Organic Semiconductors for

Optoelectronics 1st Edition Hiroyoshi

Naito
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/organic-semiconductors-for-optoelectronics-1st-editio
n-hiroyoshi-naito/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Understanding Semiconductors 1st Edition Corey Richard

https://ebookmass.com/product/understanding-semiconductors-1st-
edition-corey-richard/

Nanoparticle Technology Handbook 3rd Edition Makio

Naito

https://ebookmass.com/product/nanoparticle-technology-
handbook-3rd-edition-makio-naito/

Metal Oxides for Optoelectronics and Optics-Based

Medical Applications Suresh Sagadevan

https://ebookmass.com/product/metal-oxides-for-optoelectronics-
and-optics-based-medical-applications-suresh-sagadevan/

Understanding Semiconductors: A Technical Guide for

Non-Technical People (Maker Innovations Series) 1st
Edition Corey Richard

https://ebookmass.com/product/understanding-semiconductors-a-
technical-guide-for-non-technical-people-maker-innovations-
series-1st-edition-corey-richard/
Metal-Organic Frameworks for Chemical Reactions: From
Organic Transformations to Energy Applications 1st
Edition Anish Khan (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/metal-organic-frameworks-for-
chemical-reactions-from-organic-transformations-to-energy-
applications-1st-edition-anish-khan-editor/

Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and

Devices 1st Edition Hong Meng

https://ebookmass.com/product/organic-electronics-for-
electrochromic-materials-and-devices-1st-edition-hong-meng/

Organic Synthesis Using Biocatalysis 1st Edition

Goswami

https://ebookmass.com/product/organic-synthesis-using-
biocatalysis-1st-edition-goswami/

Metal-free synthetic organic dyes Kruger

https://ebookmass.com/product/metal-free-synthetic-organic-dyes-
kruger/

eBook Online Access for Organic Chemistry 10th Edition,

(Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/ebook-online-access-for-organic-
chemistry-10th-edition-ebook-pdf/
Organic Semiconductors for Optoelectronics
Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic and
Optoelectronic Applications
www.wiley.com/go/meoa

Series Editors
Richard Curry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Harry Ruda, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Jun Luo, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Honorary Series Editors
Professor Arthur Willoughby, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Dr Peter Capper, Ex-Leonardo MW Ltd, Southampton, UK
Professor Safa Kasap, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Published Titles
Bulk Crystal Growth of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by P. Capper
Properties of Group-IV, III—V and II—VI Semiconductors, S. Adachi
Charge Transport in Disordered Solids with Applications in Electronics, Edited by S. Baranovski
Optical Properties of Condensed Matter and Applications, Edited by J. Singh
Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications, Edited by J. Poortmans and V.
Arkhipov
Dielectric Films for Advanced Microelectronics, Edited by M. R. Baklanov, M. Green, and K. Maex
Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by P. Capper and M.
Mauk Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice, M. Petty
Luminescent Materials and Applications, A. Kitai
CVD Diamond for Electronic Devices and Sensors, Edited by R. S. Sussmann
Properties of Semiconductor Alloys: Group-IV, III—V and II—VI Semiconductors, S. Adachi Mercury
Cadmium Telluride, Edited by P. Capper and J. Garland
Zinc Oxide Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications, Edited by C. Litton, D.
C. Reynolds, and T. C. Collins
Lead-Free Solders: Materials Reliability for Electronics, Edited by K. N. Subramunian Silicon
Photonics: Fundamentals and Devices, M. Jamal Deen and P. K. Basu
Nanostructured and Subwavelength Waveguides: Fundamentals and Applications, M. Skorobogatiy
Photovoltaic Materials: From Crystalline Silicon to Third-Generation Approaches, Edited by G.
Conibeer and A. Willoughby
Glancing Angle Deposition of Thin Films: Engineering the Nanoscale, Matthew M. Hawkeye, Michael
T. Taschuk, and Michael J. Brett
Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, R. Wesche
Spintronics for Next Generation Innovative Devices, Edited by Katsuaki Sato and Eiji Saitoh Inorganic
Glasses for Photonics: Fundamentals, Engineering and Applications, Animesh Jha
Amorphous Semiconductors: Structural, Optical and Electronic Properties, Kazuo Morigaki, Sandor
Kugler, and Koichi Shimakawa
Microwave Materials and Applications, Two volume set, Edited by Mailadil T. Sebastian, Rick Ubic,
and Heli Jantunen
Molecular Beam Epitaxy: Materials and Applications for Electronics and Optoelectronics, Edited by
Hajime Asahi and Yoshiji Korikoshi
Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE): Growth, Materials Properties, and Applications, Edited
by Stuart Irvine and Peter Capper
Optical Properties of Materials and Their Applications, Second Edition, Edited by Jai Singh
Oxide Electronics, Edited by Asim Ray
Organic Semiconductors for Optoelectronics

Edited by
Hiroyoshi Naito
Osaka Prefecture University
Osaka, Japan
This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available
at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Hiroyoshi Naito to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been
asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products
visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that
appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the
constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader
is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each
chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or
indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used
their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including
without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty
may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for
this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or
potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the
information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make.
This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.
The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a
specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have
changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor
authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to
special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Name: Naito, Hiroyoshi, editor.

Title: Organic semiconductors for optoelectronics / edited by Hiroyoshi
Naito.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Series: Wiley
series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020051135 (print) | LCCN 2020051136 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119146100 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119146117 (adobe pdf ) | ISBN
9781119146124 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Organic semiconductors. | Optoelectronics.
Classification: LCC QC611.8.O7 O6967 2021 (print) | LCC QC611.8.O7
(ebook) | DDC 537.6/223–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020051135
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020051136

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Images: Courtesy and Copyright of NIPPON SHOKUBAI CO., LTD

Set in 10/12pt WarnockPro by Straive, Chennai, India

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 v

Contents

List of Contributors xiii

Series Preface xv
Preface xvii

1 Electronic Structures of Organic Semiconductors 1

Kazuyoshi Tanaka
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electronic Structures of Organic Crystalline Materials 2
1.2.1 Free-Electron Picture 3
1.2.2 Tight-Binding Framework 4
1.2.2.1 Formalism 4
1.2.2.2 Simple Example 7
1.2.3 Electronic Properties Based on the Electronic Structure 9
1.2.3.1 Characteristics of the Energy Band 9
1.2.3.2 Band Gap (ΔEg ) 11
1.2.3.3 Fermi Energy (𝜀F ) and Fermi Level (EF ) 11
1.2.3.4 Band Width (W) 12
1.2.3.5 Ionization Potential (I p ) 12
1.2.3.6 Electron Affinity (Ea ) 13
1.2.3.7 Density of States (DOS) 13
1.2.3.8 Effective Mass (m*) 14
1.2.3.9 CO Pattern 14
1.2.3.10 Electron Density and Bond Order 14
1.2.3.11 Total Energy of 1D Crystal (Etot ) 15
1.2.3.12 Mobility 15
1.3 Injection of Charge Carriers 16
1.3.1 Organic Conductive Polymers 17
1.3.2 Organic Charge-Transfer Crystals 19
1.4 Transition from the Conductive State 26
1.4.1 Peierls Transition 26
1.4.1.1 Polyacetylene 27
1.4.1.2 TTF-TCNQ 28
1.4.2 Competition of Spin Density Wave and Superconductivity 29
vi Contents

1.5 Electronic Structure of Organic Amorphous Solid 30

1.5.1 Examination of Electronic Structures 31
1.5.1.1 Direct Calculation of the Local Structure 32
1.5.1.2 Effective-Medium Approximation 33
1.5.2 Localized Levels and Mobility Edge 33
1.5.3 Hopping Process 33
1.5.3.1 Hopping Process between the Nearest Neighbors 34
1.5.3.2 Variable Range Hopping (VRH) 36
1.5.3.3 Hopping Process via the Dopants 37
1.6 Conclusion 37
Acknowledgment 38
References 38

2 Electronic Transport in Organic Semiconductors 41

Hiroyoshi Naito
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Amorphous Organic Semiconductors 41
2.2.1 Measurements of Transport Properties 43
2.2.1.1 Time-of-Flight Transient Photocurrent
Experiment 43
2.3 Experimental Features of Electronic Transport Properties 44
2.4 Charge Carrier Transport Models 44
2.4.1 Multiple Trapping Model 45
2.4.2 Gaussian Disorder Model (GDM) 48
2.4.3 Correlated Disorder Model (CDM) 49
2.4.4 GDM vs. CDM 49
2.4.5 Polaronic Transport 50
2.4.6 Transport Energy 50
2.4.7 Analytical Approach to Hopping Transport 51
2.4.8 Functional Forms of Localized State Distributions 52
2.5 Prediction of Transport Properties in Amorphous Organic
Semiconductors 52
2.6 Polycrystalline Organic Semiconductors 53
2.6.1 Transport in Polycrystalline Semiconductors and
Technological Importance of Polycrystalline Silicon 53
2.6.2 Field-Effect Mobility in Organic Polycrystalline
Semiconductors 55
2.6.3 Performance of Field-Effect Transistors with Polycrystalline
Organic Semiconductors 58
2.7 Single-Crystalline Organic Semiconductors 59
2.7.1 Band Conduction in Single-Crystalline Organic
Semiconductors 61
2.7.2 Performance of Field-Effect Transistors with Single
Crystalline Organic Semiconductors 64
2.8 Concluding Remarks 65
Acknowledgment 65
References 65
 Contents vii

3 Theory of Optical Properties of Organic Semiconductors 69

Jai Singh, Monishka Rita Narayan and David Ompong
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Photoexcitation and Formation of Excitons 70
3.2.1 Photoexcitation of Singlet Excitons due to Exciton-photon
Interaction 71
3.2.2 Excitation of Triplet Excitons 74
3.2.2.1 Direct Excitation to Triplet States Through
Exciton-Spin-Orbit-Photon Interaction 74
3.2.2.2 Indirect Excitation of Triplet Excitons Through
Intersystem Crossing and Exciton-Spin-
Orbit-Phonon Interaction 79
3.3 Exciton up Conversion 83
3.4 Exciton Dissociation 85
3.4.1 Process of Conversion from Frenkel to CT Excitons 88
3.4.2 Dissociation of CT Excitons 89
References 90

4 Light Absorption and Emission Properties of Organic Semiconductors 93

Takashi Kobayashi, Takashi Nagase and Hiroyoshi Naito
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Electronic States in Organic Semiconductors 94
4.2.1 Fluorescence Emitters 95
4.2.2 Phosphorescence Emitters 97
4.2.3 TADF Emitters 99
4.2.4 π Conjugated Polymers 100
4.3 Determination of Excited-state Structure Using Nonlinear
Spectroscopy 102
4.3.1 Background 103
4.3.2 Experimental Technique 106
4.3.2.1 EA 106
4.3.2.2 TPE 107
4.3.3 Experimental Results 109
4.3.3.1 DE2 109
4.3.3.2 Ir(ppy)3 111
4.3.3.3 PFO 113
4.4 Decay Mechanism of Excited States 115
4.4.1 Background 115
4.4.2 Experimental Technique 117
4.4.2.1 Time-resolved PL Measurements 117
4.4.2.2 PLQE Measurements 120
4.4.3 Experimental Results 121
4.4.3.1 PFO 121
4.4.3.2 Ir(ppy)3 123
4.4.3.3 4CzIPN 127
4.5 Summary 132
Acknowledgement 132
References 132
viii Contents

5 Characterization of Transport Properties of Organic Semiconductors Using

Impedance Spectroscopy 137
Kenichiro Takagi and Hiroyoshi Naito
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Charge-Carrier Mobility 138
5.2.1 Methods for Mobility Measurements 138
5.2.2 Theoretical Basis for Determination of Charge-Carrier
Mobility 139
5.2.3 Determination of Charge-Carrier Mobility 141
5.2.4 Influence of Barrier Height for Carrier Injection on
Determination of Charge-Carrier Mobility 142
5.2.5 Influence of Contact Resistance on Determination of
Charge-Carrier Mobility 143
5.2.6 Influence of Localized States on Determination of
Charge-Carrier Mobility 144
5.2.7 Demonstration of Determination of Charge-Carrier
Mobility 146
5.3 Localized-State Distributions 148
5.3.1 Methods for Localized-State Measurements 148
5.3.2 Theoretical Basis for Determination of Localized-State
Distribution 149
5.3.3 Demonstration of Determination of Localized-State
Distribution 150
5.4 Lifetime 153
5.4.1 Methods for Deep-Trapping-Lifetime Measurements 153
5.4.2 Determination of Deep-Trapping-Lifetime using the
Proposed Method 153
5.4.3 Validity of the Proposed Method 154
5.4.4 Demonstration of Determination of Deep-
Trapping-Lifetime 155
5.5 IS in OLEDs and OPVs 156
5.6 Conclusions 156
Acknowledgments 157
References 157

6 Time-of-Flight Method for Determining the Drift Mobility in Organic

Semiconductors 161
Masahiro Funahashi
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Principle of the TOF Method 162
6.2.1 Carrier Mobility and Transient Photocurrent 162
6.2.2 Standard Setup of the TOF Measurement 163
6.2.3 Sample Preparation 164
6.2.4 Current Mode and Charge Mode 165
6.2.5 Instructions in the TOF Measurements 167
6.3 Information Obtained From the TOF Experiments 172
6.4 Techniques Related to the TOF Measurement 173
 Contents ix

6.4.1 Xerographic TOF Method 173

6.4.2 Lateral TOF Method 174
6.4.3 TOF Measurements Under Pulse Voltage Application 175
6.4.4 Dark Injection Space Charge-Limited Transient Current
Method 175
6.5 Conclusion 177
References 177

7 Microwave and Terahertz Spectroscopy 179

Akinori Saeki
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Instrumental Setup of Time-Resolved Gigahertz and Terahertz
Spectroscopies 181
7.3 Theory of Complex Microwave Conductivity in a Resonant Cavity 183
7.4 Microwave Spectroscopy for Organic Solar Cells 185
7.5 Frequency-Modulation: Interplay of Free and Shallowly-Trapped
Electrons 187
7.6 Organic-Inorganic Perovskite 195
7.7 Conclusions 197
Acknowledgement 198
References 198

8 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Transport in Crystalline Organic Semiconductors:

Electron-Spin-Resonance Study for Characterization of Localized States 201
Andrey S. Mishchenko
8.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Transport in Crystalline Organic
Semiconductors 203
8.2 Electron Spin Resonance Study for Characterization of Localized
States 206
8.2.1 Introduction into ESR Study 206
8.2.2 ESR Spectra of Trapped Carriers 208
8.2.2.1 ESR Spectra for Single Molecule and a Cluster
Containing Several Molecules 208
8.2.2.2 ESR Spectra for a Trap in Crystal 209
8.2.2.3 ESR Spectra for Several Kinds of Traps 210
8.2.3 From ESR Spectrum to Trap Distribution Over Degree of
Localization 211
8.2.3.1 Method to Solve Inverse Problem 211
8.2.3.2 Tests of SOM Stability Against the Noise in
Experimental Data 212
8.2.3.3 Practical Implementation of Method: Distribution
of Traps in Pentacene TFT 213
8.2.3.4 Reliability of Trap Distribution Result 214
8.2.4 Transformation From Spatial Distribution to Energy
Distribution 214
8.2.4.1 Trap Model: 2D Holstein Polaron and On-Site
Attractive Center 215
x Contents

8.2.4.2 Energy Distribution of Traps in Pentacene TFTs 216

8.2.5 Discussion 217
8.2.6 Summary of Trap Study 218
8.3 Conclusion 219
Acknowledgments 219
References 220

9 Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy 225

Takaaki Manaka and Mitsumasa Iwamoto
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 Basics of the EFISHG 226
9.2.1 Macroscopic Origin of the SHG 226
9.2.2 Microscopic Description of the SHG 228
9.2.3 EFISHG Measurements 229
9.2.4 Evaluation of In-plane Electric Field in OFET 231
9.2.5 Direct Imaging of Carrier Motion in OFET 232
9.3 Some Application of the TRM-SHG to the OFET 234
9.3.1 Trap Effect 234
9.3.2 Metal Electrode Dependence 237
9.3.3 Anisotropic Carrier Transport 239
9.4 Application of the TRM-SHG to OLED 240
9.5 Conclusions 242
Acknowledgement 243
References 243

10 Device Physics of Organic Field-effect Transistors 245

Hiroyuki Matsui
10.1 Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs) 245
10.1.1 Structure of OFETs 245
10.1.2 Operation Principles of OFETs 248
10.1.3 Carrier Traps 251
10.1.4 Transport Models in Channels 252
10.1.4.1 Band Transport Model 253
10.1.4.2 Multiple Trap and Release Model 256
10.1.4.3 Hopping Model 259
10.1.4.4 Dynamic Disorder Model 260
10.1.4.5 Grain Boundary Model 263
10.1.5 Carrier Injection at Source and Drain Electrodes 264
10.1.5.1 Transmission Line Method (TLM) 266
10.1.5.2 Four-Terminal Measurement 267
10.1.5.3 Effect of Contact Resistance on Apparent Mobility 268
References 270

11 Spontaneous Orientation Polarization in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

and its Influence on Charge Injection, Accumulation, and Degradation
Properties 273
Yutaka Noguchi, Hisao Ishii, Lars Jäger, Tobias D. Schmidt and Wolfgang Brütting
11.1 Introduction 273
 Contents xi

11.2 Interface Charge Model 275

11.3 Interface Charge in Bilayer Devices 277
11.4 Charge Injection Property 281
11.5 Degradation Property 283
11.6 Conclusions 290
Acknowledgement 291
References 292

12 Advanced Molecular Design for Organic Light Emitting Diode Emitters Based
on Horizontal Molecular Orientation and Thermally Activated Delayed
Fluorescence 295
Li Zhao, DaeHyeon Kim, Jean-Charles Ribierre, Takeshi Komino and Chihaya Adachi
12.1 Introduction 295
12.2 Molecular Orientation in TADF OLEDs 299
12.3 Molecular Orientation in Solution Processed OLEDs 300
References 304

13 Organic Field Effect Transistors Integrated Circuits 307

Mayumi Uno
13.1 Introduction 307
13.2 Organic Fundamental Circuits 308
13.2.1 Inverter for Logic Components 308
13.2.2 Logic NAND and NOR Gates 310
13.2.3 Active Matrix Elements 310
13.3 High Performance Organic Transistors Applicable to Flexible Logic
Circuits 312
13.3.1 Reducing the Contact Resistance 313
13.3.2 Downscaling the Channel Sizes and Vertical Transistors 314
13.3.3 High-Speed Organic Transistors 314
13.4 Integrated Organic Circuits 315
13.4.1 RFID Tag Applications 316
13.4.2 Sensor Readout Circuits 317
13.5 Conclusions 317
References 318

14 Naphthobisthiadiazole-Based Semiconducting Polymers for High-Efficiency

Organic Photovoltaics 321
Itaru Osaka and Kazuo Takimiya
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Semiconducting Polymers Based on Naphthobisthiadiazole 322
14.3 Quaterthiophene–NTz Polymer: Comparison with the
Benzothiadiazole Analogue 324
14.4 Naphthodithiophene–NTz Polymer: Importance of the Backbone
Orientation 327
14.5 Optimization of PNTz4T Cells: Distribution of Backbone
Orientation vs Cell Structure 332
xii Contents

14.6 Thiophene, Thiazolothiazole–NTz Polymers: Higly Thermally Stabe

Solar Cells 335
14.7 Summary 339
References 340

15 Plasmonics for Light-Emitting and Photovoltaic Devices 343

Koichi Okamoto
15.1 Optical Properties of the Surface Plasmon Resonance 343
15.2 High-Efficiency Light Emissions using Plasmonics 345
15.3 Mechanism for the SP Coupled Emissions 347
15.4 Quantum Efficiencies and Spontaneous Emission Rates 349
15.5 Applications for Organic Materials 350
15.6 Device Application for Light-Emitting Devices 352
15.7 Applications to High-Efficiency Solar Cells 354
Acknowledgements 356
References 356

Index 359
 xiii

List of Contributors

Kazuyoshi Tanaka Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University,

Kyoto, Japan

Jai Singh School of Engineering and Information Technology, Charles Darwin

University, Australia

Monishka Rita Narayan School of Engineering and Information Technology, Charles

Darwin University, Australia

David Ompong School of Engineering and Information Technology, Charles Darwin

University, Australia

Takashi Kobayashi Department of Physics and Electronics, The Research Institute

of Molecular Electronic Devices, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan

Takashi Nagase Department of Physics and Electronics, The Research Institute

of Molecular Electronic Devices, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan

Hiroyoshi Naito Department of Physics and Electronics, The Research Institute

of Molecular Electronic Devices, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan

Kenichiro Takagi Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University,

Sakai, Japan

Masahiro Funahashi Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineer-

ing, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan

Akinori Saeki Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,

Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan

Andrey S. Mishchenko RIKEN Center for emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako,
Japan

Takaaki Manaka Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

Mitsumasa Iwamoto Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,

Japan
xiv List of Contributors

Hiroyuki Matsui Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University,

Yamagata, Japan

Yutaka Noguchi Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, Meiji University,

Tokyo, Japan

Hisao Ishii Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

Lars Jäger Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

Tobias D. Schmidt Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

Wolfgang Brutting Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

Li Zhao Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan

DaeHyeon Kim Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka, Japan

Jean-Charles Ribierre Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka, Japan

Takeshi Komino Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka, Japan

Chihaya Adachi Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka, Japan

Mayumi Uno Osaka Research Institue of Industrial Science and Technology (ORIST),
Osaka, Japan

Itaru Osaka Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima

University, Hiroshima, Japan

Kazuo Takimiya RIKEN, Center for Emergent Matter Science, Saitama, Japan, and
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Koichi Okamoto Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University,

Sakai, Japan
 xv

Series Preface

Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic

Applications
This book series is devoted to the rapidly developing class of materials used for electronic
and optoelectronic applications. It is designed to provide much-needed information on
the fundamental scientific principles of these materials, together with how these are
employed in technological applications. These books are aimed at (postgraduate) stu-
dents, researchers, and technologists engaged in research, development, and the study
of materials in electronics and photonics, and at industrial scientists developing new
materials, devices, and circuits for the electronic, optoelectronic, and communications
industries.
The development of new electronic and optoelectronic materials depends not only
on materials engineering at a practical level, but also on a clear understanding of the
properties of materials and the fundamental science behind these properties. It is
the properties of a material that eventually determine its usefulness in an application.
The series therefore also includes such titles as electrical conduction in solids, optical
properties, thermal properties, and so on, all with applications and examples of
materials in electronics and optoelectronics. The characterization of materials is also
covered within the series as much as it is impossible to develop new materials without
the proper characterization of their structure and properties. Structure–property
relationships have always been fundamentally and intrinsically important to materials
science and engineering.
Materials science is well known for being one of the most interdisciplinary sciences.
It is the interdisciplinary aspect of materials science that has led to many exciting
discoveries, new materials, and new applications. It is not unusual to find scientists
with a chemical engineering background working on materials projects with appli-
cations in electronics. In selecting titles for the series, we have tried to maintain the
interdisciplinary aspect of the field, and hence its excitement to researchers in this field.

Arthur Willoughby
Peter Capper
Safa Kasap
 xvii

Preface

The photoconductive and semiconducting properties of organic semiconductors were

reported in 1906 and 1950, respectively, and since then, basic research has steadily
continued. In 1980, molecularly dispersed polymers in which hole transport molecules
were dispersed in insulating polymers were commercialized as photoreceptors for
electrophotography. The manufacturing process for this organic photoreceptor was
a coating process, which contributed to the low cost of the photoreceptor. Organic
light-emitting diode (OLED) and organic solar cells were reported in 1987 and 1989,
respectively. These devices were highly efficient at that time and showed the potential
of the organic devices. OLEDs were commercialized as an automotive display in 1997,
and are currently being used in high-definition OLED TVs and OLED lighting. In the
future, it is expected that organic semiconductors will be successfully applied to flexible
displays, biosensors, and other devices that could not be realized with conventional
inorganic semiconductors. The development of future organic devices cannot be
achieved without a proper understanding of the optoelectronic properties of organic
semiconductors and how these properties influence the overall device performance.
Therefore, it is intended here to have one single volume that covers fundamentals
through to applications, with up-to-date advances in the field.
This book summarizes the basic concepts and also reviews some recent developments
in the study of optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors. It covers examples
and applications in the field of electronic and optoelectronic organic materials. An
attempt is made to cover both experimental and theoretical developments in each field
presented in this book, which consists of 15 chapters contributed by experienced and
well-known scientists on different aspects of optoelectronic properties of organic semi-
conducting materials. Most chapters are presented to be relatively independent with
minimal cross-referencing, but chapters with complementary contents are arranged
together to facilitate the reader with cross-referencing.
In Chapter 1 by Tanaka, the fundamental electronic properties of organic semicon-
ducting materials are concisely reviewed and the chapter to provides basic concepts
for understanding the electronic properties. In Chapter 2, Naito presents a review of
electronic transport properties of organic semiconductors, and Chapter 3 by Singh
et al. covers the theoretical concepts of optical properties of organic semiconductors.
In Chapter 4, Kobayashi et al. have presented a comprehensive review of advanced, as
well as standard experimental techniques, for the characterization of optical properties
of organic semiconducting materials including fluorescent, phosphorescent and
thermally assisted delayed fluorescent emitters. In Chapters 5 to 7, a comprehensive
xviii Preface

review of advanced and standard experimental techniques for the characterization

of transport properties of organic semiconducting materials are presented. Naito
reviews impedance spectroscopy, which is applicable to the measurement of drift
mobility of thin organic semiconducting films in Chapter 5. Funahashi reviews stan-
dard time-of-flight measurements with different measurement configurations for drift
mobility in organic liquid-crystalline semiconductors in Chapter 6, and Saeki reviews
microwave and terahertz spectroscopy, which is a unique electrodeless technique,
in organic and organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells in Chapter 7. Chapter 8, by
Mishchenko, covers electron spin resonance study for the characterization of localized
states. In Chapter 9, Manaka and Iwamoto present recent advances in second harmonic
generation spectroscopy. In Chapters 10 to 12, reviews of device physics of key organic
devices are presented. Matsui presents a comprehensive review of the device physics
of organic field-effect transistors in Chapter 10 and, in Chapter 11 by Noguchi et al.,
basic processes in OLEDs are reviewed. Zhao et al. discuss the relationship between
out-coupling efficiency and molecular orientation in OLEDs in Chapter 12. Uno reviews
the application of organic field-effect transistors to integrated circuits in Chapter 13
with Osaka and Takimiya reviewing high performance polymeric semiconductors for
organic solar cells in Chapter 14. Finally, in Chapter 15, Okamoto covers plasmonics
for the improvement of efficiencies of light-emitting and photovoltaic devices.
The aim of the book is to present its readers with recent developments in theoreti-
cal and experimental aspects of optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors.
Accomplishments and technical challenges in device applications are also discussed.
The readership of the book is expected to be graduate students, as well as teaching and
research professionals.
Finally, the Editor wishes to thank Jenny Cossham and Katrina Maceda for their help
and encouragement in the editing and production processes.

Osaka, Japan Hiroyoshi Naito

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 ¹And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for all
Israel were come to Shechem to make him
king.
1. Shechem] Chosen by Rehoboam for its central position, for it
is in the heart of Western Palestine between Mt Ebal and Mt
Gerizim.

²And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son

of Nebat heard of it, (for he was in Egypt,
whither he had fled from the presence of king
Solomon,) that Jeroboam returned out of
Egypt. ³And they sent and called him; and
Jeroboam and all Israel came, and they spake
to Rehoboam, saying,
2. Jeroboam] For his antecedents (which are not given by the
Chronicler) see 1 Kings xi. 26 ff.

that Jeroboam returned out of Egypt] So we should read also in 1

Kings xii. 2 for “and Jeroboam dwelt in Egypt.” The difference in
Hebrew between the two readings when written without the vowels is
confined to one letter, ‫ מ‬instead of ‫ב‬.

⁴Thy father made our yoke grievous: now

therefore make thou the grievous service of
thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put
upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee. ⁵And
he said unto them, Come again unto me after
three days. And the people departed.
 4. the grievous service of thy father] The “service” complained of
is described (in part) in 1 Kings v. 13, 14 (no parallel in Chronicles).
Compare viii. 9 (= 1 Kings ix. 22), note.

and we will serve thee] The people claim their ancient right to a
voice in the appointment of a king; compare 1 Samuel xi. 14, 15
(Saul) and 2 Samuel v. 1‒3 (David).

⁶And king Rehoboam took counsel with the old

men, that had stood before Solomon his father
while he yet lived, saying, What counsel give
ye me to return answer to this people?
6. stood before] Compare Deuteronomy i. 38; 1 Kings xvii. 1. The
phrase is used to express service, whether rendered to God or to
man.

⁷And they spake unto him, saying, If thou be

kind to this people, and please them, and
speak good words to them, then they will be
thy servants forever. ⁸But he forsook the
counsel of the old men which they had given
him, and took counsel with the young men that
were grown up with him, that stood before
him. ⁹And he said unto them, What counsel
give ye, that we may return answer to this
people, who have spoken to me, saying, Make
the yoke that thy father did put upon us
lighter? ¹⁰And the young men that were grown
up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus
shalt thou say unto the people that spake unto
 thee, saying, Thy father made our yoke heavy,
but make thou it lighter unto us; thus shalt
thou say unto them, My little finger is thicker
than my father’s loins.
7. If thou be kind to this people, and please them] The Chronicler
has softened the forcible words of the parallel passage (1 Kings xii.
7), “If thou wilt be a servant unto this people this day, and wilt serve
them.” The words which were too blunt for Rehoboam were also too
blunt for the Chronicler.

¹¹And now whereas my father did lade you

with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke: my
father chastised you with whips, but I will
chastise you with scorpions. ¹²So Jeroboam
and all the people came to Rehoboam the
third day, as the king bade, saying, Come to
me again the third day.
11. with whips] A whip or flail was among the insignia of an
Egyptian (and perhaps also of an Israelite) king. Compare Erman,
Ancient Egypt, English Translation p. 60 (where an illustration is
given) and p. 63.

with scorpions] The expression may be proverbial and

metaphorical, but some authorities (e.g. Peshitṭa) take “scorpion” to
be the name of a particular kind of scourge, the lash of which was
provided with thorns or hooks.

¹³And the king answered them roughly; and

king Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the old
men, and spake to them after the counsel of
the young men, saying, My father made your
 yoke heavy, but I will add thereto: my father
chastised you with whips, but I will chastise
you with scorpions.
13. answered them roughly] It was difficult for the son of so
powerful a king as Solomon to realise that there was any necessity
for a soft answer. Solomon had put down Israelite discontent by
driving Jeroboam into exile in Egypt, and David had put down
somewhat easily the movement under Sheba son of Bichri (2
Samuel xx. 1‒22). Could the good fortune of the house of David fail
at this third crisis?

¹⁵So the king hearkened not unto the people;

for it was brought about of God, that the Lord
might establish his word, which he spake by
the hand of Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam
the son of Nebat.
15. Ahijah] Compare 1 Kings xi. 29‒39. The incident referred to is
not narrated in Chronicles, being assumed to be known.

16‒19 (= 1 Kings xii. 16‒19).

The Revolt.

¹⁶And when all Israel saw that the king

hearkened not unto them, the people
answered the king, saying, What portion have
we in David? neither have we inheritance in
the son of Jesse: every man to your tents, O
Israel: now see to thine own house, David. So
all Israel departed unto their tents.
 16. What portion have we in David ... the son of Jesse] The same
protest was voiced by Sheba in his brief rebellion against David (1
Samuel xx. 1). Contrast the language of the ten tribes after the
collapse of Absalom’s rebellion: We have ten parts in the king (2
Samuel xix. 43).

to your tents] See note on vii. 10.

¹⁷But as for the children of Israel that dwelt in

the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over
them.
17. The order is much improved if this verse be read after verse
19.

¹⁸Then king Rehoboam sent Hadoram, who

was over the levy; and the children of Israel
stoned him with stones, that he died. And king
Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his
chariot, to flee to Jerusalem. ¹⁹So Israel
rebelled against the house of David, unto this
day.
18. Hadoram] Called “Adoram” in the parallel passage (1 Kings
xii. 18) and “Adoniram” (1 Kings iv. 6, v. 14 [28, Hebrew]).
 Chapter XI.
1‒4 (= 1 Kings xii. 21‒24).
Shemaiah forbids Civil War.

The Chronicler here omits the elevation of Jeroboam to be king

over Israel (1 Kings xii. 20).

¹And when Rehoboam was come to

Jerusalem, he assembled the house of Judah
and Benjamin, an hundred and fourscore
thousand chosen men, which were warriors, to
fight against Israel, to bring the kingdom again
to Rehoboam.
1. an hundred and fourscore thousand] The number is small
compared with the Judean armies mentioned in xiii. 3, xiv. 7, xvii. 14;
yet it is far greater than is credible. The word rendered thousand
may originally have been used to denote a tribal division, thus
including women and children and old men. If so, the actual warriors
represented by 180 such “thousands” would be about 30,000, a very
large number for so small a state, yet not impossible. But, however
that may be for the early days, there is little or no doubt that the
Chronicler understood the word in its strict sense: a literal thousand.
See the note on xvii. 14.

²But the word of the Lord came to Shemaiah

the man of God, saying,
2. Shemaiah] See xii. 5, 15.
 ³Speak unto Rehoboam the son of Solomon,
king of Judah, and to all Israel in Judah and
Benjamin, saying, ⁴Thus saith the Lord, Ye
shall not go up, nor fight against your
brethren: return every man to his house; for
this thing is of me. So they hearkened unto the
words of the Lord, and returned from going
against Jeroboam.
3. to all Israel in Judah and Benjamin] The Chronicler does not
hesitate to use the term “Israel” in speaking of Judah. Thus the
princes of the Southern Kingdom are called “the princes of Israel”
(xii. 6, xxi. 4), the populace as a whole is called “Israel” (xii. 1, xv.
17), Jehoshaphat and Ahaz are each called “king of Israel” (xxi. 2,
xxviii. 19), and the sepulchres of the kings at Jerusalem are called
the “sepulchres of the kings of Israel” (xxviii. 27). Israel in Chronicles
then = the covenant-people. In Kings, on the contrary, Israel
generally means the Northern Kingdom.

5‒23.
The Prosperity of Rehoboam.

These verses have no corresponding section in 1 Kings On the

other hand, the Chronicler omits three important sections of 1 Kings,
viz. xii. 25‒33 (the setting up of the golden calves), xiii. 1‒32 (the
episode of the prophet who cried against the altar in Beth-el) and xiv.
1‒18 (the death of the son of Jeroboam).

⁵And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built

cities for defence in Judah.
5. built cities for defence] This does not mean that all these cities
were then built for the first time; certainly Beth-lehem, Tekoa, and
Hebron were ancient places. Rebuilding, strengthening, and
fortifying are included in the meaning of the Hebrew verb bānāh =
build. The cities mentioned were situated some in the hill country of
Judah, some in the Shephelah. It is probable that they were
strengthened as a measure of defence against Egypt. Less likely is
the suggestion that they were fortified chiefly to prevent or suppress
insurrection against Rehoboam in Judah. See also Introduction § 7,
p. xlviii.

⁶He built even Beth-lehem, and Etam, and

Tekoa,
6. Etam] Probably represented by some ruins a little to the south-
west of Beth-lehem, by which is a spring called Ain ‘Atān. Compare 1
Chronicles iv. 3. Bädeker, Palestine⁵, p. 109.

⁷and Beth-zur, and Soco, and Adullam,

7. Beth-zur] Represented by the ruin Burj Ṣūr to the north of
Hebron. Compare Joshua xv. 58. Bädeker, Palestine⁵, p. 112.

Soco] The cities hitherto mentioned were situated in the hill

country, but the position of the Soco here mentioned and Adullam is
uncertain. Two places bore the name Soco or Socoh, one situated in
the Shephelah (Joshua xv. 35; 1 Samuel xvii. 1, Revised Version),
and one in the hill country (“the mountains,” Joshua xv. 48)—see
note 1 Chronicles iv. 18. For Adullam compare Joshua xv. 35; 1
Chronicles xi. 15 (note on the cave of Adullam).

⁸and Gath, and Mareshah, and Ziph,

8. Gath] compare 1 Chronicles xviii. 1.

Mareshah] In the Shephelah south of the modern Beit Jibrin.

Compare xiv. 9, xx. 37.

Ziph] Probably Tell Zif south of Hebron.

 ⁹and Adoraim, and Lachish, and Azekah,
9. Adoraim] The modern Dora west of Hebron.

Azekah] In the Shephelah, mentioned along with Socoh in

Joshua xv. 35.

¹⁰and Zorah, and Aijalon, and Hebron, which

are in Judah and in Benjamin, fenced cities.
¹¹And he fortified the strong holds, and put
captains in them, and store of victual, and oil
and wine.
10. Zorah] Joshua xv. 33 (Revised Version). It was situated in the
Shephelah.

Aijalon] The modern Yalo, a little north of the Jaffa road about
midway between Ramleh and Jerusalem. It is an ancient place
mentioned in the Tell el-Amarna letters. Compare xxviii. 18 and 1
Chronicles vi. 69; also Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land
pp. 210‒213.

and in Benjamin] None of the fifteen cities seems to have been in

Benjamin. Zorah and Aijalon were in Dan (Joshua xix. 41, 42,
Revised Version), while the remaining thirteen were in Judah.
Compare verse 5.

Benjamin, in reality, belonged to the Northern Kingdom until, after

the fall of Samaria, its territory was included in the Judean kingdom
(see 1 Kings xii. 20). Later, the idea prevailed that it had been one
with the Southern Kingdom from the beginning—as appears here,
and apparently in 1 Kings xi. 31. At any rate the phrase, Judah and
Benjamin, came to be used as a general expression denoting the
Southern Kingdom. How long any sense of its partial inaccuracy
remained is uncertain.
 ¹²And in every several city he put shields and
spears, and made them exceeding strong.
And Judah and Benjamin belonged to him.
12. And Judah and Benjamin belonged to him] If the view,
discussed in the note on verse 5, that Rehoboam’s military
precautions were carried through to suppress or prevent rebellion in
Judah, then this phrase should be rendered And so Judah and
Benjamin became his.

¹³And the priests and the Levites that were in

all Israel resorted to him out of all their border.
13. resorted to him] Literally took their stand by him.

¹⁴For the Levites left their suburbs and their

possession, and came to Judah and
Jerusalem: for Jeroboam and his sons cast
them off, that they should not execute the
priest’s office unto the Lord:
14. suburbs] See note on 1 Chronicles v. 16.

cast them off, that they should not execute the priest’s office unto
the Lord] The point is in the concluding words “unto the Lord” (i.e.
Jehovah). Jeroboam did not abandon the worship of Jehovah,
although later generations thought so and could not conceive that
the famous “calves wherewith he made Israel to sin” were images
symbolic of Jehovah. The Chronicler regards him as having lapsed
into gross idolatry (see verse 15) and as having ejected all the
Levites from his kingdom. A less stringent opinion as to his treatment
of the priests of Jehovah is expressed in 1 Kings xii. 31, xiii. 33
where it is not said that Jeroboam rejected the tribe of Levi, but only
that he allowed men of any tribe to become priests; “he ... made
priests from among all the people” (Revised Version). Comparison of
Kings and Chronicles is here very valuable as an illustration of the
care with which the history in Chronicles has been adapted to
indicate that the Northern Kingdom was wholly wicked and apostate
from the start. The Chronicler’s hostility to the North is really directed
against the Samaritans: see Introduction § 6.

¹⁵and he appointed him priests for the high

places, and for the he-goats ¹, and for the
calves which he had made. ¹⁶And after them,
out of all the tribes of Israel, such as set their
hearts to seek the Lord, the God of Israel,
came to Jerusalem to sacrifice unto the Lord,
the God of their fathers.
¹ Or, satyrs See Leviticus xvii. 7.

15. the he-goats] The heathen Arabs believed in the existence of

demons (called jinn) having various animal forms and inhabiting
deserted places, and this belief was shared by the Hebrews
(compare Isaiah xiii. 21). In this verse and in Leviticus xvii. 7, the
writers seem to identify the gods worshipped by the heathen with
these demons. (Compare W. R. Smith, Religion of the Semites², pp.
120 ff.)

the calves] Not previously mentioned in Chronicles; 1 Kings xii.

28.

¹⁷So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah,

and made Rehoboam the son of Solomon
strong, three years: for they walked three
years in the way of David and Solomon.
 17. three years] There were three years of prosperity, in the
fourth year Judah fell away into idolatry, and in the fifth year
chastisement overtook them by the hand of Shishak (xii. 1‒3). For
the significance of this, see the note on xii. 14.

of David and Solomon] The Chronicler here as elsewhere ignores

the fall of Solomon. In 1 Kings xi. 4‒6 an express distinction is made
between the way of David and the way of Solomon.

¹⁸And Rehoboam took him a wife, Mahalath

the daughter of Jerimoth the son of David, and
of Abihail ¹ the daughter of Eliab the son of
Jesse; ¹⁹and she bare him sons; Jeush, and
Shemariah, and Zaham.
¹ Or, and Abihail.

18. Jerimoth] Nothing is known regarding a son of David of this

name. He may have been the son of a concubine (1 Chronicles iii.
9).

and of Abihail] i.e. Mahalath’s father was Jerimoth, her mother

Abihail. The Authorized Version “and Abihail” wrongly implies that
Abihail was, like Mahalath, a wife of Rehoboam.

Eliab] David’s eldest brother; 1 Samuel xvi. 6, xvii. 13.

²⁰And after her he took Maacah ¹ the daughter

of Absalom; and she bare him Abijah, and
Attai, and Ziza, and Shelomith. ²¹And
Rehoboam loved Maacah the daughter of
Absalom above all his wives and his
concubines: (for he took eighteen wives, and
 threescore concubines, and begat twenty and
eight sons and threescore daughters.) ²²And
Rehoboam appointed Abijah the son of
Maacah to be chief, even the prince among
his brethren: for he was minded to make him
king.
¹ In chapter xiii. 2, Micaiah the daughter of Uriel.

20. Maacah] Perhaps the grand-daughter of Absalom, since she

is called the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah in xiii. 2 (where, with LXX.,
read “Maacah” for “Michaiah”; and see the note there). According to
2 Samuel xviii. 18 Absalom had “no son to keep his name in
remembrance” but he may have had a daughter who married Uriel
and became the mother of this Maacah; and further in 2 Samuel xiv.
27 it is said that Absalom had three sons and a daughter named
Tamar. These sons may all have died young, but perhaps xiv. 27 is
another tradition differing from xviii. 18.

Abijah] Called “Abijam” 1 Kings xv. 1.

²³And he dealt wisely, and dispersed of all his

sons throughout all the lands of Judah and
Benjamin, unto every fenced city: and he gave
them victual in abundance. And he sought for
them many wives ¹.
¹ Or, sought a multitude of wives.

23. all the lands] i.e. the territory of Judah; compare 1 Chronicles
xiii. 2 (margin).
 And he sought for them many wives] More exactly, as margin,
And he sought a multitude of wives. It is difficult to say whether or
not the Chronicler has Deuteronomy xvii. 17 in his mind and is
implicitly blaming the king. In any case he goes on in the next verse
to say that Rehoboam forsook the law of the Lord. It is however
probable that there is a slight error in the Hebrew and that the text
ran originally thus, And he took for them (i.e. for his sons) a multitude
of wives. Rehoboam’s own conjugal affairs have been already
described in verse 21.

Chapter XII.
1‒12 (compare 1 Kings xiv. 22, 25‒28).
The Invasion of Shishak.

¹And it came to pass, when the kingdom of

Rehoboam was established, and he was
strong, that he forsook the law of the Lord,
and all Israel with him.
1. all Israel] i.e. all the Southern Kingdom; compare note on xi. 3.
The details of Judah’s apostasy are given in 1 Kings xiv. 22‒24.

²And it came to pass in the fifth year of king

Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came
up against Jerusalem, because they had
trespassed against the Lord,
2. Shishak] The Egyptian king has commemorated this expedition
in a pictorial inscription on the wall of the temple of Karnak. It
appears that the Northern Kingdom suffered as well as the Southern;
much spoil was carried off, but no permanent conquest of Canaan
was attempted. (Breasted, History of Egypt, pp. 529 f.)

because they had trespassed] A touch characteristic of the

Chronicler; compare xiii. 18, xxi. 10, xxiv. 24, xxv. 20, xxvii. 6, xxviii.
19; and 1 Chronicles x. 13, 14. The Chronicler sees the working of
temporal rewards and of temporal punishments everywhere.

³with twelve hundred chariots, and threescore

thousand horsemen: and the people were
without number that came with him out of
Egypt; the Lubim, the Sukkiim, and the
Ethiopians.
3. with twelve hundred chariots] The details given in this verse
are absent from 1 Kings.

Lubim] i.e. the Libyans of North Africa. Shishak was a leader of

Libyan mercenaries. He made himself master of Egypt circa 950
b.c., and is known as the founder of the xxiind dynasty.

Sukkiim] LXX. Τρωγλοδύται, i.e. the cave dwellers of the

mountains which fringe the west coast of the Red Sea. But whether
these are really meant here is doubtful.

⁴And he took the fenced cities which pertained

to Judah, and came unto Jerusalem.
4. the fenced cities] Compare xi. 5.

⁵Now Shemaiah the prophet came to

Rehoboam, and to the princes of Judah, that
were gathered together to Jerusalem because
of Shishak, and said unto them, Thus saith the
 Lord, Ye have forsaken me, therefore have I
also left you in the hand of Shishak.
5. Now Shemaiah the prophet came] This intervention of
Shemaiah is not mentioned in 1 Kings For an earlier appearance of
the prophet see xi. 2 ff. = 1 Kings xii. 22 ff.

have I also left you in the hand] Rather, I also have forsaken
you and delivered you into the hand.

⁶Then the princes of Israel and the king

humbled themselves; and they said, The
Lord is righteous.
6. princes of Israel] Called “princes of Judah” in verse 5; compare
note on xi. 3.

humbled themselves] i.e. they fasted and put on sackcloth;

compare 1 Kings xxi. 27, 29.

The Lord is righteous] Compare Pharaoh’s confession (Exodus

ix. 27), and the Psalmist’s address to God, “That thou mayest be
justified (literally ‘mayest be righteous’) when thou speakest, and be
clear when thou judgest” (Psalms li. 4). The “righteousness” of God
is made known to man in His judgement, whether the judgement be
of condemnation (as here) or of acquittal (as 1 John i. 9, Revised
Version).

⁷And when the Lord saw that they humbled

themselves, the word of the Lord came to
Shemaiah, saying, They have humbled
themselves; I will not destroy them: but I will
grant them some deliverance ¹, and my wrath
 shall not be poured out upon Jerusalem by the
hand of Shishak.
¹ Or, deliverance within a little while Or, a few that shall escape.

7. some deliverance] Render, as margin, deliverance within a

little while.

⁸Nevertheless they shall be his servants; that

they may know my service, and the service of
the kingdoms of the countries.
8. that they may know my service, etc.] i.e. that they may learn
the difference between my service and other service.

⁹So Shishak king of Egypt came up against

Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the
house of the Lord, and the treasures of the
king’s house; he took all away: he took away
also the shields of gold which Solomon had
made.
9. he took all away] Shishak was bought off with a heavy present
from attacking Jerusalem; compare the case of Sennacherib (2
Kings xviii. 13‒16).

shields] Rather, targets, i.e. small shields; compare note on ix.

15.

¹⁰And king Rehoboam made in their stead

shields of brass, and committed them to the
hands of the captains of the guard ¹, that kept
 the door of the king’s house. ¹¹And it was so,
that as oft as the king entered into the house
of the Lord, the guard came and bare them,
and brought them back into the guard
chamber.
¹ Hebrew runners.

10. the guard] margin (more literally) the runners. These derived
their name from the duty of running before the king’s chariot to clear
the way for him; compare 2 Samuel xv. 1; 1 Kings i. 5.

¹²And when he humbled himself, the wrath of

the Lord turned from him, that he would not
destroy him altogether: and moreover in
Judah there were good things found.
12. in Judah were good things found] i.e. piety, compare xix. 3.
This is said as giving an additional reason for the mercy which God
had showed (verse 7). Doubtless it is also intended to emphasise the
religious superiority of the South over the North; compare the note
on xi. 20.

13‒16 (compare 1 Kings xiv. 21, 29‒31).

Summary of Rehoboam’s Reign.

¹³So king Rehoboam strengthened himself in

Jerusalem, and reigned: for Rehoboam was
forty and one years old when he began to
reign, and he reigned seventeen years in
Jerusalem, the city which the Lord had
chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his
 name there: and his mother’s name was
Naamah the Ammonitess.
13. strengthened himself] See note on i. 1. The immediate
reference is to a recovery of strength after the departure of Shishak;
the further reference is to xi. 5.

forty and one years old ... and he reigned seventeen years] So
read both the Hebrew and LXX. here and in 1 Kings xiv. 21, but in
the additional passage which follows 1 Kings xii. 24 in LXX. (B, not
A) we read, sixteen years old ... and twelve years he reigned. No
importance however can be attached to this variation, for the
passage which contains it is plainly midrashic in character.

the city which the Lord had chosen] Though the Ten Tribes were
lost to the house of David, the Lord kept his oath to David by
securing to his seed the possession of the one holy city of Israel.

¹⁴And he did that which was evil, because he

set not his heart to seek the Lord.
14. he set not his heart] The phrase implies steady purpose. The
Chronicler concludes that Rehoboam must be classed as a king who
was good but not entirely so. The considerations which chiefly
influenced him in determining the character of this reign were
perhaps two: on the one hand the invasion of Shishak was felt to be
a fixed point, a disaster only to be accounted for in the Chronicler’s
view by some falling away from assiduous worship of Jehovah; and
on the other hand it seemed incredible that the second direct
descendant of David on the throne of Israel should have been
seriously corrupt. The situation was met by representing Rehoboam
as having been three years faithful (and therefore prosperous), and
one year faithless (and therefore assailed by Shishak in the fifth
year). The favourable aspect of his reign was further emphasised by
the statement of verse 16, and by the suppression of the three
damaging passages in Kings, referred to in the head-note to xi. 5‒
23. It is very obvious that the resultant picture of the king is much
less true to historical reality than the account in Kings; but it serves
excellently to illustrate the Chronicler’s contention that virtue
prospers and vice is punished. And once more we may insist that the
value of this writer for us lies supremely in the energy and the
conviction with which he seeks to drive home this great moral and
spiritual belief.

¹⁵Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last,

are they not written in the histories ¹ of
Shemaiah the prophet and of Iddo the seer,
after the manner of genealogies ²? And there
were wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam
continually. ¹⁶And Rehoboam slept with his
fathers, and was buried in the city of David:
and Abijah his son reigned in his stead.
¹ Hebrew words. ² Or, in reckoning the genealogies.

15. in the histories of ...] See Introduction § 5.

Iddo] compare xiii. 22, and see note on ix. 29.

after the manner of genealogies] margin in reckoning the

genealogies; but literally “to enrol themselves.” This most obscure
phrase is perhaps a meaningless fragment due to textual corruption.
Another suggestion is that it has been misplaced and should be read
at the end of xi. 16.