Sturdevant's Art & Science of Operative

Dentistry: Second South Asia Edition V.

Gopikrishna
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/sturdevants-art-science-of-operative-dentistry-second
-south-asia-edition-v-gopikrishna/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Sturdevantu2019s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry

7th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/sturdevants-art-and-science-of-
operative-dentistry-7th-edition/

Marxist Thought in South Asia Kristin Plys

https://ebookmass.com/product/marxist-thought-in-south-asia-
kristin-plys/

Medicinal plants of South Asia : novel sources for drug

discovery Hanif

https://ebookmass.com/product/medicinal-plants-of-south-asia-
novel-sources-for-drug-discovery-hanif/

The Art of Multiprocessor Programming. Second Edition

Maurice Herlihy

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-art-of-multiprocessor-
programming-second-edition-maurice-herlihy/
Climate Change: Alternate Governance Policy for South
Asia 1st Edition Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay

https://ebookmass.com/product/climate-change-alternate-
governance-policy-for-south-asia-1st-edition-ranadhir-
mukhopadhyay/

The Art and Science of Social Research (First Edition)

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-art-and-science-of-social-
research-first-edition/

The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, Second

Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-art-of-game-design-a-book-of-
lenses-second-edition/

Religion, Extremism and Violence in South Asia 1st

Edition Imran Ahmed

https://ebookmass.com/product/religion-extremism-and-violence-in-
south-asia-1st-edition-imran-ahmed/

Gray's Anatomy for Students 2nd South Asia Edition

Edition Richard L. Drake

https://ebookmass.com/product/grays-anatomy-for-students-2nd-
south-asia-edition-edition-richard-l-drake/
 Sturdevant’s
Art and Science of
Operative Dentistry
Sturdevant’s
Art and Science of
Operative Dentistry
Second South Asia Edition

André V. Ritter, DDS, MS, MBA

Thomas P. Hinman Distinguished Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Lee W. Boushell, DMD, MS

Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Ricardo Walter, DDS, MS

Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Adaptation Editor
V. Gopikrishna, BDS, MDS, PhD
Founder Director
Root Canal Foundation
Chennai, India
Professor
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
Saveetha University at Saveetha Dental College
Chennai, India
ELSEVIER
RELX India Pvt. Ltd.
Registered Office: 818, Indraprakash Building, 8th Floor, 21, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi-110001
Corporate Office: 14th Floor, Building No. 10B, DLF Cyber City, Phase II, Gurgaon-122 002, Haryana, India

Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 7e, André V. Ritter, Lee W. Boushell, Ricardo Walter
Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc.
Previous editions copyrighted 2013, 2006, 2002, 1995, 1985, and 1968.
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-323-47833-5

This adaptation of Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 7e, by André V. Ritter, Lee W. Boushell,
Ricardo Walter was undertaken by RELX India Private Limited and is published by arrangement with Elsevier Inc.

Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry: Second South Asia Edition, V. Gopikrishna
First South Asia Edition © 2013 Elsevier (A division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited)
Copyright © 2018 by RELX India Pvt. Ltd.
Adaptation ISBN: 978-81-312-5345-8
e-ISBN: 978-81-312-5346-5

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center
and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).

Notice

The adaptation has been undertaken by RELX India Pvt. Ltd. at its sole responsibility. Practitioners and research-
ers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods,
compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular,
independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no re-
sponsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors in relation to the adaptation or for any injury
and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use
or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this
publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the
claims made of it by its manufacturer.
This publication is licensed for sale in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka only.
Circulation of this version outside these territories is unauthorized and illegal.

Manager, Content Strategy: Nimisha Goswami

Content Project Manager: Anand K Jha
Sr Production Executive: Ravinder Sharma
Sr Cover Designer: Raman Kumar

Printed and bound at …

 This book is dedicated to

My Parents
Sulochana… for being my beloved Amma (mother) and my Alpha (beginning of life)…
Ambuja… for being the Annapoorni (nurturer) of our lives…
M Velayutham… for teaching me integrity and humility in life…
VG Sivasubramanian… for showing me the path of caring and sharing…

My Teachers
Dr E Munirathnam Naidu… for showing me the attributes of discipline, hard work and perseverance…
Professors A Parameswaran and B Suresh Chandra… for instilling in me the drive to learn, teach and research…
Dr K Sridhar… for making me aware that water always finds its level…
Dr Vijailakshmi Acharya… for inspiring me to be passionate about perfection…

My Family

And above all to… Grace… for being the wind beneath my wings…
—V. Gopikrishna
Page left intentionally blank
 Foreword

Dr Clifford Sturdevant had a brass plaque on his desk that reads ‘If it’s almost right
it’s wrong!’ This commitment to excellence also was the mantra upon which his clas-
sic textbook, The Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, was first written and published
in 1968. This textbook has been the basis for training dental students in the fine art
and clinical science of operative dentistry for 50 years. In light of this significant land-
mark, which coincides with the publication of this new seventh edition, we believe
it is important to present the evolution of the various editions of the textbook from
a historical perspective.
The first edition (Sturdevant, Barton, Brauer, 1968) was meant ‘to present the sig-
nificant aspects of operative dentistry and the research findings in the basic and clini-
cal sciences that have immediate application’ in the field of operative dentistry. It is
important to note that Dean Brauer pointed out in his preface that beyond having
the knowledge and skills needed to perform a procedure, the practitioner must also
have high moral and ethical standards, essential and priceless ingredients. Since the
first edition, this textbook series has always attempted to present artistic and scientific
elements of operative dentistry in the context of ethical standards for patient care.
It is also worth noting that the first edition was printed and bound in ‘landscape’
format so that it could more easily be used as a manual in the preclinical laboratory
and would always remain open to the desired page. The handmade 5X models used
to illustrate the various steps in cavity preparation were created by two dental stu-
dents enrolled at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry, the University of North Carolina,
during the writing of the first edition. Illustrations of these models have continued to
be used in later editions, and the models themselves have served as important teach-
ing materials for decades.
Although the techniques, materials, armamentarium, and treatment options con-
tinue to evolve, many of the principles of operative dentistry described in the first
edition are still pertinent today. An understanding of these principles and the ability
to meticulously apply them are critical to provide the outstanding dental treatment
expected by our patients.
The second edition (Sturdevant, Barton, Sockwell, Strickland, 1985) expanded on
many techniques (e.g. acid etching) using experience and published research that
had occurred since publication of the first edition. The basics of occlusion were em-
phasized and presented in a way that would be helpful to the dental student and
practitioner. A chapter on treatment planning and sequencing of procedures, as well
as a chapter providing a thorough treatise on the use of pins, was included. Informa-
tion on silicate cement, self-curing acrylic resin and the baked porcelain inlay was
eliminated for obvious reasons. The chapters on endodontic therapy and the ‘dental
assistant’ were no longer included. Chapters on (1) tooth-coloured restorations and
(2) additional conservative and esthetic treatments explained the changes and im-
provements that occurred in the areas of esthetic options available to patients. In the
chapter on gold inlay/onlay restorations, increased emphasis was given to the gold
onlay restorations for Class II cavity preparations.
The third edition (Sturdevant, Roberson, Heymann, J. Sturdevant, 1995) placed
a new emphasis on cariology and the ‘medical model of disease’ with regard to risk
assessment and managing the high-risk caries patient. This important concept laid

vii
 Foreword

the foundation for what is still taught today with regard to identifying risk factors
and defining a treatment plan based on caries risk assessment. The third edition also
included new expanded chapters on infection control, diagnosis and treatment plan-
ning and dental materials. In light of the growing interest in the area of esthetic den-
tistry, a variety of conservative esthetic treatments were introduced including vital
bleaching, micro- and macro-abrasion, etched porcelain veneers and the novel all-
porcelain bonded pontic. Additionally, an entirely new section on tooth-coloured
inlays and onlays was included that chronicled both lab-processed resin and ceramic
restorations of this type and those fabricated chairside with CAD/CAM systems.
With the fourth edition of this text (Roberson, Heymann, Swift, 2002), Dr Clifford
Sturdevant’s name was added to the book title to honour his contributions to the
textbook series and the discipline of operative dentistry. In this edition, a particular
emphasis was placed on bonded esthetic restorations. Consequently, an entirely new
chapter was included on fundamental concepts of enamel and dentin adhesion. This
chapter was intended to provide foundational information critical to the long-term
success of all types of bonded restorations.
The fifth edition (Roberson, Heymann, Swift, 2006) continued with the renewed
emphasis on the importance of adhesively bonded restorations and focused on sci-
entific considerations for attaining optimal success, particularly with posterior com-
posites. Concepts such as the ‘C Factor’ and keys to reducing polymerization effects
were emphasized along with factors involved in reducing micro-leakage and recur-
rent decay.
The sixth edition (Heymann, Swift, Ritter, 2013) represented a transition from a
large printed edition, as in the past, to a smaller, streamlined printed version that fo-
cused on concepts and techniques immediately essential for learning contemporary
operative dentistry. The same amount of information was included, but many chap-
ters such as those addressing biomaterials, infection control, pain control, bonded
splints and bridges, direct gold restorations and instruments and equipment were
available for the first time in a supplemental online format.
The seventh edition (Ritter, Boushell, Walter 2018) continues the legacy of main-
taining and enriching the fundamental concepts and principles of contemporary
operative dentistry. Diagnosis, classification and management of dental caries have
been significantly updated in light of the latest clinical and epidemiological research.
Similarly, content on adhesive dentistry and composite resins has been updated as a
result of the evolving science in these fields.
An entirely new chapter on light curing and its important role in the clinical suc-
cess of resin composite restorations has been added. Moreover, a new scientifically
based chapter details the important elements of colour and shade matching and sys-
tematically reviews how the dental clinician is better able to understand the many
covariables involved in colour assessment. It also reviews how best to improve shade
matching of esthetic restorations to tooth structure.
In an attempt to better optimize restorative treatment outcomes involving peri-
odontal challenges, a new chapter has been included that addresses these principles.
Periodontology applied to operative dentistry chronicles the various clinical consid-
erations involving conditions such as inadequate crown length, lack of root coverage
and other vexing problems requiring interdisciplinary treatment to optimize success.
Finally, this text addresses the ever-evolving area of digital dentistry with a new
chapter, Digital Dentistry in Operative Dentistry. This chapter reviews the various
technologies involved in scanning and image capture for both treatment planning
and restorative applications. Additionally, the authors review various types of digital
restorative systems for both chairside and modem-linked laboratory-based fabrica-
tion of restorations. In recognition of the rapid movement to digital dentistry, this
chapter is a vital addition to a textbook whose tradition has been always to reflect the
latest technologies and research findings in contemporary operative dentistry.
Since its inception 50 years ago, the Sturdevant text has been a dynamic docu-
ment, with content that has included innovative information on the latest materials
and techniques. Over this time period, numerous internationally recognized experts

viii
 Foreword

have addressed many specific topics as authors and coauthors of various chapters. It
also should be pointed out that with all editions of the textbook, the authors of the
various chapters are themselves actively involved in teaching students preclinical and
clinical operative dentistry. Moreover, they are ‘wet-fingered dentists’ who also prac-
tice operative dentistry for their individual patients.
In summary, for 50 years Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry has
been a major resource guiding educators in the teaching of contemporary operative
dentistry. Each edition of this text has striven to incorporate the latest technologies
and science based on the available literature and supporting research. This edition is
a superb addition to this tradition, which will most assuredly uphold the standard
of publication excellence that has been the hallmark of the Sturdevant textbooks for
half a century.
Harald O. Heymann, DDS, MEd
Kenneth N. May, Jr., DDS

ix
Page left intentionally blank

Sumitha N. Ahmed, BDS, MS
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 19: Clinical Technique for Direct
Composite Resin and Glass Ionomer
Restorations
Chapter 13: Clinical Technique for Amalgam
Restorations
Lee W. Boushell, DMD, MS
Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 1: Clinical Significance of Dental
Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Occlusion
Chapter 3: Patient Assessment, Examination,
Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Chapter 7: Instruments and Equipment for
Tooth Preparation
Chapter 8: Preliminary Considerations for
Operative Dentistry
Chapter 11: Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation
and Pulp Protection
Chapter 13: Clinical Technique for Amalgam
Restorations
Chapter 14: Complex Amalgam Restorations
Chapter 19: Clinical Technique for Direct
Composite Resin and Glass Ionomer
Restorations
Chapter 26: Class III and V Amalgam
Restorations
Terrence E. Donovan, DDS
Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 6: Dental Biomaterials
Chapter 7: Instruments and Equipment for
Tooth Preparation
Chapter 16: Introduction to Composite
Restorations
Chapter 12: Introduction to Amalgam
Restorations
Chapter 27: Additional Information on
Instruments and Equipment for Tooth
Preparation
Contributors
Dennis J. Fasbinder, DDS
Clinical Professor
Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and
Endodontics
School of Dentistry
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Chapter 22: Digital Dentistry in Operative
Dentistry
Andréa G. Ferreira Zandoná, DDS,
MSD, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 2: Dental Caries: Etiology, Clinical
Characteristics, Risk Assessment and
Management
V. Gopikrishna, BDS, MDS, PhD
Founder Director
Root Canal Foundation
Chennai, India
Professor
Department of Conservative Dentistry &
Endodontics
Saveetha University at Saveetha Dental College
Chennai, India
Chapter 20: Non-Carious Lesions and Their
Management
Chapter 9: Dentin Hypersensitivity
Harald O. Heymann, DDS, MEd
Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 21: Additional Conservative Aesthetic
Procedures
Chapter 25: Resin Bonded Splints and Bridges
Patricia A. Miguez, DDS, MS, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 15: Fundamental Concepts of Enamel
and Dentin Adhesion
Chapter 10: Periodontology Applied to
Operative Dentistry
Thiago Morelli, DDS, MS
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Periodontology
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 10: Periodontology Applied to
Operative Dentistry
Gisele F. Neiva, DDS, MS
Clinical Associate Professor
Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and
Endodontics
School of Dentistry
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Chapter 22: Digital Dentistry in Operative Dentistry
Gustavo M.S. Oliveira, DDS, MS
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 6: Dental Biomaterials
Chapter 16: Introduction to Composite
Restorations
Chapter 12: Introduction to Amalgam
Restorations
Joe C. Ontiveros, DDS, MS
Professor and Head, Esthetic Dentistry
Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics
School of Dentistry
University of Texas
Houston, TX, United States
Chapter 17: Colour and Shade Matching in
Restorative Dentistry
Rade D. Paravina, DDS, MS, PhD
Professor
Department of Restorative Dentistry and
Prosthodontics
Director, Houston Center for Biomaterials and
Biomimetics
(HCBB)
Ralph C. Cooley DDS Distinguished Professor in
Biomaterials
School of Dentistry
University of Texas
Houston, TX, United States
Chapter 17: Colour and Shade Matching in
Restorative Dentistry
xi
 Contributors
Jorge Perdigão, DMD, MS, PhD
Professor
Department of Restorative Sciences
Division of Operative Dentistry
School of Dentistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, United States
Chapter 15: Fundamental Concepts of Enamel
and Dentin Adhesion
Richard B. Price, BDS, DDS, MS, PhD,
FRCD(C), FDS, RCS (Edin)
Professor and Head Division of Fixed
Prosthodontics
Dental Clinical Services
Dalhousie University
Halifax, NS, Canada
Chapter 18: Light curing of restorative materials
André V. Ritter, DDS, MS, MBA
Thomas P. Hinman Distinguished Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 2: Dental Caries: Etiology, Clinical
Characteristics, Risk Assessment and
Management
Chapter 16: Introduction to Composite
Restorations
Chapter 19: Clinical Technique for Direct
Composite Resin and Glass Ionomer
Restorations
Chapter 21: Additional Conservative Aesthetic
Procedures
Chapter 20: Non-Carious Lesions and Their
Management
Chapter 25: Resin Bonded Splints and Bridges
Frederick A. Rueggeberg, DDS, MS
Professor and Section Director, Dental Materials
Restorative Sciences
Dental College of Georgia
Augusta University
Augusta, GA, United States
Chapter 18: Light Curing of Restorative
Materials
Daniel A. Shugars, DDS, PhD, MPH
Research Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 3: Patient Assessment, Examination,
Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Gregory E. Smith, DDS, MSD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Restorative Sciences
College of Dentistry
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL, United States
Chapter 24: Direct Gold Restorations
xii
John R. Sturdevant, DDS
Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 1: Clinical Significance of Dental
Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Occlusion
Chapter 23: Class II Cast Metal Restorations
Taiseer A. Sulaiman, BDS (Hons), PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 6: Dental Biomaterials
Chapter 16: Introduction to Composite
Restorations
Chapter 12: Introduction to Amalgam
Restorations
Edward J. Swift, Jr, DMD, MS
Associate Dean for Education
Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 15: Fundamental Concepts of Enamel
and Dentin Adhesion
Ricardo Walter, DDS, MS
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 8: Preliminary Considerations for
Operative Dentistry
Chapter 11: Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation
and Pulp Protection
Chapter 15: Fundamental Concepts of Enamel
and Dentin Adhesion
Chapter 19: Clinical Technique for Direct
Composite Resin and Glass Ionomer
Restorations
Chapter 20: Non-Carious Lesions and Their
Management
Aldridge D. Wilder, Jr, BS, DDS
Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 5: Pain Control for Operative Dentistry
Chapter 8: Preliminary Considerations for
Operative Dentistry
Chapter 13: Clinical Technique for Amalgam
Restorations
Chapter 14: Complex Amalgam Restorations
Chapter 26: Class III and V Amalgam
Restorations
Contributors to Past Editions
Stephen C. Bayne, MS, PhD
Professor and Chair
Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences,
and Endodontics
School of Dentistry
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Chapter 6: Dental Biomaterials
Chapter 16: Introduction to Composite
Restorations
Chapter 20: Non-Carious Lesions and Their
Management
Chapter 12: Introduction to Amalgam
Restorations
James J. Crawford, MA, PhD
Professor Emeritus
School of Dentistry and Medicine
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 4: Infection Control
R. Scott Eidson, DDS
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Operative Dentistry
Chapel Hill School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 2: Dental Caries: Etiology, Clinical
Characteristics, Risk Assessment and
Management
Chapter 3: Patient Assessment, Examination,
Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Chapter 7: Instruments and Equipment for
Tooth Preparation
Chapter 27: Additional Information on
Instruments and Equipment for Tooth Preparation
Ralph H. Leonard, Jr, DDS, MPH
Director
Dental Faculty Practice
Clinical Professor
Department of Diagnostic Sciences and General
Dentistry
School of Dentistry
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Chapter 4: Infection Control
Jeffrey Y. Thompson, PhD
Professor
Section of Prosthodontics
Director
Biosciences Research Center
College of Dental Medicine
Nova Southeastern University
Ft. Lauderdale, FL, United States
Chapter 16: Introduction to Composite
Restorations
Chapter 20: Non-Carious Lesions and their
Management
Chapter 12: Introduction to Amalgam
Restorations
Chapter 6: Dental Biomaterials
 Preface
to the Second South Asia Edition

“If you would not be forgotten as soon as

you are dead…

Either write something worth reading

or do something worth writing…”
—Benjamin Franklin

The first edition of Sturdevant’s Art

and Science of Operative Dentistry was
published in 1968 and in these past
fifty years it has always been consid-
Dr Clifford Sturdevant
ered to be the Bible of Operative Den-
tistry as it is the most comprehensive
operative dentistry textbook. Drawing from both theory and practice and supported
by extensive clinical and laboratory research, it presents a clearly detailed, heavily il-
lustrated step-by-step approach to conservative, restorative and preventive dentistry.
The first South Asian Adaptation Edition of this iconic textbook was brought out
in 2013 and this current second edition of the same is an endeavour to carry on
the legacy.
Based upon the principle that dental caries is a disease, the book provides both a
thorough understanding of caries and an authoritative approach to its treatment and
prevention. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on the importance of treating
the underlying causes of the patient problem(s), not just restoring the damage that
has occurred. It is organized in a sequential format; the early chapters present the
necessary general information while the later chapters are specifically related to the
practice of operative dentistry, including conservative esthetic procedures.
This Second South Asia edition of Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry
has been significantly revised in order to streamline the text and improve readability.
The order and content of chapters have been reorganized keeping in mind the needs
of both undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Five new chapters, namely ‘Periodontology Applied to Operative Dentistry’, ‘Colour
and Shade Matching in Operative Dentistry’, ‘Light Curing in Operative Dentistry’,
‘Digital Dentistry in Operative Dentistry’ and ‘Resin-Bonded Splints and Bridges‘ have
been included in this edition. In addition, the book is now in full colour. The line art
for the book has been completely redrawn in full colour to better show techniques
and details, and new, full colour photos have been added where appropriate, and
highlighted important concepts and clinical tips for the benefit of the student and
clinician. To publish this edition on the year we commemorate the 50th anniversary
of the publication of the First Edition is a milestone for Operative Dentistry. I am
honored to have had the opportunity to work on and present the Second South Asia
Edition.

V. Gopikrishna

xiii
Page left intentionally blank
 Acknowledgements

It has been an absolute honour and privilege to have worked on this Second South
Asia Edition of Sturdevant’s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. I would like to ex-
press my sense of gratitude for the faith and confidence reposed on me by Professor
Andre’ V. Ritter, Dr Lee W. Boushell and Dr Ricardo Walter in adapting this classic
textbook to the needs of the South Asian operative dentistry students and clinicians.
I would also like to acknowledge the following coworkers for reviewing the first
South Asia edition of this textbook and giving critical inputs and reviews that helped
me in the genesis of this edition:

REVIEWERS
Dr A.R. Pradeep Kumar, MDS Dr Usha Sathyanarayanan, MDS, PGDHPE
Professor, Thai Moogambigai Dental Adjunct Professor, Saveetha Dental
College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr Naganath Meena, MDS Dr S. Balagopal, MDS

Professor, VS Dental College, Professor, Tagore Dental College, Chennai,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Tamil Nadu, India

Dr B. Sajeev, MDS Dr Vivek Aggarwal, MDS

Professor, Mar Baselios Dental Assistant Professor, Jamia Milia
College, Kochi, Kerala, India Islamia University, New Delhi, India

Dr Mahima Tilakchand, MDS Dr Ruchika Roongta Nawal, MDS

Professor, SDM Dental College, Assistant Professor, Maulana Azad Dental
Dharwad, Karnataka, India College, New Delhi, India

I would also like to thank the entire publishing team at Elsevier including Mr
Anand K Jha, Content Project Manager and Ms Nimisha Goswami, Manager, Content
Strategy, for all their efforts.
I thank my entire team at Root Canal Foundation (www.rootcanalfoundation.com)
for their unwavering support. I thank my family for giving me the moral support and
critical time needed to complete this edition.
V. Gopikrishna

xv
Page left intentionally blank
 Brief Contents

Foreword vii 14. Complex Amalgam Restorations....................................375

�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Contributors xi 15. Fundamental Concepts of Enamel and Dentin
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Preface to the Second South Asia Edition xiii Adhesion............................................................................401
�����������������������������������
Acknowledgements xv
16. Introduction to Composite Resins.................................435
��������������������������������������������������������������������
17 Colour and Shade Matching in Restorative
1. Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy,
Dentistry.............................................................................445
Histology, Physiology and Occlusion................................ 1
18. Light Curing of Restorative Materials.............................465
2. Dental Caries: Etiology, Clinical Characteristics,
Risk Assessment and Management...................................25 19. Clinical Technique for Direct Composite Resin
and Glass Ionomer Restorations.....................................495
3. Patient Assessment, Examination, Diagnosis,
and Treatment Planning....................................................83 20. Non-carious Lesions and Their Management...............547
4. Infection Control...............................................................111 21. Additional Conservative Esthetic Procedures................559
5. Pain Control for Operative Dentistry.............................125 22. Digital Dentistry in Operative Dentistry.........................611
6. Dental Biomaterials.......................................................... 131 23. Class II Cast Metal Restorations......................................633
7. Instruments and Equipment for Tooth 24. Direct Gold Restorations.................................................. 671
Preparation.........................................................................179 25. Resin-bonded Splints and Bridges..................................679
8. Preliminary Considerations for Operative
Dentistry.............................................................................207
Index...................................................................................... 695
9. Dentin Hypersensitivity...................................................239
10. Periodontology Applied to Operative Dentistry...........245
Supplemental Online Chapters
11. Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation and Pulp
26. Class III and V Amalgam Restorations ............................ e1
Protection...........................................................................263
27. Additional Information on Instruments
12. Introduction to Silver Amalgam.....................................285
and Equipment for Tooth Preparation ..........................e21
13. Clinical Technique for Amalgam Restorations............. 301

xvii
Page left intentionally blank
 Chapter
Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Histology,
Physiology and Occlusion
“Success in life is founded upon attention to the smallest of things… rather than to the largest of things…”
A thorough understanding of the histology, physiology
and occlusal interactions of the dentition and supporting
tissues is essential for the restorative dentist. Knowledge
of the structures of teeth (enamel, dentin, cementum and
pulp) and their relationships to each other and to the sup-
porting structures is necessary, especially when treating
dental caries. Proper tooth form contributes to healthy
supporting tissues. The relationships of form to function
are especially noteworthy when considering the shape of
the dental arch, proximal contacts, occlusal contacts and
mandibular movement.
Teeth and Supporting Tissues
Dentitions
Humans have primary and permanent dentitions. The pri-
mary dentition consists of 10 maxillary and 10 mandibu-
lar teeth. Primary teeth exfoliate and are replaced by the
permanent dentition, which consists of 16 maxillary and
16 mandibular teeth.
Classes of Human Teeth:
Form and Function
Human teeth are divided into classes on the basis of
form and function. The primary and permanent denti-
tions include the incisor, canine and molar classes. The
fourth class, the premolar, is found only in the permanent
dentition (Fig. 1.1). Tooth form predicts the function of
teeth; class traits are the characteristics that place teeth
into functional categories. Because the diet of humans
|1|
—Booker T. Washington
consists of animal and plant foods, the human dentition
is called omnivorous.
Incisors
The incisors are located near the entrance of the oral c­ avity
and function as cutting or shearing instruments for food
(Fig. 1.1). From a proximal view, the crowns of these teeth
have a relatively triangular shape, with a narrow incisal
surface and a broad cervical base. During mastication,
incisors are used to shear (cut through) food.
Clinical Notes
Incisors are essential for the proper esthetics of the
smile, facial soft tissue contours (e.g. lip support) and
speech (phonetics).
Canines
Canines possess the longest roots of all teeth and are lo-
cated at the corners of the dental arch. They function in
the seizing, piercing, tearing and cutting of food. From a
proximal view, the crown also has a triangular shape, with
a thick incisal ridge. The anatomic form of the crown and
the length of the root make these teeth strong, stable abut-
ment teeth for a fixed or removable prosthesis.
Clinical Notes
Canines not only serve as important guides in occlu-
sion because of their anchorage and position in the
dental arches but also play a crucial role (along with
the incisors) in the esthetics of smile and lip support
(Fig. 1.1).
1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
sport
sporting
sports
spot
spots
Spouse
sprang
Spray
spread
spreaders
spreading
spreads
Spreckles
Spree
Sprigg
spring
SPRINGFIELD
springing
springs
sprouted
sprung
spur
spurs
spurt
sputtering
spy
Spytfontein
sq
squadron
squadrons
squads
squalls
squandered
Square
squarely
squares
squaring
squeeze
squeezing
Squiers
SS
Ssu
Ssuchuan
Ssü
st
Staal
Staats
stabbed
stability
stable
stables
stablished
stabs
stack
stacked
stacks
Stadden
stades
stadium
Stadling
staff
staffs
stag
stage
stages
staggered
staggering
stagnant
stagnate
stagnation
staid
stain
stained
Stainer
staircase
stake
staked
stakes
staking
stalwart
Stamboul
STAMBOULOFF
stammered
Stamp
stamped
stampede
stamping
stamps
Stanard
stanchest
stanchly
stand
standard
standards
standi
Standing
standpoint
stands
standstill
Stanford
Stanley
staples
star
starboard
starch
stare
staring
Starke
starred
Stars
start
started
Starting
startled
startling
startlingly
starts
starvation
starve
starved
starving
Stasts
Stat
state
statecraft
Stated
Statehood
stately
statement
statements
Staten
staterooms
Staters
States
statesman
statesmanlike
statesmanship
statesmen
stating
Station
stationary
stationed
Stationery
STATIONS
Statist
statistical
statistician
statistics
Statistische
Statsco
statu
statue
statues
stature
status
Statute
Statutes
statutory
staunch
stay
stayed
staying
Stead
steadfast
steadfastly
steadily
steadiness
steading
steady
steal
stealers
stealing
steam
steamboat
steamboats
steamed
steamer
Steamers
steaming
steamship
steamships
steel
Steenstrup
steep
steeped
steeple
steered
steering
steers
Steevens
Stein
Steindorf
Steindorff
stela
stele
Stella
stem
stench
stenographers
stentorian
step
Stephanus
Stephen
Stephens
Stepniak
Steppe
steppes
stepping
steps
stepson
stereotyped
sterile
Sterkfontein
sterling
stern
Sternberg
sterner
stethoscope
Stetson
Stettin
Steubenville
Stevens
STEVENSON
Steward
Stewart
Steyn
stick
sticklets
sticks
stiff
stifled
stifling
stigmatised
Stikine
stiletto
still
stilled
Stillman
Stillé
stimulate
stimulated
stimulating
stimulation
stimulus
stinging
stinking
stipulate
stipulated
stipulating
stipulation
stipulations
stir
stirred
Stirring
stitched
stitches
stock
stockholder
stockholders
Stockholm
stocks
Stoffel
Stokes
stole
stolen
stomach
Stone
stoned
Stonehenge
stones
Stoney
stood
STOOL
stop
stoppage
stoppages
stopped
stopping
stops
storage
store
stored
storehouse
storeroom
stores
storeyed
storied
stories
storing
storm
Stormberg
stormed
storming
storms
Stormy
Storrs
Storthing
story
Stotsenberg
Stoughton
stout
stoutly
stoves
Stowe
stowed
straggling
stragglingly
straight
straightforward
strain
strained
straining
strains
Strait
Straits
Stranahan
strand
strands
Strange
strangely
strangeness
stranger
strangers
strangest
strangle
strangled
Stransky
straps
strata
stratagem
strategic
strategical
strategically
strategy
Strathcona
stratum
Strauss
straw
stray
strays
stream
streamed
streaming
streams
street
streets
STRENGTH
strengthen
strengthened
strengthening
Strenuous
strenuously
stress
stretch
stretched
stretcher
stretchers
stretches
stretching
Stretensk
strewn
Stricken
strict
stricter
strictest
strictly
strictness
stride
strides
strife
Strike
strikers
STRIKES
striking
strikingly
Strindberg
string
stringency
stringent
strings
strip
Stripes
stripped
stripping
strive
striven
striving
strivings
strode
stroke
strokes
stroll
strolled
strolling
strong
stronger
strongest
stronghold
strongholds
strongly
Strouts
strove
struck
structure
structures
Struggle
struggled
struggles
struggling
strung
Stryetensk
Stuart
stubborn
stubbornly
stubbornness
Stubbs
Stuben
stuck
studded
student
STUDENTS
studied
studies
studious
study
studying
stuff
stuffed
stuffs
stultified
stultifies
stumbled
stupa
stupefies
stupendous
stupid
stupidest
stupidities
stupidity
sturdy
Stuttgart
Stuyvesant
Style
styled
styling
Su
Suakim
Suakin
Suarda
sub
subalterns
subbasement
subcommission
subcommissions
subdelegation
subdistricts
subdivide
subdivided
subdivision
subdue
subdued
subduing
Subic
subject
subjected
subjecting
subjection
SUBJECTS
subjoined
subjugate
subjugated
subjugating
Subjugation
subjugator
Sublime
sublimity
submarine
submerged
submersion
submission
submissions
submissive
submit
submits
submitted
submitting
subordinate
subordinated
subordinates
suborn
subornation
subscribe
subscribed
subscriber
subscribers
subscribing
subscription
subscriptions
subsection
subsequent
subsequently
subserve
subserved
subserviency
subsided
subsidence
subsidiary
subsidies
subsidise
subsidised
subsidising
subsidized
subsidizing
subsidy
subsist
subsistence
subsisting
subsoil
substance
substances
substantial
substantially
substantiated
substations
substitute
substituted
substitutes
substituting
Substitution
substructures
subtle
subtly
subtracted
subtraction
subtropical
suburb
suburbs
subvention
subventions
subversion
subversive
subvert
subverted
subverting
Subway
succeed
succeeded
succeeding
succeeds
success
successes
successful
successfully
succession
successive
successor
successors
succinct
succinctly
succinctness
succor
succoured
succumb
succumbed
Such
Suchow
Suda
Sudan
SUDANESE
sudd
Sudden
suddenly
suddenness
sue
sued
sues
Suez
suffer
suffered
sufferers
suffering
sufferings
suffers
suffice
sufficed
suffices
sufficiency
sufficient
sufficiently
suffocated
suffocation
suffrage
suffrages
sugar
sugars
suggest
suggested
suggesting
suggestion
suggestions
suggestive
suggests
Sugita
Sugiyama
Sui
suicidal
Suicide
suing
suit
suitability
suitable
suitably
suite
suited
suitor
suits
Sukkur
Sul
sullen
Sullivan
sulphate
sulphur
Sultan
Sultanate
Sultans
Sulu
sum
Sumatra
SUMER
Sumerian
Sumerians
summarily
summarised
summarized
summarizing
Summary
summed
Summer
Summerall
Summing
summit
summits
summon
summoned
summoning
summons
summum
Sumner
sumptuary
sumptuous
sums
sun
Sunda
Sunday
Sundays
sunder
sundown
Sundry
Sung
Sungari
Sunk
Sunken
sunlight
sunny
sunrise
suns
sunset
Sunshine
superannuated
Superannuation
superb
supercilious
superficial
superfluous
superintend
superintended
superintendence
Superintendent
superintendents
superintending
Superior
superiority
superiors
supernatural
superposed
superposition
supersede
Superseded
superseding
supersession
superstition
superstitions
superstructure
superstructures
supervened
supervise
supervised
supervising
supervision
supervisors
supervisory
supine
Supper
supplant
supplanted
supplanting
supplement
supplemental
supplementary
supplemented
supplements
supplied
supplies
supply
supplying
support
Supported
supporter
supporters
supporting
supports
supposably
suppose
supposed
supposes
supposing
supposition
suppositious
suppress
suppressed
suppressing
suppression
suppuration
Suprema
supremacy
Supreme
supremely
suprême
sur
Surat