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 page i

Exploring Social
Psychology
NINTH EDITION

David G. Myers
Hope College

Jean M. Twenge
San Diego State University
 page ii

EXPLORING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10121.
Copyright © 2021 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
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prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available
to customers outside the United States.

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ISBN 978-1-260-57072-4
MHID 1-260-57072-X

Cover Image: Shutterstock/Lightspring

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mheducation.com/highered
 page iii

About the Authors

Since receiving his Whitworth University BA and his University of

Iowa PhD, David Myers has professed psychology at Michigan’s Hope
College. Hope College students have invited him to be their
commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.”
With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’s
research has appeared in some three dozen scientific books and
periodicals, including Science, the American Scientist, Psychological
Science, and the American Psychologist.
He has also communicated psychological science through his
articles appearing in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education
to Scientific American, and through his 17 books, including The
Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils.

Photo by Steven Herppich, courtesy of Hope College Public Affairs and

Marketing For more information, or to contact David Myers, visit
davidmyers.org.
 Myers’s research and writings have been recognized by the
Gordon Allport Prize, by an “honored scientist” award from the
Federation of Associations in the Brain and Behavioral Sciences, and
by the Award for Distinguished Service on Behalf of Personality-
Social Psychology.
He has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped
found a center for families in poverty, and spoken to hundreds of
college and community groups. In recognition of his efforts to
transform the way America provides assistive listening for people
with hearing loss (see hearingloop.org), he has received awards
from the American Academy of Audiology, the Hearing Loss
Association of America, and the hearing industry.
David and Carol Myers have three children and one grandchild.

As Professor of Psychology at San Diego State University, Jean M.

Twenge has authored in more than 150 scientific publications on
generational differences, cultural change, technology and well-being,
social rejection, gender roles, self-esteem, and narcissism. Her
research has been covered in Time, Newsweek, the New page iv
York Times, USA Today, U.S. News and World Report, and
the Washington Post; she has been featured on Today, Good
Morning America, CBS This Morning, Fox and Friends, NBC Nightly
News, Dateline NBC, and National Public Radio.
 Photo courtesy of Sandy Huffaker, Jr.

She summarized this research for a broader audience in the

books iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less
Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared
for Adulthood; Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are
More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever
Before; and The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of
Entitlement (coauthored with W. Keith Campbell). She has written
for general audiences on several websites and magazines, including
a piece for The Atlantic that was nominated for a National Magazine
Award. She frequently gives talks and seminars on generational
differences to audiences such as college faculty and staff, high
school students and their parents, military personnel, camp
directors, and corporate executives.
Dr. Twenge grew up in Minnesota and Texas. She holds a BA and
MA from the University of Chicago and a PhD from the University of
Michigan. She completed a postdoctoral research fellowship in social
psychology at Case Western Reserve University. She lives in San
Diego with her husband and three daughters.
 page v

Brief Contents

Preface xvi

PART ONE

Introducing Social Psychology 1

MODULE 1 Doing Social Psychology 3
MODULE 2 Did You Know It All Along? 13

PART TWO

Social Thinking 17
MODULE 3 Self-Concept: Who Am I? 19
MODULE 4 Self-Serving Bias 31
MODULE 5 Narcissism and the Limits of Self-Esteem 39
MODULE 6 The Fundamental Attribution Error 45
MODULE 7 The Powers and Perils of Intuition 53
MODULE 8 Reasons for Unreason 61
MODULE 9 Behavior and Belief 71
MODULE 10 Clinical Intuition 83
MODULE 11 Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition
89
PART THREE

Social Influence 101

MODULE 12 Biology and Culture 103
MODULE 13 Gender Similarities and Differences 119
MODULE 14 How Nice People Get Corrupted 131

page vi

MODULE 15 Two Routes to Persuasion 145

MODULE 16 Indoctrination and Inoculation 159
MODULE 17 Social Facilitation: The Mere Presence of Others
165
MODULE 18 Social Loafing: Many Hands Make
Diminished Responsibility 171
MODULE 19 Deindividuation: Doing Together What We
Would Not Do Alone 177
MODULE 20 How Do Groups Intensify Decisions? 183
MODULE 21 Power to the Person 199

PART FOUR

Social Relations 207

MODULE 22 The Reach of Prejudice 209
MODULE 23 The Roots of Prejudice 223
MODULE 24 The Nature and Nurture of Aggression 247
MODULE 25 Does Media Use Influence Social Behavior? 265
MODULE 26 Who Likes Whom? 279
MODULE 27 The Ups and Downs of Love 299
MODULE 28 Causes of Conflict 317
MODULE 29 Blessed Are the Peacemakers 331
MODULE 30 When Do People Help? 347
MODULE 31 Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future
357
References R-1

Name Index NI-1

Subject Index SI-1

 page vii

Contents

Preface xvi

PART ONE

Introducing Social Psychology 1

MODULE 1 Doing Social Psychology 3
Forming and Testing Theories 3
Correlational Research: Detecting Natural Associations 5
Correlation and Causation 6
Experimental Research: Searching for Cause and Effect 7
Random Assignment: The Great Equalizer 7
Control: Manipulating Variables 8
The Ethics of Experimentation 9
Generalizing from Laboratory to Life 11

MODULE 2 Did You Know It All Along? 13

PART TWO

Social Thinking 17
MODULE 3 Self-Concept: Who Am I? 19
At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of Self 19
Self and Culture 20
Growing Individualism Within Cultures 21
Culture and Self-Esteem 24
Self-Knowledge 25
Predicting Our Behavior 25

page viii

Predicting Our Feelings 26

The Wisdom and Illusions of Self-Analysis 28

MODULE 4 Self-Serving Bias 31

Explaining Positive and Negative Events 31
Can We All Be Better Than Average? 32
Unrealistic Optimism 34
False Consensus and Uniqueness 36
Self-Esteem Motivation 37

MODULE 5 Narcissism and the Limits of Self-Esteem 39

The Trade-off of Low Versus High Self-Esteem 39
Narcissism: Self-Esteem’s Conceited Sister 41
Self-Efficacy 44

MODULE 6 The Fundamental Attribution Error 45

The Fundamental Attribution Error in Everyday Life 46
Why Do We Make the Attribution Error? 48
Perspective and Situational Awareness 49
Cultural Differences 50
How Fundamental is the Fundamental Attribution Error? 50

MODULE 7 The Powers and Perils of Intuition 53

The Powers of Intuition 53
The Limits of Intuition 55
We Overestimate the Accuracy of Our Judgments 56
Remedies for Overconfidence 57
Constructing Memories of Ourselves and Our Worlds 58
Reconstructing Our Past Attitudes 58
Reconstructing Our Past Behavior 60

MODULE 8 Reasons for Unreason 61

Our Preconceptions Control Our Interpretations 61
We Are More Swayed By Memorable Events Than Facts 63
We Misperceive Correlation and Control 65
Illusory Correlation 65

page ix

Our Beliefs Can Generate Their Own Confirmation 67

Do Teacher Expectations Affect Student Performance? 67
Do We Get from Others What We Expect? 68
Conclusions 70

MODULE 9 Behavior and Belief 71

Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? 71
Does Behavior Influence Attitudes? 72
Role Playing 72
Saying Becomes Believing 74
Evil Acts and Attitudes 75
Interracial Interaction and Racial Attitudes 77
Brainwashing 78
Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes? 79

MODULE 10 Clinical Intuition 83

Illusory Correlations 83
Hindsight 84
Self-Confirming Diagnoses 85
Clinical Intuition Versus Statistical Prediction 86
Implications for Better Clinical Practice 87

MODULE 11 Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition

Social Cognition and Depression 8989
Distortion or Realism? 90
Is Negative Thinking a Cause or a Result of Depression? 91
Social Cognition and Loneliness 94
Social Cognition and Anxiety 96
Social-Psychological Approaches to Treatment 97
Inducing Internal Change Through External Behavior 98
Breaking Vicious Cycles 98

PART THREE

Social Influence 101

MODULE 12 Biology and Culture 103
Evolution and Behavior 103
Biology and Gender 105

page x

Gender and Hormones 109

Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology 109
Culture and Behavior 110
Cultural Diversity 111
Cultural Similarity 114
Culture and Gender 115

MODULE 13 Gender Similarities and Differences 119

How Are Females and Males Alike and Different? 119
Independence Versus Connectedness 120
Social Dominance 124
 Aggression 126
Sexuality 126
What Can We Conclude About Biology, Culture, and Gender? 128

MODULE 14 How Nice People Get Corrupted 131

Asch’s Studies of Conformity 131
Milgram’s Obedience Studies 134
What Breeds Obedience? 137
Institutional Authority 139
Reflections on the Classic Studies 139
Behavior and Attitudes 140
The Power of Social Norms 141

MODULE 15 Two Routes to Persuasion 145

The Two Routes 145
The Elements of Persuasion 147
Who Says? The Communicator 147
What Is Said? The Message Content 148
Message Context 151
To Whom Is It Said? The Audience 153
The Two Routes to Persuasion in Therapy 156

MODULE 16 Indoctrination and Inoculation 159

Resisting Persuasion: Attitude Inoculation 160
Attitude Inoculation 160
Implications of Attitude Inoculation 164

page xi

MODULE 17 Social Facilitation: The Mere Presence of Others

The Mere Presence of Others 165165
Crowding: The Presence of Many Others 168
Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others? 168
Evaluation Apprehension 169
Driven by Distraction 169
Mere Presence 169

MODULE 18 Social Loafing: Many Hands Make Diminished

Responsibility 171
Many Hands Make Light Work 171
Social Loafing in Everyday Life 173

MODULE 19 Deindividuation: Doing Together What We

Would Not Do Alone 177
Deindividuation 178
Group Size 178
Anonymity 179
Arousing and Distracting Activities 181
Diminished Self-Awareness 182

MODULE 20 How Do Groups Intensify Decisions? 183

The Case of the “Risky Shift” 183
Do Groups Intensify Opinions? 185
Group Polarization Experiments 185
Group Polarization in Everyday Life 187
Explaining Group Polarization 191
Informational Influence 192
Normative Influence 192
Groupthink 193
Symptoms of Groupthink 195
Groupthink in Action 196
Preventing Groupthink 197

MODULE 21 Power to the Person 199

Resisting Social Pressure 199
 Reactance 199
Asserting Uniqueness 200

page xii

Minority Influence 202

Consistency 202
Self-Confidence 203
Defections from the Majority 203
Is Leadership Minority Influence? 204

PART FOUR

Social Relations 207

MODULE 22 The Reach of Prejudice 209
What Is Prejudice? 210
Prejudice: Implicit and Explicit 212
Racial Prejudice 213
Gender Prejudice 216
LGBT Prejudice 219

MODULE 23 The Roots of Prejudice 223

Social Sources of Prejudice 223
Socialization 224
Motivational Sources of Prejudice 227
Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory 227
Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others 229
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice 232
Categorization: Classifying People into Groups 233
Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out 235
Attribution: Is It a Just World? 238
The Consequences of Prejudice 240
 Self-Perpetuating Prejudgments 241
Discrimination’s Impact: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy 242
Stereotype Threat 243

MODULE 24 The Nature and Nurture of Aggression 247

Theories of Aggression 248
Is Aggression an Instinct? 248
Neural Influences 249

page xiii

Genetic Influences 250

Blood Chemistry 250
Psychological Influences on Aggression 253
Frustration and Aggression 253
The Learning of Aggression 255
Environmental Influences on Aggression 257
Painful Incidents 258
Heat 258
Attacks 259
Crowding 260
Reducing Aggression 260
Catharsis? 260
A Social Learning Approach 262
Culture Change and World Violence 264

MODULE 25 Does Media Use Influence Social Behavior? 265

Pornography and Sexual Violence 265
Distorted Perceptions of Sexual Reality 266
Aggression Against Women 266
Television, Movies, and the Internet 267
Media’s Effects on Behavior 268
Another Media Influence: Video Games 272

MODULE 26 Who Likes Whom? 279

Proximity 279
Interaction 280
Anticipation of Interaction 280
Mere Exposure 281
Physical Attractiveness 285
Attractiveness and Dating 285
The Matching Phenomenon 287
The Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype 288
Who Is Attractive? 290

page xiv

Similarity Versus Complementarity 292

Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? 292
Do Opposites Attract? 293
Liking Those Who Like Us 294
Our Need to Belong 295
How Important is the Need to Belong? 296

MODULE 27 The Ups and Downs of Love 299

Passionate Love 299
A Theory of Passionate Love 300
Variations in Love: Culture and Gender 303
Companionate Love 303
Maintaining Close Relationships 305
Equity 305
Self-Disclosure 306
Ending Relationships 311
Who Divorces? 311
 The Detachment Process 312

MODULE 28 Causes of Conflict 317

Social Dilemmas 317
The Prisoner’s Dilemma 318
The Tragedy of the Commons 319
Resolving Social Dilemmas 321
Competition 323
Perceived Injustice 325
Misperception 325
Mirror-Image Perceptions 327
Shifting Perceptions 328

MODULE 29 Blessed Are the Peacemakers 331

Contact 331
Does Contact Predict Attitudes? 331
Does Desegregation Improve Racial Attitudes? 332
When Does Desegregation Improve Racial Attitudes? 334

page xv

Cooperation 337
Common External Threats Build Cohesiveness 337
Superordinate Goals Foster Cooperation 338
Cooperative Learning Improves Racial Attitudes 339
Communication 340
Bargaining 340
Mediation 341
Arbitration 343
Conciliation 344

MODULE 30 When Do People Help? 347

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Müller (ex-Chancellor), at Berne, 23, 29
author and, 165
supporter of Germany, 32

Munich, strange story of delegate from, 6

revolutionary scenes in, 84

Nansen, Dr., 81

National Council for Civil Liberties, 151

National Peace Council, author as representative of, 60

National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, Conference of, at

Budapest, 70
Peace efforts of, 75

Nationalists, German, author and, 162-165

Nazarov, 196

Nemec, Dr., at Berne, 98

at Lucerne, 98

Nicolai, Professor, “Biology of War,” by, 68

escape to Denmark of, 69
personality of, 68

Nicolaivich, Grand Duke, author and palace of, 192, 221

Northcliffe, Lord, German Radicals and, 172

Ochme, Herr, 166

Ogenheim, Baron, 135

Pacifist, author as, 19

Pallenberg, Max, 172

Paris, delegates to Berne in, 7, 8

dirty condition of, after Armistice, 8, 9

Parliamentary Committee of the Trade Union Congress, delegates

of, at Berne, 3

Passports, difficulties of obtaining, 55, 56, 96

examination of, 5, 13, 106, 107

Peabody, George Foster, author and, 50

Peace, views on, xi.

Peace Conference, Paris as “ill-chosen seat of,” 8

Peace ship, Henry Ford’s, 47

Miss Addams and, 79

Peasant v. Town worker, problem of, in Central Europe, 121

Peasant-proprietorship in Georgia, 209

Persia, Bolsheviks and, 149

Plunkett, Sir Horace, 244

Poland, Bolsheviks and, 177-9

children’s sufferings in, 180
Jews in, 185-6
Labour party and, 176, 177
plight of, 179-80

Political agents at Berne, 18 et seq.

Poti, author’s visit to, 221

Prague, split among Socialists of, 99

Price, Phillips, and Germany’s disarmament, 162

Radek, 25
a Jew, 181
and bourgeois institutions, 59
and Treaty of Sèvres, 149
on Bolshevization of Georgia, 150

Reading, Lord, 187

Redlich, Dr., Christian Socialist leader, 122

Redmond, John, 267

Red Terror, in Hungary, 175

in Russia, 35

Reichstag, and Peace Resolution, xi

author’s visit to, 162
women members of, 166

Reinhardt, Max, 187

Renaudel, M., at Berne, 15, 23

at Strasburg Conference, 130, 131
delegate to Georgia, 189, 196, 218

Renner, Dr., 104

Reprisals in Ireland, 243

Reval, author at, 155

Rhine, The, author and, 173

Rome, author in, 197, 198

Royden, Miss Maude, 75

Rusiecka, Dr. Marie de, 133

and League of Nations Conference, 138
and Serbian retreat, 137
at Zurich, 138
personality of, 138

Russell, G. W., author and, 242

Russell, Hon. Bertrand, 65, 70

Russia, author’s views on, 139 et seq.

democratic programme of, 147
Red Terror in, 35

Russian Revolution and Third International, 130

Russo-Georgian Treaty, 225

Russo-Polish Treaty, 148

Samuel, Sir Herbert, 187

Sanger, Miss Sophie, 3

Sapieha, Princess, 180

Savery, Mr., 133

“Save the Children” Fund, author as member of executive of, 155

conference at Geneva, 131
foundation and work of, 61
organization of, 136
relief work of, 271
work of, in Vienna, 114

Schickele, René, 128, 129

 Hans in Schnakenloch, by, 129

Schönbrunn Palace, children’s hospital in, 125

Schwartz-Hillen, Dr., and Galician Jewish refugees, 118

Schwimmer, Rosika, and Henry Ford, 47, 48

and President Wilson, 44, 45
appointed Minister to Switzerland, 42
author and, 42, 43, 48, 49
personality of, 49

Second International, Adler’s reception by, 31, 32

author at conference of, 18
Belgian Socialists and, 11
British delegates, 23
British Labour Party decides for, 130
conference of, at Berne, 1 et seq.
conference of, at Geneva, 136
countries represented at Berne, 30
delegation to Georgia from, 175, 189 et seq.
Executive Committee at Berne, 30
foundation of, 130
German delegates at Berne, 24, 28
League of Nations commission of, 22
main achievement of Berne Conference, 34
newspaper men at conference of, 36
on Bolshevism, 35
Socialist differences with, 130, 166

Secret diplomacy, 118

Seitz, President, at Berne, 26

author and, 111, 124
personality of, 124, 165

Selfishness, elimination of, 274

Semmering, author at, 124

Serbia, prosperity of, 235

Sèvres, Treaty of Radek and, 149

Shaw, Dr. Anna, 77

Shaw, Tom, M.P., 176

delegate to Georgia, 189, 196

Shinwell, 182

Siberian prisoners, sufferings of, 80

Sinn Fein, causes of political rise of, 268

Skobeloff, Mme., 195

Smeral, Dr., at Lucerne, 98

personality of, 99

Social Democracy, Kautsky and, 25

Socialist Conference, International, at Stockholm, 2

Socialist Government of Georgia, 208

Socialist Governments, European, difficulties of, 27

Société des Amis, good work of, 62

Society of Friends, and Continental distress, 62

in Cork, 263
relief work of, 114, 271
Russians’ trust in, 158

Spy, political, author and, 18, 19, 96

fear of, at Berne, 18,
 at Lucerne, 97

Steklov on Georgia, 150

Stinnes, Hugo, 169

Stockholm, author in, 157

proposed Socialist conference at, 2

Strasburg, author at French Socialist Congress at, 129

Strunsky, Simeon, at Berne, 36

Sturgh, Count, murder of, 31

Swanwick, Mrs., and Zurich Conference, 79

personality of, 81, 82

Swedish Red Cross and relief expedition to Russia, 157

Swiss Government, and Second International Conference, 4

efforts at neutrality of, 133

Szamuely, atrocities of, 184

“pervert and madman,” 115

Szilassy, Baron, 81, 133

Taranto, author at, 198

Tchicherine, and Georgians, 213

and Swedish relief expedition, 158
personality of, 151

Teleki, Count, and ex-Emperor Charles, 69

author and, 69, 70

“The 2¹⁄₂ International,” 34

Third International, Bolsheviks and, 130
efforts of, to absorb Second, 130
establishment of, 35, 36
influence of, 166
Strasburg Conference and, 133

Thomas, Albert M., at Berne, 23

French “patriot,” 32

Thomas, Mr. J. H., and Second International Conference, 4

“Through Bolshevik Russia,” by Mrs. Philip Snowden, 139, 181

Tiflis, author at, 208

Bolsheviks at, 225

Tipperary, destruction at, 256

Toller, author and, 64

Tracey, Herbert, 7

Trebizond, author at, 201, 229

Trotsky, a Jew, 181, 182

and Peace of Brest-Litovsk, xi, 143
and Poland, 177
as Russian Napoleon, 148
at Wiener Café, 53
differences between Lenin and, 148
in Vienna, 123
Kerensky’s policy and, 212
on Armenia and Georgia, 225
Second International on, 35
story of, 124

Tseretelli, M., 175, 197

Turco-Russian Treaty, 236

Turk, virtues and vices of, 230, 231

Turkey, position of, 232-3

Turkish Nationalists, and Bolsheviks, 149

Union of Democratic Control, author as delegate from, 54

similarity of policy with Clarté group, 129

Vaillant-Couturier, at Strasburg Conference, 131

Vandervelde, Emil, delegate to Georgia, 189, 191, 192

speech of, at Geneva Conference, 12

Vandervelde, Mme., 194

Versailles, Treaty of, and German coal, 171

author’s condemnation of, at Zurich, 87
at Berne, 138
Branting and, 160
German Socialists and, 166
German view of, 88-92
injustice of, 26, 27
Women’s International Conference and, 87

Vienna, as centre for League of Nations, 136

author’s distressing journey to, 105 et seq.
Bristol Hotel at, 111, 112
British Military Mission at, 114
children’s holiday camps in, 125
food profiteering in, 109
hotel charges in, 111
Jews and Press in, 187
poverty in, 112, 113, 126
Schönbrunn Palace, children’s hospital at, 125
terrible condition of children in, 60
 “The 2¹⁄₂ International” Conference at, 34, 60
unemployment in, 113

Villard, Oswald G., and President Wilson, 49, 50

at Berne Conference, 36
author and, 50, 51
personality of, 49, 50
views on war and peace, 50

Volkshaus, Berne, Second International Conference in, 17

Vollmoeller, Karl, author and, 171-2

“Voltaire of Würternberg,” the, 171

Wake, E. P., 7

Warfare, modern, “filthiness” of, 274

Warsaw, and Bolshevik attack, 179

Washington, author at, 44, 45, 46

Weardale, Lord, and “Save the Children” Fund, 61

Webb, Mr. Sidney, and Gavronsky, 179

Wels, M., at Berne, 23

“White Terror,” in Hungary, 70, 116, 184

Admiral Horthy and, 137

Wied, Prince, 159

Wiener Café, Berne, 51, 52, 53, 133, 134

Lenin and Trotsky at, 53

Wiesbaden, saluting French flag at, 115

Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Countess, 157, 169

Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Professor, author and, 163

Wilson, Mr. Hugh, in Berlin, 170

Wilson, President, author and, 43, 44

failure of, 34
“Fourteen Points” of, 87, 89, 90, 170
League of Nations Conference and, 63
O. G. Villard and, 49, 50
on rights of small nations, xi
petition to, from Hungarian Red Cross, 81

Windischgraetz, Prince Ludwig, 53

author and, 70
ex-Emperor Charles and, 71
in Paris, 132
personality of, 70, 71

Windischgraetz, Princess Maria, author and, 72

in Prague, 132
personality of, 71

Winter, Dr. Max, author and, 125

Wise, Rabbi, 80

Women, International Conference of, at the Hague, 12

at Zurich, 18

Women spies at Berne, 20, 96

Women’s International League for Permanent Peace, British

delegates to, 76
differences in, 75
first conference of, at the Hague, 76
foundation of, 75
 Swiss branch of, and League of Nations Conference, 79
Treaty of Versailles, 87

Women’s Peace Crusade, and petition for negotiated peace, 2

Workers’ International, Berne Conference and, 30

policy for, 273

Zalewski, M., author and, 133

Zelkin, Clara, 3

Zinoviev, 25
a Jew, 181

Zuckerkandl, Mdme., author and, 118, 122, 123

Zurich, author on, 79

Women’s Conference at, 18, 75 et seq.

Printed by Cassell & Company,

Limited, La Belle Sauvage,
London, E.C.4
 Transcriber’s Notes
Minor errors in punctuation have been corrected.
Page 97: “less of mankind then” changed to “less of mankind than”
Page 172: “Egelbert Humperdinck” changed to “Engelbert Humperdinck”
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