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High Power Microwave Sources and Technologies Using Metamaterials
IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854
Edited by
John Luginsland
Confluent Sciences, LLC
Ithaca, New York
Jason A. Marshall
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, DC
Arje Nachman
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
Arlington, VA
Edl Schamiloglu
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Editor Biographies xi
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
3.11 Summary 84
References 84
5.3.4 Leading Order Theory of Gain for Hybrid Space Charge Modes for a Corrugated SWS
with Beam 138
5.3.4.1 Hybrid Modes in Beam 140
5.3.4.2 Impedance Condition 141
5.3.4.3 Cold Structure 141
5.3.4.4 Pierce Theory 142
5.4 Electrodynamics Inside a Finite-Length TWT: Transmission Line Model 142
5.4.1 Solution of the Transmission Line Approximation 145
5.4.2 Discussion of Results 145
5.5 Corrugated Oscillators 148
5.5.1 Oscillator Geometry 148
5.5.2 Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations in the Oscillator 149
5.5.3 Perturbation Expansions 151
5.5.4 Leading Order Theory: The Subwavelength Limit of the Asymptotic Expansions 151
5.5.5 Dispersion Relation for 𝛿𝜔 152
5.6 Summary 154
References 154
Index 271
xi
Editor Biographies
John Luginsland – Dr. John Luginsland is a senior scientist at Confluent Sciences, LLC and an
adjunct professor at Michigan State University. Previously, he worked at AFOSR serving as the
plasma physics and lasers and optics program officer, as well as in various technical leadership
roles. Additionally, he worked for SAIC and NumerEx, as well as the directed energy directorate of
the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). He is a fellow of the IEEE and AFRL. He received his
BSE, MSE., and PhD in nuclear engineering from the University of Michigan in 1992, 1994, and
1996, respectively.
Jason A. Marshall – Dr. Jason A. Marshall is the associate superintendent, Plasma Physics
Division, Naval Research Laboratory. Prior to this, he was a principal scientist with the Air
Force Office of Scientific Research responsible for management and execution of the Air Force
basic research investments in Plasma and Electro-energetic Physics. He received BS degrees in
anthropology and chemistry from Eastern New Mexico University in 1994 and 1995, respectively;
an MS degree in chemistry from Washington State University in 1998; and a PhD in chemical
physics from Washington State University in 2002.
Arje Nachman – Dr. Arje Nachman is the program officer for electromagnetics at AFOSR. He
has worked at AFOSR since 1985. Before that, he was on the mathematics faculty of Texas A&M
and Old Dominion University, and a senior scientist at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). Dr.
Nachman received a BS in computer science and applied mathematics in 1968 from Washington
University (St. Louis) and a PhD in Mathematics in 1973 from NYU.
Edl Schamiloglu – Dr. Edl Schamiloglu is a distinguished professor of electrical and computer
engineering at the University of New Mexico, where he also serves as associate dean for research
and innovation in the School of Engineering, and special assistant to the Provost for Laboratory
Relations. He is a fellow of the IEEE and the American Physical Society. He received his BS and
MS from Columbia University in 1979 and 1981, respectively, and his PhD from Cornell University
in 1988.
xiii
List of Contributors
Tyler Wynkoop
BAE Systems, Inc.
Minneapolis, MN
USA
xvii
Foreword
Since its inception in 1985, the Department of Defense’s Multidisciplinary University Research Ini-
tiative (MURI) program has convened teams of investigators with the hope that collective insights
drawn from research across multiple disciplines could facilitate the advancement of newly emerg-
ing technologies and address the department’s unique problem sets. Developed in collaboration
between the military services and the Office of the Secretary of Defense, MURI topics and the
teams chosen to execute the research represent a dedicated source of innovation for science and
technology solutions to hard national security problems. These highly competitive awards comple-
ment and augment the traditional basic research initiatives that support single-investigator grants
with research programs that can draw on a wide range of researchers and disciplines. Furthermore,
longer periods of performance allow these MURIs to start new research areas at the intersection of
multiple fields of study. The combination of significant and sustained support in areas critical to
National Security and the Department of Defense’s mission provide the potential for game changing
advancement in science and technology.
This volume, edited by Drs. John Luginsland, Jason A. Marshall, Arje Nachman, and Edl
Schamiloglu, summarizes the accomplishments of the FY12 MURI consortium, which was
awarded an AFOSR grant on Transformational Electromagnetics. Drs. Luginsland, Marshall, and
Nachman (AFOSR) were program officers for this MURI, and Dr. Schamiloglu (University of New
Mexico) was the consortium PI. The other PIs on this MURI were Dr. Richard Temkin (MIT), Dr.
John Volakis (The Ohio State University and toward the end Florida International University),
Dr. Alexander Figotin (UC Irvine), and Dr. Robert Lipton (Louisiana State University). The
contributors to this volume were the faculty, staff, and graduate students involved in performing
the research.
The success of this MURI is a result of the hard work and internationally recognized exper-
tise of the sponsored researchers. As a plasma physicist myself, I certainly appreciate the chal-
lenges in advancing the state-of-the-art in directed energy microwave sources. The five universities,
guided by the MURI’s Advisory Board with members from the Air Force Research Laboratory, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, and industry, have advanced the understanding of a new generation
of directed energy microwave capability that introduces metamaterials into their beam-wave inter-
action structures. Conventional microwave vacuum electronics has advanced enormously from
continuous research for nearly a century. Metamaterial-based devices have been explored for less
than a decade, so one can only imagine what advances will be realized in the future.
I commend the AFOSR program officers for successfully creating such a MURI topic, and I
commend the PI and his team for successfully executing this award. This is an example of how
multidisciplinary teams accelerate research through cross-fertilization of ideas. Such efforts also
hasten the transition of basic research findings to practical applications and, importantly, train the
xviii Foreword
next generation of the science and engineering workforce in areas of particular importance to the
U.S. DoD.
In summary, I am very pleased to have this volume as an archival record of this successful
five-year effort. The editors have done a masterful job of working with the researchers to collate
this huge mass of valuable information into a consistent whole. This volume is a wonderful way of
disseminating the advances from this MURI to new students, and also to practitioners, in the field
seeking to understand how metamaterials can be exploited to design a new generation of intense
microwave sources.
Brendan B. Godfrey
Director, AFOSR
2004–2010
Brendan B. Godfrey is retired from a career of research management in government and industry,
most recently as part of the Senior Executive Service (SES). He is a full-time volunteer, not only princi-
pally for IEEE-USA, but also for IEEE-Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society, the National Academies,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Ars Lyrica Houston. He has led organizations with as
many as 1500 people and budgets as large as US$ 500 million. He was director of the Air Force Office
of Scientific Research from 2004 to 2010. His personal research centers on intense-charged particle
beams, high-power microwave sources, and computational plasma methods. He is an IEEE Fellow
and American Physical Society Fellow, and holds a PhD from Princeton University.
xix
Preface
Aristotle identified a distinction between natural and artificial things. He ascribed the difference
to motion and change. Natural things have a source of motion or change within them. Artificial
things don’t have any source of change in them, so they need an external cause. In this book, we
explore the change in artificial materials caused by high-power electromagnetic radiation.
This book presents a snapshot in time of the status of research on high-power microwave (HPM)
sources and technologies using metamaterials circa 2021. The focus of this book is on research that
resulted from an FY2012 Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Multidisciplinary Uni-
versity Research Initiative (MURI) award on Transformational Electromagnetics that was funded
for over US$ 7.5 million and for over five years. The award was also supplemented with substantial
Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP) grants. This MURI award builds
on decades of AFOSR support for HPM research. The exploration of metamaterials essentially dou-
bles the space of materials that can be exploited in the design of HPM sources, a space previously
occupied by only conventional metals.
One of the editors (ES) was the lead Principal Investigator (PI) on the award and the remaining
editors (JL, JAM, and AN) served as program officers for part or all of the award.
The team of university researchers was led by the University of New Mexico (ES) and included
MIT (Richard Temkin, PI), the Ohio State University (John Volakis, PI), the University of Cali-
fornia at Irvine (Alex Figotin, PI), and Louisiana State University (Robert Lipton, PI). The title of
their proposal was Innovative Use of Metamaterials in Confining, Controlling, and Radiating Intense
Microwave Pulses.
Supporting this MURI team were collaborators at the Air Force Research Laboratory’s (AFRL’s)
Directed Energy (DE) Directorate (Dr. Robert E. Peterkin, Chief Scientist for AFRL’s Directorate at
the time). In addition, an esteemed group of scientists served as the advisory board for this MURI,
providing feedback and guidance. Members of the Advisory Board were:
● Dr. Dave Abe, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC
Oi, hän oli jo ajatellut Rassmannia, mutta olihan siihen vielä aikaa,
kun hän ensin oli kysynyt mieheltään.
"Ei, rakas herraseni Schorn, me emme sovi yhteen, tiedän sen nyt,
odottakaahan, kun ensin vapaa lemmenvaali on tullut voimaan,
silloin —"
"Ah, kuinka säikytitte minua, mutta hyvä on, että olette täällä. Olen
vihoissani miehelleni. Hän ei ole enää kiintynyt edes pukuunikaan.
Mutta te voitte minua neuvoa, kuinka minun on tänään pukeuduttava
—"
"No, luulen, että uusi, harmaa pukunne pukee teitä hyvin —"
Hanna nauroi.
Oltiin teatterissa.
Se olikin ymmärrettävää.
Rouva Schorn, jonka kauneudesta puhui koko kaupunki eikä
suinkaan vähemmin hänen hyveistään ja rakkaudestaan mieheensä,
rouva Schorn, joka muuten tuskin koskaan esiintyi julkisissa
huveissa, nähtiin tänään teatterissa, lisäksi vielä ilman miestään,
vaikkakin tosin toisen muhkean herran seurassa, herran, jonka
sanottiin olevan Schornin liiketoveri.
"No, pienoiseni, nyt kai mennään pian naimisiin, kun on minut niin
äkkiä sysätty syrjään?"
"Kuka nyt on niin jörö. Älä ole tuollainen! Tiedänhän, että minussa
on syytä, mutta sinunkin olisi pitänyt minusta pitää parempaa huolta.
Tiedätkös, tahtoisin päästä kokonaan Berliiniin. Täällä on hirveän
ikävää seuraa. Etkö voisi hankkia minulle matkarahat, rakas
Gustavini? Tule, tue minua —"
"Kiitos, mainiosti."
"Siitä ei huolta. Vilhelm sallii mitä vaan. Olisipa kaunista, jollei hän
niin tekisi. Se kuuluu kommunismiin. Eikös niin, Hanna?"
"Jos te ja mieheni olette sitä mieltä täytyy kai minun taipua."
"Se vie niin paljon aikaa — menkää vain yksin", sanoi hän
seuraavalla kerralla, tietämättä, mitä hänen ystävänsä helpotuksen
huokaus merkitsi.
Tämä kirottu hymy, joka tuntui aina siltä, kuin voisi se jonakin
päivänä muuttua hirveäksi kostonhuudoksi! Rassmann koetti tätä
kirottua ajatusta sadat kerrat karkottaa, ja kuitenkin palasi se yön
hiljaisuudessa joka kerta takaisin ja aina täytyi hänen ajatella titteliä
"porvari", jonka Pätzoldt oli Schornille keksinyt.