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GLOBAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE PROSPERITY

Visions and Strategies

for a Sustainable
Economy
Theoretical and Policy Alternatives

Edited by
Nikolaos Karagiannis · John E. King
 Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity

Series Editors
Mathew Forstater, Department of Economics, University of Missouri,
Kansas City, MO, USA
Fadhel Kaboub, Denison University, Granville, OH, USA
Michael J Murray, Bemidji, MN, USA
 Nikolaos Karagiannis · John E. King
Editors

Visions and Strategies

for a Sustainable
Economy
Theoretical and Policy Alternatives
Editors
Nikolaos Karagiannis John E. King
Department of Accounting, Greensborough, VIC, Australia
Economics and Finance
Winston-Salem State University
Winston-Salem, NC, USA

ISSN 2730-5511 ISSN 2730-552X (electronic)

Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity
ISBN 978-3-031-06492-0 ISBN 978-3-031-06493-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06493-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
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Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
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 In memory of my wife Mary Nicholls
—John Edward King

In memory of my late father Vasileios Karagiannis

—Nikolaos Karagiannis
 Visions and Strategies for a
Sustainable Economy: Theoretical and
Policy Alternatives

Setting the Context

In the current age, the issue of environmental sustainability represents
one of the most critical human concerns that has drawn global atten-
tion, generated worldwide discourse, and engaged a large number of
international forums and conventions, national institutions, and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs). An environmentally sustainable
mode of economic development has gained increasing prominence due
to disastrous events and issues such as nuclear accidents, oil spills, water
pollution, deforestation, the greenhouse effect, rise in sea levels, ozone
depletion, land degradation, and a loss of biodiversity. Seeking to link
and prioritize among aspirations pertaining to human welfare, the “sus-
tainable development” notion stresses the long-term compatibility of the
economic, environmental, and social dimensions of development, while
acknowledging possible competition across these areas in the shorter
term.
Despite an extensive amount of literature on “sustainable develop-
ment”, it still has not been possible to come up with a consensus
definition of such a complicated concept. Instead, there are two distinctive
perspectives on sustainable development: one supporting the continuation
of economic growth through environment-friendly activities, and another
stressing the reduction of economic growth and consumption for greater
sustainability. In examining major factors causing or worsening the various
forms of environmental unsustainability, few are briefly spelled out: a

vii
viii VISIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY

drastic increase in global population; the danger presented by poverty

and inequality to the environment; excessive urbanization and industrial
expansion; the rapid demise of social and welfare programmes and the rise
of market-led policies; and the global expansion of unrestrained market
forces.
However, orthodox analyses and proposals tend to be too economistic
in outlook in terms of their tendency to convert all issues related to
the environment and sustainability, including the moral questions, into
economic parameters. Consequently, they fail to take into account some
of the most basic characteristics of how human societies and economics
function and develop. For instance, they largely ignore the specific
dynamics of pioneer development, power imbalance in and between
human societies, the role of conflict, and the fundamental diversity of
interests and lifestyles. Most importantly, such orthodox studies define
life-support systems almost exclusively in bio-geophysical terms, thus
ignoring the fact that human progress primarily depends on the accumu-
lated scientific and technological knowledge and on the cultural heritage
of institutions and arrangements, which represent successful solutions of
social, economic, and political problems. In short, orthodox contributions
have failed to capture the array of real issues and policy dilemmas.
Given these limitations of mainstream approaches, it is essential
that alternative perspectives on sustainability gain momentum towards
providing a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental,
economic, financial, educational, and civic traits of individuals, commu-
nities, and regions around the world. In this regard, there is also the
transdisciplinary effort of “ecological economics”, which seeks to link
ecology, from the natural sciences, and economics, from the social
sciences. Its goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex
relationships between humans and nature, and to use that understanding
to develop policies that will lead to a world which is ecologically sustain-
able, has a fair distribution of existing resources, and efficiently allocates
resources, including “natural” and “social” capital.
Such an ambition clearly requires novel and fresh approaches that are
comprehensive, adaptive, integrative, multiscale, pluralistic, and evolu-
tionary, and which acknowledge the enormous uncertainties involved.
Ultimately, the challenge to achieving sustainability is what constitutes
the “good life” and a “better society” in the twenty-first century, and
why finding ways other than simply reducing material impacts on the
natural environment is part of achieving this goal. That, in turn, requires
 VISIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY ix

much more attention to policy interventions and less to markets. As the

pace and scale of local sustainability efforts grow—and there is consid-
erable evidence to show that they are growing—social subjectivities and
collective consciousness that must go hand-in-hand with technological
innovation and material change may spread. Whether this will, eventually,
bring us to sustainability is something we can only wait to see.

The Structure of the Book

The multidisciplinary edited book Visions and Strategies for a Sustain-
able Economy: Theoretical and Policy Alternatives provides a thorough
examination at the theoretical and, especially, policy levels of a number
of key topics related to a sustainable economy and a better society. With
important contributions by distinguished academics, the book presents
alternative views, provides an assessment of contemporary realities in
an era of ecological emergency, and offers visions, strategies, and real-
istic policies towards a better economy and society while paying special
attention to a ‘green new deal’ for different areas.
In Chapter 1, Dale provides an analysis of sustainability, self-sufficiency,
and sufficiency in the ancient world. According to the author, the sustain-
ability discourse is thoroughly modern, and so too are strategies to achieve
it via “sustainable consumption” and “sufficiency”. Considering that
consumerism should be understood as an ideology organic to capitalism,
Dale proposes that sufficiency needs to appear in a radical-democratic
light as a demand for an “alternative hedonism” or, broadly conceived,
as class struggle.
In Chapter 2, Arestis, Karagiannis and Madjd-Sadjadi link the develop-
mental state view to green economic growth. The authors briefly review
the developmental state literature and point out the absence of “green
considerations”. To address this missing link, Arestis, Karagiannis and
Madjd-Sadjadi offer a green developmental state framework by distin-
guishing two main sets of factors: sociocultural and politico-institutional
elements, and economic development and industrial targeting aspects.
In Chapter 3, Sawyer develops the case for an environmental indus-
trial strategy, which requires a comprehensive approach by government
to industry. The author then examines the ways in which macroeconomic
policies can be used to support the environmental industrial strategy with
regard to fiscal policies and to monetary policies, as well as the ways in
x VISIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY

which the investment required under such a strategy could be secured to

ensure that there is a successful transition to a sustainable economy.
In Chapter 4, Arestis and Karagiannis focus on macroeconomic poli-
cies employed during the Global Financial Crisis and Covid-19 and,
particularly, on future economic policies which are deemed necessary
to achieve high levels of economic activity and employment along with
equal distribution of income and wealth. According to the authors, these
future economic policies need to be properly coordinated if successful
economic activity is to be achieved. However, as Arestis and Karagiannis
contend, fiscal and monetary authorities should do their best to keep such
coordination safe, resilient and transparent.
In Chapter 5, Rossi takes the flaws of neoliberalism into account to
contend that central banks should not limit their policy focus to price
stability but must, first and foremost, act to guarantee financial stability
–which has become a major issue after the outbreak of the global finan-
cial crisis in 2008 and the Covid-19 pandemic. The author further argues
that monetary policy should contribute to a collective effort in supporting
and carrying out an ecological transition that favours economic develop-
ment for the common good. To achieve this goal, governments can issue
“green bonds” that central banks should purchase to finance the ecolog-
ical transition, to be achieved also through an appropriate interest rate
policy.
In Chapter 6, Correa updates the ruminations of Keynes by devel-
oping a model in which government investment alone and people without
work are connected by a long-lived government instrument that is held by
people and provides them with returns. For this connection to be success-
fully accomplished, governments will have to ensure domains where their
interests are aligned with the people; but pursuing self-interest is best
served by policy coordination.
In Chapter 7, Nersisyan and Wray set out a framework for analyzing
the true cost of the Green New Deal (GND) in the United States. The
authors change the debate from estimating financial costs to a careful
assessment of resource needs and availability. Such an approach, informed
by Keynes and Modern Money Theory (MMT), provides more useful
guidance about the question of the GND’s “affordability” than the
conventional method of merely adding up the “dollar costs” of GND
projects.
 VISIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY xi

In Chapter 8, Messkoub proposes a growth or degrowth strategy

that can manage/negotiate the composition of output whilst investing
in resources to reduce depletion of natural assets and greenhouse emis-
sion. Such a strategy is based on the “human theory of needs” that not
only meets the needs of the current generation but also provides some
measure of inter-generational justice. The welfare and social policy coun-
terpart of this approach must involve public and collective provisioning of
socially necessary services of health, education, and a range of other care
services that can reduce per capita cost through economies of scale and
scope whilst providing an equitable access to these services.
In Chapter 9, Bortis utilizes the term “environmental alienation” to
sum up the overall deviation from an ideal sustainable economy, which is
one that implies harmony between society and nature. The author’s argu-
ment focuses on an additional impetus to be given at moving towards a
sustainable economy through implementing, step by step, social liberalism
as a new paradigm, which is desperately needed to permanently bring
about a sustainable economy.
In Chapter 10, Lewney explores pathways by which the increase in
global temperature relative to pre-industrial levels might be kept ‘below
2° C’. The author discusses the role that Green New Deal policies can play
in stimulating the transition, which may also promote a Green Recovery
from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The discussion highlights
the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to modelling as well as
the implementation of key insights of Schumpeterian and post-Keynesian
economics in a detailed empirical framework.
In Chapter 11, Barkin proposes a different epistemology and method-
ology reflecting the direct participation of a wide diversity of communities
around the world, particularly in the Global South, as well as their possi-
bilities for implementing different approaches in order to improve their
well-being. The author focuses on the emergence of alternative social and
productive structures that respond to the demands for local control of the
governance process in order to assure local well-being, responsible envi-
ronmental management, and a balanced ecosystem as intimately related
themes of social justice.
In Chapter 12, Karagiannis and Mohammed extract relevant aspects
of the East Asian successes and embed them in an appropriate frame-
work that emphasizes “green” and “blue” growth strategies for Caribbean
economies. Taking current multifaceted impediments into consideration,
xii VISIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY

the authors propose a developmental state argument as a pragmatic alter-

native towards addressing self-sustained growth challenges of Caribbean
nations, and offer concrete policy considerations which are deemed
necessary to boosting Caribbean industries’ “green” and “blue” growth
potential.
In Chapter 13, Huang examines China’s environmental reality and the
evolution of its environmental policy since 1978, which has evolved from
contradiction to synthesis. The author argues that the Chinese state has
been, and will continue shaping the country’s environmental landscape
more responsively and effectively now and into the future. In Huang’s
analysis, China’s environmental policy today is in a historically stronger
political and institutional position to take advantage of creative public
policies to engineer environmental sustainability while, at the same time,
achieving economic growth and full employment.
Our task would have been incomplete if we had not acknowledged
those who kindly aided us in completing this book. We wish to thank
the advisors and staff of Palgrave Macmillan who have provided excellent
support throughout the preparation of this manuscript, and the distin-
guished contributors for their willingness to participate and respond to
our comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank the Levy
Economics Institute of Bard College and the Global Institute for Sustain-
able Prosperity for kindly permitting shorter versions of the Working
Papers No. 931 (May 2019) and No. 112 (December 2015) to appear as
Chapters 7 and 11, respectively, in this edited volume. Last, but not least,
we thank our families for their continuous support and encouragement.
We owe them more than we can recount.

December 2021 Nikolaos Karagiannis

John E. King
 Contents

Sustainability and Development Policies

Sustainability in the Ancient World: Sufficiency
as a Strategy of Aristocratic Hegemony 3
Gareth Dale
Linking the Developmental State to Green Economic
Growth 33
Philip Arestis, Nikolaos Karagiannis, and Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi
An Environmental Industrial Strategy for Sustainability 55
Malcolm Sawyer

Sustainability and Economic Policies

Proper Future Economic Policies 75
Philip Arestis and Nikolaos Karagiannis
Monetary Policy Support for a Green New Deal 109
Sergio Rossi
“Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren” Revisited 119
Romar Correa
Costing the Green New Deal in the United States: The
Modern Money Theory Approach 137
Yeva Nersisyan and L. Randall Wray

xiii
xiv CONTENTS

Sustainability and Social Policies

Sustainability and Social Policy Nexus 161
Mahmood Messkoub
Moving Towards a Sustainable Economy—A Social Liberal
View 187
Heinrich Bortis
Green New Deal Policies and the Decarbonisation
Challenge 209
Richard Lewney

Sustainability and Area Studies

Building Sustainable Communities in the Global South:
The Communitarian Revolutionary Subject 231
David Barkin
Linking Caribbean Development Options to Green
and Blue Economic Growth: Key Notions and Policy
Implications 255
Nikolaos Karagiannis and Debbie A. Mohammed
China’s Ecological Civilization: From Contradiction
to Synthesis 281
Vincent Huang

Index 313
 Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Nikolaos Karagiannis is a Professor of Economics at Winston-Salem

State University, North Carolina; a Research Scholar at the Global Insti-
tute for Sustainable Prosperity; an invited visiting scholar at the University
of Cambridge, England; and the co-editor of American Review of Political
Economy. He has published extensively in the areas of economic develop-
ment, public sector economics, and macroeconomic policy analysis. He
is the author, co-author, and co-editor of twenty-three books and has
published over 160 papers as refereed journal articles, book chapters, and
op-eds.

John E. King retired from teaching at La Trobe University, Melbourne,

where he is now Professor Emeritus. His continuing research interests
are in the history of heterodox economic thought, in particular Marxian
political economy and Post-Keynesian economics. King has published
over 110 papers in refereed journals and over 85 book chapters, and is
the author, co-author, or editor of over 30 books. He is, and has been,
a member of editorial boards and a referee for a number of economics
journals.

xv
xvi EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Contributors

Arestis Philip is a Professor and Director of Research at the Cambridge

Centre for Economics and Public Policy, Department of Land Economy,
University of Cambridge, UK, and Professor of Economics at the Depart-
ment of Applied Economics V, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao,
Spain. He served as a Chief Academic Adviser to the UK Government
Economic Service and as a consultant on the Central Asia Regional
Economic Cooperation programme. Arestis is the holder of numerous
recognitions, honours, and awards for his dedication and lifetime contri-
butions to Economics. He has published as sole author or editor, as well
as co-author and co-editor, a number of books, contributed chapters to
numerous books, produced research reports for research institutes, and
has published widely in academic journals. He is, and has been, on the
editorial board of a number of economics journals.
Barkin David holds a Ph.D. in Economics from Yale University and is
a Distinguished Professor at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana,
Xochimilco Campus in Mexico City. He collaborated in the founding of
the Ecodevelopment Centre in 1974, and received the National Prize for
Political Economy in 1979. He is a member of the Mexican Academy
of Sciences and an Emeritus member of the National Research Council.
He collaborates with indigenous and peasant communities to promote the
sustainable management of regional resources and alternatives to develop-
ment towards a world of “good living”. He is recognized for his theory
of Radical Ecological Economics, developed during the past 15 years. In
2016, he received an award from the Alexander von Humboldt Founda-
tion (Germany). His latest books are: From Protest to Proposal: 50 years
imagining and building the future (Siglo XXI, 2018) and The Environ-
mental Tragedy in Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2020,
with 20 Latin American colleagues).
Bortis Heinrich is a Professor of Emeritus at the University of Fribourg,
Switzerland, since 2015, where he was a Professor of Political Economy
from 1980. He has a Ph.D. in Economics from Cambridge (Churchill
College, 1977). His supervisors were Phyllis Deane and Nicholas Kaldor
(thesis supervisor). Since 1998 he has been a Life Member of Clare Hall,
Cambridge University and, since 2013, a member of the German Keynes
Society. His work is on fundamental issues in economic theory, specifically
 EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xvii

on the synthesis of Keynesian and Classical Political Economy. Publica-

tions include: Institutions, Behaviour, and Economic Theory—A Contri-
bution to Classical-Keynesian Political Economy, Cambridge University
Press (1997), Keynes and the Classics—Notes on the Monetary Theory of
Production, in Modern Theories of Money, Edward Elgar (2003), and Post-
Keynesian Principles and Policies, in Oxford Handbook of Post-Keynesian
Economics (2013).
Correa Romar was the Reserve Bank of India Professor of Mone-
tary Economics, University of Mumbai, till November 2021. In 2004,
he was a Visitor, Maison Des Sciences de L’Homme, Paris; French
Government Post-Doctoral Scholar, 1996–1997, Groupe de Réchèrche
sur la Regulation de L’Economie Capitaliste, Université Pierre Mendes,
France; Visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of South Asian Studies,
National University of Singapore, 2008. He was a Member, Working
Group on Money Supply: Analytics and Methodology of Compilation,
Reserve Bank of India, 1998. He has published in Keio Economic
Papers, Journal of Economic Integration, History of Economic Ideas,
American Review of Political Economy, International Review of Applied
Economics, International Game Theory Review, Evolutionary and Insti-
tutional Economics Review, International Journal of Political Economy,
Applied Economics Letters, Economics e-journal. He has co-authored a
book with Amelia Correa, Stock-Flow-Consistent Models and Institutional
Variety, 2017.
Dale Gareth teaches politics at Brunel University. He has written several
books on Karl Polanyi and several on East Germany, and has edited
collections on green growth, revolutionary uprisings, Eastern Europe, and
international migration. His essays have appeared in The Ecologist, The
Conversation, Truthout, Open Democracy, Viewpoint, Jacobin, and Spectre.
Huang Vincent is a Heterodox Economist with the primary fields of
political economy of China and East Asia, money and banking, and
ecological economics. He is a Teaching Assistant Professor of Economics
at the University of Denver and a Research Scholar at the Global Institute
for Sustainable Prosperity. Vincent received his Interdisciplinary Ph.D.
degree in Economics and Social Science Consortium at the University
of Missouri–Kansas City in 2020.
xviii EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Lewney Richard is a Chair of Cambridge Econometrics (CE), a consul-

tancy spin-off from the University of Cambridge, and a Trustee of
CE’s controlling shareholder—the Cambridge Trust for New Thinking
in Economics. CE’s multiregional, macrosectoral model, E3ME, is one
of the world’s leading applied energy–economy–environment models.
He has directed major research projects to improve the methods of
modelling the macroeconomic impacts of low-carbon policies, and a range
of projects in which that modelling is applied to assess particular economic
and technology policies.
Madjd-Sadjadi Zagros is a Professor of Economics and the Chair of the
Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance at Winston-Salem
State University, NC, USA; the former Chief Economist of the City
and County of San Francisco; and the founding editor of the American
Review of Political Economy. He is a former Fulbright Scholar to Queen’s
University, Canada and has written dozens of academic articles and book
chapters, authored two textbooks in the field of law and economics, and
was the co-author with Nikolaos Karagiannis of Modern State Intervention
in the Era of Globalization (2007).
Messkoub Mahmood is currently Senior Research Fellow at the Interna-
tional Institute of Social Studies (ISS, Erasmus University of Rotterdam,
NL) working with a consortium of EU and African universities and
institutions on an EU (Horizon 2020) funded research project on the
narratives of migration. His other research interests are in the areas of
social policy, economics of population ageing and universal approach to
social provisioning. His recent publications are related to social policy and
population ageing in MENA, poverty and employment policies in MENA,
unpaid household work and cash transfers in Iran and EU Social Invest-
ment. He has acted as a consultant to ESCWA, ILO and the UN (DESA,
UNFPA). He researched and taught economics, development studies,
social policy and population studies (mobility/migration, age structure
and ageing) at universities of London (Queen Mary), Leeds, and Erasmus
(ISS).
Mohammed Debbie A. obtained her Ph.D. from the University of the
West Indies in 2005. She is currently Professor of International and
Global Business at Centennial College in Toronto, Canada. She was
a Senior Lecturer in International Trade at the Institute of Interna-
tional Relations and the Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business,
 EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xix

the University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, and one of 5
members of the EU-LAC Academic Council. She is the author of two
books and has published extensively in academic journals and contributed
book chapters to several important scholarly works in the areas of
Caribbean economic development, competitiveness, regional economic
integration, and trade facilitation. Her current research focuses on culture
and governance as transformative factors for socioeconomic development.
Nersisyan Yeva is an Associate Professor of Economics at Franklin and
Marshall College in Lancaster, PA. She received her B.A. in Economics
from Yerevan State University in Armenia, and her M.A. and Ph.D.
(2013) in Economics and Mathematics from the University of Missouri–
Kansas City. She is a macroeconomist working in the Modern Money
Theory, Post-Keynesian, and Institutionalist traditions. Her research
interests include banking and financial instability, fiscal and monetary
theory, and policy. She has published a number of papers on the topics of
shadow banking, liquidity creation, the Glass-Steagall Act, the Green New
Deal, and Modern Money Theory. Currently, she is working on editing
the Elgar Companion to Modern Money Theory with L. Randall Wray.
Rossi Sergio is a Full Professor of Economics at the University of
Fribourg, Switzerland, where he has held the Chair of Macroeconomics
and Monetary Economics since 2005. His research interests are in
macroeconomic analysis, particularly as regards national as well as inter-
national monetary and financial issues. He has authored or edited about
25 books including an encyclopaedia of central banking and an ency-
clopaedia of post-Keynesian economics, has widely published in academic
journals, and is frequently invited to TV talk shows discussing contempo-
rary macroeconomic issues both at national and international levels. He
is a member of the editorial boards of Cogent Economics and Finance,
International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, and Review
of Political Economy. Since 2015, he has been featuring in the list of the
most prominent economists in Switzerland published by the Neue Zürcher
Zeitung yearly.
Sawyer Malcolm is an Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University
of Leeds, UK. He was the lead coordinator for the EU-funded e8 million
five-year project on “Financialisation, Economy, Society and Sustainable
Development” (www.fessud.eu). He established and was managing editor
of the International Review of Applied Economics for three decades. He
xx EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

is the editor of the book series New Directions in Modern Economics

(Edward Elgar) and coedits (with Philip Arestis) the annual series Inter-
national Papers in Political Economy (Palgrave). He is the author of 15
books and editor of over 30 books. He has also published over 100 papers
in refereed journals and over 100 book chapters on a wide range of topics,
recently including writings on financialization, fiscal policies, ecological
macroeconomics, political economy of the euro, analysis of money, and
the nature of macroeconomics.
Wray L. Randall is a Senior Scholar at the Levy Economics Institute of
Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY and Professor of Economics
at the University of Missouri–Kansas City, MO, USA. He is currently
working in the areas of monetary policy, employment, and social secu-
rity. Wray has published widely in academic journals and is the author or
editor of several books on endogenour money, modern money theory,
J.M. Keynes, Minsky, and A.M. Innes. Wray holds a BA from the Univer-
sity of the Pacific and an MA and a Ph.D. from Washington University in
St. Louis, USA.
 List of Figures

Green New Deal Policies and the Decarbonisation

Challenge
Fig. 1 Global employment impacts in non-green and green
recovery scenarios 220
Fig. 2 Global GDP impacts in non-green and green recovery
scenarios 221
Fig. 3 Global CO2 impacts in non-green and green recovery
scenarios 222

China’s Ecological Civilization: From Contradiction to

Synthesis
Fig. 1 Top 10 countries/areas (© IRENA) 302
Fig. 2 Coal final consumption by sector, China (People’s Republic
of China and Hong Kong China) 1990–2017 303
Fig. 3 Renewable electricity generation by source
(non-combustible), China (People’s Republic of China
and Hong Kong China) 1990–2017 304
Fig. 4 Total-hydro renewable electricity net generation—China
(Source U.S. Energy Information Administration) 305
Fig. 5 Primary coal production—China (Source U.S. Energy
Information Administration) 305
Fig. 6 Primary coal consumption–China (Source U.S. Energy
Information Administration) 306

xxi
Another random document with
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Residenz Theater (Munich), 85.
Revolving stage, 58-59, 61-62, 213.
Rheingold, Das, (Hasait), 62, 65;
(Linnebach-Pasetti), opp. 64, 65, 76, opp. 76.
Richard III (Jessner-Pirchan), 53, 80, 131, 134, 136, opp. 136,
137-142, opp. 138, opp. 142, opp. 144, opp. 146.
Richardson, Dorothy, 66.
Ring vs. Rang, 46.
Rodin, August, 137, 140, 182.
Roerich, Nicolas, 57.
Rolland, Romain, 110, 167.
Roller, Alfred, 44, 47, 55, 56, opp. 56, 57, 189-190.
Romeo and Juliet, (Reinhardt), 111;
(Lindberg), 112, 192, 194.
Roscius, 100.
Rosmersholm, 193.
Rosse, Herman, 159.
Royal Swedish Opera, see Swedish Opera.
R. U. R. (Hilar-Capek), 36-37.
Rundhorizont, 71.

Sabine Women, The, 192.

St. Martin’s Theater (London), 193.
Salle des Machines, La (Paris), 66.
Salzburg Festspielhaus, 107, 116.
Samson and Delilah, (André-Grünewald), 77, 121-123, opp. 120,
opp. 122.
Samson and Delilah (the play), 94.
Sandburg, Carl, 221.
Saturday Evening Post, The, 220.
Savry, Albert, 181.
Saxon State Schauspielhaus, see Dresden Schauspielhaus.
Schaeffer, Rudolph, 194.
Schatzgräber, Der, opp. 60.
Schauspielhaus (Berlin), see Berlin State Schauspielhaus.
Schauspielhaus (Dresden), see Dresden Schauspielhaus.
Schauspielhaus (Frankfort), see Frankfort Schauspielhaus.
Schiebebühne, see Sliding stage.
Schildkraut, Rudolf, 82.
Schinkel, C. F., 45, 120.
School for Scandal, The, 192.
Schwabe, 71, 74.
Seagull, The (Pitoëff), 25, 28.
Selwyn Theater (New York), 193.
Semper, G., 45.
Senders, 84.
Shadow-marionettes, 73.
Shakespeare, Wm., 6, 22, 23, 24, 53, 87, 93, 100, 110, 120, 121,
134, 137, 140, 141, 161, 181, 192, 193, 199, 209, 212.
Shaw, G. B., 8, 25, 73, 193.
Shelley, 6, 207.
Siddons, Mrs., 23, 100.
Sievert, Ludwig, opp. 32, 33, 51, 112-119, opp. 112, opp. 114, 123-
124.
Simonson, Lee, 73, 76, 77, 133, 194.
Sinking stage, 60, 61, 62, 63-64, 65, 66.
Six Cylinder Love, 96.
Sky-dome, see Dome.
Sliding stage, 58, 59-61, 65.
Sophocles, 110, 159, 162.
Spectatorium (Chicago), 161.
Spook Sonata, The, 28;
(Munich), 30-31.
S. S. Tenacity, The, (Copeau), 25, 84, 104, 105, 178, 179.
Staatsoper (Berlin), see Berlin State Opera House.
Staatsoper (Vienna), see Vienna Opera House.
Stanislavsky, C. S., 8, opp. 10, 11, 13, 14, 94, 95, 121, 158.
State Opera House (Dresden), see Dresden Opera.
State Opera House (Berlin), see Berlin State Opera House.
State Schauspielhaus (Berlin), see Berlin State Schauspielhaus.
State Schauspielhaus (Dresden), see Dresden Schauspielhaus.
Stella, 117, 188.
Stern, Ernst, 44, 47, 48, 55, 57, 58, opp. 108, 109, 118, 119, 125,
167, 189.
Strauss, Richard, 116, 146.
Strife, 209.
Strindberg, August, 27-28, 29, 31, 32, 42, 51, 107.
Strnad, Oskar, 199.
Strohbach, Hans, opp. 44, 119, 148, opp. 148, 149, opp. 150, opp.
152, opp. 154, opp. 156.
Ström, Knut, 111, 125.
Sturm, Der, 29.
Sudraka, 88.
Sumurûn, (Reinhardt-Stern), 44, 82, 108, 159.
Sunken Bell, The, 55.
Swanwhite, 28.
Swedish Opera (Stockholm), viii, opp. 54, 55, 74, 75, 108, opp.
120, opp. 122.
Szukalsky, Stanislas, 183.

Talma, F. J., 100.

Taming of the Shrew, The, 86, 102.
Tchehoff, Anton, 8, 11, 25, 28, 29.
Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier (Paris), viii, 55;
(Acting company), 103-105, 106, 159, 171-183; opp. 174; opp.
180;
(Acting company), 178-183; 188, 200, 207, 209, 210.
Theater Guild (New York), 73, 78, 133.
Theater in dem Redoutensaal (Vienna), see Redoutensaal.
Theater of Dionysus (Athens), 211.
Theater of the Five Thousand, The, 115, 162, 170, 199.
Theater of the World, The, 216, 218.
Thomas, Augustus, 7.
Three Sisters, The, 94.
Toller, Ernst, 144, 146, 147, 154, see Masse-Mensch.
Towards Damascus, 28;
(Kerb-Sievert), 51, 56, 123-124.
Toy Theater (Boston), 171.
Treszler, 84.
Traum, ein Leben, Der, opp. 44.
Trojan Women, The (Browne), 171.
Troubador, Der, 56.
Truex, Ernest, 96.
Truth, The, 192.
Truth About Blayds, The, 194.
Turandot, 117, 188.
Twelfth Night (Copeau-Jouvet), 103, 104, 180-181, 192, 194.

Ubermarionette, 19.
Ulmer, Friedrich, 87.
Uncle Vanya, opp. 124.

Van Gogh, Vincent, 38.

Vasantasena, (Hettner), 64, 88, 89, 90.
Vatermord, 29-30.
Verden, Alice, 88.
Verdi, G., 55, 78.
Versunkene Glocke, Die, 168.
Vetter, President, 117, 186, 187.
Vienna Opera House, opp. 56, 185, 186, 188.
Vieux-Colombier, see Théâter du Vieux-Colombier.
Vildrac, Charles, 84.
Volksbühne (Berlin), viii, opp. 44, 46, 47, 55, 62, 72, 90, 144-146,
148, 152, 153, 155, see illus. of Masse-Mensch.
Volksoper (Berlin), 145.

Wagner, R., 45, 68, 69.

Wagon stage, 61.
Washington Square Players, 56.
Wauwau, Der, 83.
Weavers, The, 192, 209.
Weber, 73.
Weber, Joe, 204.
Wedekind, Frank, 28-29, 32, 83, 84, 107.
Wegener, Paul, 82.
Weichert, Richard, 88, 112-115, opp. 112, opp. 114, 119.
When We Dead Awaken, 28.
Wilbrand, 84.
Wild Duck, The, 28.
Wilde, Oscar, 192, 209.
Wilfred Thomas, 76.
Wilhelm Tell, (Linnebach), 73.
Will of Song, The, (MacKaye-Barhart-Jones), 159, 161.
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 159.
W. U. R., see R. U. R.

Zauberflöte, (Hasait), 73.

 Transcriber’s Notes
pg xv Changed: A Pitoëff Produtction
to: A Pitoëff Production
pg 111 Changed: Gothenburg, the commerical city of Sweden
to: Gothenburg, the commercial city of Sweden
pg 125 Changed: for Rinehardt there was always
to: for Reinhardt there was always
pg 188 Changed: while he was makng preparations
to: while he was making preparations
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