Lecture 6 -Mathematics 2

Integration of Rational Functions in Trigonometric Ratios

In such an integral, if the denominator turns out to be troublesome, then you may decide to use
the following substitution:

 x
z  tan  .
2

Then the integral will become one of a rational function in z, because you will get:

2 2z
dx  dz sin x 
1 z2 1 z2
2z 1 z2
tan x  cos x 
1 z2 1 z2

Lecture Examples
on Rational Functions in Trigonometric Ratios

dx
Example 1. Integrate
 sin x  cos x .
Answer. Use the substitution

 
z  tan x .
2
2 2z 1 z2
 dx  dz , sin x  and cos x  .
1 z2 1 z2 1 z2
 2dz 
 2 
dx 1  z 
I =  sin x  cos x =   2z   1  z 2 
 2 
  
2 
1  z  1  z 

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  2dz 
 
 1 z2  1  z 2  = 2dz 2dz
I = 
 2 z   1  z  1  z 
2 2  2 z  1  z 2  =
 z 2  2z  1
 2 
  
2 
1  z  1  z 

2dz dz 2 2   z  1
I =  z 2  2 z  1  1  1 =  2
2   z  1
2
=
2 2
ln
2   z  1
+C

I =
1 2  1  tan x
2 C.
 
2
ln
2  1  tan x
2
 
dx
Example 2. Integrate
 sin x  tan x .
Answer. Use the substitution

 
z  tan x .
2
2 2z 2z
 dx  dz , sin x  and tan x  .
1 z2 1 z2 1 z2
 2dz 
 2 
dx 1  z 
I =  sin x  tan x =   2z   2z 
 2 
 2 
1  z  1  z 

 2dz 
 
I =   1 z2  
1  z 2  1  z 2  21  z 2 dz
 2 z   2 z  1  z 2  1  z 2 
=
 2 z 1  z 2   2 z 1  z 2 
 2 
 2 
1  z  1  z 

21  z 2 dz 1 z 1 1
I =   2 z  2 dz = 2 ln z  4 z C
2
=
4z
2
1  x  1   x 
I = ln tan    tan    C .
2  2  4   2 

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 tan 𝑥
Example 3. Integrate ∫
sin 𝑥−tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥.

Answer. Use the substitution

 
z  tan x .
2
2 2z 2z
 dx  dz , sin x  and tan x  .
1 z2 1 z2 1 z2

tan 𝑥
∴𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
2𝑧
( ) 2
=∫ 1 − 𝑧2 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 2𝑧 1 + 𝑧2
( ) −( )
1 + 𝑧2 1 − 𝑧2
2𝑧 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 2𝑧 (1 − 𝑧 2 )(1 + 𝑧 2 )
[ − ]
1 + 𝑧2 1 − 𝑧2
4𝑧 2
=∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧
[2𝑧(1 − 𝑧 ) −2𝑧(1 + 𝑧 )] [(1 − 𝑧 ) −(1 + 𝑧 2 )]
2

2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ −𝑧 −2 𝑑𝑧
−2𝑧 2
1 𝑥
= + 𝑐 = cot ( ) + 𝑐.
𝑧 2

1
Example 4. Integrate∫
1−cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥.

Answer. Use the substitution

 
z  tan x .
2
2 1 z2
 dx  dz , and cos x  .
1 z2 1 z2

1 2
∴𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2
1−( )
1 + 𝑧2
2 2 1 1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 −2 𝑑𝑧 = − + 𝑐. = − 𝑥 + 𝑐.
(1 + 𝑧 ) −(2) 2𝑧 𝑧 tan(2)

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 1
Example 5. Integrate∫
1+sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥.

Answer. Use the substitution

 
z  tan x .
2
2 2z
 dx  dz , and sin x  .
1 z2 1 z2

1 2
∴𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 1 + 𝑧2
1+( )
1 + 𝑧2
2 2 −2
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 2 ∫(𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 = − + 𝑐.
(1 + 𝑧 2 ) + 2𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)2 𝑧+1
2
=− 𝑥 + 𝑐.
1 + tan(2)
1
Example 5. Integrate∫
1+sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥.

Answer. Use the substitution

 
z  tan x .
2
2 2z 1 z2
 dx  dz , sin x  and . cos x 
1 z2 1 z2 1 z2
1 2 2
∴𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧 1− 𝑧2 1+𝑧 2 1 + 𝑧 + 2𝑧 + 1 − 𝑧 2
2
1+( )+( )
1 + 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧2
2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ln(1 + 𝑧) + 𝑐 = ln(1 + tan( )) + 𝑐.
2 + 2𝑧 2

𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒌

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