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i
ON THE FRINGE
ii
iii
On the Fringe
Michael D. Gordin
1
iv
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
v
CONTENTS
Preface | vii
1. The Demarcation Problem | 1
2. Vestigial Sciences | 15
3. Hyperpoliticized Sciences | 29
4. Fighting “Establishment” Science | 41
5. Mind over Matter | 59
6. Controversy Is Inevitable | 75
7. The Russian Questions | 89
N OT E S | 103
F U RT H E R READING | 105
I N D E X | 111
v
vi
vi
P R E FAC E
vii
vi
viii Preface
Chapter 1
1
2
2 O n the F ringe
Karl Popper was born just after the turn of the twentieth century in
Vienna, then the capital of the sprawling Austro-Hungarian Empire.
By the time he received his doctorate in psychology (not, interest-
ingly, in philosophy) in 1928, he was living in the same city but a
very different country: the much smaller republic of Austria. Vienna
was home to a vibrant and contentious socialist movement, so he
was exposed early on to Marxism but was quickly disillusioned. This
was also the birthplace of psychoanalysis, and Popper in the early
1920s volunteered in the clinics of Alfred Adler, who had split with
his former mentor, the creator of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud.
Precocious interest in both theoretical frameworks, and his sub-
sequent rejection of them, were crucial in the later formulation of
Popper’s philosophy of science.
3
4 O n the F ringe
6 O n the F ringe
Falsifying Falsificationism
8 O n the F ringe
Popper on Trial
10 O n the F ringe
state support of religion. (Private schools, then and now, could and
do teach what they like.)
Cases from both Arkansas and Louisiana made it to the appellate
courts in the early 1980s. The first of these, McLean v. Arkansas Board
of Education, was a cause célèbre, with a host of expert witnesses spar-
ring over whether Darwinism was science, whether creation science
also met the definition of science, and what the limits of the estab-
lishment clause of the U.S. Constitution were. A crucial witness for
the evolutionists was Michael Ruse, a British philosopher of science
then at the University of Guelph in Canada. Ruse testified to several
different demarcation criteria and contended that accounts of the
origins of humanity based on Genesis could not satisfy them. One
of the criteria he floated was Popper’s. Judge William Overton, in
his final decision in January 1982, cited Ruse’s testimony when he
invoked that falsifiability was a standard for determining whether a
doctrine was science—and that scientific creationism did not meet
it. (Ruse walked his testimony back a decade later.) Overton’s appel-
late court decision was expanded by the U.S. Supreme Court in
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987), the Louisiana case; the result was that
Popper’s falsifiability was incorporated as a demarcation criterion
in a slew of high-school biology texts. No matter that the standard
was recognized as bad philosophy; as a matter of legal doctrine it
was enshrined. (In his 2005 appellate court decision in Kitzmiller
v. Dover Area School District, Judge John E. Jones III modified the
legal demarcation standards by eschewing Popper and promoting
several less sharp but more apposite criteria while deliberating over
the teaching of a doctrine known as “intelligent design,” a successor
of creationism crafted to evade the precedent of Edwards.)
Language: German
BERLIN 1912
DIETRICH REIMER (ERNST VOHSEN)
ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN
AUS
AEGYPTEN, ALGERIEN UND JEMEN
VON
G. SCHWEINFURTH
BERLIN 1912
DIETRICH REIMER (ERNST VOHSEN)
ALLE RECHTE VORBEHALTEN
EINLEITUNG I-
XXIV
Umschreibung der Schriftzeichen des arabischen Alphabets
mit lateinischen Buchstaben 1
ABTEILUNG I
ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN
AUS DER FLORA VON AEGYPTEN
A. Lateinisch-arabisch geordnet 3
Nachträge 49
B. Arabisch-lateinisch geordnet 51
ABTEILUNG II
ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN
AUS DER FLORA VON JEMEN
NACH FORSKAL
A. Arabisch-lateinisch geordnet 87
B. Lateinisch-arabisch geordnet 125
ABTEILUNG III
ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN AUS DER
FLORA VON JEMEN UND SÜD-ARABIEN
A. Lateinisch-arabisch geordnet 159
B. Arabisch-lateinisch geordnet 174
ABTEILUNG IV
ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN
AUS DER FLORA VON BISKRA
ABTEILUNG V
ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN AUS DEM
KÜSTENLAND UND DEM TEL-BERGLAND
VON NORDWEST-ALGERIEN
ABTEILUNG VI
ARABISCHE NOMENKLATUR DER DATEL-PALME
IN AEGYPTEN UND ALGERIEN