‡K?
M †kÖwY, †MvÎ, MY I cÖRvwZ nq bv K 10 I 20 L 20 I 10
N †kÖwY, eM©, MY I cÖRvwZ N n„rwc‡Ði cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© wef³ _v‡K M 20 I 30 N 30 I 10
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv 11. eª¼vBwUm †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y †ivMxi 20. wdUvm KZ mßv‡n c~ Y © ZvcÖvß nq?
Abycw¯’Z? i. ey‡K e¨_v I k¦vmKó nq K 8 L 18
K dvb© L e¨³exRx ii. dzmdz‡mi evqy_wj‡Z wVKg‡Zv CO2 M 28 N 38
M GKexRcÎx N wØexRcÎx mieivn K‡i bv 21. cÖ v Yx civMx dz ‡ji ˆewkó¨
iii. Kvwki mv‡_ A‡bK mgq mv`v Kd †ei i. dzj¸‡jv †QvU n‡j cy®ú gÄyix‡Z
4. `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ KZ
nq mw¾Z _v‡K
b¨v‡bvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ _v‡K?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. dz‡ji is AvKl©Yxq nq
K 400  500 L 300  400
K i I ii L i I iii iii. dz‡ji MÜ _vK‡Z cv‡i ev bvI _vK‡Z
M 400  700 N 500  700
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii cv‡i
5. gm I dv‡b©i †ÿ‡Î †Kv_vq wg‡qvwmm
12. †KvbwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv NwUZ †ivM? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N‡U?
K wbD‡gvwbqv L h²v K i I ii L i I iii
K RvB‡MvU L †iYy‡Z
M K‡jiv N me¸‡jv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ïµvYy‡Z N wW¤^vYy‡Z 22. wbDwK¬ I UvBW m¤ú‡K© †KvbwU mwVK?
13. gvbe‡`‡n †bd«b msL¨v
6. AÜKvi wewµqvi †K›`ª¯’j n‡jv K 10  12 jÿ L 12  14 jÿ K wcDwib + my M vi + dm‡dU
K MÖvYvgPµ L _vBjvK‡qW M 20  24 jÿ N 24  26 jÿ L cvBwiwgwWb + †c‡›UvR myMvi
M g¨vwUª· N †÷ªvgv 14. †bd«‡bi †Kvb Ask Mø‡KvR I cÖ‡qvRbxq M wcDwib + cvBwiwgwWb + dm‡dU
7. evqy‡Z CO2 Gi cwigvb Lye †ewk †e‡o LwbR jeY Avevi i³ cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i? N wcDwib + cvBwiwgwWb + †c‡›UvR
†M‡j K †Møv‡giæjvm myMvi + dm‡dU
i. †Kv‡li A¤øvZ¡ †e‡o hvq L wbKUeZx© cu ¨ vPv‡bv bvwjKv 23. †Kvb AbyµgwU mwVK?
M †nbwji jy c K DNA  †cÖvwUb  RNA  ˆewkó¨
ii. †Kvl CO2 Gi cÖevn `ªæZ nq
N msMÖvnK bvwj L RNA  DNA  †cÖvwUb  ˆewkó¨
iii. cÎi‡Üª eÜ n‡q hvq
15. Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwm‡mi cÖ w ZKv‡ii Rb¨ M DNA  RNA  †cÖvwUb  ˆewkó¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
cÂv‡kva© cy i æl I gwnjv‡`i ˆ`wnK Kx N †cÖvwUb  DNA  †cÖvwUb  ˆewkó¨
cwigvY K¨vjwmqvg MÖnY Ki DwPr? 24. ciRxex I g„ZRxex Lv`¨wkKj me mgqB
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K 1200 wg.wj. MÖvg Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Abycw¯’wZi
8. GKRb †jv‡Ki ˆ`wbK Kx cwigvY kw³
L 1400 wg.wj. MÖvg Kvi‡Y?
cÖ‡qvRb Zv cÖavbZ †Kvb wel‡qi Dci M 1600 wg.wj. MÖvg K Drcv`K L e¨vK‡Uwiqv
wbf©i K‡i bv? N 1800 wg.wj. MÖvg M QÎvK N Rycø¨vsKUb
K †gŠjwecvK 16. †Kv_vq ej I †KvUvi (m‡KU) mwÜ †`Lv 25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †_‡K †ncvUvBwUm we
L †`‡ni IRb hvq? fvBiv‡mi wUKv ˆZwi nq?
M ˆ`wnK cwikÖ‡gi aib K Rvby‡Z L Kuv‡a K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L †cwbwmwjqvg
N Lv‡`¨i cÖfve M AvOz‡j N KbyB‡Z M gvkiæg N B÷

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 N 3 M 4 M 5 K 6 N 7 L 8 L 9 L 10 N 11 L 12 N 13 M
14 K 15 K 16 L 17 K 18 K 19 L 20 M 21 N 22 N 23 M 24 K 25 N
 106 SSC RxeweÁvb

46 exYvcvwY miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, †MvcvjMÄ welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AvwK©‡Mvwb‡qUm? 10. †¯œn we‡kølK GbRvBg †KvbwU? 17. †Kv‡bv †ivMxi gyL †eu‡K hvIqv †Kvb
K Artocarpus K jvB‡cR †iv‡Mi jÿY?
L Nostoc L A¨vgvB‡jR K †÷ªvK
M Penicillium
M †ccwmb L nvU© A¨vUvK
N Agaricus
N wUªcwmb M Wvqv‡ewUm
2. †KvbwUi †KvlcÖvPxi KvBwUb w`‡q MwVZ?
11. AvB‡jU& m Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ †_‡K wbtm„ Z N Gwc‡jcwm
K WvqvUg
nq 18. wb‡KvwUb MÖn‡Y †KvbwUi Kvh©KvwiZv bó
L C÷
i. †U‡÷v‡÷ib nq?
M e¨vK‡Uwiqv
ii. Bbmywjb K ¯œvqy L dzmdzm
N c¨viv‡gwmqvg
iii. MøyKvMb M wKWwb N Mjwej
3. †Kvb A½vYywUi Aci bvg Ôev‡qveøv÷Õ?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq Kv‡K?
K cøvw÷W
K wRb
L MjwRewW K i I ii L ii I iii
L †µv‡gv‡Rvg
M gvB‡UvKwÛªqv M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M DNA
N jvB‡mv‡Rvg 12. N RNA
4. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q †f‡mj _v‡K? bvg cwj gwj Wwj Rwj 20. †KvbwU RNA †Z Abycw¯’Z?
K mvBKvm L cvBbvm i‡³i MÖæc A B AB O
K A¨v‡Wwbb
M SvD N wbUvg cwj Kv‡K i³ w`‡Z cvi‡e? L ¸qvwbb
5. †`‡ni Rjxq Ask‡K †`‡ni wfZi msiÿY K gwj‡K L Wwj‡K M mvB‡Uvwmb
K‡i †KvbwU? M Rwj‡K N mevB‡K N _vBwgb
K Z¡KZš¿ 13. i‡³ CO2 cÖavbZ Kxiƒ‡c mÂvwiZ nq? 21. DNA Wvej †nwj‡·i 50wU c~Y© N~Y©‡bi
L †iPbZš¿ K Kve©wbK GwmW
ˆ`N©¨ KZ? A ?
M cwicvKZš¿ L Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW
K 1440 L 1500
N AšÍtÿivMÖwš’Zš¿ M evBKve©‡bU
M 1700 N 1800
6. Bs‡iwR 'I' e‡Y©i g‡Zv †`L‡Z N Kve©w·wjK GwmW
22. K‡gb‡mwjRg AšÍf³ ©y Rxe †KvbwU?
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bvg Kx? 14. e„‡°i Zš‘gq AveiY‡ewóZ Ask‡K e‡j K QÎvK
K †gUv‡mw›UªK K K‡U©· L ˆkevj
L †U‡jv‡mw›UªK L †gWzjv M †ivwnbx
M mve‡gUv‡mw›UªK M K¨vcmyj N ¯^Y©jZv
N A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK N †cjwfm 23. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis-G †KvbwUi cwieZ©b
7. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb Dcv`vb 15. †kÖvwYP‡µi Aw¯’ N‡U?
K Al + Mg L Na + Mg i. Bwjqvg K GMO L wbDwK¬qvm
M N + Mg N K + Mg ii. Bwðqvg M RNA N DNA
8. Bw`ªm cwikÖgx, mßv‡n 2  3 w`b cÖPzi iii. wcDwem 24. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` weUv-K¨v‡ivwUb wRb ¯’vbvšÍi
†Ljvayjv K‡i| Zvi K¨vjwi Pvwn`v wbY©q wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Kiv n‡q‡Q?
Ki‡Z BMR †K KZ w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z Ki L ii K Avjy L fzÆv
n‡e? M iii N i, ii I iii M U‡g‡Uv N avb
K 1.9 L 1.725 16. †KvbwU mvB‡bvwfqvj mwÜi Ask bq? 25. †ncvUvBwUm-we fvBiv‡mi Ilya †KvbwU?
M 1.375 N 1.55 K Aw¯’mwÜ K B›Uvi‡mKkb
9. †µemP‡µ KZ AYy FADH2 Drcbœ nq? L mvB‡bvwfqvj im L B›Uvi‡fjvwgb
K2 L3 M wjMv‡g›U M †cwbwmwjb
M4 N6 N †UbWb N B›Uvi‡dib

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 L 3 M 4 N 5 K 6 L 7 M 8 N 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 M 13 M
14 M 15 N 16 N 17 K 18 K 19 L 20 N 21 M 22 M 23 N 24 N 25 N
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 107

ˆmU : M 47 e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. BDwiqv †Kv_vq ˆZwi nq?  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi 18. w¯úÛj hš¿ m„wó‡Z †Kvb A½vYywUi Ae`vb
K e„‡° L hK…‡Z DËi `vI : i‡q‡Q?
M †Kv‡l N †ibvj agwb‡Z K ivB‡ev‡Rvg L jvB‡mv‡Rvg
2. †Kvb dz‡j eû¸”Q civM`Ð _v‡K? M †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg N †KvlMnŸi
K Rev L gUi 19. c„w_exi wewfbœ †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvq
M ayZziv N wkgyj Rx‡ei we¯Í…wZ I Awf‡hvRb m¤ú‡K©
11. D wPwýZ AskwUi bvg Kx? RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv
3. wbðj Aw¯’mwÜ Aew¯’Z
K civMavbx L civM`Ð nq?
K K‡ivwUKvq L †giæ`‡Ð
M Mf©gÐ y N civMbvwjKv K ev¯‘we`¨v L Rxef‚‡Mvj
M Kuv‡a N KbyB‡q
4. KZ mßv‡ni åƒY‡K wdUvm e‡j? 12. A I B Gi KvR M weeZ©bwe`¨v N cwi‡ek weÁvb
K Pvi L AvU i. dz ‡ ji civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv 20. †KvbwU n‡÷vwiqv‡gi gva¨‡g AvkÖq`vZv
M evi N †lvj ii. dz j ‡K †iv`, e„ w ó †_‡K iÿv Kiv Dw™¢` †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn K‡i?
5. †KvbwU wbi‡cÿ w`‡bi Dw™¢`? iii. dz j ‡K Kv‡Ði mv‡_ hy
³ ivLv K gvaexjZv L ¯^Y©jZv
K Wvwjqv L m~h©gyLx wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M eUMvQ N jvDMvQ
M P›`ªgwjøKv N wSOv K i I ii L ii I iii 21. Dw™¢ ‡`i †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU
6. †bd«‡bi †KvbwU Øviv i³ †_‡K cwimÖæZ M i I iii N i, ii I iii g¨v‡µvwbDwUª‡q›U wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
Zij ˆZwi nq? 13. †KvbwU‡K bxie NvZK ejv nq? K g¨v½vwbR L †evib
K †Møv‡giæjvm K Wvqv‡ewUm L nvU© A¨vUvK M wR¼ N mvjdvi
L †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj M D”P i³Pvc N cviwKbmb 22. †Kv‡bv Dw™¢
‡ `i †gvU cÖ‡¯^`‡bi KZ fvM
M †ibvj wUDey¨j 14. cvZvq †ewk kK© i v Rgv nq e‡j †Kvb cÎi‡Üªi gva¨‡g nq?
N †ibvj agwb mg‡q mv‡jvKmskø l ‡Yi MwZ gš’ i nq? K 90  95% L 70  85%
7. gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kvb Ask †PZbv, Ávb, evKkw³, K mKvj L we‡Kj
M 5  10% N 20  35%
¯§„wZ BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Y K‡i? M `y c i
y N ivZ 23. e„n`‡š¿i †Kvb As‡ki mv‡_ A¨v‡cbwW·
K †mwieªvg L †mwi‡ejvg 15. Aí eq¯‹ fvRK †Kv‡l wK †ewk _v‡K e‡j hy³ _v‡K?
M cbm& N _¨vjvgvm k¦ m ‡bi nvi †e‡o hvq? K wmKvg L †Kvjb
8. †Kvb¸‡jv‡K cÖK…wZi avOo ejv nq? K †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ L †KvlcÖvPxi M †iKUvg N †KvbwUB bq
K evN, wmsn, wkqvj, nv‡qbv M †KvlMnŸi N †cÖ v ‡Uvcø v Rg 24. dzmdzm †h `yB fuvR wewkó c`©v Øviv Ave„Z
L KvK, kKzb, KeyZi, wUqv 16. cvU MvQ †_‡K †h Auvk msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
M kvwjK, kKzb, wk¤úvwR, Li‡Mvk Zv‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi wUmy ¨ we`¨gvb? K †cwi‡Uvwbqvg L †cwiKvwW©qvg
N KvK, kKzb, wkqvj, nv‡qbv K c¨v‡ibKvBgv L †Kv‡jbKvBgv M cøyiv N †gwbb‡Rm
9. g~j‡ivg †_‡K cvwb g~‡ji †Kvb As‡k M †K¬ v ‡ibKvBgv N †¯‹ ‡
¬ ibKvBgv 25. Dw™¢‡`i †Kvb †Kvb Ask Øviv M¨vmxq
cÖ‡ek K‡i? 17. wg‡qvwmm †Kv_vq N‡U? wewbgq N‡U?
K K‡U©· L G‡‡ÛvWvwg©m i. Dw™¢ ‡ `i civMavbx‡Z i. †jw›U‡mj
M RvB‡jg N †d¬v‡qg ii. Dw™¢‡`i wW¤^‡Ki g‡a¨ ii. cÎiܪ
10. gvbe‡`‡n cÖ‡ekK…Z RxevYy fÿY K‡i iii. Dbœ Z cÖ
v wY‡`‡ni ïµvk‡q I wW¤^ v k‡q iii. g~j‡ivg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K wbD‡Uªvwdj L BDwm‡bvwdj K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
M †e‡mvwdj N†_ªv¤^mvBU M i I iii N i, ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 N 3 K 4 L 5 L 6 K 7 K 8 N 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 M 13 M
14 L 15 N 16 N 17 N 18 M 19 L 20 L 21 N 22 K 23 K 24 M 25 K
 108 SSC RxeweÁvb

48 bIMuv K…òab (†K.wW.) miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 10. †Kv‡li cvIqvi nvD‡m 18. gw¯Í‡®‹ †Wvcvwgb ˆZwii †Kvl¸‡jv ax‡i
K Nymphea nouchali i. wµw÷ I Aw·‡Rvg _v‡K ax‡i bó n‡q hvq wb‡Pi †Kvb †iv‡M
L Periplaneta american AvµvšÍ n‡j?
M Tenualosa ilisha ii. Møv B‡KvjvBwmm N‡U
N Vibrio cholere iii. †µem Pµ m¤úbœ nq K Gwc‡jcwm L cviwKbmb
2. Mammalia †kÖwYi ˆewkó¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M _¨vjv‡mwgqv N c¨vivjvBwmm
i. Lvovfv‡e `yB cv‡q nuvU‡Z cv‡i K i I ii L i I iii 19. evsjv‡`‡k KZ mv‡j gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y
ii. †jvg ev Pzj we`¨gvb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Awa`ßi cÖwZôv Kiv nq?
iii. ev”Pv‡K ey‡Ki `ya LvIqvq 11. cÖwZ 100 MÖvg Lvwmi gvsm †_‡K KZ K 1976 L 1983
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ cvIqv hvq? M 1989 N 1990
K i I ii L i I iii K 114 L 173 20. gvby‡li cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i Ask¸‡jv n‡jv
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M 194 N 109 i. K‡U©·
3. Kzgov Kv‡Ð †Kvb wUmy¨ cvIqv hvq? 12. jvjvi‡m kK©iv cwicvKKvix GbRvBg Kx Kx? ii. †mwi‡ejvg
K †Kv‡jbKvBgv L c¨v‡ibKvBgv K †cÖvwjb I A¨vgvB‡jR iii. cbm I †gWzjv Aej½vUv
M dvBevi N †¯‹¬ivBW L g‡ëR I †cÖvwjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4. k¦m‡bi evwn¨K cÖfveK M A¨vgvB‡jR I g‡ëR K i I ii L i I iii
i. Aw·‡Rb N Uvqvwjb I g‡ëR M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. cvwb 13. wUDwbKv B›Uvibv
iii. Av‡jv  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 21 I 22 bs cÖ‡kœi
i. mvaviY AveiYx wUmy¨ Øiv ˆZwi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? DËi `vI :
ii. GwU agwbi cÖvPxi
K i I ii L i I iii iii. GwU me‡P‡q evB‡ii ¯Íi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi K i I ii L i I iii
DËi `vI : M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 21. gvbe‡`‡n wPÎwU MwVZ n‡Z KZ mgq
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 14 I 15 bs cÖ‡kœi jv‡M?
DËi `vI : K 36 N›Uv L 72 N›Uv
A M 4 mßvn N 8 mßvn
5. wPÎ-A wUmy¨wU †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
K e„‡°i †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy‡j 22. wPÎwUi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
L e„‡°i msMÖvnK bwjKvq i. RvB‡Mv‡Ui wK¬‡f‡Ri d‡j ˆZwi nq
M †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i Z¡‡K ii. Agiv m„wói Av‡M nq
N cÖvYx‡`i k¦vmbvwji cÖvPx‡i iii. GwU eøv‡÷vwm‡÷i Av‡Mi ch©vq
14. 'A' AskwU †Kvb ai‡bi AveiYx wUmy¨ Øviv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6. wP‡Îi wUmy¨wUi KvR
i. cwi‡kvlY
MwVZ? K i I ii L i I iii
K wKDeqWvj L ÷ª¨vwUdvBW M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. AveiY
M wmD‡Wv-÷¨vwUdvBW N †¯‹vqvgvm 23. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wbcybfv‡e Aí bgybv e¨envi
iii. ÿiY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 15. 'A' Gi AšÍM©v‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ K‡i wbfzj© DNA †cÖvdvBwjs Kiv hvq?
K i I ii L i I iii i. m~² †jvghy³ K Gel electrophoresisi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. AcÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘KYv †ei K‡i L Agarose gel electrophoresis
7. gvbe‡`‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K †Kvl ˆZwi iii. †kø®§v Drcbœ K‡i M DNA probe
n‡Z KZw`b jv‡M? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N Polymerase chain Reaction
K 20  30 w`b L 30  40 w`b K i I ii L i I iii 24. wb‡Pi †Kvb mn‡hvMxØq jvB‡Kb MVb K‡i?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K ˆkevj I QÎvK
M 40  50 w`b N 50  60 w`b
16. KwÛªb Gi eY© Kxiƒc? L fvBivm I QÎvK
8. †U‡jv‡dR ch©v‡qi †k‡l M e¨vK‡Uwiqv I fvBivm
i. †Kvl‡cøU ˆZwi nq K nvjKv mey R L nvjKv jvj
M nvjKv bxj N Mvp mey R N e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK
ii. `ywU AcZ¨ †Kvl ˆZwi nq
iii. w¯úÛj Zš‘ ˆZwi nq 17. †`‡ni e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i 25. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †iv‡Mi d‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. wcUz B Uvwi MÖ w š’ i. †jvwnZ i³KwYKv bó nq
K i I ii L i I iii ii. _vBi‡qW MÖwš’ ii. †ivMx i³ k~b¨Zvq †fv‡M
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. †MvbvW MÖwš’ iii. †k¦Z i³KwYKv bó nq
9. †µem P‡µ KZ AYy FADH2 Drcbœ nq? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 1 AYy L 2 AYy K i I ii L i I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M 4 AYy N 6 AYy M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 M 2 M 3 K 4 N 5 L 6 K 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 L 11 M 12 N 13 K
14 M 15 N 16 M 17 K 18 L 19 N 20 M 21 L 22 N 23 N 24 K 25 K
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 109

49 gvZ…cxV miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, Puv`cyi welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. †kvlY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i bv wb‡Pi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 17. g‡bvcm nIqvi ci †Kvb †ivMwU †`Lv †`q?
†KvbwU? K i I ii L i I iii K Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm L †Mu‡UevZ
K g‡biv L †cÖvwU÷v M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Av_©ªvBwUm N Wvqv‡ewUm
M dvbRvB N cøvbwU 9. `nb cÖwµqvi cÖPwjZ bvg Kx? 18. 50 eQ‡ii †ewk bvix I cyiæ‡li cÖwZw`b
2. mv‡jvKms‡kølY NU‡bi ¯’vb †Kvb wUmy¨? K †iPb L k¦mb KZ wgwjMÖvg K¨vjwmqvg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e?
K c¨v‡ibKvBgv L RvB‡jg M weRviY N cwicvK K 1100 wg.MÖv. L 1200 wg.MÖv.
M †d¬v‡qg N †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv
10. wc‡Ëi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb †KvbwU? M 1500 wg.MÖ v . N 2000 wg.MÖv.
K wn‡gv‡Møvweb L jwmKv 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU K‡ivwUKvi Aw¯’mwÜ?
3. dvb© I e¨v³exwR Dw™¢‡` wb‡Pi †KvbwU
M †Kv‡j÷ij N i³im K c~ Y © mPj L Clr mPj
Abycw¯’Z?
11. K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi KviY †KvbwU? M wbðj N Kâv mwÜ
K wmf‡Kvl
K †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨
L m½x‡Kvl 20. Dw™¢ ‡`i k¦ m b wµqvi nvi evovq wb‡Pi
L †Kv‡li msL¨v K‡g hvIqv
M †d¬v‡qgdvBevi †KvbwU?
M †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK e„w×
N †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv K Bw_wjb L wR‡e‡iwjb
N i³ RgvU euvav
M mvB‡UvKvBwbb N Aw·b
4. jwmKv Zš¿  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi
21. gvbe‡`‡n _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i Ae¯’vb
i. ¯^Zš¿ bvwjKvZš¿ MVb K‡i DËi `vI : †Kv_vq?
ii. _ª‡¤^vmvBU _v‡K
K UªvwKqvi Dc‡i L MÖxev A‡j
iii. wUmy¨ ga¨eZ©x Rjxq c`v_© msMÖn K‡i
M dzmdz‡mi wb‡P N wKWwbi mv‡_
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? X
22. KZ mßv‡n wdUvm c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq?
K i I ii L i I iii
K 8 mßvn L 18 mßvn
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 12. wPÎwU wK‡mi? M 28 mßvn N 38 mßvn
5. AevZ k¦m‡b 1 AYy Møy‡KvR n‡Z hZ ATP K †mwgjybvi evj¦ L evBKvmwcW evj¦
23. RNA †Z _v‡K
ˆZwi nq Zv n‡Z KZ wK‡jvK¨vjwi kw³ M wkiv N agwb
i. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em
Drcbœ nq? 13. wP‡Îi 'X' wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx?
ii. A‰Re dm‡dU
K 18.6 L 16.6 K wUDwbKv G·Uvb©v
iii. ivB‡evR kK©iv
M 14.6 N 12.8 L wUDwbKv wgwWqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6. k¦m‡bi Rb¨ DËg ZvcgvÎv †KvbwU? M wUDwbKv B›Uvb©v
K i I ii L i I iii
N jy‡gb
K 20  25 C M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
14. ga¨v”Q`v msKzwPZ n‡j
L 30  40 C  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25 bs cÖ‡kœi
i. GwU Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V
M 30  45 C ii. GwU wb‡Pi w`‡K bv‡g DËi `vI :
N 20  45 C iii. eÿ MnŸ‡ii AvqZb e„w× cvq Y
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 7 I 8bs cÖ‡kœi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii
X
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ivwni IRb 70 †KwR Ges D”PZv 150 24. wP‡Î 'X' wPwýZ AskwU‡K Kx ejv nq?
15. BDwiqv cwikÖæZ nq †Kv_vq?
†m.wg.| K Kvw•LZ wRb L wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA
K msMÖvnx bvwjKvq
7. ivwni BMI KZ? M †cvlK N e¨vK‡Uwiqv
L gvjwcwRqvb A‡½
K 33.11 L 36.66 25. DÏxc‡K Dcw¯’ Z 
M †gWzjvq
M 46.66 N 46.11 N †cjwf‡m i. DNA jvB‡MR
8. ivwni kix‡ii 16. wjMv‡g›U MwVZ nq ii. Kvw•LZ wRb
i. IRb AwZwi³ K dvB‡eªveøv÷ I †UbWb iii. cøvRwgW
ii. †gvUv nIqvi 1g ¯Íi L †k¦ZZš‘ I †UbWb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †e‡Q Lv`¨ MÖnY I e¨vqvg Kiv M †UbWb I cxZZš‘ K i I ii L i I iii
cÖ‡qvRb N cxZZš‘ I †k¦ Z Zš‘ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 K 3 L 4 L 5 M 6 N 7 K 8 M 9 L 10 M 11 M 12 N 13 M
14 M 15 L 16 N 17 K 18 L 19 M 20 N 21 K 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 N
 110 SSC RxeweÁvb

50 †dbx miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wRb I Rx‡ei eskMwZaviv m¤ú‡K© 11. †KvbwU Avj&&Uªvwdj‡UªU ˆZwi K‡i? 19. DwjøwLZ †ivM¸‡jvi d‡j
RxeweÁvb Gi †h kvLvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv K †Møv‡giæjvm L nvBjvm i. †Pv‡Li `„wókw³ K‡g hvq
nq Zv n‡jv M †ibvj K¨cmyj N †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj ii. †c‡U e¨_v, e` nRg I cvK¯’jx‡Z
K Embryology 12. k¦m‡bi Rb¨ DËg ZvcgvÎv †KvbwU? msµgY nq
L Genertics K 22 †mjwmqvm †_‡K 35 †mjwmqvm iii. cvqLvbv k³ nq, gjZ¨v‡M Kó nq
M Genetic Engineering
L 20 †mjwmqvm †_‡K 45 †mjwmqvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N Endocrinology
M 0 †mjwmqvm †_‡K 45 †mjwmqvm K i I ii L i I iii
2. RvB‡jg dvBevi †Kvl¸‡jv
Gi Dc‡i M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. j¤^v, `ycvÖ šÍ miæ
N 20 †mjwmqvm Gi wb‡P A_ev 45 20. gvbe‡`‡n wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b cÖwZwU
ii. †cÖv‡UvcøvRg _v‡K bv
†mjwmqvm Gi Dc‡i AcZ¨ †Kv‡l KZwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K?
iii. `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i
13. Glucagon wbtmi‡Y †Kvb MÖwš’ KvR K‡i? K 21wU L 22wU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K AMœ¨vkq L M¨vw÷ªK M 23wU N 24wU
K i I ii L ii I iii
M Avwš¿K N hK…r 21. Kv‡Ri w`K †_‡K n„`‡cwk I A‰bw”QK
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
3. wbDwK¬qv‡mi †Kvb As‡k wbDwK¬K GwmW 14. wMÖb nvDm M¨vmmg~n n‡jv †cwk mv`„k¨c~Y|© Gi KviY n‡Z cv‡i
i. CO 2, CH4, O2 i. †`‡ni Af¨šÍixY A½vw`i mÂvj‡b
†cÖvwUb, Dr‡mPK I KwZcq LwbR jeY
_v‡K?
ii. CO, CH4, N2O Ask †bq
iii. CO, O2, N2O
ii. Df‡qi Kvh©vw` cÖvYxi B”Qvaxb nq
K wbDwK¬qvi wSwjø L wbDwK¬IcøvRg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Giv AvovAvwo †Rvovhy³ nq
M wbDwK¬Ijvm N †µvgvwUb Zš‘ Ki L ii
4. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb av‡c wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii
wbDwK¬qvi †gg‡eªb I wbDwK¬Ijv‡mi wejywß 15. D‡ovRvnvR Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb Mv‡Qi
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
NU‡Z _v‡K? †Zj e¨envi Kiv nq?
K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR K Awjf L RuyB
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 22 I 23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M †gUv‡dR N A¨vbv‡dR M †Rv‡Rvev N cvg A‡qj
Zz wg Ggb GKRb i³ MÖæcavix e¨w³
5. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †kl ch©v‡qi MVš§yL åƒY 16. dzmdzm †_‡K †`‡ni †Kvl ch©šÍ O2 †h‡Kv‡bv MÖæc †_‡K i³ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Rivqy‡Z †cuŠQv‡bvi ch©vq‡K Kx e‡j? cwievwnZ nq 22. DÏxcK Abymv‡i †Zvgvi i‡³
K Bgcøv‡›Ukb L RvB‡MvU i. A I B Dfq A¨vw›U‡Rb Av‡Q
i. Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb iƒ‡c
M eøv‡÷vwm÷ N wK¬‡fR ii. A A¨vw›U‡Rb I B A¨vw›UewW Av‡Q
ii. i³i‡m `ªexf‚Z nq
6. i‡³i A`ªeYxq †cÖvwUb, hv `ªæZ myZvi iii. †Kv‡bv A¨vw›UewW †bB
iii. evBKv‡e©v‡bU iƒ‡c
g‡Zv RvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i, Zv‡K Kx e‡j? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b L wbD‡Uªvwdj K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii
M †e‡mvwdj N dvBweªb M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †gR‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨? 23. DÏxcK Abyhvqx Zzwg wb‡Pi †Kvb MÖc‡K
17. gvbyl‡K †nUv‡iv‡UªvwdK ejv nq †Kb?
K gv-evev Df‡qi KvQ †_‡K wRb cvq i³ w`‡Z cvi‡e?
K RwUj wUmy¨Zš¿ we`¨gvb
L evev A_ev gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K wRb cvq KB LA
L †Kvl cÖvPxi Abycw¯’Z M NO
M †Kv‡bv DcmM© †`Lvq bv AB
N †KejgvÎ wR‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i M †Kvl MnŸi †QvU 24. Avg Mv‡Qi
8. †KvbwU MÖn‡Y g~Î A¤øZv e„w× cvq? N †Kv‡l cøvw÷W Abycw¯’Z i. †f‡mj †Kvl im D‡Ëvjb K‡i
K wPwb L Pwe©  DÏxcKwU c‡o 18 I 19 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ii. †d¬v‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv Lv`¨ mÂq K‡i
M gvQ N Kwd `vI : iii. wmf‡Kv‡li mv‡_ m½x‡Kvl _v‡K
9. †Kvb wUmy¨ gw¯Í®‹, dzmdzm I n„rwcЇK iÿv K‡i? gvbe kix‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi Avwš¿K mgm¨vi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †¯‹wjUvj L dvBeªvm Kvi‡Y ARxY©Zv, Avgvkq, †Kvô¨KvwVb¨, K i I ii L i I iii
M ÷¨vwUdvBW N wKDeqWvj M¨vw÷K BZ¨vw` †ivM nq| M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
10. †UbWb †KvbwUi gva¨‡g Aw¯’‡K AvU‡K iv‡L? 18. Avgvkq †iv‡Mi RxevYyi bvg Kx? 25. Hibiscus rosasinensis †KvbwUi ˆeÁvwbK bvg?
K Hw”QK †cwk L ZiæYvw¯’ K TMB L Shigella K kvcjv L †Mvjvc
M A‰bw”QK †cwk N n„`‡cwk M Amoeba N H. pylori M Rev N †ejx

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 N 3 L 4 M 5 M 6 N 7 K 8 M 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 L 13 K
14 L 15 M 16 K 17 N 18 L 19 M 20 M 21 K 22 L 23 M 24 N 25 M
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 111

51 bvwmivev` miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, PÆMÖvg welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU K¨vÝvi-we‡kølY welqK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 16. †Kvb ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e Dw™¢‡`i k¦mb-
weÁvb? K i I ii L i I iii wµqvi nvi †e‡o hvq?
K ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUKm M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K mvB‡UvKvBwbb L Bw_wjb
L RxecÖhyw³ 9. RxevYy fÿY K‡ib wb‡Pi †Kvb KwYKv? M Aw·b N wR‡e‡iwjb
M wPwKrmvweÁvb K †e‡mvwdj L wbD‡Uª v wdj 17. †÷ªv‡Ki mgq
N AYyRxeweÁvb M BDwm‡bvwdj N _ª‡¤^vmvBU i. bvwoi ¯ú›`b †e‡o hvq
2. wSwjøwenxb mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy †KvbwU?  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 10 I 11 bs cÖ‡kœi ii. gvsm‡cwk wkw_j n‡q hvq
K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv L jvB‡mv‡Rvg DËi `vI : iii. ewg nq
M †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg N MjwR e¯‘ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3. †KvbwU AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’? ˆmGjvGKb eÅvM K i I ii L i I iii
K AMœ¨vkq L hK…r M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

M Mf©vkq N _vBi‡qW Ue 18. †KvbwU cZ½civMx dz j ?

K Kzgov L K`g
4. ÔLÕ AvK…wZi †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K Kx e‡j? wPÎ : P
M wkgyj N avb
K A¨v‡µv‡mw›UªK 10. wPÎ 'P' Øviv †Kvb cÖwµqv †evSv‡bv
19. dzj I exR Drcv`‡bi c~e©kZ© †KvbwU?
L †U‡jv‡mw›UªK n‡q‡Q?
K cysRbb‡Kvl m„wó L wb‡lK
M †gUv‡mw›UªK K mv‡jvKms‡kølY
M ¯¿xRbb‡Kvl m„wó N civMvqb
N mve †gUv‡mw›UªK L AwfmÖeY
M cÖ‡¯^`b 20. DNA-Gi Wvej †nwj‡·i e¨vm KZ A ?
5. Av‡jvi cwigvY AZ¨vwaK †e‡o †M‡j
N e¨vcb K 20 L 21
i. cvZvi wfZiKvi GbRvBg bó n‡q
M 22 N 23
hvq 11. DÏxc‡K-cÖwµqvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
i. GwUi Afv‡e AwfmÖeY Kg n‡e
21. †Kvb cÖ v Yx¸‡jv cÖ K w
… Zi RÄvj mvd Ki‡Z
ii. †K¬v‡ivwdj-Drcv`b Kg nq
ii. cÎdjK Zvckw³ evwo‡q †`q
¸iæZ¡ c Y
~ © f‚ w gKv iv‡L?
iii. mv‡jvK ms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq
K KvK, cu¨vPv L kKzb, wPj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. RvB‡jg-ewnKvq Uvb c‡o
M gqbv, eK N kKzb, cu¨vPv
K i I ii L i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
22. ˆkevj Ges QÎv‡Ki mnve¯’v‡bi D`vniY
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii
n‡jv
6. j¨vKwUK GwmW dv‡g©‡›Uk‡bi gva¨‡g M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. ciRxweZv
Drcbœ nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU? 12. k¦vmbvwji cÖvPx‡ii †cwki AvK…wZ †Kgb?
ii. K‡gb‡mwjRg
K ejvqKvi L `ÐvKvi
K iæwU L `B iii. wgDPzqvwjRg
M AvswU AvK…wZi N wkg AvK…wZi
M we¯‹zU N wgwó wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
13. wb‡Pi †Kvb †ivMwU wbY©‡q MT Test Kiv Ki L ii
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi
nq? M iii N i, ii I iii
DËi `vI : K A¨vRgv L eªsKvBwUm
iwbi D”PZv 150 †m.wg. Ges IRb 40 23. †Mvj Avjy i †jU-eø v BU †ivM Kx‡mi gva¨‡g
M wbD‡gvwbqv N h²v Qovq?
†KwR| 14. wb‡Pi †Kvb A½wU jeY I cvwbi mgZv K QÎvK L ˆkevj
7. iwbi BMI KZ? iÿv K‡i? M fvBivm N e¨vK‡Uwiqv
K 19.78 L 18.77 K cvK¯’jx L e„° 24. †d‡ivgb Kx?
M 17.78 N 16.77 M dzmdzm N n„rwcÐ K †cÖvwUb L wjwcW
8. iwbi BMI Av`k© gv‡b DbœxZ Ki‡Z n‡j 15. nv‡Zi KbyB †Kvb ai‡bi Aw¯’mwÜ? M GbRvBg N ni‡gvb
Zv‡K K ej I †KvUimwÜ 25. †KvbwUi Afv‡e Dw™¢‡`i cvZv †e¸wb is
i. cwiwgZ mylg Lv`¨ †L‡Z n‡e L KâvmwÜ aviY K‡i?
ii. IRb evov‡Z n‡e M wbðj Aw¯’mwÜ K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L dmdivm
iii. AwZwi³ e¨vqvg Ki‡Z n‡e N Clr mPj Aw¯’mwÜ M cUvwkqvg N K¨vjwmqvg

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 M 3 K 4 N 5 N 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 L 10 M 11 L 12 K 13 N
14 L 15 L 16 M 17 M 18 K 19 L 20 K 21 L 22 M 23 K 24 N 25 L
 112 SSC RxeweÁvb

52 nvRx gynv¤§` gnwmb miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, PÆMÖvg welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. †¯‹¬ivBW †Kvl †Kgb nq bv? 10. †KvbwU MÖn‡Yi d‡j ÿvixqZv e„w× cvq? 17. wewfbœ cÖRvwZ‡Z †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v
K Lv‡Uv L mge¨mxq K gmyi Wvj n‡Z cv‡i
M j¤^v‡U N Puv‡`i g‡Zv L Kzgov K 2  1500 L 2  1600
2. jwmKvZ‡š¿i Ask †Kvb&wU? M Pxbvev`vg
M 4  1600 N 4  1800
K Ubwmj L A¨v‡cWwW· N wk‡gi wewP
18. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †ivMx †KvbwU †L‡Z cv‡ib?
M †iKUvg N Aš¿ 11. gvbe-gw¯Í‡®‹i me‡P‡q eo Ask †KvbwU?
K hK…r L wWg
3. wbqš¿Ynxb †Kvl-wefvR‡bi dj †KvbwU? K cbm
M gvQ N gvsm
K Aey©` L Avjmvi L †mwieªvg
19. †Kf wfk †Kvb& †`‡ki?
M wbD‡gvwbqv N h²v M †mwi‡ejvg
K †gw·Kvb
4. A¨v÷vi-†i we”QzwiZ nq †Kvb&& av‡c? N †gWzjv AesjMvUv
L Av‡gwiKvb
K †cÖv‡dR 12. ¯œvqy‡Kvl †Kvb wbh©vm ˆZwi K‡i?
M wbDwRj¨vÛ
L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR K †Wvcvwgb
N wgki
M †gUv‡dR L Bbmywjb
20. KqwU Dcv‡q bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i?
N A¨vbv‡dR M _vB‡ivUªwcb
K 1wU L 2wU
5. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? N _vBiw·b
M 3wU N 5wU
K wRsK 13. A¨v·‡bi g~j A‡ÿi AveiYwUi bvg Kx?
21. KwÛªb-Gi eY© Kxiƒc?
L bvB‡Uªv‡Rb K gv‡qvwjb
K jvj
M mvjdvi L cbm
L nvjKv bxj
N Aw·‡Rb M A¨v·‡jgv
M Mvp bxj
6. KLb cvZvq †ewk cwigv‡Y kK©iv Rgv N †gwbb‡Rm
N †eMywb
nq? 14. †KvbwU mwVK?
K mKv‡j L `yc‡y i K Rbb gvZ…‡Kvl n¨vcø‡qW
22. n‡÷vwiqv †`Lv hvq †Kvb Dw™¢‡`?
K cvb L QÎvK
M we‡K‡j N iv‡Z L GwcK¨vj †Kvl ex‡R cwiYZ nq
M ˆkevj N ¯^Y©jZv
7. `yB Kve©bwewkó kK©ivi Drm M wW¤^vYyhyš¿ n¨vcø‡qW
N RvB‡Mv‡Ui wefvRb AbycÖ‡¯’ N‡U 23. Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ †ewk cywóKi †KvbwU?
i. Avjy
15. mKj cÖK…Z I AcK…Z dj‡K Kqfv‡M K A‰Re e¯‘
ii. wPwb
fvM Kiv hvq? L ˆRe e¯‘
iii. `ya
K 2 fv‡M L 3 fv‡M M †fŠZ e¯‘
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M 4 fv‡M N 5 fv‡M N ivmvqbK e¯Í

M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 16. Agivi gva¨‡g gv‡qi i³ †_‡K 僇Yi 24. bZzb Avwe®‹…Z e¨vOwU †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
8. wekÖv‡gi d‡j kixi Kx mÂq K‡i? i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i K XvKv L ewikvj

K kw³ L cybtkw³ i. kK©iv M PÆMÖ v g N mvfvi

M Nyg N we‡bv`b ii. Avwgl 25. "Systema Nature" MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
9. †Kvb Dw™¢` AwZwi³ Lv`¨ cvZvq mwÂZ iii. cvwb K A¨vwi÷Uj

iv‡L? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L gvi¸wjm

K dYxgbmv L cv_iKzwP K i I ii L ii I iii M K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm

M KPzwicvbv N N„ZKzgvix M i I iii N i, ii I iii N w_Id«vmUvm

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 K 3 K 4 L 5 L 6 M 7 M 8 L 9 N 10 L 11 L 12 K 13 K
14 N 15 L 16 N 17 L 18 M 19 K 20 M 21 L 22 N 23 L 24 K 25 M
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 113

ˆmU : L 53 we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR, kg‡kibMi, †gŠjfxevRvi welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. jvB‡mv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ †Kvb †Kv‡li wgj 10. ÒcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Øviv cÖRvcwZi D™¢eÓ 19. AYyexÿY h‡š¿ †Kvl ev wUmy¨i we‡kl
Av‡Q? eBwUi †jLK †K? †Kv‡bv Ask‡K Avjv`vfv‡e iwOb Kivi
K jwmKv L ¯œvqy K WviDBb L Gwi÷Uj c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j?
M Rbb N Aw¯’ M wbDUb N j¨vgvK© K ¯øvBwWs L Kvjvwis
2. †Kvb `uvZ Lvevi UzKiv K‡i? 11. AwaK gvÎvq †Kv‡j‡÷ij _v‡K †Kvb Lv‡`¨? M †÷Bwbs N Bgvimb
K Incisor L Canine K wPswo L Bwjk
M Premolar N Molar
20. e„ n `‡š¿ i †Kvb As‡ki mv‡_ A¨v‡cbwW·
M iæB N cve`v
3. †ivUv fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡Y wb‡Pi †Kvb 12. cyKz‡ii ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi A‰Re Dcv`vb hy ³ _v‡K?
†ivM nq? K Bwjqvg L wmKvg
i. Aw·‡Rb
K K‡jiv L Wvqwiqv M gjvkq N wWI‡Wbvg
ii. wnDgvm
M Avgvkq N †ncvUvBwUm 21. †KvbwU cvBwiwgwWb?
iii. K¨vjwmqvg
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs K AIT LCIG
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K i I ii L ii I iii M A I G NCIT
iwn‡gi `uv‡Zi †Mvov I bvK †_‡K gv‡S M i I iii N i, ii I iii 22. wcËim
gv‡S i³ c‡o, Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv n‡j i³  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14 bs i. hK…‡Zi †jvweDj †Kvl n‡Z ˆZwi
cixÿvi wi‡cvU© †_‡K Rvbv hvq Zvi †`‡n cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ii. wZ³ ¯^v` I ÿvixq ¸Ym¤úbœ
†k¦Z i³KwYKvi msL¨v A¯^vfvweKfv‡e gvwiqvi ˆ`wnK D”PZv 140 †m.wg. Ges iii. Mvp meyR e‡Y©i
†e‡o †M‡Q| IRb 66 †KwR| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
4. iwn‡gi †ivMwUi bvg Kx? 13. gvwiqvi BMI Gi gvb KZ? K i I ii L ii I iii
K A¨vwbwgqv L nvU© A¨vUvK
K 24.41 L 33.67 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M wjD‡Kvwgqv N D”P i³Pvc
M 25.35 N 25.51 23. GKRb ¯^vfvweK gvbyl ˆ`wbK cÖwZw`b cÖvq
5. DÏxc‡Ki †ivMwU †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq 14. gvwiqvi kvixwiK Ae¯’v Abyhvqx Zvi Kx
i. Aw¯’g¾v cÖwZ¯’vcb
KZ wjUvi g~Î Z¨vM K‡i?
Kiv DwPr? K 1.0 L 1.2
ii. i³ ms‡hvRb i. AwZwi³ K¨vjwi MÖnY Kiv
iii. †K‡gv‡_ivwc M 1.5 N 1.8
ii. Lv`¨ evQvB K‡i LvIqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 24 I 25 bs
K i I ii L ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L ii I iii
6. eow`‡bi Dw™¢‡`i cy®úvq‡bi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK M i I iii N i, ii I iii
KZ N›Uv Av‡jv cÖ‡qvRb? 15. eM© †KvbwUi Dc‡mU?
K 10  12 L 12  16 K iv‡R¨i L c‡e©i
M 16  18 N 12  14 M †kÖ w Yi N †Mv‡Îi wPÎ : R
7. †Kvb †ivMwU wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ 3 wU D †g‡b 16. KZ mv‡j †ivM gy³ Wvwjqv I AvjyMvQ 24. 'R' A½vYywUi wfZ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i
Pjv Avek¨K? D™¢veb Kiv nq?
K †fwmKj
K cviwKbmb L nvU© A¨vUvK K 1952 L 1953
L K¨v‡ivwUb‡qW
M Wvqv‡ewUm N D”P i³Pvc M 1954 N 1955
17. Bacillus thuringiensis e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kvb M wjMwbb
8. FYvZ¥K AvšÍtwµqv N A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
i. †kvlY, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
k‡m¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
K Bt Corn L Bt Blom 25. wP‡Î 'R' wPwýZ A½vYywU
ii. wgDPzqvwjRg M Bt Nut N Bt Plam i. m~h©v‡jvK‡K Ave× K‡i
iii. GKwU ev Df‡qB ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq 18. †fovi ck‡gi cwigvY I ¸YMZgvb e„w×i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. m~h©v‡jvK‡K ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z
Rb¨ †Kvb `yBwU wRb †fovi wR‡bv‡g
K i I ii L ii I iii iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i
¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K MysE Ges MypE
iii. Dr‡mPK Drcbœ K‡i
9. wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ †_‡K †Kvb ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq? L CysE Ges CysM wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK L _vBiw·b M CysP Ges CysQ K i I ii L ii I iii
M c¨viv_i‡gvb N _vB‡gvwmb N CysR Ges CysT M i I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 K 3 L 4 M 5 M 6 L 7 M 8 M 9 K 10 K 11 K 12 M 13 L
14 L 15 M 16 K 17 K 18 L 19 M 20 L 21 N 22 N 23 M 24 L 25 K
 114 SSC RxeweÁvb

54 cUzqvLvjx miKvwi Rywejx D”P we`¨vjq welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. Jla wkí I cÖhyw³ welqK weÁvb †KvbwU? 9. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb DcKiY n‡”Q 18. AvjUªvwdj‡UªU wK‡mi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ
K Foresty K Ca, Fe L Na I Mg nq?
L Pharmacy M Fe, N N Mg, N K †ibvj wUDey¨j
M Biotechnology
10. †KvbwU‡Z eû kK©iv cvIqv hvq? L †ibvj K¨vcmyj
N Medical Science
K gay L wPwb M †evgvÝ K¨vcmyj
2. cÂivR¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ nq KZ mv‡j?
M AvUv N `ya N msMÖvnK bvwjKv
K 1969 L 1974
M 1778 N 1735 11. i³k~ b ¨Zv nq †KvbwUi Afv‡e? 19. wjMv‡g›U Kx w`‡q MwVZ?
3. i. dwjK GwmW K †k¦ZZš‘ I †UbWb
ii. wfUvwgb we-6 L cxZZš‘ I †k¦ZZš‘
iii. †jŠn M †UbWb I cxZZš‘
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N dvB‡eªveøv÷ I †UbWb
K i I ii L i I iii 20. †Kvb ni‡gvb me©cÖ_g QÎvK †_‡K wb®‹vkb
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Kiv nq?
wP‡Î RxewUi bvg Kx?
12. kxl© I cvk¦© gyKzj g‡i hvq †KvbwUi K Aw·b
K Bacteria L Spirogyra
M Nostoc N Penicillium
Afv‡e? L wR‡e‡iwjb

4. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †Kvl cÖvPx‡i †KvbwU _v‡K K dmdivm L cUvwmqvg M Bw_wjb

bv? M mvjdvi N †evib N mvB‡UvKvBwbb

K cwjm¨vKvivBW L wjwcW 13. gvby ‡ li †`‡n Kq †Rvov jvjvMÖ w š’ _v‡K? 21. KwVb gvbwmK Pvc †_‡K cwiÎv‡Y mvnvh¨
K 2 †Rvov L 3 †Rvov K‡i †KvbwU?
M †cÖvwUb N my‡ewib
M 4 †Rvov N 1 †Rvov K †cÖvj¨vKwUb L _vBiw·b
5. cÖK…Z †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K
i. RNA
14. i‡³ †k¦ ZKwYKv AwZgvÎvq †e‡o †M‡j M A¨vW‡ibvwjb N B‡÷ªv‡Rb
ii. DNA †Kvb †ivMwU nq? 22. GwcK¨vj †KvlwU wK‡m cwiYZ nq?
iii. wn‡÷vb, †cÖvwUb K wjD‡Kwgqv L A¨vwbwgqv K 僇Y L wfwˇKvl
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M †÷ªvK N GBW&m M bvwj‡Kvl N mm¨‡Kvl
K i I ii L ii I iii 15. dvBweª‡bv‡Rb Kx? 23. weeZ©‡bi d‡j Rx‡ei msL¨v e„w× cvq
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K ni‡gvb L wfUvwgb i. AvbycvwZK nv‡i
6. †Kvb wUmy¨‡Z gvZ…Kv cÖvq Abycw¯’Z? M A¨vw›UewW N Avwgl ii. MvwYwZK nv‡i
K †hvRK L †cwk 16. †KvbwU‡Z M¨vmxq Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq? iii. R¨vwgwZK nv‡i
M AveiYx N ¯œvqy K Uª v wKqv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
7. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢‡` RvB‡Mv‡U wg‡qvwmm L eª¼vm K i I ii L i I iii
wefvRb N‡U? M A¨vjwfIjvm M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K avb L Mg N Aby‡K¬vg kvLv 24. GKwU e¨v‡Oi IRb 140 MÖvg| mvivw`‡b
M †Mvjvc N gm 17. e„‡°i †iv‡Mi jÿY¸‡jv GwU Kx cwigvY †cvKvgvKo †L‡Z cv‡i?
8. Aí eq¯‹ †Kv‡l k¦mb nvi †ewk nIqvi i. kixi dz‡j hvIqv K 50 MÖvg L 100 MÖvg
KviY Kx? ii. i³ wgwkÖZ cÖmvÖ e nIqv M 140 MÖvg N 200 MÖvg
K mvB‡UvcøvRg iii. k¦vmKó †e‡o hvIqv 25. †KvbwU wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax
L †Kvl cÖvPxi cyiæ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Pviv?
M †cÖv‡UvcøvRg †ewk K i I ii L i I iii K Avg L KuvVvj
N wbDwK¬qvm GKvwaK _v‡K M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M wbg N †m¸b

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 K 3 M 4 N 5 L 6 L 7 N 8 M 9 N 10 M 11 L 12 L 13 L
14 K 15 N 16 M 17 K 18 K 19 L 20 L 21 M 22 K 23 M 24 M 25 L
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 115

ˆmU : M 55 K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj G¨vÛ K‡jR, ˆmq`cyi, bxjdvgvix welq †KvW : 1 3 8
mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. U‡bvcøv÷ †Kv_vq ˆZwi nq? 12. †µem P‡µ Drcbœ 19. UvBc-1 Wvqv‡ewUK †ivMx Bbmywjb ˆZwi
K wbDwK¬qv‡m L jvB‡mv‡Rv‡g i. B AYy CO2 K‡i
M gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z N †KvlMnŸ‡i ii. 2 AYy ATP K Lye †ewk L Kg
2. Aw¯’i MVb I `„pZvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iii. 6 AYy NADH + H+ M hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb N K‡i bv
Dcv`vb †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 20 I 21bs
K dmdivm L K¨vjwmqvg K i I ii L ii I iii cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M Av‡qvwWb N cUvwkqvg M i I iii N i, ii I iii
3. †KvbwU fvBivmRwbZ †ivM? Kvgvj mv‡n‡ei Avjy †ÿ‡Z MZ eQi
13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †¯úv‡ii gva¨‡g eskwe¯Ívi Avjyi djb fv‡jv nqwb| ZvB wZwb Gevi
K c· L wjD‡gvwbqv K‡i?
M h²v N Wvqwiqv
iwdK mv‡n‡ei †ÿ‡Zi fv‡jv Rv‡Zi Avjy
K WvqvUg L B÷
4. cyKz‡i cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Lv`K †KvbwU? MvQ wb‡q j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wecyj cwigvY Pviv
M b÷K N e¨vK‡Uwiqv
K dvB‡Uvcø¨v¼Ub L gkvi k~KKxU 14. †ibvj Kicvmj Ges †ibvj wUDey¨‡ji Drcv`b K‡i †ÿ‡Z jvMvj Ges †m wecyj
M †QvU gvQ N e¨vO KqwU Ask? cwigvY djb †cj|
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi
20. Kvgvj mv‡n‡ei Avjyi djb e„wׇZ †Kvb
K33 L32
DËi `vI : cÖhyw³i Ae`vb i‡q‡Q?
M23 N22
K wRb cÖhyw³ L wUmy¨ KvjPvi
wb‡lK  ?  µgweKvk 15. Ò†cwbwmwjbÓ bvgK A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Jla
M exR KvjPvi N GbRvBg cÖhyw³
A B C Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †K?
5. cÖvYx‡Z DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Kq ai‡bi? K n¨vbm& L Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs
21. Dc‡i ewY© Z cÖ h w
y ³ e¨envi Kiv nq
K1 L2 M RR© †eb_vg N mvwjg Avjx i. Wvwjqv
M3 N4 ii. KuvVvj
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 16 I 17bs
6. 'B' Gi Rb¨ †KvbwU mwVK? iii. RuyB
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. wWcø‡qW †Kvl wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v 2n K i I ii L ii I iii
iii. †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v n (i) M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. cÎi‡Üª †Kvb ai‡bi †Kvl _v‡K?
K i I ii L ii I iii K †`n‡Kvl L c¨v‡ibKvBgv
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M iÿx‡Kvl N m½x‡Kvl
7. †c‡›UvR myMvi‡K Kx ejv nq? (ii) 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi Dcv`vb?
K wW-Aw·ivB‡evR L ivB‡evR i. Avqib
M Møy‡KvR N bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ii. †MøvweDwjb
8. cvcwoi KvR n‡jv iii. dvBweª‡bv‡Rb
i. dzj‡K †cvKv gvK‡oi Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq Kiv 16. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wP‡Îi AcZ¨ gvZ…‡Kv‡li wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. †iv`, e„wó †_‡K dzj‡K iÿv Kiv †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v KZ? K i I ii L ii I iii
iii. civMvq‡b mnvqZv Kiv K 48 L 23 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M 46 N 22  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 24 I 25bs
K i I ii L ii I iii 17. DÏxc‡Ki (ii)bs wP‡Îi cÖwµqvwU msMwVZ
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
nq
9. BDivwmj †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq?
i. †`n †Kvl
K wWGbG L AviGbG
ii. wW¤^vk‡q
M wRb N †jvKvm
iii. Rbb †Kvl
10. †kvlY c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨MÖnY K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 24. DÏxc‡Ki RxewU †Kvb iv‡R¨i AšÍM©Z?
i. g‡biv K g‡biv L †cÖvwU÷v
K i I ii L ii I iii
ii. dvbRvB M dvbRvB N A¨vwb‡gwjqv
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. †cÖvwU÷v 25. DÏxc‡Ki RxewU
18. AvBj¨vUm Ae j¨v½vin¨vbm&
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. GK †Kvlx
i. kK©iv wecv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i
K i I ii L ii I iii ii. wØ-wefvRb c×wZ‡Z msL¨v e„w× K‡i
ii. Bbmywjb wbtmiY K‡i
M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. †hŠb cÖwµqvq MÖæc ˆZwi K‡i
iii. kvixwiK wecv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i
11. †k¦Z i³KwYKv RxebKvj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 1  10 w`b L 5  10 w`b K i I ii L ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii
M 1  15 w`b N 10  15 w`b M i I iii N i, ii I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 L 3 K 4 L 5 L 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 L 10 N 11 M 12 M 13 L
14 M 15 L 16 M 17 L 18 K 19 N 20 L 21 N 22 M 23 K 24 L 25 L
 116 SSC RxeweÁvb

56 iscyi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. Dw™¢` †Kv‡li †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ MVb I 10. 0.50 MÖvg †¯œn‡Z Lv`¨ K¨vjwii cwigvY 18. ¯^Y©jZv Zvi †PvlK A‡½i gva¨‡g
msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb Dcv`vbwU †ewk KZ? AvkÖq`vZv Dw™¢` †_‡K Lv`¨ msMÖn K‡i|
cÖ‡qvRbxq? K 69.04 L 61.60 GwU †Kvb ai‡bi AvšÍtwµqv?
K †K¬vwib L g¨v½vwbR M 5.28 N 4.5 K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv L †kvlY
M †evib N cUvwkqvg 11. WvqvUg †Kvb iv‡R¨i Rxe? M A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm N wmgev‡qvwmm
2. wUDwbKv wgwWqv Kx w`‡q ˆZwi? K g‡biv L †cÖ v wU÷v 19.
K Hw”QK †cwk M dvbRvB N cøvbwU P
L e„ËvKvi A‰bw”QK †cwk 12. wbwl³Ki‡Yi KZw`b ci gw¯Í‡ ¯‹i MVb
M mij AveiYx Kjv ïiæ nq? Q

N Zš‘gq †hvRK Kjv K 14 L 28 wPÎ : X

3. †KvbwU cvK¯’jxi †cwki Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y M 35 N 56 dz‡ji wPÎ : X Gi web¨vm Kxiƒc n‡j
K‡i? 13. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi DcRvZ `ªe¨ Zv‡K, hy³avbx e‡j?
i. C6H12O6 K P GK¸”Q
K gw¯Í®‹ L mylyævKvÐ
ii. O2 L Q gy³ Ae¯’vq
M K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy N ¯^qswµq ¯œvqy iii. H2O M P `jgЇji mv‡_ hy³
4. civM‡iYyi †Rbv‡iwUf †KvlwU wefvwRZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? N GK¸”Q
n‡q KZwU cysRbb †Kvl m„wó K‡i? K i I ii L ii I iii 20. wg‡qvwmm N‡U mycy®úK Dw™¢‡`i †Kvb
K2 L4 M i I iii N i, ii I iii As‡k?
M6 N8 14. Aw·‡Rb mg„× i³ n„rwc‡Ði †KvbwU K Kv‡Ð L åƒYg~‡j
5. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi evwn¨K cÖfveK †KvbwU? AwZµg K‡i? M gyK‡z j N civMavbx‡Z
K cvZvi AvqZb K UªvBKvmwcW fvjf  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 21 I 22 bs
L c‡Îi msL¨v L cvj‡gvbvwi KcvwUKv cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M Av‡cwÿK Av`ª©Zv M cvj‡gvbvwi agwb
N LwbR c`v_© N evBKvmwcW fvjf X
6. `~e©v Nv‡mi kK©iv ˆZwii cÖavb ¯’vb 15. jvB‡mv‡Rv‡gi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwUi
†KvbwU? Kvh©MZ wgj i‡q‡Q?
K dzj L †g‡mvwdj wUmy¨ K jwmKv‡Kvl L ¯œvqy‡Kvl 21. X wPwýZ AskwUi KvR Kx?
M g~j N RvB‡jg wUmy¨ M Rbb‡Kvl N Aw¯’‡Kvl K wbtmiY L †kvlY
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi  DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 16 I 17 bs cÖ‡kœi M QvuKb N cwienb
DËi `vI : DËi `vI : 22. DÏxcK wP‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
Avwjg mv‡n‡ei i‡³i MÖæc Ggb wZwb wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ civMvqb m¤ú‡K© i. GwU e„‡°i GKK
mevi †_‡K i³ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Av‡jvPbv KiwQ‡jb| wZwb GKwU K`g dzj ii. `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ
7. Avwjg mv‡n‡ei i‡³i MÖæc †KvbwU? †`wL‡q ej‡jb, G‡Z GK ai‡bi iii. i³ †_‡K cwikÖæZ Zij Drcbœ K‡i
K AB LA civMvqb nq| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
MB NO K i I ii L i I iii
16. DwjøwLZ dzjwU QvovI †Kvb dz‡j civMvqb
8. D³ i‡³i ˆewkó¨ n‡jv N‡U? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi cwigvY Kg 23. i‡³ A`ª e Yxq †cÖ v wUb hv `ªæZ m~Zvi g‡Zv
K wkgyj L Kzgov
ii. A¨vw›U‡Rb Av‡Q
Rvj ˆZwi K‡i, Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
M mwilv N ayZziv
K _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b L wbD‡Uªvwdj
iii. A¨vw›UewW bvB 17. DÏxc‡Ki dzjwUi civMvq‡Yi †ÿ‡Î M †e‡mvwdj N dvBweªb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Amyweav n‡”Q 24. †KvbwU‡Z j¨vK‡UR GbRvBg Av‡Q?
K i I ii L i I iii i. civMvq‡bi wbðqZv Kg K AMœ¨vk‡q L jvjvi‡m
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. cÖRvwZi weï×Zv K‡g hvq M cvPKi‡m N Avwš¿Ki‡m
9. wb‡Pi †Kvb Lvevi †_‡K Avgiv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb iii. civM‡iYy K‡g hvq 25. †KvbwUi cÖvšÍxq cÖvPxi M‡j b‡ji m„wó
cvB? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K‡i?
K Avjy L gymyi Wvj K i I ii L i I iii K wmf‡Kvl L †f‡mj
M MvRi N mwilv M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M UªvwKW N m½x‡Kvl

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 L 3 N 4 K 5 M 6 L 7 K 8 M 9 L 10 N 11 L 12 L 13 L
14 N 15 K 16 K 17 N 18 L 19 K 20 N 21 M 22 L 23 N 24 N 25 L
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 117

57 we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wb‡¤œi †KbwU AvwK©‡Mvwb‡qUm? 10. Rxebxkw³i g~j †KvbwU? 18. KwVb gvbwmK Pvc †_‡K cwiÎv‡Y mvnvh¨
K Agaricus L Artocarpus K i³ L dzmdzm K‡i †KvbwU?
M Penicillium N Nostoc M e„° N n„rwcÐ K †cÖvj¨vKwUb
2. cÖv‡Yi weKvk wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq 11. n„rwcЇK Ave„ZKvix c`©vi bvg Kx? L _vBiw·b
K ev¯‘we`¨vq K GwcKvwW©qvg M A¨vW‡ibvwjb
L cÖvYimvq‡b L gv‡qvKvwW©qvg N B‡÷ªv‡Rb
M weeZ©b we`¨vq M †cwiKvwW©qvg 19. ¯^Y©jZvi †PvlK A½ †KvbwU?
N RxecÖhyw³ we`¨vq N G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg K wcÖ‡Uvwiqv L n‡÷vwiqv

3. †KvbwUi cÖv¯Íxq cÖvPxi M‡j b‡ji m„wó nq? 12. nvU© A¨vUvK n‡j M wkLv‡Kvl N G‡cvdvBU

K wmf‡Kvl L m½x‡Kvl i. ey‡K Amnbxq e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq 20. wcUz B Uvwi MÖ w š’

i KvR
M UªvwK‡W N †f‡m‡j ii. †ivMx cÖPÐfv‡e Nvg‡Z _v‡K i. RbbMÖwš’ e„w×

4. †Kvb ai‡bi wUmy¨ †_‡K Rbb‡Kvl m„wó iii. ey‡K fvox Pvc Abyfe nq ii. `y»ÿiY wbqš¿Y

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. Rivqyi ms‡KvPb wbqš¿Y

nq?
K i I ii L ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K AveiYx wUmy¨
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K i I iii L ii I iii
L †hvRK wUmy¨
13. gvby‡li k¦vmbvwji cÖvPxi Kx ai‡bi M i I ii N i, ii I iii
M †cwk wUmy¨
AveiYx wUmy¨ Øviv ˆZwi? 21. Kvj© G‡iwK †ckvq Kx wQ‡jb?
N ¯œvqy wUmy¨
K Wv³vi L ag©hvRK
5. c¨vwc‡jvgv fvBiv‡mi †Kvb `yBwU wRb K wmwjqvhy³
M cÖ‡KŠkjx N wkÿK
L d¬v‡Rjvhy³
K¨vÝvi ˆZwii Rb¨ `vqx? 22. †Kvb dz‡ji civM`Ð eû¸”Q I ci-
K E4E5 L E6E7 M ÿYc`hy³
N Kjvgbvi
civMx?
M E8E9 N E10E11
K wkgyj L mwilv
6. †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb DcKiY n‡”Q 14. evqy_wj Kx Øviv cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K?
M kmv N ayZziv
K Ca I Fe L Na I Mg K wkiv
L AmsL¨ agwb
23. ev¯‘ Z ‡š¿ i †fŠZ Dcv`vb n‡jv
M Fe I N N Mg I N
i. wnDgvm
M ˆKwkK bvwjKv
7. mevZ k¦m‡b A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G Drcvw`Z ii. m~h©v‡jvK
N bgbxq Hw”QK †cwk
e¯‘ iii. evqyi Pvc
15. e„‡°i Zš‘gq AveiY‡ewóZ Ask‡K e‡j?
i. FADH2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. NADH2 K †gWzjv L †cjwfm
K i I ii L i I iii
iii. CO2 M K¨vcmyj N K‡U©·
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 16. Kv‡bi wcbvi gvZ…Kvq i‡q‡Q †KvbwU?
24. eY©vÜZvi Rb¨ `vqx wRbwUi Ae¯’vb
K i I ii L ii I iii K KwÛªb
†Kv_vq?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii L Aw÷Ieøv÷
K A‡Uv‡Rv‡g
8. †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i MVb I msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ M †cwiAw÷ªqvg
L †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g
†KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb? N †UbWb
M wbDwK¬qv‡m
K `¯Ív L Zvgv 17. †mwi‡ejv‡gi KvR n‡jv N †m‡›Uªv‡Rv‡g
M g¨v½vwbR N dmdivm K kÖeY mgš^q 25. DNA Gi cÖwZwU N~Y©‡b KZwU wbDwK¬IUvBW
9. Avwš¿K i‡m †KvbwU _v‡K bv? L Pj‡b mgš^q Dcw¯’Z _v‡K?
K A¨vgvB‡jR L g‡ëR M wPšÍvfvebv K4 L6
M jvB‡cR N Uvqvwjb N n„rwc‡Ði KvR wbqš¿Y M8 N 10

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 L 2 M 3 N 4 K 5 L 6 N 7 L 8 M 9 N 10 K 11 M 12 N 13 K
14 M 15 M 16 K 17 L 18 M 19 L 20 N 21 M 22 K 23 M 24 L 25 N
 118 SSC RxeweÁvb

58 K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, †gv‡gbkvnx welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. mvaviYZ gvbe‡`‡n LDL Gi cwigvY 9. k¦mb cÖwµqvi Av`k© ZvcgvÎv 17. †ivMwUi wPwKrmvq cÖ‡hvR¨
wgwj‡gvj/wjUvi K 20C L 45C i. †ivMx‡K mnbxq DòZv I ﮋ
K < 1.8 L > 1.5 cwi‡e‡k ivLv
M 20  35C N 20  45C
M < 1.7 N 0.7
10. M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z nq ii. †ivMx‡K Zij I Mig Lvevi LvIqv‡bv
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi iii. †ivMx‡K †ewk K‡i cvwb cvb Kiv‡bv
i. wUªcwmb
DËi `vI : ii. Uvqvwjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ivû‡ji i‡³i MÖæc "A" iii. jvB‡cR K i I ii L i I iii
2. Zvn‡j †m †Kvb MÖæ‡ci i³ MÖnb Ki‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cvi‡e K i I ii L i I iii 18. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb ch©v‡q G÷vi-†i
K A+ L AB+ M ii I iii N i, ii I iii Drcbœ nq?
M O+ N O 11. GKRb c~Ye© q¯‹ e¨w³i cÖwZw`b K †cÖv‡dR L †cÖv-†gUv‡dR
3. ivû‡ji i‡³i †ÿ‡Î †¯œnRvZxq Lv‡`¨i MÖnbxq gvÎv KZ? M †gUv‡dR N A¨vbv‡dR
i. i‡³ A RvZxq Gw›U‡Rb Av‡Q K 50-60 MÖvg L 45-60 MÖvg
19. wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU P›`ªgwjøKvi
ii. i‡³ B RvZxq Gw›UewW Av‡Q M 60-70 MÖvg N 45-70 MÖvg
G·cøv›U †_‡K KZ¸‡jv Pviv cvIqv m¤¢e?
iii. i‡³ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi d¨v±i Dcw¯’Z †bB 12. Gwc KvwW©qvg Gi †ÿ‡Î, mZ¨ bq †KvbwU?
K 82 †KvwU L 44 †KvwU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K g~jZ †hvRK Kjv wb‡q MwVZ
M 86 †KvwU N 83 †KvwU
K i I ii L i I iii L AveiYx Kjv w`‡q Ave„Z
M `„p A‰bw”QK †cwk w`‡q G ¯Íi MwVZ
20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †K¬ v ‡ivwdj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
N wewÿßfv‡e Pwe© _v‡K Riæwi?
4. ga¨”Q`v msKzwPZ n‡q wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j K g¨vM‡bwmqvg L †jŠn
13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU K¨vjwmqv‡gi AfveRwbZ
i. dzmdzm Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V hvq M mvjdvi N Kve©b
†ivM?
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K Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm
iii. eÿMnŸ‡ii AvqZb †e‡o hvq iv‡L?
L A¨vwbwgqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M wiDgvU‡qW Av_ª©vBwUm K †m‡ieªvg L †m‡i‡ejvg
K i I ii L i I iii N wi‡KUm M ga¨gw¯Í®‹ N cbm
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 14. Av‡Wªbvj MÖwš’ †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? 22. wb‡l‡Ki KZ mßv‡ni g‡a¨ Agiv MwVZ
5. Kve©b WvBA·vBW g~jZ Kx wn‡m‡e i³ K MÖxev A‡j L e„‡°i Dc‡o nq?
Øviv evwnZ nq? M AMœ¨vk‡q N k¦vmbvwj‡Z K 12 mßvn L 16 mßvn
K Kv‡e©vwn‡gv‡Møvweb iƒ‡c 15. †Kvb ai‡bi RxevYy Avjyi †jU eøvBU M 20 mßvn N 28 mßvn
L Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb iæ‡c †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx? 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z ci civMvqb †`Lv hvq?
M evBKve©‡bUiæ‡c K fvBivm L e¨vK‡Uwiqv
K wkgyj L ayZziv
N K¨vjwmqvgKve©‡bU iƒ‡c M †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv N QÎvK
M mwilv N avb
6. mvaviYZ †ibvj wcivwg‡Wi msL¨v KZ?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 16 I 17bs 24. cÖwZwmR‡b KvZjv gv‡Qi wWg Qvovi msL¨v
K 4–8 L 8 – 12 cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : KZ?
M 12 – 16 N 16 – 20 kixdvi †QvU ev”PvwUi R¡i, Kvwk, ey‡K K 1 †KvwU L 2 †KvwU
7. KxU cZ½ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq e¨_v, Lvevi †L‡Z Amyweav I k¦vmKó †eva
M 3 †KvwU N 4 †KvwU
RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq? K‡i| ax‡i ax‡i †m `ye©j n‡q co‡Q|
K Enotomology L Ecology wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †M‡j wPwKrmK Zv‡K 25. RNA- Gi †ÿ‡Î
M Endocrinology N Microbiology Rvbv‡jb †h, G ai‡bi †iv‡M wkï I i. 4 Kve©bhy³ ivB‡evR kK©iv _v‡K
8. ivB‡ev‡Rvg eq¯‹ivB †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| ii. A‰Re dm‡dU _v‡K
K kK©iv ms‡køl‡Y mnvqZv K‡i 16. kixdvi wkïwU †Kvb RxevYy Øviv †iv‡M iii. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em _v‡K
L cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb ms‡hvR‡b mnvqZv K‡i AvµvšÍ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M wewfbœ ˆRweK Kv‡Ri MwZ n«vm K‡i K †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv L fvBivm K i I ii L i I iii
N †Kv‡l AvMZ RxevYy aŸsm K‡i M e¨vK‡Uwiqv N †iby M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 N 3 L 4 M 5 M 6 L 7 K 8 L 9 N 10 L 11 K 12 M 13 K
14 L 15 N 16 M 17 K 18 L 19 L 20 K 21 K 22 K 23 K 24 M 25 M
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 119

g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI

kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ : m„Rbkxj
59 nwj µm D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, XvKv welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8
mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki 5  mygb I wkewj `yB eÜy| Df‡qB i³¯^íZvRwbZ mgm¨vq
fzM‡Q| Wv³vi ej‡jb mygb I wkewji †ivM `ywU wfbœ Z‡e
wkewji †ivMwUi Rb¨ Zvi evev I gv `vqx|
K. weeZ©b Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. evN I nwi‡Yi g‡a¨ Kx ai‡bi msMÖvg e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q wPÎ : R M. myg‡bi †ivMwUi KviY Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. jwmKv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. wkewji †ivMwUi Rb¨ memgq Zv‡K wPwKrm‡Ki
L. Avgv‡`i Z¡‡Ki wUmy¨‡K UªvbwRkbvj AveiYx wUmy¨ ejv civg‡k© _vK‡Z n‡e  we‡kølY Ki| 4
nq †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 6  iwe‡bi B`vwbs Nb Nb cÖmÖve nq I AwaK cvwb wccvmv
M. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î P G A Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 jv‡M| GKw`b `ye©jZv †_‡K nVvr gv_v Ny‡i c‡i hvq| wZwb
N. wPÎ Q Ges R Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Avgv‡`i cov g‡b
ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4 g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †÷ªvK K‡i c‡i wM‡q‡Qb| Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q
2  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki †M‡j Zvi fzj fv‡O|
n K. we‡qvRK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
2n L. cviwKbmb †iv‡M AvµvšÍ wbjvi †cwk bvovPvovq
n
2n 2n mgm¨vi KviY Kx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
2n n M. iwe‡bi †h mgm¨v aiv c‡i‡Q Zvi Rb¨ Kx Kx wbqg
n †g‡b Pjv DwPr e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
wPÎ : A wPÎ : B N. iweb †h †ivMwUi K_v cÖ_‡g †f‡ewQj †mwU GKwU gvivZ¥K
K. B›Uvi‡dR Kv‡K e‡j? 1 e¨wa  †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡ÿ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 4
L. †Mvjvc dz‡ji is jvj †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
M. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb wP‡Î gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K AcZ¨ †Kv‡li P
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨vi ZviZg¨ nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK e„w× I eskai m„wó‡Z wefvRb A I B
ci¯úi wbf©ikxj  we‡kølY Ki| 4 cÉwKÌqv X H2O
H2O A
3  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
CO2 CO2

O2
O2
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wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q
K. k¦mwbK e¯‘ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. i³Pvc Kx? 1
L. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi eUMvQ Ges NvmRvZxq Dw™¢‡`i L. †m¸b Mv‡Qi GKwU UzKiv‡K cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q ivL‡j Kx
g‡a¨ †KvbwUi †ewk e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 NU‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ Q Gi cÖwµqvwUi 2q I 3q av‡ci e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. Q Kxfv‡e P As‡k †cuŠQvq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. RxeRM‡Z wPÎ P Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki X cÖwµqvwU RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ DcKvix Ges
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki AcKvi `y‡UvB K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4
†Zj, 8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
A
wN, gvLb gvRiv †cvKv e¨vO
gvQ, gvsm, wWg B Li‡Mvm mvc CMj
kvKmewR, djg~j C

fvZ, Avjy, iæwU, mywR D gyiwM gvbyl

K. AvËxKiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 (A) avb MvQ
L. Mg KuvPv LvIqv hvq bv †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. dvB‡Uvcø¨v¼Ub Kx? 1
M. B wPwýZ Lv`¨¸‡jv †`‡ni Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3 L. †ewR I mv‡ci g‡a¨ Kx ai‡bi AvšÍtwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki A I D wPwýZ Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi cwicvK M. DÏxc‡Ki we`¨gvb e„nËg Lv`¨¨k„•LjwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
cÖwµqv wfbœ we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki ev¯‘Z‡š¿ A Gi wejywßRwbZ cÖfve we‡kølY Ki| 4
120 SSC RxeweÁvb

60 Meb©‡g›U j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‹zj, avbgwÐ, XvKv welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  Avgv‡`i †`‡n bgbxq †¯‹wjUvj Kv‡bKwUf wUmy¨, Abgbxq 5  gvby‡li eÿ MnŸ‡ii wfZ‡ii `yB cv‡k †Kvgj nvjKv jvj‡P
†¯‹wjUvj Kv‡bKwUf wUmy¨ we`¨gvb hv‡Z Ca RvZxq c`v_© e‡Y©i, ¯ú‡Äi gZ big `ywU A½ Av‡Q| D`i MnŸ‡ii wcQ‡b
Rgv n‡q `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Dfq cÖKvi Kv‡bKwUf wUmy¨ wcV msjMœ wkgwewPi b¨vq jvj‡P is Gi `yBwU A½ we`¨gvb|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ni KvVv‡gv MVb K‡i| K. BDwiwb‡divm bvwjKv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. †UbWb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. †Kvb †iv‡M Kvwki mv‡_ i³ †ei n‡Z cv‡i  e¨vL¨v
L. cÂv‡kva© cyiæl I bvix‡`i ˆ`wbK 1200mg Ki| 2
K¨vjwmqvg MÖnY Ki‡Z ejv nq †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki nvjKv jvj‡P e‡Y©i A½ Kxfv‡e ewntk¦mb
M. D‡jøwLZ `yB ai‡bi wUmy¨ Øviv ˆZwi GKwU mwÜi MVb
m¤úbœ K‡i  eY©bv Ki| 3
eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxcK A‡½i †KvbwU Zij eR©¨ wb®‹vk‡b, †KvbwU
N. cÖ_g wUmy¨i MVb wØZxq wUmy¨i MVb †_‡K wfbœ cÖK…wZi
evqexq eR©¨ wb®‹vk‡b RwoZ  we‡kølY Ki| 4
 e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
6  Rxe‡`‡n †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq †Kvb †Kvl wefvwRZ n‡q
2  `„k¨Kí-P : Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ A‡½i e„wׇZ GKwU we‡kl
mg¸Y m¤úbœ `yBwU AcZ¨ †Kvl ˆZwi K‡i| Avevi †Kvb
ni‡gvb cÖ‡qvRb  hv Dw™¢`‡K Av‡jvi w`‡K †eu‡K †h‡Z
†Kvl wefvwRZ n‡q †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v A‡a©K n‡q hvq|
mvnvh¨ K‡i|
K. A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
`„k¨Kí-Q : gvbe †`‡ni we‡kl MÖwš’ wbtm„Z im Møy‡Kv‡Ri
L. A¨vwgev‡K †cÖvwU÷v iv‡R¨ ¯’vb †`Iqv n‡jv †Kb? 2
gvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g wefvR‡bi Z…Zxq I PZz_© av‡ci eY©bv
`„k¨Kí-R : gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i †Kvl GK ai‡bi ivmvqwbK
Ki| 3
c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wefvRb cÖwµqvq †KvbwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
K. wbDwi‡jgv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. a~gcvb øvqyi Kvh©KvwiZv bó K‡i †Kb? 2 fvimvg¨ iÿvq f‚wgKv iv‡L  e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
M. DÏxcK 'P' Gi NUbv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
N. Q I R Gi Kvh©KvwiZv †Zvgvi †`‡ni Rb¨ m¤ú~Y©
P
Avjv`v  we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Q

K.wbDwK¬Ijvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L.cvZvi wkivq we`¨gvb wUmy¨i e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M.DÏxcK wP‡Îi P Gi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
K. avOo Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N.kw³ Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc¸‡jv wPÎ-Q Gi g‡a¨
L. wkgMv‡Qi mv‡_ ivB‡Rvweqvg e¨vK‡Uwiqvi m¤úK© m¤úbœ nq  we‡kølY Ki| 4
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
8  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
M. DÏxcK cÖwµqvwU‡K †Kb wRb †K¬vwbs ejv nq  eY©bv
Ki| 3
N. DÏxcK Øviv wb‡`©wkZ cÖwµqv cÖPwjZ cÖRb‡bi
Zzjbvq AwaK Kvh©Ki  we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  GKB cÖRvwZi `ywU wfbœ gUikuywU Dw™¢` dz‡ji g‡a¨ civM‡iYy
¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q bZzb Rv‡Zi Dw™¢` m„wó nq| DbœZ Rv‡Zi wPÎ : M wPÎ : E
km¨ Drcv`‡bI GB c×wZ e¨en„Z n‡Z cv‡i| K. ÿz`ªvš¿ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. _¨vjv‡mwgqv †gRi Kx? 1 L. KcvwUKv hy³ i³bvwji e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. Aa©iÿYkxj c×wZ †Kb nq  e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi M As‡k M¨vw÷ªK i‡mi cÖfve eY©bv
M. D‡jøwLZ ¯’vbvšÍi cÖwµqvi gva¨gmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3 Ki| 3
N. DbœZ km¨ Drcv`‡b DÏxcK dz‡ji cixÿvwU we‡kølY N. wPÎ E A½wUi ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi djvdj we‡kølY
Ki| 4 Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 121

61 exi‡kÖô b~i †gvnv¤§` cvewjK K‡jR, XvKv welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki 5  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
A Mangifera indica A
B Artocarpus heterophyllus i³ KwYKv i³ KwYKv
C Homo sapiens. (Y) (X)
†`n
K. Lv`¨k„•Lj Kx? 1
wPÎ : P
L. Av‡cj‡K AcÖK…Z dj ejv nq †Kb? 2
K. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki A I B Rx‡ei bvg¸‡jv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î †hme
L. K‡gb‡mwjRb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
wbqgvewj AbymiY Ki‡Z nq Zv eY©bv Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ X I Y bvwjc‡_i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
N. DÏxcK C Gi †b‡÷W nvqvivwK© e¨envi K‡i Ki| 3
†kÖwYZvwË¡K Ae¯’vb we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡K wPÎ-P †Z D‡jøwLZ A Gi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e
2  RxeweÁvb wkÿK 10g †kÖwY‡Z †Kvl wefvRb m¤ú‡K© i³ cÖevwnZ nq  we‡kølY Ki| 4
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb cÖ_‡g n«vmg~j‡K wefvRb m¤ú‡K© 6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges c‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i mgxKiwYK wefvR‡bi
wewfbœ avc m¤ú‡K© eywS‡q e‡jb|
A
K. jvB‡MR GbRvBg Kx? 1
L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K †Kb eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq? 2 B
M. wkÿ‡Ki Av‡jvwPZ wØZxq †Kvl wefvR‡bi 3bs K. cøyiv Kx? 1
ch©vqwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. e„‡° cv_i †Kb nq? 2
N. cÖRvwZi wU‡K _vKvi †ÿ‡Î DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb †Kvl M. A wPwýZ As‡k e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y †h †ivM nq
Zvi jÿY I cÖwZKvi e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
wefvRb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
N. wP‡Îi B wPwýZ A½wU M¨vmxq wewbg‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
3  C6H12O6 + O6  CO2 + H2O + K¨vjwi|
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. kw³gy`ªv Kx? 1
7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki 
L. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi 2 I 3 bs avc †h A½vYy‡Z X
msNwUZ nq Zvi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Y A
B
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU evavMÖ¯’ nIqv RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨
wech©qKi  Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4 wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q
K.wbD‡i‡jgv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki L.DNA Abywjcb cÖwµqvwU Aa©iÿYkxj †Kb? 2
B M.wPÎ-Q Gi A I B Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki| 3
N.wPÎ-P Gi X Ges Y Gi Kvh©µg gvby‡li Pj‡b
A
mnvqZv K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
8  cÖm½-1 : moK `yNU© bvq weK…Z jvk kbv³Ki‡Y (X) bgybv
C msMÖn Kiv n‡jv|
D cÖm½-2 : DbœZRv‡Zi dmj D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ (Y) cÖwµqvq
K. BMR Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1 wRb ¯’vbvšÍi|
K. cÖwZeZ©x wµqv Kx? 1
L. Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb ej‡Z Kx †evS? 2
L. cviwKbmb †ivM ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. Lv`¨ cwicv‡K DÏxc‡Ki A As‡ki f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v
M. †Kv‡bv AÁvZ jv‡ki cwiPq kbv³Ki‡Y X bgybv Kx
Ki| 3
cÖwµqvq wbf©yjfv‡e Kiv hvq  e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. B I C As‡ki mn‡hvwMZv Qvov Lv`¨ cwicvK m¤¢e N. Y cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi bZzb ¸YMZ ˆewkó¨
bq  hyw³mn we‡kølY Ki| 4 ms‡hvRb m¤¢e  we‡kølY Ki| 4
122 SSC RxeweÁvb

62 gwbcyi D”P we`¨vjq I K‡jR, XvKv welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki 5  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki

A B
wPÎ : A
K. cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl Kx ? 1
K. Aw¯’mwÜ Kx? 1
L. jvB‡mv‡Rvg‡K RxevYy fÿK ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ A Gi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 L. Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm ej‡Z Kx eyS ? 2
N. B wP‡Îi A½vYywU Kxfv‡e Rxe RMr wUwK‡q ivL‡Q?
M. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi Kvh©Kix GK‡Ki wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b
we‡kølY Ki| 4 Ki| 3
2  C6H12O6+602  6CO2+6H2O+ Energy N. A A½wU weKj n‡j †Kvb c×wZi gva¨‡g AwaK my¯’
K. mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm Kx? 1 Rxeb-hvcb Kiv m¤¢e ? we‡kølY Ki| 4
L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K esk MwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq †Kb? 6  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 e„wZ  `jgÐj  cys¯ÍeK  ¯¿x¯ÍeK
M. mevZ k¦mb I AevZ k¦m‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 3 A B C D
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 K. wØwb‡lK Kx? 1
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki L. wkgyj dz‡j Kx ai‡bi civMvqb N‡U? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. A, B, C I D e¨envi K‡i GKwU Dw™¢` As‡ki wPwýZ
X
wPý A¼b Ki| 3
N. Dw™¢‡`i esk e„wׇZ C I D As‡ki f‚wgKv  we‡kølY
Z
Ki| 4
Y 7  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
K. MqUi Kx? 1
L. hK…Z‡K imvqb M‡elYvMvi ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki X As‡k Kxfv‡e Lv`¨ cwicvK nq? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y
N. DÏxc‡Ki Y I Z Ask Lv`¨ cwicv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
K. †jvKvm Kx? 1
iv‡L- g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
L. cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-X I Y Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 3
B
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-X Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
C

K. ga¨”Q`v Kx? 1 wPÎ-A wPÎ-B

L. iv‡Z eo KuvVvj Mv‡Qi bx‡P Nygv‡bv DwPr bq †Kb? 2 K. cÖRvwZMZ ˆewPÎ Kx? 1
M. A †_‡K C As‡k cvwbi Av‡ivnY cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. 僇Yi †iP‡b Agivi f‚wgKv Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. Dw™¢‡` B cÖwµqvwUi DcKvix Ges AcKvix `ywU M. B cÖhyw³i c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
f‚wgKvq i‡q‡Q  we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. gvbe Rxe‡b wPÎ-A Gi e¨envi wjL| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 123

63 Mf: j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‹zj, ivRkvnx welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  `kg †kÖwYi QvÎ KYK Zvi eÜy‡K mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ 5  †Z¡vnvi kixi dz‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡jv|
eywS‡q w`j| KYK ejj †h, GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆRe Wv³vi wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿvi ci ej‡jb, Zvi GKwU A½
ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq cvwbi mv‡jvK wefvRb N‡U AvswkK ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j Zij eR¨© c`v_© mn‡R
Ges CO2 weRvwiZ n‡q kK©iv Drcbœ nq| G cÖwµqvq wKQy wb®‹vkb n‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
cÖfve‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q| K. i³Pvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. MøvB‡KvjvBwmm †Kv_vq N‡U? 1 L. WvqvjvBwmm †Kb Kiv nq? 2
L. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖfveK Kx Kx? M. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi j¤^‡”Q` A¼b K‡i wewfbœ Ask
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wPwýZ Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡K KY‡Ki Av‡jvwPZ cÖwµqvwU‡Z cvwbi mv‡jvK N. D³ A½wU gvby‡li my¯’ Rxebaviv eRvq iv‡L  Dw³wU
wefvRb I ATP Drcv`b cÖwµqvi hyMcr N‡U  we‡kølY Ki| 4
we‡kølY Ki| 3 6  gvgyb R‡š§i GK eQi †_‡KB i³k~b¨Zvq f‚M‡Q| W³v‡ii
N. RxeRM‡Zi Dci DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqvwUi cÖfve civg‡k© cÖwZ `yB gvm AšÍi AšÍi gvgyb‡K GKevi i³ w`‡Z
eY©bv Ki| 4 nq| Z‡e Avqibhy³ Lvevi w`‡Z wb‡la K‡ib|
2  Rxeb `kg †kÖwYi GKRb QvÎ| Zvi kvixwiK D”PZv I K. K‡jiv RxevYyi ˆeÁvwbK bvg Kx? 1
IRb h_vµ‡g 162 †m:wg Ges IRb 45 †KwR | L. wRb‡K eskMwZi aviK ejv nq †Kb? 2
K. K¨vjwi Kx? 1
M. gvgy‡bi †ivMwUi KviY eY©bv Ki| 3
L. g¨v‡µvwbDwUª‡q›U ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
N. gvgy‡bi GB †ivM nIqvi Rb¨ Zvi gv-evevB `vqx 
M. Rxeb Gi BMI wbY©q Ki| 3
Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
N. Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v wdwi‡q Avm‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
7  ïf wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z wM‡q Wvb cv‡qi nuvUz‡Z cÖPÛ AvNvZ
c`‡ÿcmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
†cj| Wv³vi cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i ej‡jb Zvi nuvUzi
3  mKv‡j cwj evRvi †_‡K cwjw_‡b wKQy meyR kvK wK‡b wb‡q
ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eÜbx wQu‡o wM‡q‡Q|
Av‡m| `yc‡y i †m¸‡jv †ei Ki‡Z wM‡q †`‡L cwjw_‡bi
K. ZiæYvw¯’ Kx? 1
wfZ‡ii Mv‡q †dvuUv †dvuUv cvwb R‡g Av‡Q|
K. cvZvi †Kvb As‡k mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi me‡P‡q L. Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
†ewk? 1 M. ïfi AvNvZcÖvß ¯’v‡bi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
L. cvwb‡K Òd¬zBW Ad jvBdÓ ejv nq †Kb? 2 N. ïfi D³ A‡½i Kvh©µgwU m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eÜbxwUi
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 mv‡_ †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki Kv‡Ri mgš^q  we‡kølY
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meivn K‡i Zv wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
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f‚wgKv †Kgb Zv wbiƒcY K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ nIqv eZ©gvb mg‡qi Rb¨ Kxiƒc
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki mZK©evZ©v enb Ki‡Q e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| Kxfv‡e GwU
2n n cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
2n
2n n
8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
F C
E G
K. Mf©dzj Kx? 1
D
L. GBWm †iv‡M g„Zz¨ Awbevh© n‡q c‡o †Kb? 2
M. 'F' †_‡K 'G' Kxfv‡e m„wó nq Zv avc Abyhvqx e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. ga¨”Q`v Kx? 1
N. †h †Kvl wefvR‡bi d‡j 'E' m„wó nq RxeRM‡Z †mwU L. dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi Kxfv‡e wbY©q Kiv nq? 2
bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. 'C'-Gi wfZ‡i cÖ`vnRwbZ †iv‡Mi jÿY cÖwZ‡iva
5  wRb cÖ‡KŠkjx W. †n`v‡qZ mv‡n‡ei Avg MvQ¸‡jv‡Z cÖPzi e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Av‡gi djb n‡jI MvQ¸‡jv `ªæZ †ivMvµvšÍ n‡q gviv hvq| N. 'D' Ask msjMœ ÿz`ªvKvi i³RvwjKv †Kv‡l M¨vmxq
wZwb jÿ Ki‡jb Zvi evwoi cv‡ki R½‡j GKRv‡Zi wewbg‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
128 SSC RxeweÁvb

68 PÆMÖvg miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  10g †kÖwY‡Z coyqv Avwmd Zuvi RxeweÁvb wel‡qi K¬v‡m M. DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ cÖhyw³wUi avcmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
wUPv‡ii cov‡bv welq¸‡jv wb‡q Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv KiwQj| N. DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ cÖhyw³wUi e¨envi K‡i weÁvbxiv
Ggb mgq Zvi cv‡q nVvr Mig Abyf‚Z nIqvq †m `ªæZ cv Kxfv‡e K…wl‡ÿ‡Î cÖPzi mvdj¨ †c‡q‡Qb e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
mwi‡q wb‡q †`L‡jv Zvi cv‡qi Kv‡Q GKwU gkvi K‡qj Enzyme
5  C6H12O6 + O  6CO2 + 6H2O + kw³
R¡j‡Q|
K. mvgwMÖK Pjb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. †imvm d¨v±i Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Wv‡ei cvwb‡Z we`¨gvb dvB‡Uvni‡gvbwUi KvR eY©bv L. Dw™¢` KvÐ Av‡jvi w`‡K †eu‡K hvq †Kb? 2
Ki| 2 M. mvB‡UvcøvR‡g msNwUZ DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi avcmg~n
M. DÏxc‡K Avwmd †h KvRwU wb‡q gMœ wQj Zv ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i wbY©q Ki| 3
†h Ask Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq Zvi MVb I f‚wgKv eY©bv N. DÏxc‡K O Gi Dcw¯’wZ I Abycw¯’wZ Drcbœ kw³i
Ki| 3 cwigvY Kx Kg †ewk n‡Z cv‡i? welqwU we‡kølY Ki| 4
N. DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ NUbvi AvKw¯§KZvq NUv KvRwU 6  RvB‡MvU †KvlwU A Gi 1g †Kvl Avevi civM‡iYy B Gi 1g
¯œvqyZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask Øviv Kxfv‡e msNwUZ nq e¨vL¨v †Kvl| GKwU mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i RxebP‡µ GB A Ges B
Ki| 4 bv‡g `ywU ch©vq GKwUi ci GKwU PµvKv‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K|
2  gvbe kix‡ii eÿMnŸ‡i n„rwc‡Ði `yB cv‡k `ywU jvj‡P, K. eøv‡÷vwm÷ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
big, ¯ú‡Äi b¨vq k¦mb A½ Aew¯’Z| GB we‡kl k¦mb L. i³ mÂvj‡b KcvwUKvi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki| 2
A‡½i gva¨‡g gvbe kix‡ii M¨vmxq Av`vb cÖ`vb N‡U | M. B Gi DrcwËi cÖwµqv wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3
K. k¦mb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. exR A¼zwiZ n‡q GKwU c~Y©v½ A Gi m„wói cÖwµqvwU
L. Kx Kx Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¨w³i A¨vRgv n‡Z cv‡i? 2 we‡kølY Ki| 4
M. DwjøwLZ k¦mb A½wUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 7  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
N. DwjøwLZ k¦mb A‡½i gva¨‡g k¦mb cÖwµqvq †h M¨vmxq m~h©
wewbgq N‡U Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
3  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki D Z…Y‡fvRx gvsmvkx

cywófvÛvi we‡qvRK
M K. K‡gb‡mwjRg Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Rxe‰ewPΨ msiÿY Avek¨K
N
†Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖevnwP‡Îi kw³i cÖevn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖevnwP‡Î D Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ev¯ÍyZ‡š¿ Kx
K. wjMv‡g›U Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. nv‡Zi KbyB‡K KwâmwÜ ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 cÖfve co‡Z cv‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-P Gi GK‡Ki Kvh©cYÖ vjx wP‡Îi 8  Z¡K – X
mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 i³ – Y
N. DÏxc‡Ki Q wP‡Î M I N Df‡qi mgwš^Z Kvh©µg K. wbDwi‡jgv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Kxfv‡e A½ mÂvj‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L? we‡kølY Ki| 4 L. cvZvi eqm I msL¨v Dw™¢‡`i mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y Kx
4  Dw™¢‡`i A½we‡kl e¨envi K‡i GKwU we‡kl cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j eY©bv Ki| 2
Dw™¢‡`i DbœZRvZ D™¢ve‡b, wejyßcÖvq Dw™¢` Drcv`‡b I M. DÏxc‡Ki X As‡ki m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ cÖKvi wUmy¨i
msiÿ‡Y weÁvbxiv cÖPzi mvdj¨ †c‡q‡Qb| ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki| 3
K. †R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. DÏxc‡Ki Y AskwU wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kvl aviY K‡i,
L. wRGgI Ges Uªv݇RwbK Rxe GK bq †Kb? e¨vL¨v †mB †Kvl¸‡jvi KvR gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ †Kb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Ki| 2 Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 129

69 wm‡jU miKvwi cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi Q‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 5  †mv‡n‡ji eqm 16 eQi, D”PZv 130 †m.wg. Ges IRb 70
A B C †KwR|
WvqvUg †cwbwmwjqvg kvcjv K. iv‡dR Kx? 1
K. G‡ÛvµvB‡bvjwR Kx? 1 L. Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ g¨vM‡bwmqvg cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2
L. bxjvf meyR ˆkevj‡K g‡biv iv‡R¨i AšÍf©y³ Kivi M. †mv‡n‡ji BMR wbY©q Ki| 3
KviY Kx? 2 N. BMI Gi gvb`‡Ð †mv‡n‡ji KiYxq w`K Av‡jvPbv
M. ICBN wbqgvbyhvqx C RxewUi bvgKiY c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
Ki| 3 6  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
N. A I B Rxe `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AaxK DbœZ?
hyw³mnKv‡i we‡kølY Ki| 4
2  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
R

wPÎ : P wPÎ : N
K. wm‡÷vwjK Pvc Kx? 1
L. eªsKvBwUm †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi KviY D‡jøL Ki| 2
M. wPÎ P Gi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q N. DÏxc‡Ki R wPwýZ AskwU †Kv‡l M¨vmxq wewbg‡q
K. cÖK…Z †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j? 1
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
L. RvB‡jg‡K cwienb wUmy¨ ejv nq †Kb? 2
7  wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ Ki
M. DÏxc‡Ki P Gi MVb wPwýZ wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3
RxecÖhyw³
N. Rxe‡`‡n Q A½vYyi f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ Ki
cÉwKÌqv A  2n  2n A B
wUmy¨ KvjPvi †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
cÉwKÌqv B  2n  n
K. cøvRwgW Kx? 1
K. wb‡lK Kx? 1
L. Dw™¢` †`‡n wR‡e‡iwjb Gi KvR D‡jøL Ki| 2
L. gvB‡Uvwmm‡K mgxKiY wefvRb ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. A cÖwµqvi avcmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
M. cÖwµqv A Gi PZz_© avcwU wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3
N. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î B cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
N. B cÖwµqvwU cÖRvwZi ˆewkó¨ eskci¤úivq wU‡K
8  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
_vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i  Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
B
4  wb‡Pi wewµqviwU jÿ Ki
P
(i) 6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 C
Q
Enzyme
(ii) C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + E
K. †jw›UKzjvi cÖ‡¯^`b Kx? 1 wPÎ : N wPÎ : M
L. ga¨eqmx cvZvq mv‡jvKms‡kølY †ewk N‡U †Kb? 2 K. Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm Kx? 1
M. ii bs cÖwµqvwUi 3q av‡c KZ AYy E Drcbœ nq Zv L. gvbe‡`‡n †cwki KvR D‡jøL Ki| 2
Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3 M. wPÎ N Gi Abywjcb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. i bs cÖwµqvq P I Q Dcv`vb Acwinvh©  we‡kølY N. wPÎ M Gi B I C wPwýZ As‡ki Zzjbvg~jK
Ki| 4 Av‡jvPbv we‡kølY Ki| 4
130 SSC RxeweÁvb

70 ewikvj miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  Dw™¢` †`‡n cwien‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K GK¸”Q ¯’vqx wUm¨y| K. hÿ¥v †iv‡Mi RxevYyi bvg Kx? 1
G‡`i g‡a¨ 'A' Lv‡`¨i KuvPvgvj mieivn K‡i Ges 'B' L. Mi‡g †N‡g †M‡j ev K¬všÍ Ae¯’vq Lvevi m¨vjvBb cvb
cÖ¯ÍyZK…Z Lv`¨ mviv‡`‡n cwienb K‡i|
Kiv hv‡e wK-bv  e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. B›Uvi‡dR Kx? 1
M. 'k' A‡½i KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. MjwRewWi KvR wjL| 2
N. 'k' A½ weKj n‡q †M‡j Kxfv‡e †ivMx‡K my¯’ ivLv hvq
M. 'B' Gi wPwýZ wPÎ AvuK| 3
N. 'A' Lv‡`¨i KuvPvgvj msMÖn Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4

wK-bv Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 6  †cÖÿvcU 1 : wkÿK kÖæZwjwc w`‡”Qb Ges Zzwg wjLQ|
2  Rxe‡`n GKwU ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq †hŠwMK Lv`¨ `ªe¨ †cÖÿvcU 2 : 55 eQi eqmx Av‡jqv †eMg eûw`b a‡i
RvwiZ K‡i mij `ª‡e¨ cwiYZ K‡i Ges kw³ Drcbœ K‡i| †÷iI‡qW hy³ Jla †meb Ki‡Qb| wZwb Lye †ewk KvwqK
K. d‡UvjvBwmm Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cwikÖgI K‡ib bv |
L. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y CO2 Gi cÖfve  e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. wjMv‡g›U Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. †mwi‡ejv‡gi KvR wjL| 2
N. D³ cÖwµqvwU †Kvb †Kvb cÖfveK Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Zv
M. †cÖÿvcU 1 G Kxfv‡e DÏxcbv mÂvwjZ nq? e¨vL¨v
we‡kølY Ki| 4
Ki| 3
3  iæwebvi eqm 18 eQi, D”PZv 150 †m.wg. IRb 47 †KwR|
N. †cÖÿvcU 2 G Av‡jqv †eM‡gi Kx †ivM nIqvi
†m AZ¨šÍ cwikÖgx, cÖPzi †`ŠoSvc I †Ljvayjv K‡i|
K. †`‡ni imvqb M‡elYvMvi †KvbwU? 1 m¤¢vebv Av‡Q? we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Ki| 4
L. Av`k© Lv`¨ wcivwg‡Wi wPÎ AvuK| 2 7  'D' n‡jv 'C' Gi cÖavb Dcv`vb I eskMwZi ivmvqwbK wfwË|
M. BMI gvb Abyhvqx iæwebvi KiYxq Kx? 3 hv Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ mivmwi enb K‡i gvZvwcZv †_‡K
N. iæwebv cÖwZw`b KZ K¨vjwi Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Zvi Zv‡`i eska‡i wb‡q hvq|
IRb GKB ivL‡Z cvi‡e? 4 K. wØwb‡lK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
4  gvbe †`‡n 'H' bvgK GKwU w·KvYvKvi duvcv A½ †_‡K †ei
L. gvbe cÖRb‡bi wewfbœ avc eøK wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 2
n‡q 'B' bvgK Zij †hvRK Kjv mviv kixi cwiågY K‡i
M. 'D' Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Avevi 'H' A‡½ wd‡i Av‡m|
N. wj½ wba©vi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki †KvbwUi f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q
K. eªsKvm Kx? 1
L. i‡³ D”P †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji mgm¨v  e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 we‡kølY Ki| 4

M. DÏxc‡Ki 'H' Gi wPwýZ wPÎ AvuK| 3 8  Dw™¢‡`i G·cøv›U †_‡K wew”Qbœ Ask ev A½we‡kl †Kv‡bv
N. 'H' Gi g‡a¨ 'B' Gi mÂvjb c×wZ  e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 wbw`©ó cywóea©K wgwWqv‡g RxevYygy³ Ae¯’vq KvjPvi K‡i
5  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki bZzb ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ Dw™¢` D™¢veb Kiv nq hv K…wl Dbœq‡b
e¨vcKfv‡e e¨en„Z nq|
K. Lv`¨Rvj Kx? 1
L. Lv`¨ wkKj mxwgZ ivL‡Z kw³ wcivwg‡Wi cÖfve wjL| 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖhyw³i avcmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
wPÎ : K N. D³ cÖhyw³i e¨envi we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 131

71 D`qb gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, ewikvj welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki 5  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki

A
X
C

K. †jvKvm Kx 1 B
L. †m·-wjsKW AmyL †Q‡j‡`i †ewk nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki X wPwýZ As‡ki MVb wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. eøv‡÷vwm÷ Kx? 1
N. DÏxc‡Ki X Gi cÖavb Dcv`v‡bi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e L. GBPAvBwf †K NvZK fvBivm ejv nq †Kb? 2
mywePvi cvIqv m¤¢e? we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki C Kxfv‡e civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i? e¨vL¨v
2  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ki| 3
X
N. A I B Gi wgj‡bi djvdj we‡kølY Ki| 4
6  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki

K. RwUj wUmy¨ Kx? 1

L. wbDwK¬qvm‡K †Kv‡li cÖvY‡K›`ª ejv nq †Kb? 2 wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y wPÎ : Z
M. DÏxc‡Ki X wPwýZ A½vYywUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K.†fŠZ RxeweÁvb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
N. Dw™¢‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³i Rb¨ X I Y Gi KvR L.wjwbqvm‡K wØc` bvgKi‡Yi RbK ejv nq †Kb? 2
ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³  g~j¨vqb Ki| 4 M.Z wPwýZ wP‡Îi ivR¨MZ ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki| 3
3  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki N.DÏxc‡Ki X Ges Y Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK DbœZ?
Blood Group gZvgZ `vI| 4
7  meyR Dw™¢` Av‡jv I †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GK we‡kl
cÖwµqvq Møy‡KvR ˆZwi K‡i| Rxe D³ Møy‡KvR ˆRe ivmvqwbK
(i) A (ii) ? (iii) AB (i) O
cÖwµqvq RvwiZ K‡i kw³ Drcbœ K‡i|
K. MqUvi Kx? 1
K. k¦mwbK e¯Íy Kx? 1
L. jvB‡cR Kxfv‡e Pwe©‡K fvO‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i? 2
L. we‡Kj †ejv Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq
M. Avgv‡`i †`‡n DÏxc‡Ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mÂvjb
†Kb? 2
cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki 2q cÖwµqvwUi mvB‡UvcøvRwgK av‡ci eY©bv
N. MÖæc (i) hw` MÖæc (ii) wewkó †ivMx‡K i³`vb K‡i Z‡e `vI| 3
Kx NU‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki 1g cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ bv n‡j RxeRMr wewjb
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki n‡q †hZ we‡kølY Ki| 4
8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
†Zj,
wN
gvQ, gvsm, wWg X

fvZ, iæwU, wPwb

wgwó Kzgov, wkg, jvjkvK
K. AwfmªeY Kx? 1 K. †iPb Kx? 1
L. gvbe n„rwcÛ O2 hy³ I O2 wenxb i‡³i wgkÖY N‡U bv †Kb? 2 L. e„°‡K gvbe‡`‡ni QuvKwb ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxcK X Gi cwicvK e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Lv`¨ wcivwgWwU h_v_© Kx bv  we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki A½wU weKj n‡j KiYxq Kx? we‡kølY Ki| 4
132 SSC RxeweÁvb

72 iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki M. D³ Lv`¨wkK‡j 'B' Gi msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j Kx NU‡e 
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvq 'A' Gi f‚wgKvq gyL¨ 
A we‡kølY Ki| 4
5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
K. †jw›U‡mj Kx? 1
L. GMO ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K wPwýZ k¦mb A½wUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wPÎ-C
N. wPwýZ AskwU ïaygvÎ M¨v‡mi wewbgq NUvq bv eis K. †kÖwYweb¨vm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
gvbe‡`‡ni ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hvRK Kjvi cwi‡kva‡b KvR L. K¨vÝvi Kxfv‡e m„wó nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K‡i  e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 M. cÖvwY‡Kv‡l wPÎ-A Ges wPÎ-B Gi cwieZ©‡b wPÎ-C
Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
N. DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ †Kvl wefvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
wcUzBUvwi AMϬvkq Ki| 4
A B 6  GKwU †Kvlxq A½vYy Dw™¢‡` kK©iv ˆZwi K‡i| GB Drcvw`Z
K. GwcMøwUm Kx? 1 e¯‘ GKwU RwUj kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq †f‡O kw³ wbM©Z nq|
L. Am‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡b e„‡°i f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. ga¨”Q`v Kx? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki A †K MÖwš’ivR ejv nq †Kb  e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K g‡biv iv‡R¨i AšÍf³ ©y Kiv n‡q‡Q
†Kb? 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki B gvbeRx‡ebi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©  †Zvgvi
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½vYywUi MVb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Dˇii c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
N. cwi‡ekxq fvimvg¨ iÿvq DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqv `yBwU
3  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z? we‡kølY Ki| 4
7  iwng Ges Kwig `yB fvB| iwn‡gi IRb 50 †KwR, Zvi
D”PZv 130 †m.wg.| †m `ya, dj, gvQ †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i Ges
Kwi‡gi IRb 60 †KwR, Zvi D”PZv 140 †m.wg.| †m gvsm,
wPÎ : P cwbi I byWjm †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
K. Aw÷I‡cv‡iwmm Kx? 1 K. iv‡dR Kx? 1
L. i³k~b¨Zv †Kb nq? 2
L. agwb I wkivi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? 2
M. iwng Ges Kwi‡gi BMI wbY©q Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë A‡½i g‡a¨ i³ mÂvjb c×wZ eY©bv
N. iwng I Kwi‡gi g‡a¨ †K ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK‡Z i‡q‡Q?
Ki| 3
G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i KiYxq Kx? we‡kølY Ki| 4
N. D³ A½wU ÿwZMÖ¯’ nIqvi KviY Ges Zv †_‡K
8  P  wUmy¨ KvjPvi
cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq eY©bv Ki| 4 Q  †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
4  Lv`¨ wkKjwU jÿ Ki K. ˆRe weeZ©b Kv‡K e‡j? 1
meyR Dw™¢`  nwiY  evN L. †g‡qiv mvaviY †m·-wjsKW †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq bv
(A) (B) (C) †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. Lv`¨k„•Lj Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡K P cÖhyw³i c×wZmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
L. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 N. km¨ Dbœq‡b Q-Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 133

73 K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj G¨vÛ K‡jR, ˆmq`cyi, bxjdvgvix welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ Ki K. cøyiv Kx? 1
BDK¨vwiIUv L. cÖwZeZ© wµqv ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. Dc‡ii DÏxcKwU †h †cwk w`‡q ˆZwi Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
A B C D N. Dc‡ii A½vYywU w`‡q jvj e‡Y©i Zij c`v_© wKfv‡e
K. †K¬v‡ivwmm Kx? 1 cÖevwnZ nq Zv wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
L. fvBivm‡K A‡Kvlx ejv nq †Kb? 2 6  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'D' Gi AšÍf³ ©y cÖvYx‡`i ˆeÁvwbK bvgKiY
c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' A‡cÿv 'D' Gi Rxe AwaK DbœZ we‡kølY
Ki| 4
2 cwicvKZ‡š¿i wewfbœ A½vYy¸‡jv Lv`¨ cwicv‡K Ask MÖnY
K‡i| wewfbœ MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z im G cÖwµqvq mvnvh¨ K‡i| X Y
G Z‡š¿i GKwU we‡kl Ask Lv`¨ wPev‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| K. wbDwi‡jgv Kx? 1
K. GwcMøwUm Kx? 1 L. A¨vw›U‡Rb I A¨vw›UewWi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? 2
L. 73 †KwR 5 dzU 7 Bw j¤^v GKRb †jv‡Ki BMI
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'X' AskwUi Kxfv‡e cÖùzwUZ nq Zv wPÎmn
wbY©q Ki| 2
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPev‡Z mnvqZvKvix A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ
A¼b Ki| 3 N. dj Ges exR ˆZwi‡Z Dc‡ii 'X' Ges 'Y' Kx ¸iæZ¡
N. DÏxc‡Ki MÖwš’¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i Zv iv‡L Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
we‡kølY Ki| 4 7  35 eQi eqmx Zv‡iK mv‡ne cv_i P‚Y©Kvix KviLvbvq `xN©
3 gvbe‡`‡ni Af¨šÍi †_‡K wbtm„Z GK ai‡bi im hv wewfbœ mg‡qi Rb¨ KvR K‡ib| wKQyw`b a‡i wZwb wKQy kvixwiK
ˆRweK Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i Ges gvbe cÖRvwZi
mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡”Qb| eyK e¨_v, Kvwk, R¡imn wKQy
avivevwnKZv eRvq iv‡L|
RwUjZv wb‡q wZwb Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q †M‡jb| wKQy cixÿv
K. wfjvB Kx? 1
L. AMœ¨vkq‡K wgkÖMÖwš’ ejv nq †Kb? 2 wbixÿvi ci wZwb eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †h wZwb k¦vmKó †iv‡M
M. DÏxc‡K wbtm„Z im Kxfv‡e gvbe cÖRb‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L fzM‡Qb|
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. wewmwR Kx? 1
N. DÏxc‡K wbtm„Z im Ges cwicvK MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z L. i³ ZÂb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
i‡mi Kvh©KvwiZvi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. Zv‡iK mv‡n‡ei †h A½wUi †ivM n‡q‡Q Zvi wPwýZ
4 wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki
wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3
(i) †Kvl  wUmy¨  KvjPvi  bZzb Rxe
N. Zv‡iK mv‡n‡ei †ivMwUi KviY, jÿY I cÖwZKvi
(ii) DNA  e¨vK‡Uwiqv  cøvRwgW  †K¬vwbs
e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
K. G·cøv›U Kx? 1
L. Uªv݇RwbK Rxe ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2 8  Rxe‡`‡n i‡q‡Q A‡bK ÿz`ª ÿz`ª A½vYy hviv wbR wbR Kv‡R
M. wP‡Îi (i) bs cÖwµqvi avcmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3 wjß _v‡K| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU A½vYy hv‡K †Kv‡li gv_v
N. wP‡Îi (ii) bs cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4 ejv hvq| A½vYywU AmsL¨ myZvi gZ e¯‘ Øviv MwVZ|
5 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki K. CAM Kx? 1
L. mv‡jvKms‡kølY I k¦m‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki A½vYywUi wPÎmn MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki A½vYyi myZvi g‡Zv e¯‘¸‡jv wj½ wba©vi‡Y
Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L we‡kølY Ki| 4
134 SSC RxeweÁvb

74 w`bvRcyi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki 5  gvbe‡`‡ni wfZ‡i ïµvbyi GK cÖ¯’ †µv‡gv‡Rvg I wW¤^vbyi
Av‡jv GK cÖ¯’ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wgjb N‡U, d‡j `yB cÖ¯’
6CO2 + 12H2O  A + 6H2O + 6O2
†K¬v‡ivwdj †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi mgš^‡q RvB‡MvU Drcbœ nq hv e„w× I
K. d‡Uvdm‡dvivB‡jkb Kx? 1 weKwkZ n‡q GKmgq gvbe wkï‡Z cwiYZ nq| A‡bK mgq
L. mv‡jvKms‡kølY‡K ZvcgvÎv Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i? 2 gvbyl AmveavbZv ekZt NvZK e¨vwa Øviv AvµvšÍ nq|
M. A Rvi‡Yi avc¸‡jv †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3 K. UªvbwRkbvj AveiYx wUmy¨ Kx? 1
L. MjwR e¯Íyi KvR Kx? 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvwUi ¸iæZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki RvB‡Mv‡Ui µgweKvk eY©bv Ki| 3
2  X- ivwdi eqm 22 eQi| D”PZv 157 †m.wg. I IRb 70
N. DÏxc‡Ki †kl evK¨‡Z DwjøwLZ e¨vwai KviY, jÿY I
†KwR|
cÖwZ‡iva Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
Y- GK we‡kl Dcv`vb hv meai‡bi Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK e„w×,
6  A Rxe‰ewPΨ B ev¯‘Z‡š¿i w¯’wZkxjZv C cwi‡ek msi¶Y
kvixie„Ëxq KvR Ges cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
K. AvËxKiY Kx? 1 K. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwmm Kx? 1
L. iv‡dR Kx KvR K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. ev¯ÍyZ‡š¿ we‡qvRK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? 2
M. B iÿvq A Gi cÖfve eY©bv Ki| 3
M. ivwdi ˆ`wbK K¨vjwii Pvwn`v wbY©q Ki| 3
N. C Gi ¸iæZ¡ I c×wZ we‡kølY Ki| 4
N. Dw™¢‡`i cywó‡Z we‡kl Dcv`vbwUi f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb
7  GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqvq †Kvl †Kw›`ªKvi wRb Kbvi cwieZ©b
Ki| 4
NwU‡q Rxe‡`‡ni ¸YMZ iƒcvšÍi NUv‡bv nq|
3  nvB‡WªvKve©b †Kv‡j‡÷Bb †_‡K Drcbœ GKwU †hŠM hv
K. RxecÖhyw³ Kx? 1
wj‡cv‡cÖvwUb bvgK †hŠM m„wói gva¨‡g i‡³ cÖevwnZ nq | L. RxevYyg³y Avev` cÖwZôv Kxfv‡e Kiv nq? 2
K. AwfmÖeY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. D³ cÖwµqvi avcmg~n mwPÎ eY©bv Ki| 3
L. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y Drcbœ c`v‡_©i cwienb Kxfv‡e nq? 2 N. km¨ Dbœq‡b I wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î D³ cÖwµqvq e¨envi
M. D³ Dcv`v‡bi D”PgvÎv Kxfv‡e n„rwcÛ I i³ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
msen‡bi wek„•Ljv m„wó K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 8  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
N. gvbe‡`‡n D³ Dcv`vbwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  gvbe‡`‡n GK ai‡bi we‡kl bvjxwenxb MÖwš’ Av‡Q hv †_‡K
wbtm„Z im i‡³i gva¨‡g evwnZ n‡q †`‡ni wewfbœ
kvixie„Ëxq KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i| Gi GKwU n‡jv AvB‡jUm Ae
j¨vsMvin¨vbm hv †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb kK©iv wecvK wbqš¿Y
K‡i|
K. d‡UvUªwcRg Kx? 1
L. †Kv‡li Drcbœ Kve©b WvBA·vBW Kxfv‡e †`‡ni evB‡i K. i³ mÂvjb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wbM©Z nq? 2 L. eY©vÜZvi †ÿ‡Î Amy¯’ evev (XY) Ges my¯’ gv (XX)
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ bvjxwenxb MÖwš’¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb, KvR Gi †ejvq my¯’, Amy¯’ wKsev evnK nIqvi m¤¢ve¨
I wbtm„Z ni‡gv‡bi cwiPq `vI| 3 AbycvZ †ei Ki| 2
N. †k‡lv³ MÖwš’ n‡Z ni‡gvb wbtm„Z bv n‡j D™¢‚Z M. cÖK…wZ‡Z msNwUZ mvaviY mZ¨ f Gi †ÿ‡Î c, d I e
cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨vc~e©K Zv wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq Av‡jvPbv Kx f‚wgKv iv‡L e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Ki| 4 N. gvby‡li wj½ wba©vi‡Y B Gi ¸iæZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 135

75 we`¨vgqx miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  Kbvi `v`x Kuv_v †mjvB KiwQ‡jb| nVvr Zvi nv‡Z myB we× M. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb cÖwµqvwU Rx‡ei eskvbyµwgK aviv
n‡jv; wZwb nvZ mwi‡q †bb| Kbvi `v`xi GB KvRwU Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z f‚wgKv iv‡L e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB NUbvwU GKwU N. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb cÖwµqvwU mwVKfv‡e msNwUZ bv n‡j
we‡kl c×wZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| kvixwiK wech©q n‡Z cv‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. Gwc‡jcwm Kx? 1 5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
L. †d¬vwi‡Rb ni‡gvbwU Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ we‡kl c×wZwUi Kvh©Kix GK‡Ki
MVb  e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. `v`x nVvr nvZ mwi‡q †bb, †Kb Giƒc N‡U? G
NUbvwUi ˆeÁvwbK Dcvq e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
2  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki A= D”P djbkxj RvZ B= Kg djbkxj RvZ
K. CysE Kx? 1
L. GMO I Uªv݇RwbK Rxe GK bq-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †KvlwU †h cÖhyw³i mv‡_ m¤úK©h³
y
Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. cÖPwjZ c×wZi evB‡i wM‡q Zywg Kxfv‡e B RvZwU‡K
wPÎ : K A Rv‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡e? we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. UªwdK †j‡fj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 6  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
L. nv‡qbv‡K avOi ejv nq †Kb? 2 cÖRbb
M. DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎwUi AvšÍtwµqv †Kvb aib wb‡`©k
K‡i‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki | 3 n¨vcø‡qW †Kv‡li ¯’vbvšÍi n¨vcø‡qW †Kvl `ywUi wgjb
X Y
N. DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎwUi gva¨‡g †h AvšÍtwµqv wb‡`©k
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi wecixZ AvšÍtwµqv we‡kølY Ki| 4 K. dzj Kx? 1
L. Agiv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
3  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'X' Kx wb‡`©k K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki | 3
cÎiܪ cvZv N. DÏxc‡Ki 'Y' cÖwµqvwUi djvdj we‡kølY Ki| 4
A B 7  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
K. Òd¬zBW Ad jvBdÓ Kx? 1
bvmv- Mj- ¯^i- A¨vj-
L. ¯’jR Dw™¢‡`i Zyjbvq RjR Dw™¢‡`i mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi A i³
iܪ wej hš¿ wfIjvm
nvi †ewk †Kb? 2
K. GwcMøwUm Kx? 1
M. kxZKv‡j B Gi msL¨v n«v‡m A Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L  L. hK…Z‡K imvqb M‡elYvMvi ejv nq †Kb? 2
e¨vL¨v Ki | 3 M. DÏxc‡K 'A' Gi wfZi cÖ`vn n‡j †h †ivM m„wó nq
N. ÒDw™¢‡`i kvixiZË¡xq Kvh©Kjv‡c A Gi f‚wgKv Zvi KviY I cÖwZKvi e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Ab¯^xKvh©  Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. i‡³i gva¨‡g 'X' I 'Y' Kxfv‡e cÖevwnZ nq Zv
4  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki we‡kølY Ki| 4
23 8  ivRyi eqm 5 eQi| wKQyw`b a‡iB Zvi ga¨K‡Y©i msµgY
23 Ges R¡i †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| Zvi evev-gv Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q
23 wb‡q †M‡j Wv³vi Zv‡K BwmwR Kivi civgk© w`‡jb|
46 46 K. †Kvlim Kx? 1
23
46 23 L. wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’‡K †Kb cÖavb ni‡gvb Drcv`bKvix MÖwš’
46 23 ejv nq? 2
wPÎ : P wPÎ : Q M. BwmwRi gva¨‡g †h A½wUi cixÿv Kiv nq Zvi MVb
K. †gUv‡mw›UªK †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi AvK…wZ †Kgb? 1 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. dz‡ji is iwOb nq †Kb? 2 N. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡lv³ evK¨wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
136 SSC RxeweÁvb

76 Mfb©‡g›U j¨ve‡iUix nvB ¯‹zj, gqgbwmsn welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy 5  cÖwµqv-1 : g„Z‡`n  D  †Ku‡Pv
A – Rx‡ei k¦mbKv‡h© mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖwµqv-2 : ˆkevj, Rycø¨vsKUb, †QvUgvQ, evRcvLx|
B– Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ges Lv`¨ mÂq K‡i| K. _¨vjvgvm Kx? 1
K. A¨vbvB‡mvM¨vgvm Kx? 1 L. Gwc‡jcwm †Kb nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. Ugvm †Kfwjqvi w¯§_ Kxfv‡e RxeRMr‡K †kÖwYweb¨vm M. cÖwµqv-2 Gi Rxe¸‡jv wb‡q 1wU Lv`¨Rvj ˆZwi Ki| 3
N. ev¯‘Zš¿ mPj ivL‡Z D Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
K‡ib? 2
6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki
M. A-Gi MVb‰ewkó¨ wPwýZ wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
A
N. ÔA Ges B Gi KvR ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³Õ  g~j¨vqb
Ki| 4
2  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki

wPÎ : X
K. Synergids Kx? 1
L. øvqyZvobv Kxfv‡e cwievwnZ nq? 2
M. A-Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÔX – QvovI K‡qK ai‡bi Aw¯’mwÜ i‡q‡QÕ  we‡kølY
wPÎ : Y wPÎ : X
Ki| 4
K. wbDwK¬IUvBW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
7  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
L. †K¬v‡ivwmm ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. X I Y wefvR‡b †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v mgvb ev n«vm
cvIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. RxeRM‡Z X I Y Gi ¸iæZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
wPÎ-X wPÎ-Y
3  C6H12O6 + CO2  6H2O + 6CO2 + 686k cal K. A‡Uv‡mvg Kx? 1
K. †gŠj wecvK Kx? 1 L. c„w_ex †_‡K Wvq‡bvmi †jvc †c‡q‡Q wKš‘ †Zjv‡cvKv
L. AYyPwµKv Kxfv‡e i³ RgvU euvav‡bv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i? 2 wU‡K Av‡Q Kxfv‡e? 2
M. D³ cÖwµqvwU cÖevnwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3 M. wPÎ-Y Gi c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒD³ cÖwµqvi Rb¨ evwn¨K I Af¨šÍixY `yÕiKg N. µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`v wbim‡b wPÎ-X Gi
f‚wgKv we‡kølY Ki| 4
cÖfveKB cÖ‡qvRbÓ  we‡kølY Ki| 4
8  n„rwc‡Ði Aweivg ms‡KvPb Ges cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g mviv †`‡n
4  Zvwbqvi eqm 16 eQi, D”PZv 5 dzU 4 Bw Ges IRb 90 i³ msenb c×wZ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| gv`K †meb I †bkv
†KwR| †m nvjKv cwikÖgx| mßv‡n 2  3 w`b †Ljvayjv Ki‡j n„`h‡š¿i wµqv I n„r¯ú›`b mvaviY gvb †_‡K e„w×
K‡i| cvq|
K. A¨vbwRbv Kx? 1 K. Agiv Kx? 1
L. GBWm †iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. me MjMÛ MqUvi bq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ e¯‘wU mviv‡`‡n Kxfv‡e cwievwnZ
M. Zvwbqvi cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwii gvb wbY©q Ki| 3 nq? wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3
N. Zvwbqvi BMI wbY©q K‡i Zvi ¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi N. D³ KvRwU Ae¨vnZ ivL‡j Kx cwiYwZ n‡Z cv‡i?
gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 4 gZvgZ `vI| 4
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkœcÎ, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 137

g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI

†¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : eûwbe©vPwb
77 †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 01 welq †KvW : 1 3 8
mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wb‡Pi †Kvb RxewU‡Z †µvgvwUb e¯‘ 10. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Afv‡e WvBe¨vK †ivM nq?  wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 19 I 20 bs cÖ‡kœi
mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Qov‡bv _v‡K? K †evib L mvjdvi DËi `vI :
K †cbwmwjqvg M bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N K¨vjwmqvg
L A¨vwgev 11. GKRb gvby‡li i‡³ KZ wgwj‡gvj/wjUvi
M c¨vi‡gwmqvg LDL _vKv fv‡jv? Y
N bxjvf meyR ˆkevj K 1  28 L 1  38
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU dvbRvB iv‡R¨i Rxe? X
M 1  48 N 1  58
K e¨vK‡Uwiqv L c¨viv‡gwmqvg
12. nvU© A¨vUvK© n‡j 19. wb‡l‡Ki d‡j X AskwU wK‡m cwiYZ nq?
M A¨vwgev N gvkiæg
i. ey‡K Amnbxq e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq K mm¨Kjvq L ex‡R
3. †KvbwU mwµq bv _vKvq wbDib wefvR‡b Aÿg? M Mf©c‡Î N 僇Y
K jvB‡mv‡Rvg L MjwRewW ii. †ivMx cÖPÐfv‡e Nvg‡Z _v‡K
iii. ey ‡K fvix Pvc Aby fe nq 20. wP‡Îi Y AskwU wK‡m cwiYZ nq?
M †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ N †mw›UªIj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. mm¨Kjv
4. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K ii. 3n wbDwK¬qvm
K i I ii L i I iii
i. c¨v‡bKvBgv †Kv‡l iii. exRcÎ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. †Kv‡jb KvBgv †Kv‡l wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. †¯‹¬‡ibKvBgv †Kv‡l
13. wZb mßv‡ni †ewk mgq Kvwk _vKv Ges
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Kvwki mv‡_ i³ hvIqv †Kvb †iv‡Mi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii jÿY?
21. gvby‡li †Pv‡Li is wbqš¿Y K‡i †KvbwU?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K eªsKvBwUm L wbD‡gvwbqv
K †µv‡gv‡Rvg L †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb fvBivm K¨vÝvi †Kvl m„wó‡Z M h²v N A¨vRgv
M ivB‡ev‡Rvg N jvB‡mv‡Rvg
mnvqZv K‡i? 14. †KvbwU Avëªvwdj‡UªU ˆZwi K‡i? 22. gvbe‡`‡n A‡Uv‡Rvg msL¨v KqwU?
K HIV L c¨vwc‡jvgv K †Møv‡giæjvm
K 22 L 23
M i¨vwem N iæweIjv L nvBjvm M 44 N 46
6. wRbMZ ˆewPΨ m„wói Rb¨ `vqx †Kvb M †ibvj K¨vcmyj 23. GKwU e¨vO Gi IRb 200 MÖvg| mvivw`‡b
wefvRb? N †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmyj GwU Kx cwigvY †cvKvgvKo †L‡Z cv‡i?
K gvB‡Uvwmm L wg‡qvwmm 15. 50 eQ‡ii †ewk eq¯‹ cyiæl I gwnjv‡`i K 50 MÖvg L 100 MÖvg
M A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm N mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm ˆ`wbK KZ wgwjMÖvg K¨vjwmqvg MÖnY Kiv M 150 MÖvg N 200 MÖvg
7. B‡÷i k¦mb cÖwµqvq †KvbwU Drcbœ nq? cÖ‡qvRb?  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25 bs
K j¨vKwUK GwmW K 100 mg L 1200 mg cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
L Mø‡y KvR GwmW M 2100 mg N 2200 mg iwb I Rwb `yR‡bB i³k~b¨Zvq fzM‡Q|
M A·v‡jv GwmwUK GwmW 16. wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ wbtm„Z ni‡gvb †KvbwU? Wv³vi iwb‡K G †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡iv‡a †jŠn
N wMømvwiK GwmW K _vB‡gvwmb L A¨v‡Wªbvwjb mg„× Jla MÖnY Ki‡Z ej‡jI Rwb‡K
8. iv‡Zi †ejvq Dw™¢‡` M K¨vjwm‡Uvwbb N †mvgv‡UvUªwcK wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|
i. Kve©b WvBA·vBW Drcbœ nq 17. gvby‡li cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i Ask¸‡jv n‡jv 24. Rwbi †ivMwUi bvg Kx?
ii. mv‡jvKms‡kølY Pvjy _v‡K i. K‡U©· K wi‡KUm L _¨vjv‡mwgqv
iii. k¦mb Pj‡Z _v‡K ii. †mwi‡ejvg M A¨vwbwgqv N A¨vbwRbv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. cbm I †gWzjv Aej½vUv 25. iwbi †ivMwU
K i I ii L i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. cyiæ‡li †ewk nq
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii ii. wfUvwgb B – 12 Gi Afv‡e nq
9. Dw™¢‡Kv‡li †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ MVb I msiÿ‡Yi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi NbZ¡ Kgvq
Rb¨ †Kvb Dcv`vbwU †ewk cÖ‡qvRb? 18. Mf©h‡š¿ KqwU †Kvl _v‡K? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †evib L †K¬vwib K `yBwU L wZbwU K i I ii L i I iii
M g¨v½vwbR N cUvwkqvg M PviwU N cuvPwU M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 N 2 N 3 N 4 K 5 L 6 L 7 K 8 L 9 M 10 L 11 N 12 N 13 M
14 K 15 L 16 N 17 M 18 L 19 L 20 K 21 K 22 M 23 N 24 L 25 M
 138 SSC RxeweÁvb

78 †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 02 welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi †Kvl cÖvPxi KvBwUb 8. †Kv_vq k¦mb wµqvi nvi A‡bK †ewk? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wbwg©Z? K g~‡ji †Mvovq Ki L ii
K B÷ L WvqvUg L Kv‡Ði wbæfv‡M M i I ii N i, ii I iii
M e¨vK‡Uwiqv N c¨viv‡mwgvg M cvZvi AMÖfv‡M 20. Kxfv‡e Tuberculosis †ivM wbY©q Kiv
2. cÖv_wgK RvB‡jg †Kv_vq †_‡K Drcbœ nq? N A¼zixZ ex‡R hvq?
K †cwimvB‡Kj L †cÖvK¨vw¤^qvg 9. evqy‡Z CO2 Gi cwigvb KZ? K X-ray test L ECG test
M HBS (Ag) test N Lung test
M evÛj wm_ N †Kv‡jbKvBgv K 0.03% L 0.003%
M 0.30% N 0.002% 21. Larynx Gi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
3. gm„b †cwk ejv nq †KvbwU‡K?
10. Dw™¢` w`‡b I iv‡Z wK M¨vm Drcbœ nq? bvmv c‡_ K
K Hw”QK †cwk
K O2 L CO2 L Mjwe‡ji wb‡P
L A‰bw”QK †cwk
MN NH M Lv`¨bvwji mvg‡b
M n„`‡cwk
11. †K¬v‡ivwdj AYyi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb N Lv`¨bvwji wcQ‡b
N †KvbwUB bq
†KvbwU? 22. evqy_wj Kx Øviv cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K?
4. cøvR‡gv‡WRgvUv Kk L Ca K ˆKwkK bvwjKv
i. †Kvl cÖvwPi †_‡K m„ó nq M Mo NN
L wkiv
ii. †Kvl‡K `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i 12. Auvk hy³ Lv`¨ †KvbwU?
M AmsL¨ agwb
iii. †Kvlmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i K gvQ L gvsm
N Hw”QK †cwk
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M mewR N wWg
23.
K i I ii L ii I iii 13. †ncwUK wkivi †kvwlZ i³ †Kv_vq hvq?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K n„rwc‡Ð L dzmdz‡m
5. RvB‡jg dvBev‡ii Av‡iK bvg Kx? M hK…‡Z N e„‡° A
K wbUvg L wmf‡Kvl 14. BDwiK GwmW †Kv_vq ˆZwi nq?
M DW dvBfvi N m½x †Kvl K hK…‡Z L †`n‡Kv‡l
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 6 I 7 bs cÖ‡kœi M †ibvj agwb‡Z N e„°
DËi `vI : 15. d¬zBW Ad jvBd †KvbwU? A wPwýZ Ask †KvbwU?
K wbDwK¬qvm L i³
Q K wmfbj L m½x‡Kvl
2n n M cvwb N †cÖv‡UvcøvRg
M †gUv‡dR N A¨vbv‡dR
16. N„ZKzgvixi †Kvb A‡½ Lv`¨ Rgv _v‡K? 24. wkg RvZxq Dw™¢‡`i g~‡j wbwWDj nIqvi
6. Q cÖwµqvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU
K g~‡j L Kv‡Ð
cÖ‡hvR¨ bq? Kvi‡Y
M d‡j N cvZvq
K Awbqwš¿Z †ÿ‡Î K¨vÝi nq i. K‡gb‡mwjRg
17. agwbi gv‡Si ¯ÍiwU‡K Kx e‡j?
L n¨vcø‡qW Rx‡ei RvB‡MvU m¤úbœ nq ii. Gw›Uev‡qvwmm
K wUDwbKv wgwWqv
M Rbb †Kvl GB cÖwµqvq m„wó nq iii. wgDPzqvwjRg
L wUDwbKv B›Uvibv
N wbDwK¬qvm ci ci `y-evi wefvwRZ nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M wUDwbKv G·Uvb©v
7. Q cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviY Ki L ii
N bvwo ¯ú›`b
i. Gi gva¨‡g wR‡bi Dcv`vb cÖ`vb N‡U M iii N i, ii I iii
18. A I B Gw›U‡Rb †KvbwU‡Z Dcw¯’Z _v‡K?
ii. cÖRvwZi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v wbw`©ó K RBC L WBC
25. DNA, RNA, ATP Gi MvVwbK Dcv`vb
iv‡L M Platelets N mB‡UvcøvR‡g †KvbwU?
iii. es‡ki aviv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L 19. M¨vm wewbgqKvix A½ †KvbwU? K mvjdvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. c‡Îi †÷vgvUv L g¨vM‡bwmqvg
K i I ii L ii I iii ii. cwiYZ Kv‡Ði evKj M dmdivm
M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. g~j N †jvnv

1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN

Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 L 3 L 4 N 5 M 6 K 7 N 8 N 9 K 10 L 11 N 12 M 13 M
14 K 15 M 16 N 17 K 18 K 19 M 20 K 21 L 22 K 23 K 24 M 25 M
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkœcÎ, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 139

79 †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 3 welq †KvW : 1 3 8

mgq25 wgwbU RxeweÁvb eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿv c~Y©gvb25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afxÿvi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg~n n‡Z mwVK/ m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1| mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|]
1. Primate †`i ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU? 10. cÖ‡¯^`‡bi Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK¸‡jv n‡jv  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 19 I 20bs
K AuvK‡o aivi Dc‡hvMx nvZ _v‡K i. Av‡cwÿK Av`©ªZv cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
L `„wókw³ A‡cÿv NªvYkw³ †ewk DbœZ ii. cÎiܪ
M †`‡n †jvg Abycw¯’Z iii. c‡Îi msL¨v P
N Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv mgqB b‡UvKW© _v‡K wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
bv K i I ii L i I iii Q
2. Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bv‡gi Ask KqwU? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
R
K 1wU L 2wU 11. me©Rbxb i³`vZv eøvWMÖæc †KvbwU?
M 3wU N 4wU KA LB S
3. †h Dw™¢‡` †¯‹¬ivBW wUmy¨ cvIqv hvq? M AB NO 19. P wPwýZ AskwUi bvg Kx?
K gm L dvb© 12. eÿMnŸi I D`iMnŸi c„ _ KKvix c`© v ‡K K Mf©gyÐ L Mf©`Ð
M GKexRcÎx N wØexRcÎx Kx e‡j? M civM‡iYy N wW¤^K
4. UªvbwRkbvj AveiYx ejv nq †Kvb AveiYx K ga¨”Q`v L †cwi‡Uvwbqvg 20. S I R wPwýZ AskwUi cwiYwZ N‡U
wUmy¨‡K? M †cwiKvwW©qvg N cøyiv h_vµ‡g
K ÷ªvwUdvBW AveiYx wUmy¨  wb‡Pi wPÎwU †_‡K 13 I 14bs cÖ‡kœi i. d‡j
L Kjvgbvi AveiYx wUmy¨ DËi `vI : ii. ex‡R
M wKDeqWvj AveiYx wUmy¨ iii. m‡m¨
N †¯‹vqvgvm AveiYx wUmy¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P K i I ii L i I iii
5. A¨vbv‡dR av‡c
i. †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv welyexq A‡j M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Ae¯’vb K‡i 13. P wPwýZ As‡ki KvR Kx? 21. cvBwiwgwWb †em wb‡Pi †Kvb Dcv`vb Øviv
ii. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqvi `yÕfv‡M K wbtmiY
MwVZ?
wef³ nq K GwWwbb I ¸qvwbb
L †kvlY
iii. †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv V, L, J, I L GwWwbb I BDivwmj
M QuvKb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M mvB‡Uvwmb I _vBwgb
N Kve©b WvBA·vBW I Aw·‡Rb cwienb
K i I ii L i I iii N mvB‡Uvwmb I BDivwmj
14. DÏxcK wP‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. GwU e„‡°i GKK
22. TMV Gi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
6. i. G‡Z RNA _v‡K
ii. `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ
ii. G‡Z DNA Abycw¯’Z
45° iii. i³ †_‡K cwimÖæZ Zij Drcbœ K‡i
Zvcgvòv

35° iii. G‡Z BDivwmj Abycw¯’Z

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
25°
K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
20°
K i I ii L i I iii
Dc‡ii MÖvdwU †_‡K †h Z_¨ cvIqv hvq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K 15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv †cwk I Aw¯’ hy³ _v‡K?
K wjMv‡g›U L †UbWb
23. wR‡bi MVb I web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y m„ó ˆewPΨ
ii. mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq
M Aw¯’ m wÜ N mvi‡Kv‡jgv †KvbwU?
iii. mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv Pj‡Z cv‡i bv
K eskMZxq ˆewPΨ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 16. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’j‡K Kx L cÖRvwZMZ ˆewPΨ
K i I ii L i I iii e‡j?
M ev¯‘Zvwš¿K ˆewPΨ
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K Aw¯’mwÜ L mvB‡bvwfqvj
N Ae¯’vbMZ ˆewPΨ
7. KqwU av‡c mevZ k¦mb m¤úbœ nq? M Aw¯’‡hvRK N †UbWb
K `yB L wZb 17. gw¯Í‡®‹i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo Ask †KvbwU? 24. cikÖ qx Dw™¢‡`i †ÿ‡Î
i. evqy †_‡K Lv`¨MÖnY K‡i
M Pvi N cuvP K AMÖgw¯Í®‹ L ga¨gw¯Í®‹
ii. AvkÖq`vZvi ÿwZ K‡i
8. Dw™¢‡` †KvbwUi Afv‡e †Kv‡li e„w× I M cðvrgw¯Í®‹ N jNy gw¯Í®‹
iii. AvkÖq`vZvi †Kv‡bv ÿwZ K‡i bv
wefvRb n«vm cvq? 18. †`‡ni cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri I Abyf‚wZi †K‡›`øi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K †jŠn L †evib i. evB‡ii ¯Í‡ii bvg K‡U©·
K i I ii L i I iii
M bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N K¨vjwmqvg ii. wfZ‡ii ¯Í‡i ¯œvqyZš¿ _v‡K
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
9. GKRb c~Y© eq¯‹ gvby‡li ˆ`wnK IR‡bi iii. Ae¯’vb cðvrgw¯Í‡®‹
25. Kvw•ÿZ DNA LÐK¸‡jv †Rvov jvMv‡Z
KZfvM cvwb? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
e¨en„Z GbRvB‡gi bvg Kx?
K 35  45% L 50  65% K i I ii L i I iii
K †iw÷ªKkb L jvB‡qR
M 60  65% N 65  75% M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M Gwcgv‡iR N jvB‡MR
1 KLMN 2 KLMN 3 KLMN 4 KLMN 5 KLMN 6 KLMN 7 KLMN 8 KLMN 9 KLMN
Self test

10 KLMN 11 KLMN 12 KLMN 13 KLMN 14 KLMN 15 KLMN 16 KLMN 17 KLMN 18 KLMN

19 KLMN 20 KLMN 21 KLMN 22 KLMN 23 KLMN 24 KLMN 25 KLMN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 K 2 L 3 N 4 K 5 M 6 N 7 M 8 M 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 K 13 M
14 L 15 K 16 K 17 K 18 K 19 K 20 L 21 M 22 K 23 K 24 L 25 N
140 SSC RxeweÁvb

g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI

†¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ I DËigvjv : m„Rbkxj
80 †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 04 welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8
mgq2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  Dw™¢`‡`‡n Ggb wKQy wUmy¨ i‡q‡Q hv Zv‡`i †`‡n cvwb Ges 5  AvkdvK mv‡ne gvsm I wWg †L‡Z cQ›` K‡ib| Zuvi `ycyi
Lv‡`¨i cwienb NUvq| cvkvcvwk cÖvYx‡`‡ni we‡kl ai‡bi I iv‡Zi Lvev‡i cÖvqB GBme Lv`¨ _v‡K| GKw`b nVvr Zuvi
wUmy¨ i‡q‡Q hv ms‡KvPb cÖmviYÿg Ges †`‡ni wewfbœ A½ ey‡K e¨_v ïiæ n‡j nvmcvZv‡j †bqvi ci Wv³vi cixÿv
mÂvj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| K‡i ej‡jb Zuvi i‡³ LDL Gi gvÎv Lye †ewk|
K. kvcjvi ˆeÁvwbK bvg wjL| 1 K. A¨vbwRbv Kx? 1
L. Protista iv‡R¨i 2wU ˆewkó¨ wjL| 2 L. gvby‡li cwicvK cÖwµqvq †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji f‚wgKv
M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cvwb I Lv`¨ cwienbKvix wUmy¨i
eywS‡q wjL| 2
g‡a¨ we`¨gvb ˆemv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ 2q cÖKvi wUmy¨i cÖKvi‡f` we‡kølY M. AvkdvK mv‡n‡ei cQ›`bxq Lv‡`¨i cwicvK c×wZ
Ki| 4 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
2  cÖwZwU Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvg `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ| hv ICBN N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Dcv`vbwUi e„w×i d‡j AvkdvK
Ges ICZN KZ©…K ¯^xK…Z †hgb : mv‡n‡ei Kx Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4
i. Homo sapiens 6  mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‰ewPΨ we`¨gvb| G ˆewP‡Î¨i g~‡j Av‡Q
ii. Vibrio cholerae
iii. Penicillium notatum
Dw™¢` I cÖvYx| cÖRvwZK, cwi‡ekMZ GgbwK eskMZxq
K. ICBN Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1 Kvi‡YI Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i m„wó nq| Rx‡ei GiKg ˆewP‡Î¨i
L. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li Ôkw³ Drcv`b †K›`ªÕ ejv nq †Kb? 2 cÖfv‡e ev¯‘Z‡š¿ w¯’wZkxjZv AwR©Z nq|
M. K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm cÖ`Ë c×wZ Abymv‡i Kxfv‡e K. Traction fibre Kx? 1
DÏxcK i Gi bvgKiY Ki‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. Kx Kx Dcv‡q bZzb cÖRvwZi m„wó nq? 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki ii I iii Gi g‡a¨ ivR¨MZ cv_©K¨ we‡kølY M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i aib e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki †kl Dw³wU h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
3  mvjgv †eM‡gi `ywU wKWwbB A‡K‡Rv nIqvq Zuv‡K wKQyw`b 7  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki
ci ci K…wÎgfv‡e i³ cwi‡kvab Kiv‡Z nq|
K. wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡Mi RxevYyi bvg Kx? 1 A. ö…Y Q Rivqy
L. Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2 P R
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vwUi †KŠkj wPÎmn `yB m~Îwewkó mwc©jvKvi cwjwbIwK¬IUvBW
B.
eY©bv Ki| 3 K. dzj Kx? 1
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ e¨e¯’vq GKRb Amy¯’ e¨w³‡K L. Kxfv‡e HIV fvBivm †ivMxi †`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iva
mvgwqK my¯’ ivLv m¤¢e  Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki| 4 ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q? 2
4  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki M. A DÏxc‡K P Gi e„wׇZ Q Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Acivax mbv³Ki‡Y B ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i 
A we‡kølY Ki| 4
B 8  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co
X †ivM  †jvwnZ i³KwYKv bó n‡q hvq|
Y †ivM  jvj meyR e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R bv cvIqv|
wPÎ : mvB‡bvwfqvj Aw¯’mwÜ
K. DNA Abywjcb Kx? 1
K. BgevBwekb Kx? 1
L. Pz‡ji g‡Zv m~² i³bvwji MVb I Ae¯’vb wjL| 2 L. ev`vwg weUj wU‡K wM‡q‡Q †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Aw¯’mwÜi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 M. Y eskMwZ‡Z Kx cÖfve †d‡j Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ As‡ki mv‡_ mswkøó †iv‡Mi jÿY I N. DÏxc‡K X Ges Y Øviv m„ó †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi
cÖwZKv‡ii KiYxq Dcvq¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki| 4 SzuwK †ewk Zv `ywUmn we‡kølY Ki| 4
DËim~Î
SSC RxeweÁvb : LÐ-1 eB‡qi…
1  79 c„ôvi 51 bs cÖkœ I DËi 3  305 c„ôvi 33 bs cÖkœ I DËi 5  252 c„ôvi 43 bs cÖkœ I DËi 7  393 c„ôvi 51 bs cÖkœ I DËi
2  33 c„ôvi 28 bs cÖkœ I DËi 4  323 c„ôvi 11 bs cÖkœ I DËi 6  465 c„ôvi 24 bs cÖkœ I DËi 8  437 c„ôvi 48 bs cÖkœ I DËi
 g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 141

81 †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 05 welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ we`¨gvb we‡kl †Kvlxq A½vYyi Dcw¯’wZi 5  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
Rb¨ Dw™¢`‡`‡n Lv`¨ Drcv`b, Lv`¨mÂq, eY© ˆewPΨ m„wó
nq| Aciw`‡K mKj †Kv‡l we`¨gvb †Kvlxq A½vYy k¦mb
Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i|
K. †K¬v‡ibKvBgv Kx? 1
L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K ÒeskMwZi †fŠZwfwËÓ ejv nq †Kb? 2 gƒwPÎ
j m†:wÓ¡i
P RbÅ wPÎ : Q
K. cøvRwgW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki †k‡li A½vYyi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
L. jvB‡MR GbRvBg Kx cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi Kiv nq? 2
N. RxeRM‡Zi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvq DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g A½vYy M. DÏxc‡Ki 'P' cÖwµqvi avcmg~n eY©bv Ki| 3
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i  we‡kølY Ki| 4 N. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ P I Q cÖwµqvi mdjZv
L we‡kølY Ki| 4
2  i. ADP + Pi X 6  GK we‡kl ai‡bi cÖvwY‡Kvl hv †Kvl wefvR‡b Aÿg, GwU
ˆKÑvGivwdj
GbRvBg gvby‡li †`‡nI _v‡K| Avevi gvbe‡`‡n bvwjwenxb MÖwš’
ii. C6H12O6 + Y  CO2 + H2O + kw³| †_‡K wewfbœ ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_© †ei nq hviv mgš^q
K. cvBiæwfK Gwm‡Wi ms‡KZ Kx? 1 mva‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
L. ATP †K ÒwiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwiÓ wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq K. fvb©vjvB‡Rkb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†Kb? 2 L. Dw™¢` KvÐ m~h©v‡jv‡Ki w`‡K †eu‡K hvq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ †KvlwUi MVb wPÎmn eY©bv Ki| 3
M. i bs wewµqvq L Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© gvby‡li wewfbœ
N. DÏxc‡Ki ii bs wewµqvwU‡Z Y Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z
kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡R ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i 
Kxiƒc cwieZ©b n‡e  we‡kølY Ki| 4 we‡kølY Ki| 4
3  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki 7  Avivd I AvwLj RvnvR fvOv KviLvbvq KvR K‡i| Zviv
A bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, K¨vjwmqvg, mvjdvi Kvwk, ey‡K e¨_v I Ab¨vb¨ DcmM© wb‡q Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ
B digvwjb, KxUbvkK, evwYwR¨K is
nq| wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨‡g Wv³vi wbwðZ n‡jb
Aviv‡di k¦mb A‡½ AwbqwgZ †Kvl wefvRb n‡”Q|
K. gvbe‡`‡n †gvU KZwU †gUvKvc©vj Av‡Q? 1
Ab¨w`‡K AvwL‡ji †ivMwU k¦mb A‡½i cvkvcvwk A¯¿ Ges
L. AvB‡jUm Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ †Kb Aw¯’‡Z Qwo‡q co‡Q|
¸iæZ¡c~Y©? 2 K. cøyiv Kx? 1
M. Dw™¢` Rxe‡b A Gi AšÍf³ ©y Dcv`vb¸‡jvi L. i‡³i MÖæc cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2
AfveRwbZ jÿY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. Kxfv‡e Aviv‡di kix‡i †ivMwU Qwo‡q co‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. gvbe ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK‡Z B Gi AšÍf³ ©y Dcv`vb¸‡jvi N. Avivd I AvwL‡ji †ivM `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU
fqvenZv D‡jøL Ki| 4 A‡cÿvK…Z mn‡R wbivgq‡hvM¨  we‡kølY Ki| 4
4  A  †Kvl wefvR‡b AcZ¨ †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v 8  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU `ywU jÿ Ki
gvZ…‡Kv‡li mgvb _v‡K| civMavbx (E) ‰Kmƒò-wewkÓ¡ (G)
B  †Kvl wefvR‡b AcZ¨ †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v cÉRbb Aã eskMwZq eÕ§
gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K nq| MfÆvkq (F) `yBmƒò-wewkÓ¡ (H)
K. DNA Abywjcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. wbDwK¬IUvBW Kx? 1
L. eY©vÜZv ev Kvjvi eøvBÛ‡bm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 L. AvšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. A wefvR‡bi K¨vwiIKvB‡bwm‡mi Z…Zxq avcwU e¨vL¨v M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ F-†Z m„ó M¨v‡g‡Ui DrcwË wPÎmn
Ki| 3 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. A I B Dfq wefvRb Rx‡ei Rb¨ Acwinvh©  g~j¨vqb N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ H-Gi †U‡÷i gva¨‡g mywePvi wbwðZ
Ki| 4 Kiv m¤¢e  we‡kølY Ki| 4
DËim~Î
SSC RxeweÁvb : LÐ-1 eB‡qi…
1  80 c„ôvi 53 bs cÖkœ I DËi 3  205 c„ôvi 48 bs cÖkœ I DËi 5  489 c„ôvi 18 bs cÖkœ I DËi 7  278 c„ôvi 19 bs cÖkœ I DËi
2  157 c„ôvi 58 bs cÖkœ I DËi 4  108 c„ôvi 19 bs cÖkœ I DËi 6  351 c„ôvi 21 bs cÖkœ I DËi 8  439 c„ôvi 52 bs cÖkœ I DËi
142 SSC RxeweÁvb

82 †¯úkvj g‡Wj †U÷ 06 welq ˆKvW : 1 3 8

mgq2 NÈv 35 wgwbU RxeweÁvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c~Y©gvb50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcK¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkøó cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| †h †Kv‡bv cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1  wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ Ki K. Uªv݇RwbK Rxe Kx? 1
L. Avev` gva¨g Kxfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq? 2
M. W. †n`v‡q‡Zi Avg Mv‡Qi RvZ Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. W. †n`v‡q‡Zi we‡kl cÖwµqvq Pviv ˆZwi Kivi KviY
we‡kølY Ki| 4
5 Rg‡k` mv‡ne evMv‡b KvR Kivi mgq nVvr Zvi cv †K‡U
A B C ÿ‡Zi m„wó nq| †ek wKQyw`b a‡i Zvi ÿZ¯’vb ïKv‡”Q bv|
K. B›Uvi‡dR Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Gi cvkvcvwk Zvi Nb Nb cÖmÖve, AwaK wccvmv I ÿzav †e‡o
L. †Møv‡giæjv‡mi KvR‡K QuvKwbi mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv nq hvIqvi mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| Zvi i³ cixÿv Kiv n‡j kK©ivi
†Kb? 2 cwigvY ¯’vqxfv‡e †e‡o hvIqv †`Lv hvq|
M. wPÎ-A RxewU‡K mycvi wKsWg BDK¨vwiIUv-G AšÍf©y³ K. mœvqyZš¿ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. n„rwc‡Ði Kvh©µg †Kvb ai‡bi mœvqyZš¿ Øviv wbqwš¿Z?
N. wPÎ-B Ges wPÎ-C Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU DbœZ? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
we‡kølY Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki †ivMwUi mv‡_ ni‡gvbvj mswkøóZv e¨vL¨v
2  gyLMnŸi  Mjwej  Abœbvwj  A  B  e„n`š¿ Ki| 3
K. WvBe¨vK Kx? 1 N. DÏxc‡Ki †ivMwU wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ m‡PZbZv
L. Dw™¢‡`i cywói Rb¨ cUvwkqvg cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2 AwZ Riæix? †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPwýZ As‡k cwicvK eY©bv Ki| 3 6 A (Drcv`K)  B (nwiY)  C (evN)
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' wPwýZ As‡k cwicv‡K hK…r Ges K. A¨vwjj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
AMœ¨vk‡qi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 L. wgDPzqvwjRg ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Lv`¨ wkK‡j kw³ cÖevn eY©bv Ki| 3
3  wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU jÿ Ki
N. DÏxc‡Ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ 'A' Gi f‚wgKvB gyL¨
n we‡kølY Ki| 4
n
n 7 dzj n‡”Q cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ weUc|
2n 2n ¯^cy®úK Dw™¢‡`i civMvqb N‡U Ges M¨v‡g‡UvdvB‡Ui ci
2n n wb‡lK m¤úbœ nq|
n
2n n K. eøv‡÷vwm÷ Kx? 1
wPÎ : X wPÎ : Y L. †Rv‡Rvev MvQ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. gvby‡li ˆeÁvwbK bvg Kx? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki M¨v‡g‡UvdvB‡Ui n msL¨K wW¤^vYy m„wói
L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Avw`‡Kvlx Rxe ejv nq †Kb? 2 cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †kl jvB‡bi cÖwµqvwU mwPÎ MVb e¨vL¨v
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ 'X' Gi 3q avc eY©bv Ki| 3
Ki| 4
N. bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wói †ÿ‡Î DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ 'X' Ges wPÎ
8 mgMÖ c„w_exi mKj cÖvYxi g‡a¨ PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ wcZvgvZvi
'Y' †KvbwU AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? hyw³mn
gva¨‡g mšÍvb-mš‘wZ‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| †µv‡gv‡Rvg G
†Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4 ˆewkó¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii aviK I evnK| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK
4  wRb cÖ‡KŠkjx W. †n`v‡qZ mv‡n‡ei Avg MvQ¸‡jv‡Z cÖPzi MVb Dcv`vb n‡”Q DNA I RNA| eZ©gvb kZvãx‡Z DNA
Av‡gi djb n‡jI MvQ¸‡jv `ªæZ †ivMvµvšÍ n‡q gviv hvq| †U÷ GKwU bZzb w`MšÍ D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Q|
wZwb jÿ Ki‡jb Zvi evwoi cv‡ki R½‡j GKRv‡Zi K. g„ZRxex Lv`¨ wkKj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
AvgMvQ i‡q‡Q hv‡Z Lye GKUv Avg bv n‡jI MvQ¸‡jv L. nv‡qbv‡K avOi ejv nq †Kb? 2
†ivMvµvšÍ nq bv| G `ywU Av‡gi RvZ †_‡K wZwb AwaK M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb
djbkxj, †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax GKwU RvZ D™¢veb Ki‡jb| wZwb `yBwUi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 3
¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq Gi Pviv Drcv`b bv K‡i j¨v‡e we‡kl N. ÒAvaywbK kZvãx‡Z DNA †U÷ GKwU bZzb w`MšÍ
cÖwµqvq Gi Pviv ˆZwi Ki‡jb| D‡š§vPb K‡i‡QÓ  K_vwU we‡kølY Ki| 4
DËim~Î
SSC RxeweÁvb : LÐ-1 eB‡qi…
1  34 c„ôvi 31 bs cÖkœ I DËi 3  110 c„ôvi 22 bs cÖkœ I DËi 5  353 c„ôvi 24 bs cÖkœ I DËi 7  395 c„ôvi 54 bs cÖkœ I DËi
2  207 c„ôvi 52 bs cÖkœ I DËi 4  491 c„ôvi 22 bs cÖkœ I DËi 6  467 c„ôvi 29 bs cÖkœ I DËi 8  440 c„ôvi 55 bs cÖkœ I DËi
g~j eB‡qi evB‡i AviI †evW© cÖkc
œ Î, g‡Wj †U÷ I kxl©¯’vbxq ¯‹z‡ji cÖkœcÎ I DËigvjv 143
144 SSC RxeweÁvb