ARCH-4161

Cost Estimation & Specification

BOOK OF CODE AND SPECIFICATION

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 10- DAMP PROOF COURSES

CHAPTER 23- PATENT STONE FLOORING
.

STUDENT ID
202132024
CHAPTER 10 DAMP PROOF COURSES
What Is Damping?

Rising Of Seeping Water That Occurs As A Result Of

Wet Or Damp Soil Around The House Entering
Through Porous Materials Like Bricks And Mortar
Through Capillary Action.

What Is Damp Proofing?

The Use Of A Material That Resists The Passage Of

Water With No Hydrostatic Pressure.

What Is Damp Proofing Course?

It Is A Continuous Layer Of Damp Resisting Material

Provided With The Objective Of Protecting The
Superstructure Of A Building Against Dampness.
CAUSES AND SOURCES OF DAMPNESS

Absorption of moisture by the materials is one of the main

causes of dampness. Due to granular nature of materials,
moisture finds an easy access through the voids and this
aided by the capillary action assists the moisture to travel a. Through capillary action
in different directions.

The major sources

a) Dampness rising through the foundation walling.

Moisture from wet ground may rise well above ground
b, c: Rain Water penetration
level on account of capillary action.

b) Splashing rain water which rebounds after hitting the

wall.

c) Rain water may percolate through roof covering.

d) Faulty eave course and eave gutters

D: Faulty eve course
EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS:

a) Causes efflorescence which may ultimately result in the disintegration of bricks, tiles
etc.

b) Softening and crumbling of plaster.

c) Bleaching and flocking of paint with the formation of coloured patches.

d) Warping, buckling and rotting of timber.

e)Corrosion of metal.

f) Deteriorate or damage the electrical fittings.

g) It promotes growth of termites.

MATERIALS

a)Coarse Aggregate: consist of picked jhama

chips of 12mm to 6mm

b) Fine Aggregate: 50% local sand of F>M 1.2 and

50% Sylhet sand od F>M> 2.5 minimum.

c) Cement: Ordinary portland cement type-1.

d) Clean Water: should be clean and free from

chemicals and salt.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

● Surface preparation:

The surface over which the damp proof

course is to be laid shall be thoroughly
scrapped to remove mud, dirt etc. and
washed clean with clean water.
● The mixture ratio shall be 1:1.5:3 and
thickness 75mm (3′′).

● Shuttering shall be done on both sides of the wall. The shuttering shall be strong
and so fixed that it does not get disturbed during compaction and the concrete
slurry does not leak out.

● The concrete prepared by mixing the ingredients shall be laid and tampered
roughly to make a dense mass.

● After 24 hours of its laying, the concrete layer shall be cured for at least 7 days.

● A coat of Bitumen 80-100 penetration, heated to 300°F shall be applied uniformly

on the hardened and dry concrete surface using 30 lbs per 100 sq ft per coat.
Bitumen shall be applied with brush.

● The dried surface of concrete shall be properly cleaned with brush and finally with
a piece of cloth soaked in Kerosene oil.
PRECAUTIONS:

● The top surface of the D.P.C. shall be in the same level of floor finish and shall not
be carried across doorways or other openings. The upper layer of cement
concrete floors shall be continued over such openings and shall be laid at the
same time as floor.

● A damp proof course shall not be less than 15 cm (6") above the highest level of
the ground and shall be above the normal level to which water splashes from
the ground when it is raining.

● The damp proof course should be

continued unbroken throughout the
length and thickness of wall. The
base of D.P.C. layer shall be even.
The uneven base shall cause the
retention of air voids between the
base and the D.P.C., which is not
desirable.

● If there is a cavity wall D.P.C. shall

be laid separately for the two
leaves.
CHAPTER 23- PATENT STONE
FLOORING
What Is Patent Stone Flooring?

Patent stone is a synthetic masonry/artificial stone

material created by embedding stone chips and
aggregate in a base of mortar or cement.

Scope:

● Cement to sand to jhama chips: 1:2:4

Artificial patent stone flooring with cement concrete

in the proportion of 1 part cement, 2 part sand (50%
local sand of FM 1.2 and 50% Sylhet sand of FM 2.5)
and four parts of clean, twice washed 12mm down
graded picked jhama chips and finishing the top
with that element.
MATERIALS

Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement Type-1

Sand: Sand shall be 50% local sand of FM 1.2 and

50% Sylhet sand of F. M. 2.5.

Coarse aggregate: Coarse Aggregate shall be

12mm (1/2") downgraded picked jhama chips.

Samples of sand and coarse aggregate shall be

approved by the Engineer-in-charge before use.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

Application

1. Surface Preparation:
○ Prepare a sample panel of flooring for approval by
the Engineer-in-charge.
○ Clean the sub-floor thoroughly, removing laitance,
dust, dirt, and foreign materials.
○ Wet the sub-floor with clean water overnight
before applying the flooring. Ensure uniform
dampness without excess water.
2. Application of Bonding Slurry:
○ Mix a creamy bonding slurry (1:1.5:3 ratio of
cement, sand, and stone aggregates).
○ Scrub the slurry into the surface using stiff bristle
brushes.
○ Apply the slurry in small areas (not exceeding 2.5
sq.m.) and remove excess slurry with a broom.
○ Install temporary dividers in a chequered board
pattern before pouring the concrete mix.
3. Dividers Leveling:
○ Ensure the top of the dividers (metal strips or
wooden battens) is level with the desired finished
floor height.
 1. 1
2. 1
3.
4. Applying Concrete Mix:
○ Promptly apply the concrete mix in the specified thickness
after applying the slurry.
○ Follow the specified method for measuring and mixing
cement, sand, and khoa (if applicable).
○ Spread the mixture evenly between the dividers.
○ Use a strike board to achieve an even grade.
○ Consolidate the mixture thoroughly by beating and
prodding it with wooden pattas.

Troweling:

1. Surface Smoothing:
○ Use a English wooden float to trowel/smooth the surface,
ensuring it is free from depressions or irregularities.
2. Filling Depressions:
○ If any depressions need filling, use a small quantity of finer
materials (as specified) to level the surface. Minimize this
as much as possible.
3. Neat Cement Finishing:
○ Apply a minimum 1.5 mm thick layer of neat cement.
○ Strain cement powder through fine cloth.
○ Rub the cement paste into the surface using small steel
trowels.
○ Work carefully and repeatedly, making at least 4 passes
over the entire area.
○ Achieve a very smooth, polished, and hard finish.
CURING:

1. The sequence of filling in the panels shall be

on a “chequered board” plan. The casting of
the complementary sets shall be done at
least 48 hours after the first set is cast and
dividers removed.
2. The top shall be moist, cured for at least 7
days by banding with a cement sand lean
mortar band and not with mud.
3. The flooring shall not be subjected to
moderate use before 14 days and to severe
use before 28 days.
COLOURED PATENT STONE FLOORING:

● MIXTURE RATIO: 3mm thick coloured topping

made of a mixer of 1 part of red oxide of iron or
any other approved colouring materials and 3 to
6 parts of Portland cement.

● WHITE CEMENT: For better strength, mix ordinary

Portland cement with white cement in the
proportion of 1:1 to 1:3 (grey Portland cement:
white cement) and then to add colour pigment
to have the desired colour.

● PIGMENT REQUIREMENT: When colour pigment is

mixed with white cement, the requirement of
colour pigment is much less, may be 1:5 to 1:10
(pigment: white cement).
STEPS OF COLOURED FLOORING:

1. Colour Mixing:
○ Mix colour and cement in a ratio of 1:3 to 1:6.
○ Thoroughly blend the mixture by hand until uniform.
○ Screen it through fine cloth for optimal consistency.
2. Water Addition:
○ Gradually add water to achieve a uniform paste.
○ Use water sparingly to prevent efflorescence.
3. Application:
○ Carefully apply the paste to artificial stone flooring (3mm
thickness).
4. Finishing:
○ Use a rectangular English trowel for finishing.
○ Test the surface with a straightedge and spirit level.
○ Allow it to dry undisturbed for 12 hours.
5. Polishing:
○ Polish with soft stone until smooth and glossy.
6. Curing:
○ Prevent quick drying (hair cracks) or stagnant water
(discoloration).
○ Use wet hessian cloth or jute bag for several days .
PRECAUTIONS

- Flooring must be done according to the "chequered

board" plan, with a new section started every 48 hours.

- No slope should be given in bedrooms or drawing

rooms. Proper slope for natural drainage should be
given in kitchens, verandahs, bathrooms, etc.

- Mud must not be used for preparing the band for

curing the floor to avoid mud stains.

- For coloured flooring, the colour should be mixed

thoroughly and the percentage of colour should be
kept constant to give a uniform look.

- Curing of coloured floor should be done by wetting

hessian cloth or jute bags instead of stagnant water to
avoid discolouring of the floor.

- Cement coloured patent stone flooring should be

done about 10 to 12 days after the finishing work is
complete.
ADVANTAGES OF PATENT STONE FLOORING:
● Durable: Can withstand heavy foot traffic.

● Easy Maintenance: Simple to clean with regular sweeping and mopping.

● Versatile: Available in various designs, colors, and patterns. They seamlessly connect indoor and
outdoor spaces, creating an illusion of more room.

● Cost-Effective: Affordable yet durable.

● Customizable: Can be tailored to create unique designs and patterns.

● Moisture Resistant: Ideal for areas prone to spills or humidity

● Natural Coolness: In warm climates, patent stone stays naturally cool, aiding temperature control.

● Long-lasting: Can last for many years with proper installation and maintenance.
 DISADVANTAGES OF PATENT STONE FLOORING:
● Costly: Patent stone can be expensive due to material and installation costs.

● Slippery When Wet: Wet stone surfaces can be slippery, especially in kitchens or bathrooms.

● Water Damage Susceptibility: Natural stone can stain, scratch, and chip when exposed to water.

● Reduced Cushioning: Its strength makes slip and fall accidents more hazardous.

REFERENCES:
https://jacobengineers.in/wp-content/uploads/Damp-Proofing-Methods.jpg
Damp & Water-proofing Causes Effects How to treat – Blog – The Design Bridge
Professional Rising Damp Treatment - Damp Proofing Melbourne | AWC Group Melbourne
IPS Flooring - Meaning, Types, Advantages, Maintenance & More (magicbricks.com)
Matharoo Associates folds concrete home in India around courtyards (dezeen.com)
Badri Residence / Architecture Paradigm | ArchDaily