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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
MEMORY STUDIES
Researching Memory
and Identity in Russia and
Eastern Europe
Interdisciplinary Methodologies
Edited by
Jade McGlynn
Oliver T. Jones
Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies
Series Editors
Andrew Hoskins
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, UK
John Sutton
Department of Cognitive Science
Macquarie University
Macquarie, Australia
The nascent field of Memory Studies emerges from contemporary trends
that include a shift from concern with historical knowledge of events to
that of memory, from ‘what we know’ to ‘how we remember it’; changes
in generational memory; the rapid advance of technologies of memory;
panics over declining powers of memory, which mirror our fascination
with the possibilities of memory enhancement; and the development of
trauma narratives in reshaping the past. These factors have contributed to
an intensification of public discourses on our past over the last thirty years.
Technological, political, interpersonal, social and cultural shifts affect
what, how and why people and societies remember and forget. This
groundbreaking series tackles questions such as: What is ‘memory’ under
these conditions? What are its prospects, and also the prospects for its
interdisciplinary and systematic study? What are the conceptual, theoreti-
cal and methodological tools for its investigation and illumination?
Jade McGlynn • Oliver T. Jones
Editors
Researching Memory
and Identity in Russia
and Eastern Europe
Interdisciplinary Methodologies
Editors
Jade McGlynn Oliver T. Jones
Middlebury Institute of International University College
Studies at Monterey University of Oxford
Monterey, CA, USA Oxford, UK
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
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electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
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The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
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Cover illustration: Steve Allen Travel Photography / Alamy Stock Photo – A collection of
old Russian Soviet Revolutionary lapel badges. Image ID: DWHY86
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we would like to thank the authors who have contrib-
uted to this volume. We were consistently impressed by the quality and
coherence of their chapters and findings and it has been a privilege to edit
such a fine selection of chapters. As well as our contributing authors, we
would like to thank Polly Jones for her support and guidance for this proj-
ect from the very (pre-pandemic) beginning. The idea for this volume was
sparked during the organisation of workshop at University College
Oxford, entitled ‘Space, Text, Speech: Memory in the Russian and East
European Context’, which was planned for April 2020 but cancelled due
to the Covid-19 pandemic. We would like to express our gratitude to
University College, The Oxford Research Centre for the Humanities, and
CEELBAS for their generous funding of that workshop and support on its
cancellation. Finally, our thanks go to Mitch Riding and James Utley as
well as to Palgrave Macmillan, and specifically to Ruby Panigrahi, Mala
Sanghera-Warren and Lauriane Piette, for their support during the prepa-
ration and editing of this manuscript.
v
Praise for Researching Memory and Identity
in Russia and Eastern Europe
“It is visible to even the most casual observer that narratives about history are a
critical element to understanding politics across Eastern Europe. Covering this
region where the deep scares of past violence are misused and instrumentalised in
the conduct of everyday politics, the well-crafted volume represents an extremely
timely contribution. Throughout the book, readers get acquainted with the
numerous ways in which the past can be studied to appreciate why practices of
remembering have such profound political and social implications. The multi-dis-
ciplinary volume includes extensive discussions of the theoretical starting points
and displays the variety of methodological approaches so that we may gain a better
understanding of the logics underpinning the perpetual presence of past experi-
ences. The volume considers how the position of researchers determines the object
of study itself, evaluates the different type of actors that are involved in shaping
representations of the past and it does put at the centre of our attention the fact
that narratives of the past circulate across borders.”
—Félix Krawatzek, Senior Researcher, Centre for East European and
International Studies (ZOiS), Germany and Associate Member of Nuffield
College, University of Oxford, UK
“Oliver Jones and Jade McGlynn’s volume is a timely and useful collection of inno-
vative chapters dealing with numerous methodological issues that students of cur-
rent memory politics in Eastern Europe and beyond have to deal with. It critically
examines the approaches and methods of disciplines as different as psychology,
moral philosophy, literary studies, history, sociology, and political science, in search
of a productive dialogue between researchers involved in this increasingly impor-
tant multidisciplinary field.”
—Nikolay Koposov, Distinguished Professor of the Practice,
School of History and Sociology and School of Literature, Media, and
Communication, USA
Contents
1 Memory
Methods: An Introduction 1
Jade McGlynn and Oliver T. Jones
2 How
to Make Subjectivity Your Friend and Not Your
Enemy: Reflections on Writing with and Through the
“Authorial Self” 23
Juliane Fürst
3 Unveiling
the Researcher’s Self: Reflexive Notes on
Ethnographic Engagements and Interdisciplinary
Research Practices 41
Alina Jašina-Schäfer
4 Dark
Heritage Research Methods: A Case Study from
Contemporary Russia 57
Margaret Comer
ix
x Contents
5 New
Museums, New Challenges: Reflections on The
Study of Online Museums in Central and Eastern Europe 75
Tadeusz Wojtych
6 Uncommemorated
Sites of Violence: From Topographical
to Topological Research Methods 91
Roma Sendyka
7 Recollections
May Vary: Researching Perpetrators
Accounts of the 1932–1933 Famine109
Daria Mattingly
8 Memory
Studies and the Analysis of Crossover Literature:
Methodology and Case Study (Poland)125
Karoline Thaidigsmann
9 Beyond
Analogy: Historical Framing Analysis of Russian
Political Discourse141
Jade McGlynn
10 Reception
of Great Patriotic War Narratives: A
Psychological Approach to Studying Collective Memory
in Russia163
Travis C. Frederick and Alin Coman
11 Beyond
the State Agency: Anti-Communist Memory
Work in Post-Milošević Serbia183
Jelena Đureinović
Contents xi
12 Prisoners
of a Myth: Soviet PoWs and Putinist Memory
Politics199
Howard Amos
Index215
Notes on Contributors
xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
List of Figures
xix
CHAPTER 1
J. McGlynn
Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, Monterey, CA, USA
e-mail: jmcglynn@middlebury.edu
O. T. Jones (*)
University College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
e-mail: oliver.jones@univ.ox.ac.uk
nature of the field has been viewed as one of its key strengths. Jeffry Olick
(2009, 250) has argued that “the wide variety of mnemonic products and
practices, forms, and functions, that have been addressed under the rubric
of collective memory signals the vibrancy of the field”. Certainly, memory
studies offers exciting opportunities for scholars interested in collabora-
tion between and across the humanities and social sciences, with impor-
tant work developing out of disciplines including literary and cultural
studies, anthropology, media studies, history, sociology and political
science.
Yet profound practical challenges accompany these theoretical oppor-
tunities. Rather than dialogue over the potential promise of cross-
disciplinary innovation, such a wide-ranging field risks siloisation, with
scholars in any one particular discipline drawing on their own method-
ological expertise to further knowledge in their specific area. As Astrid Erll
wrote a decade ago, memory studies is “constituted in such widely varying
manners that it seems that we are dealing with a different object on each
occasion” (2011a, 38). She observed that the seeds of “cross-fertilisation”
were beginning to emerge, with scholars increasingly interested by “inter-
disciplinary exchange” (38). However, she noted that this would require
the expansion of methodological knowledge and awareness of technical
work across the field as a whole. Notwithstanding Erll’s important inter-
vention, this process of methodological knowledge-sharing has remained
largely in the background of the field in the last ten years, with wide-
ranging—and undeniably significant—theoretical work still offering the
most easily practicable route towards cross-disciplinary collaboration (in
the Eastern European context see e.g. Blacker et al. 2013). As such, mem-
ory studies is a vibrant field, continuing to grow at pace. However, it
remains essentially “multidisciplinary” rather than “interdisciplinary”
in nature.
This volume aims to aid the breakdown of such disciplinary siloes by
foregrounding the process of designing, implementing and improving
methodologies in research on memory and identity in Russia and Eastern
Europe. We present a series of distinct case studies that reflect on how
scholars investigate, understand and interpret various aspects of memory
studies, providing a forum via which researchers can learn about the
potential opportunities and challenges of methodological innovations in a
variety of disciplines. In so doing, we interrogate a range of practical ques-
tions that are often underexplored in academic work, but which are of
fundamental importance to scholars of memory, and of its relationship
1 MEMORY METHODS: AN INTRODUCTION 3
with identity formation, at all career stages. These questions include: how
do we measure collective memory? How do we address the focus on pro-
duction over reception? How do we ensure the subjectivity of the
researcher does not interfere with the memory study? How can we be sure
of representativeness of memory in media and literary production?
Of course, the vast majority of research on memory contains robust and
detailed methodological exposition. However, we propose that the gap in
the field lies in the lack of comparative consideration of methodology
between disciplines and the reluctance to explicitly focus on methodology
and its impact on findings, perhaps understandable given that little space
is generally given to methodological reflections in traditional academic
publishing formats. There are some existing publications that examine
memory and methodology that have sought to address these problems in
the general context. For example, Emily Keightley and Michael Pickering’s
Research Methods for Memory Studies (2013) is the first textbook on
research methods in memory studies. This guide provides students and
researchers with a clear set of outlines and discussions of particular meth-
ods of research in memory studies. It offers not only expert appraisals of a
range of techniques, approaches and perspectives in memory studies, but
also focuses on key questions of methodology in order to help bring unity
and coherence to the field.
However, our volume is a collection of practical reflections by research-
ers actively pursuing research “on-the-ground” rather than a textbook or
a “how-to” guide. In this sense, the volume builds on works such as
Susannah Radstone’s recently updated Memory and Methodology (2020).
The fact that Radstone’s volume has been updated and re-released several
times demonstrates the demand for works that focus on methodological
innovation. Yet her volume focuses mainly on history, cultural studies and
theoretical conceptions of memory and does not focus on how to apply
different methods or ascertain the advantages and disadvantages of the
various examined approaches. Finally, it does not consider the specificities
of the Eastern European context, which is a consistently productive field
of memory research and merits its own work on methodologies. The latter
point also holds true for other significant interventions into the field with
a methodological focus, including Dannielle Drozdzewksi and Carolyn
Birdsall’s impressive Doing Memory Research: New Methods and Approaches
(2018). This innovative collection is inspiring in its breadth and scale,
including chapters on participatory and community-engaged practices of
cultural memory and research. Its emphasis on “doing” memory also
4 J. MCGLYNN AND O. T. JONES
brings the editors and authors into close communion with the link between
memory and identity, much as the cases seek to do in the current volume.
Zheng Wang’s Memory Politics, Identity and Conflict (2018) similarly
probes the intersection between these concepts and the various methods
used to study them in the context of social science research. His overview
includes a wide range of approaches such as public opinion polling, study
of educational programmes and textbooks, and analysis of monuments
and other memory sites. Our case studies bring together qualitative and
quantitative social science methodologies in a similar way, but crucially
also integrate approaches from the humanities in order to highlight the
political, social and cultural aspects of memory and its relationship with
identity formation.
As such, there is a small but growing scholarly interest in method-
ological innovation and knowledge-sharing to which this volume seeks to
contribute and expand. As well as showing the researchers’ findings, the
case studies included here interrogate the advantages and disadvantages
of original methods emerging from literature, history, anthropology,
media studies, experimental psychology and political science amongst
other disciplines. The contributions are deliberately self-reflective, with
the authors encouraged to think critically about their research process as
a means of creating developmental frameworks for researchers seeking to
determine the range of available approaches to memory studies today. We
hope that this fresh format can provide practical solutions to the field’s
most pressing challenges, including the subjectivity of memory, reception
versus production of discourse, and the inclusion of marginal perspectives
often neglected in scholarly investigations. In this way, the volume should
be relevant to researchers working on issues related to memory and iden-
tity across geographical contexts. Yet, we also seek to make a specific
contribution in the area of Russian and Eastern European Studies by
focussing on the intersection between memory and identity in the post-
communist and post- socialist region. Thus, before introducing the
included cases, we examine the importance of these concepts in the
Central and Eastern European area and the imperative of refining the
methods used to study them.
1 MEMORY METHODS: AN INTRODUCTION 5