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Digital Transformation of the Laboratory
Digital Transformation of the Laboratory

A Practical Guide to the Connected Lab

Edited by

Klemen Zupancic
Tea Pavlek
Jana Erjavec
The Editors All books published by WILEY-VCH
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3000 Parmenter St. these books, including this book, to
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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-34719-3

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Printing and Binding

Printed on acid-free paper

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 v

Contents

Preface xvii

Part I Inspiration 1

1 The Next Big Developments – The Lab of the Future 3

Richard Shute and Nick Lynch
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Discussion 3
1.2.1 People/Culture 4
1.2.2 Process 5
1.2.3 Lab Environment and Design 6
1.2.4 Data Management and the “Real Asset” 7
1.2.4.1 Data in the Hypothesis-driven, Research Lab 7
1.2.4.2 Data in the Protocol-driven Lab 8
1.2.4.3 New Data Management Developments 9
1.2.5 New Technology 11
1.2.5.1 Lab Automation Integration and Interoperability 12
1.2.5.2 Quantum Computing and the Lab of the Future 16
1.2.5.3 Impact of AI and ML 18
1.2.6 New Science 19
1.2.6.1 New Science in Health Care 19
1.2.6.2 New Science in the Life Sciences Domain 20
1.2.6.3 Other Important New Science Areas 21
1.3 Thoughts on LotF Implementation 22
1.4 Conclusion 22
References 24
vi Contents

Part II Knowledge Base 33

2 Crucial Software-related Terms to Understand 35

Luka Murn
2.1 Digital Revolution 35
2.2 Computers 35
2.2.1 Programs, Instructions, and Programming Languages 37
2.2.2 Hardware and Software 38
2.2.3 Operating Systems 38
2.2.4 Abstraction 40
2.2.5 Virtualization 40
2.3 Internet 41
2.3.1 World Wide Web (WWW) 42
2.3.2 Web Applications 43
2.3.3 Web Applications in Comparison With Traditional Applications 44
2.4 Cloud Computing 47
2.4.1 Classification of Cloud Services 48
2.4.1.1 IaaS (infrastructure as a service) 49
2.4.1.2 PaaS (platform as a service) 49
2.4.1.3 SaaS (software as a service) 49
2.4.2 Cloud Deployment Models 50
2.4.2.1 Public Cloud 50
2.4.2.2 Private Cloud 51
2.4.2.3 Hybrid Cloud 51
2.4.3 Issues and Considerations 51
2.5 Computer Platforms 52
2.5.1 Desktop/Laptop/PC 53
2.5.1.1 Desktop Applications 53
2.5.2 Mobile 54
2.5.2.1 Mobile Applications 55
2.5.3 Server/Web 55
2.5.3.1 Web Browser 56
2.5.4 Embedded 56
2.5.5 Cross-platform 56
2.6 Applications 57
2.7 Values of Software 58
2.7.1 Features 58
2.7.2 Design 58
2.8 Software Development 58
2.9 Software Product Lifecycle 59
2.10 Software Design 61
2.10.1 Code 61
2.10.2 Data 63
2.11 Software Quality 64
2.12 Software Integration 65
 Contents vii

2.12.1 API 66
2.12.2 Middleware 67
2.12.3 Authentication and Authorization 67
2.12.4 Internet of Things 67
2.13 Data-flow Modeling for Laboratories 67
2.14 Software Licensing 70
2.14.1 Proprietary Software Licenses 70
2.14.2 Open Source 70
References 72

3 Introduction to Laboratory Software Solutions and Differences

Between Them 75
Tilen Kranjc
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Types of Software Used in Laboratories 76
3.2.1 Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) 76
3.2.2 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) 78
3.2.3 Laboratory Execution System (LES) 80
3.2.4 Laboratory Data Management System (LDMS) 80
3.2.5 Chromatography Data Management System (CDMS) 80
3.2.6 Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Software 81
3.2.7 Automation Scheduling Software 82
3.2.8 Laboratory Instrument Software 82
3.2.9 Middleware and Robotic Process Automation (RPA) 83
3.2.10 Data Analysis Software 83
3.2.11 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 84
References 84

4 Data Safety and Cybersecurity 85

Luka Murn
4.1 Introduction 85
4.1.1 Magnetic Storage 85
4.1.2 Solid-state Drives 86
4.2 Data Safety 86
4.2.1 Risks 86
4.2.2 Measures 87
4.2.2.1 Backups 87
4.2.2.2 Data Replication 88
4.3 Cybersecurity 88
4.3.1 Threat Model 89
4.3.1.1 Untargeted/Opportunistic Attacks 89
4.3.1.2 Targeted Attacks 90
4.3.2 Risks 90
4.3.2.1 Physical Access 91
4.3.2.2 Software Access 91
viii Contents

4.3.2.3 Privileged Users 93

4.3.2.4 Data in Transit 93
4.3.2.5 Social Engineering 94
4.3.3 Measures 96
4.3.3.1 Physical Protection 96
4.3.3.2 Software and Infrastructural Measures 96
4.3.3.3 Encryption 97
4.3.3.4 Policies and Processes 99
4.3.3.5 Education 99
4.3.3.6 Third-party Security Review 100
References 100

5 FAIR Principles and Why They Matter 101

Keith Russell
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 What Is the Value of Making Data FAIR? 101
5.3 Considerations in Creating Lab-based Data to Prepare for It to Be
FAIR 102
5.4 The FAIR Guiding Principles Overview 104
References 104

6 The Art of Writing and Sharing Methods in the Digital

Environment 107
Lenny Teytelman and Emma Ganley
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Tools and Resources for Tracking, Developing, Sharing, and
Disseminating Protocols 109
6.2.1 Tools for Organizing and Tracking Your Protocols 109
6.3 Making Your Protocols Public 110
6.4 The Art of Writing Methods 111
References 113

Part III Practical 115

7 How to Approach the Digital Transformation 117

Jana Erjavec, Matjaž Hren, and Tilen Kranjc
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Defining the Requirements for Your Lab 118
7.2.1 Digitization Versus Digitalization Versus Digital Transformation 118
7.2.2 Defining the Approach and Scope for Your Lab – Digitization,
Digitalization, or Digital Transformation? 119
7.2.2.1 Which Challenges Do I Have Now? 120
7.2.2.2 Which Challenges Need My Immediate Attention? 121
7.2.2.3 Which Challenges Do I See in the Future? 121
 Contents ix

7.2.2.4 What is My Long-term Business Strategy? 122

7.2.2.5 How Will Changes Affect My Current Business? 122
7.2.2.6 How Will I Manage Legacy Data? 123
7.2.2.7 How Will I Get People to Cooperate? 124
7.3 Evaluating the Current State in the Lab 124
7.3.1 Defining the Overall Goals of the Digitalized Laboratory 124
7.3.1.1 Example 124
7.3.2 Defining the Data Flows 125
7.3.3 Describing the Processes 127
7.3.4 Identifying the Bottlenecks 128
7.3.4.1 Bottlenecks in Data Flow Optimization 128
7.3.4.2 Efficiency and Integrity of Data Flows 128
7.3.4.3 Example: Make Data Machine Readable 129
7.3.5 Opportunities in Process Optimization 130
7.3.5.1 Time-consuming Processes 130
7.3.5.2 General Laboratory Processes 131
7.3.6 Gap Analysis 131
7.3.6.1 Example 132
References 133

8 Understanding Standards, Regulations, and Guidelines 135

Matjaž Hren
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 The Need for Standards and Guidelines 136
8.3 How Does Digitalization Relate to Standards and Guidelines 137
8.3.1 Standards Should Affect the Selection of the Tools for Digitalization 137
8.3.2 Digital Tools Promote Good Practices 138
8.4 Challenges Related to Digitalization in Certified Laboratories 140
8.5 Can Digital Strategy be Implemented without Certification? 141
References 142

9 Interoperability Standards 143

Sören Hohmann
9.1 SiLA 144
9.2 AnIML 145
9.3 Allotrope 146
9.4 Conclusion 147

10 Addressing the User Adoption Challenge 149

Jana Erjavec
10.1 Introduction 149
10.2 Identify Key Stakeholders and Explain the Reasons for Change 151
10.3 Establish a Steering Committee 152
10.4 Define the Project Objectives, Expected Behaviour, and Timeline 153
10.5 Check for Understanding and Encourage Debate 154
x Contents

10.6 Acknowledge Ideas and Communicate Progress 155

10.7 Provide a Feedback Mechanism 155
10.8 Set Up Key Experience Indicators and Monitor Progress 156
10.8.1 Happiness 156
10.8.2 Engagement 157
10.8.3 Adoption 157
10.9 Gradually Expand to a Larger Scale 158
10.10 Conclusions 159
References 160

11 Testing the Electronic Lab Notebook and Setting Up a Product

Trial 161
Blazka Orel
11.1 Introduction 161
11.2 The Product Trial 161
11.3 The Importance of a Product Trial 162
11.4 Setting Up a Product Trial 163
11.4.1 Phase I: Planning 163
11.4.2 Phase II: Conceptualization 164
11.4.3 Phase III: Testing 166
11.4.4 Phase IV: Reporting 170
11.5 Good Practices of Testing a Product 171
11.5.1 Taking the Time for Planning 172
11.5.2 Having a Bigger Picture in Mind 172
11.5.3 Keeping Your Testers Motivated 173
11.5.4 Systematic Evaluation of Products 173
11.5.5 Cooperating with Vendors 174
11.6 Conclusions 174
References 175

Part IV Case Studies 177

12 Understanding and Defining the Academic Chemical

Laboratory’s Requirements: Approach and Scope of
Digitalization Needed 179
Samantha Kanza
12.1 Types of Chemistry Laboratory 179
12.2 Different Stages of Digitalization 179
12.3 Preparatory Stage 180
12.3.1 Digitalization Requirements 181
12.3.2 Issues and Barriers to Adoption 181
12.3.3 Suggested Solutions 181
12.4 Laboratory Stage 182
12.4.1 Digitalization Requirements 182
 Contents xi

12.4.2 Issues and Barriers to Adoption 183

12.4.3 Suggested Solutions 184
12.5 Transferal Stage 185
12.5.1 Digitalization Requirements 185
12.5.2 Issues and Barriers to Adoption 185
12.5.3 Suggested Solutions 186
12.6 Write-up Stage 186
12.6.1 Digitalization Requirements 186
12.6.2 Issues and Barriers to Adoption 187
12.6.3 Suggested Solutions 187
12.7 Conclusions and Final Considerations 188
References 189

13 Guidelines for Chemistry Labs Looking to Go Digital 191

Samantha Kanza
13.1 Understanding the Current Setup 191
13.2 Understanding Your Scientists and Their Needs 192
13.3 Understanding User-based Technology Adoption 193
13.4 Breaking Down the Barriers Between Science and Technology 195
13.5 Making Your Laboratory Team Understand Why This Is Necessary 195
13.6 Working with Domain Experts 195
13.7 Choosing the Right Software 196
13.8 Changing Attitude and Organization 196
References 197

14 Electronic Lab Notebook Implementation in a Diagnostics

Company 199
Casey Scott-Weathers
14.1 Making the Decision 199
14.2 Problems with Paper Notebooks 199
14.3 Determining Laboratory’s Needs 200
14.4 Testing 201
14.5 A Decision 201
14.6 How to Structure the ELN 202
14.7 Conclusion 203

15 Identifying and Overcoming Digitalization Challenges in a

Fast-growing Research Laboratory 205
Dorothea Höpfner
15.1 Why Going Digital? 205
15.2 Steps to Introduce ELNs in Lab Practice 207
15.2.1 Step 1: Getting to Know the Market or What We Can Expect of an
ELN 207
15.2.2 Step 2: Defining the Needs of Our Lab and Our Requirements for an
ELN 208
xii Contents

15.2.2.1 Data Structure 209

15.2.2.2 Compatibility with Databases 209
15.2.2.3 Flexibility of Documentation Style 209
15.2.2.4 Report Options 210
15.2.2.5 Speed 210
15.2.3 Step 3: Matching Steps 1 and 2 and Testing Our Best Options 210
15.2.4 Step 4: Getting Started in Implementing the ELN 211
15.3 Creating the Mindset of a Digital Scientist 213
15.4 The Dilemma of Digitalization in Academia 214

16 Turning Paper Habits into Digital Proficiency 217

Tessa Grabinski
16.1 Five Main Reasons for the Implementation of a Digital System to
Manage the Research Data 217
16.1.1 Scale-up of the Laboratory 218
16.1.2 Protocol Management Issues 218
16.1.3 Environmental and Financial Factors 218
16.1.4 Introducing the Benefits of Technology to Younger Employees 219
16.1.5 Remote Access to Data by Authorized Supervisors 219
16.2 The Six-step Process of Going from Paper to Digital 219
16.2.1 Defining the Specific Needs of the Laboratory 219
16.2.2 Testing the Software and Defining the Standard Way to Use It 220
16.2.3 Organizing the Collaboration Between Lab Members and
Supervisors 221
16.2.4 Managing Projects and Setting Up Work Processes 222
16.2.5 Versioning of Protocols and Keeping the Protocol Repository Up to
Date 225
16.2.6 Choosing to Digitize Only New Projects 226
16.3 Onboarding All Team Members and Enhancing the Adoption of the New
Technology in the Lab 226
16.4 Benefits of Switching from Paper to Digital 230

17 Going from Paper to Digital: Stepwise Approach by the

National Institute of Chemistry (Contract Research) 231
Samo Andrensek and Simona L. Hartl
17.1 Presentation of our CVTA Laboratory 231
17.2 Data Management Requirements Explained in Detail 231
17.2.1 Meaning of ALCOA 232
17.2.2 FDA and CFR 21 Part 11 233
17.2.3 MHRA and GxP Data Integrity Guidance and Definitions 233
17.2.4 Definition of Terms and Interpretation of Requirements 235
17.3 Going from Paper to Digital 240
17.4 Implementation of SciNote (ELN) to CVTA System 241
17.4.1 Some of CVTA user’s Requirements (URS) 242
 Contents xiii

17.4.2 From Documentation Review and Approval to ELN

Implementation 242
17.4.3 Step-by-Step Implementation of Change Control Management in
SciNote 244
17.4.3.1 Creating Projects in SciNote 245
17.4.3.2 Creating a Workflow 245
17.4.3.3 Creating the Tasks and Protocol Steps 245
17.4.3.4 Filtering, Overview of Data and Inventory for Change Control
Management 246
17.4.3.5 Audit Trail of Changes 246
17.4.3.6 Overview of all Activities 246
17.4.4 Organization and Signing of CVTA Documentation in ELN SciNote Due
to User Roles and Permissions 250
17.4.4.1 Managing the Team Roles and Responsibilities within SciNote 250
17.4.4.2 Managing Projects for Efficient Work with Clients 250
17.5 Suggestions for Improvements and Vision for the Future 251
References 251

18 Wet Lab Goes Virtual: In Silico Tools, ELNs, and Big Data Help
Scientists Generate and Analyze Wet-lab Data 253
Jungjoon Lee and Yoonjoo Choi
18.1 CRISPR-Cas9 Explained 254
18.2 Introduction of the Digital Solutions and ELN into the Laboratory 255
18.3 The Role of the ELN and In Silico Tools in the Genome-editing
Process 255
18.3.1 Designing sgRNA 255
18.3.2 Issues with Paper-based Processes and the Use of ELN 256
18.3.3 High-content Imaging for the Target Discovery 256
18.3.4 Plant Virtual Laboratory 257
18.4 The Role of the ELN and In Silico Tools in the Protein Design
Process 258
18.4.1 Protein Modeling 258
18.4.2 Protein Redesign 259
18.4.3 Importance of Keeping the Electronic Records 260
18.4.4 Development of Therapeutic Antibodies 260
18.4.5 Importance of Electronic Lab Notebook for Communication Between
Team Members 262
References 263

19 Digital Lab Strategy: Enterprise Approach 265

Cesar Tavares
19.1 Motivation 265
19.1.1 Which Problem Do We Want to Solve? 265
19.1.2 New Problems Require New Answers 266
19.2 Designing a Flexible and Adaptable Architecture 267
xiv Contents

19.3 There is Only One Rule: No Rules 269

19.4 The Lab Digitalization Program Compass 270
19.5 Conclusion 273
References 273

Part V Continuous Improvement 275

20 Next Steps – Continuity After Going Digital 277

Klemen Zupancic
20.1 Are You Ready to Upgrade Further? 277
20.2 Understanding the Big Picture 277
20.3 What to Integrate First? 279
20.3.1 Integrations 280
20.3.2 Laboratory Equipment – Concepts of IoT and Lab 4.0 281
20.3.2.1 Does the Equipment Support Integrations? 281
20.3.2.2 How Often Is the Instrument Being Used? 282
20.3.2.3 Is There a High Chance for Human Error? 282
20.3.2.4 Do You Need One- or Two-way Sync? 282
20.3.2.5 Is the Equipment Using Any Standards? 282
20.3.2.6 Is Equipment Cloud Connected? 282
20.3.3 Data Repositories 282
20.3.4 Data Analytics Tools 283
20.3.5 Other Types of Integrations 284
20.3.5.1 Scientific Search Engines and Literature Management 284
20.3.5.2 Data Sharing 284
20.3.5.3 Publishing 285
20.3.5.4 Upgrading Plans 285
20.4 Budgeting 285
20.5 Continuous Improvement as a Value 286
References 286

Part VI Vision of the Future and Changing the Way We Do

Science 287

21 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Transforming Laboratories 289

Dunja Mladenic
21.1 Introduction to AI 289
21.1.1 Opportunities 289
21.1.2 Needs 290
21.1.3 Challenges 290
21.2 Artificial Intelligence in Laboratories 291
21.2.1 Data Preprocessing 291
21.2.2 Data Analytics 292
 Contents xv

21.3 Process Monitoring 293

21.4 Discussion – Human in the Loop 294
References 295

22 Academic’s Perspective on the Vision About the Technology

Trends in the Next 5–10 Years 297
Samantha Kanza
22.1 Hybrid Solutions 297
22.2 Voice Technologies 298
22.3 Smart Assistants 298
22.4 Internet of Things 298
22.5 Robot Scientists 299
22.6 Making Science Smart – Incorporating Semantics and AI into Scientific
Software 300
22.7 Conclusions 300
References 301

23 Looking to the Future: Academic Freedom Versus Innovation

in Academic Research Institutions 303
Alastair Downie
23.1 Introduction 303
23.2 Corporate Culture Versus Academic Freedom 303
23.3 Spoiled for Choice, but Still Waiting for the Perfect Solution 304
23.4 Building a Single, Shared Infrastructure for Research Data
Management 305
23.5 A Journey of a Thousand Miles Begins with a Single Step 307
Reference 308

24 Future of Scientific Findings: Communication and

Collaboration in the Years to Come 309
Lenny Teytelman and Emma Ganley
24.1 Preprints: Reversing the Increased Time to Publish 309
24.2 Virtual Communities 310
24.3 Evolving Publishing Models 312
24.4 Funders Are Starting to Play a Role in Facilitating and Encouraging
Rapid Sharing and Collaboration 312
24.5 Conclusion 314
References 314

25 Entrepreneur’s Perspective on Laboratories in 10 Years 317

Tilen Kranjc
25.1 Data Recording 317
25.2 Recognition of Voice and Writing 318
25.3 Data Recording in the Future 318
25.4 Experimental Processes 318
xvi Contents

25.5 Research Project Management 319

25.6 Experimental Planning 319
25.7 Virtual Reality 320
25.8 Smart Furniture 320
25.9 Experiment Execution 321
25.10 Laboratory Automation Trends 321
25.11 Cloud Laboratories 322
25.12 Data Analysis Trends 323
25.13 Artificial Intelligence 324
25.14 Data Visualizations and Interpretation 325
25.15 Databases 325
25.16 Conclusion 326
References 326

Index 329
 xvii

Preface

The subject of digital transformation is actually about you.

Your science, your everyday work environment, your partnerships and collabora-
tions, and the impact of your work on the future of scientific progress.
Welcome to this book.
As a brilliant astronomer, Maria Mitchell once said, “mingle the starlight with
your lives and you won’t be fretted by trifles.”
The greater meaning of digital transformation shifts the perspective toward the
global scheme of things. The main evaluating factors behind the lab digitalization
and digital transformation answer important questions: Are we improving the qual-
ity, efficiency, and the pace of innovation?
Lab digitalization is a people-driven initiative that aims to address the global chal-
lenges and provide solutions, backed by unquestionable integrity of traceable and
reproducible scientific data.
At the moment, regardless of the laboratory type or size, people are struggling
with the growing amount of generated data and leveraging its value. It is extremely
challenging to organize data and keep everything traceable and reusable long term.
To address the challenge, modularity and flexibility are being incorporated on
different levels of lab operations. Labs are becoming inviting spaces suitable for
interdisciplinary partnerships in a digital, virtual, or personal environment. Data
integrity initiatives and setup of new, digital systems prioritize integration of all tech
solutions used in the lab for optimal performance. Through effective integration
of tools, improved scientist-to-scientist interactions and intellectual contributions,
and quality change management, lab digitalization places the human element at
the very forefront of the overall progress toward the digital future.
This can be intimidating to some and exhilarating to others.
That is why this book is divided into modules: Inspiration, Knowledge Base, Prac-
tical, Case Studies, Continuous Improvement, and Vision of the Future. Each mod-
ule covers different aspects of lab digitalization.

Inspiration
We start this book with an inspiring overview of lab evolution, new technologies,
and new science being done. It will give you a complete overview of the subject of
xviii Preface

laboratories of the future and, hopefully, add to the vision of your own career in
science and technology.

Knowledge Base
Knowledge Base section focuses on crucial terms to understand. It will give you a
solid basis of knowledge that you will be able to apply further on as your lab grows
and evolves.

Practical
The Practical chapters give you examples and guidance on defining your lab’s digi-
talization strategy.

Case Studies
We present different case studies and expert comments on the subject of going from
paper to digital. You will be able to read how different laboratories and profession-
als approached the subject and put it into practice, and what are their conclusions,
advice, and lessons learned.

Continuous Improvement
We have a closer look at the steps that follow after the digitalization.

Vision of the Future and Changing the Way We Do Science

With continuous improvements in mind, we conclude the book with insightful

expert comments on the subject of the future of science. Many of the described
technologies are already becoming important, and here we identify those that might
shape the next 5–10 years and change the way we do science.

As you read this book, you will gain holistic knowledge on digital transformation
of the laboratory. Tracking, analyzing, and leveraging the value of data you are col-
lecting, by implementing tools that can empower the people in your lab, are the main
points of this journey.
Using the knowledge, you will be able to start defining what exactly you want to
achieve. Once you clarify your main goals, you will be able to go all the way back
through the processes in your lab and see which need to be digitalized.
 Preface xix

That is when you will get the real incentive to do it.

You will understand whether you are trying to just use technology as a conve-
nience to support the system you already have, or are you ready to think about using
the better technology to change and improve the system.
You will realize what kind of decisions you need to make throughout the cycle.
Selecting the right digital solutions is quite a challenge. It is important to think
how the potential solutions will fit into your existing architecture. An investment
of time, energy, and budget is always involved, especially if the solutions are not
integrated properly or your team is not in sync.
The knowledge you will gain will enable you to measure and evaluate the impact
of digitalization. How will the use of particular tools improve specific parts of your
processes to reach your goals within the given time frames?
Keeping the razor-sharp focus and determination is the most potent driver of dig-
italization.
All solutions work, but the execution is crucial. You will learn how to take an
agile approach, define the value for your team, start small, and scale up efficiently
and successfully.
This book is a result of collaboration between different authors – researchers,
business owners, consultants, managers, and professors who wrote about their vast
experience and provided valuable perspective on the subject of digital transforma-
tion. Because every lab is different, and there are as many use cases as there are labs,
our aim was to introduce you to a digital mindset that will enable you to find the
best solution for your lab.
This book guides you through the aspects of taking your time to understand the
basics of technology, adapt the digital mindset, include your team and address their
concerns and challenges, read how other labs started to pave their digital way, and
stay inspired along the way.
Let’s dive in.

SciNote LLC, USA Tea Pavlek

 1

Part I

Inspiration

We start this book with an inspiring overview of lab evolution, new technologies,
and new science being done. It will give you a complete overview of the subject of
laboratories of the future and, hopefully, add to the vision and purpose of your own
career in science and technology.
 3

The Next Big Developments – The Lab of the Future

Richard Shute and Nick Lynch
Curlew Research, Woburn Sands, UK

1.1 Introduction

Steve Jobs once said that “the biggest innovations of the 21st century will be at the
intersection of biology and technology”; in this (r)evolution, the lab will most defi-
nitely play a key role.
When speculating on the future digital transformation of the life sciences R&D,
one must consider how the whole lab environment and the science that goes on in
that lab will inevitably evolve and change [1, 2]. It is unlikely that an R&D lab in
2030, and certainly in 2040, will look and feel like a comparable lab from 2020. So,
what are the likely new big technologies and processes and ways of working that
will make that lab of the future (LotF) so different? This section endeavors to intro-
duce some of the new developments in technology and in science that we think will
change and influence the life science lab environment over the upcoming decade.

1.2 Discussion

Before going into the new technology and science in detail, it is important to rec-
ognize that this lab evolution will be driven not just by new technologies and new
science. In our view, there are four additional broader, yet fundamental and comple-
mentary attributes that influence how a lab environment changes over time. They
are:
1. People and culture considerations
2. Process developments and optimization
3. Data management improvements
4. Lab environment and design
When we add the fifth major driver of change – new technology (including new
science) – it becomes clear that digital transformation is a complex, multivariate
concept (Figure 1.1).
Digital Transformation of the Laboratory: A Practical Guide to the Connected Lab, First Edition.
Edited by Klemen Zupancic, Tea Pavlek and Jana Erjavec.
© 2021 WILEY-VCH GmbH. Published 2021 by WILEY-VCH GmbH.
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pogo Planet
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: Pogo Planet

Author: Donald A. Wollheim

Illustrator: Hannes Bok

Release date: March 11, 2024 [eBook #73148]

Language: English

Original publication: New York, NY: Columbia Publications, Inc, 1941

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POGO

PLANET ***
 POGO PLANET

By MARTIN PEARSON

(Author of "Cosmos Eye", "The Unfinished City", etc.)

Introducing that modest little superman, that shrinking

violet of destiny, Ajax Calkins, and a world where you
had to hop, in some way, to get where you wanted to go!

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Future combined with Science Fiction October 1941.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
As my ship hit the darkness that was the outer atmosphere of
Midplanet, I thrilled to the thought that I, Ajax Calkins, had at last
achieved my rightful place among the pioneers of space. Even when
my ship bounced on the green soil, flew end over end upwards to
come down ka-plunk in the wrong side of a gooey thick swamp, I
exulted that I was the first in possession of a major planet that had
been overlooked by the rest of the interplanetary crowd.
As I picked myself up from the midst of a pile of miscellaneous
equipment, hiking ropes, elephant guns, para-rays, spare shoes and
cans of Unifood, and rubbed my bruised arms and head, I thought of
how many millions would give their all to be in my place.
Midplanet! How the whole system had thrilled when its discovery
was finally determined last year! For decades science had known
there was a planet between Saturn and Uranus, ever since Pickering
had proved the perturbations of those planets' orbits pointed to a
body between them. Yet telescopes had always failed to detect it.
Few had taken it seriously. Yet, it was there.
It was discovered finally by electromagnetic induction coils at the
Mars Prime Observatory. It was rechecked from Flagstaff and
searched for by Tycho Eye. The latter could not see it. It was still
invisible, a strangely dark world.
It was then that I conceived my great idea. For years I had secretly
nourished my grievance against the world into which I found myself
born. All the great heroic acts had been done. The major planets
pioneered, Gretelspoon had at last opened up Pluto, and there was
nothing left for me to do to show that I too was made of godlike stuff.
But Midplanet ... there was my chance!
Hastily I outfitted a small spaceship with all that I would need. Hastily
but craftily I had the orbits charted and the controls processed. My
destiny was always certain for had it not been my destiny to come
into a large fortune early in life? Surely this had been ordained?
Then I had hurtled through space towards Midplanet alone, secretly.
The world would not know of my triumph until I returned to tell them
and receive their adoring plaudits. Months went past while I endured
the hardships of space-sickness, the cosmitch, and voidal ague.
At last Midplanet loomed dark in the celestial panorama. Still it cast
no light, still it was a black orb sailing silently on its mighty orbit,
unattended by any moon.
Finding that my ship was irrevocably destined to hit the planet, I
determined to land rather than turn back. So it came about that I
plunged down through the darkness and found to my amazement
that after several hundred yards of opaque gaseous envelope, I
emerged into brilliant blue sky and rapidly approached the green
surface.
After the crash and after I had picked myself up and rubbed arnica
on my black-and-blue spots, the problem of the dark planet turned
light demanded my attention.
I realized that some strange gas or mixture of gases chanced to
make up the outermost strata of the atmosphere of Midplanet. A
gaseous compound that absorbed light one way but would not pass
it once it had struck the surface of the planet. So that above the
planet remained swathed in lightless mystery, while below the sky
seemed to radiate blue and the lighting and warmth was held in to
appear as a beautiful spring day on Earth.
This then had been the circumstance which had kept Midplanet
veiled from the sight of man until I, Ajax Calkins, tore aside the veil. I
felt a glow of warmth suffuse my body with pride for this
accomplishment.

Buckling a para-ray to my belt (for I did not think heavier weapons

were necessary in this peaceful looking scene), I stepped to the door
of the ship and forced it open. At my feet the swamp oozed and
gurgled. A scant distance away the bank of solid ground lay. I leaped
the distance and I am proud to say misjudged it by a mere foot or so.
Dragging myself out of the thick gummy mess I clambered to the
bank of the strangely greenish soil, placed one foot forward,
scowled, and raised my right hand.
"I hereby take possession of this land in my name, Ajax Calkins, and
proclaim it subject to my will as Emperor." This I pronounced with
firm dignity becoming a Magellan or a Cortez.
You may seem surprised that I should make myself ruler of this land
and not merely annex it to the Interplanetary Union? Why should that
surprise you? Was it not mine by right of priority? And how, indeed,
do you think kingdoms and empires are won?
I am not a modest man. I have always said that I am a man of great
destiny. Why should I bow to traditions?
Having satisfied my will, I looked about.
Before me stretched a long rolling plain, green as if covered with
fields of grass. Yet it was not grass but a curious green hard clay that
seemed to make up the soil. Far to the distance low hills rose. The
oddest feature of the soil was the fact that it was interminably
interlaced with deep sharp cracks like a clay that had been baked
improperly and cracks all over.
It seemed to me that there was a strange discoloration far off in the
base of the hills from which white and grey plumes of vapor arose as
if marking the factories of some hillside city. A city it could well prove
to be and if that were so, then I had found a capital and subjects!
I set out to walk the several miles to the hills. I had sufficient
equipment for such a reconnoiter already on me.
The going was not easy. The ground was flat and hard enough to
walk on, but the deep cracks and narrow crevices which one
constantly came across made the trip difficult. I would have to leap
perilously over the more narrow cracks or else carefully find a way
around the wider ones.
It seemed to me that it would be difficult to make roads across such
a terrain, the bridges would be innumerable. I wondered how the
natives got around. I had seen no sign of animals as yet, but that
was not to be considered surprising if there were a city so near.
There were plants, a large number scattered here and there in
clumps, reddish and greenish masses somewhat like the vegetation
of our American Western deserts.
After walking and jumping and still more walking and leaping I
became tired after about an hour. The city was still a distance away
but it could now be seen with greater distinctness. It was indeed
what I had thought, a cluster of buildings obviously constructed for
intelligent beings and there were indeed columns of smoke rising
from them. More than that I could not distinguish.
I had come across no roads as yet which was odd if this were a city
though comprehensible considering the nature of the ground.
At last I saw a building of some sort in my path. It was a small
structure, hardly more than a frame-work construction of clay. I made
my way to it and looked at it. The building itself was nothing, just a
frame-work as I had said. It was what was propped up beside it that
puzzled and amazed me.
It was a nine-foot cylinder of shining metal. About the middle of this
metal shaft was fixed a circular frame. There were a number of what
might be controls set in the cylinder just above this central railwork
and a large mass like a doughnut running underneath the metal
hoop which might have held an engine of some sort. The bottom of
the shaft was capped by a large rubbery mass.
I could not figure out what this was. I stood it upright (it was not too
heavy) and looked at it from all directions. It was a puzzle. Then I
climbed on to the hoop affixed to its middle and sat down. The
central shaft ran between my legs, the engine was under me and the
controls faced me. It occurred to me that here was a machine
designed to be operated by someone in my position and of my
general size.

Because I am afraid of nothing, I touched the controls and pressed

them. Below me there was a sort of murmuring and rumbling. Then
the cylinder seemed to vibrate slightly, to grow more tense. I grasped
the metal bar tightly.
There was a terrifying hiss and then a terrific crash and the cylinder
suddenly hurtled into the air. I held on for dear life, my composure
dreadfully shaken. The whole machine bounced upwards into the air
and then came down on its rubber-capped bottom. I held on. It hit, a
shaft within the cylinder contracted and absorbed the shock and
suddenly flicked out again and up we went.
As I grasped the main tube for dear life I realized what it was. A pogo
stick! A giant, mechanically controlled, powered pogo stick!
Up and down, jarring and violent, down and up. I was dizzy and ill
and I didn't know how to stop it. It was progressing madly in the
general direction of the city. I pushed buttons wildly when I wasn't
holding on for dear life but I didn't seem to get the right combination.
The stick would hurtle wildly forward into the air many dozens of feet
then come down to hit the earth with a shock, contract, and then
recoil violently again and up with a sickening jolt into the air again.
I saw that it was a means for travel over terrain impassible because
of its crevices and cracks to wheeled vehicles or beings on foot. I
saw this as the unguided power-pogo came down directly into a
narrow crack. The capped bottom slid between the sides, the engine
box hit the sides of the narrow cleft hard, there was a terrific kick and
the shaft hit out again futilely in the airy emptiness of the depth
below it, and I went sailing out head over heels to land several yards
away in the midst of a band of Midplanetarians.
The next thing I knew I was being pinned down by a number of grey
fuzzy arms while a kangaroo looked down at me and questioned me
in a squeaky language. At least it looked like a kangaroo for it had
the giant legs and the long powerful tail of one, it had upstanding
mousey ears, a pointed rodentlike face, and a mammalian body
covered with short grey-brown hair. Around its waist was strapped a
belt-like harness from which several pouches were slung. In one
hand it held a weapon like a sort of combination of pistol and sling-
shot.
Naturally I did not answer its questions. It, the chief kangaroo-man,
shrugged its shoulders and motioned to its fellows who were holding
me down. They allowed me to get to my feet when I was surprised to
find that I was still all in one piece and that they had not touched my
equipment including my para-ray.
A little distance away was standing a simply gigantic power-pogo,
towering a couple of dozen feet high, with a large circular platform
set around its middle. Facing that they started to walk towards there.
Started, I say, for they walked in kangaroo leaps and I simply fell
when they tried to make me do the same.
They picked me up bodily and bounded over and up to the platform.
There they hold on to straps attached to the main cylinder and
waited. I think I must have fainted because I have no recollection of
the trip outside of a nightmare of terrible leaps and falls.

When I came to again it was in the city by the hills. Several of the
creatures were standing around me trying to question me in their odd
language and, of course, making no headway. I felt that this was not
the time to inform them of my imperial accession, I was not sure that
they were the most fitting inhabitants of this world to receive that
honor. There might be other intelligent races inhabiting the same
planet even as there are on Venus.
Accordingly I kept my mouth shut and stared them down. That was a
feat of which I could be proud considering the odd nature of their
eyes and faces.
Finally they led me away in short bounds to a building and up a ramp
to a room. There they thrust me and closed the door.
The room was large, partly open to an interior patio. But it had
another inhabitant. A girl!
She was standing by the open semi-balcony staring into the
courtyard. When I exclaimed, she turned sharply and looked at me.
She was dressed surprisingly like an earth girl, she looked very
much like the earth type. I congratulated myself on having picked for
my empire a planet which held a race so similar to my own. But my
hopes were dashed two seconds later when she opened her mouth
and said in perfect English:
"Hello, stranger, how'd you get to Midplanet so soon?"
I recovered my composure and introduced myself modestly, not
telling her of the position I had taken upon myself. "And who are
you?" I asked.
"Oh, I'm Nadia Landor and I came with the Official I. U. Expedition.
Our ship is about thirty miles away and I came here on a geological
survey in a single-seater flier. I stopped to say hello but our hosts
don't seem to know the meaning of the word."
"Oh," I said and fell silent. What was I to say? I had been so certain
that I could get to Midplanet first and now it seemed that the Union
had beaten me out again. Then, I squared my shoulders. This was
no way for Ajax Calkins, Emperor of at least half Midplanet, to act.
My destiny would see me through.
"You need have no fear," I said. "I will find a way for us to escape."
She looked at me oddly and smiled. "Oh, that? That's all settled.
We'll escape immediately if you want to. I've fixed things with our
buggy friend."
"With whom?" I gasped.
"Why, haven't you seen the buggers yet? Look, there's Bosco in the
yard." She beckoned to the inner courtyard. I went over to her side
and looked.

In the courtyard, standing just below us stood a monstrous insect. A

thing somewhat larger than a horse. A big squat compact looking
broad-backed creature. For a moment I stared at it without
comprehension and then suddenly its appearance struck a
responsive chord in my brain. It was a flea, a gigantic flea!
"Isn't he cute?" murmured Nadia. "He's agreed to help us escape."
"He's what? Do you mean to say he's...." I started.
"Intelligent?" she finished. "Yes, the buggers have a rather high
intelligence. Not as good as our kangaroo friends but nonetheless
clever. The fleas are a sort of semi-barbarian group inhabiting a
section about a thousand miles away. This fellow, whom I call Bosco,
was captured and doesn't like the idea of making a banquet for some
kangaroo holiday."
I goggled at the creature and it stared with an interested flicker of its
feelers at me.
"I'm glad you still have your para-ray. It was all that I was missing.
Come on, let's go now." Nadia suited her actions to her words by
vaulting the stone balustrade and landing astride the monster bug's
back. I gingerly followed her and seated myself in front.
"Now what?" I said for I didn't know how this was going to help us
escape.
"Hold tight and use your ray when the guard appears," she said and
then screamed at the top of her lungs. I was nearly paralyzed myself
with the sound but the guard who opened the gate was more so and
I beamed him nicely.
Bosco seemed to sink lower and then his monstrously powerful legs
smashed down and we made the most colossal bound I have ever
dreamed of. That super-flea must have covered at least three
hundred yards with that first bound and he must have made two
hundred at least with every subsequent bounce.
We held on for dear life and the air whished past us like mad. Behind
us the city of kangaroos sprang to life as they saw their assorted
prisoners escaping and very soon I saw over my shoulder that a line
of gigantic steam-powered pogos were bounding along after us,
each manned by several armed creatures.
The flea was fast but the pogos, powered by terrific steam-boilers,
were equally so. And thus we raced across the clay creviced terrain,
two humans on the back of a flea-colossus followed by a single-file
line of puffing steel pogos, their plumes of smoke leaving a trail
behind them.
I turned and tried to pick off the riders with my ray but it was
hopeless, so violently was everything going up and down. I gave up
and clung for dear life to the hard neck of our steed.
But it seemed to be impossible to shake off our followers. They
remained fast on our trail and after a while I realized that Bosco was
tiring out, his leaps were not so high or far.

"What shall we do?" called Nadia to me. "We can't shake them."
It was then that the idea occurred to me that saved us. We were
already very close to where my spaceship had landed and I
succeeded to conveying in signals what I had in mind to our quite
intelligent flea.
On we went and when we came to the side of the swamp in which
my ship had landed, Bosco gave a terrific leap which must have well
set a record for all Midplanet and sailed fully five hundred yards
across the swamp to land exhausted on the other side.
But the pogos could not make that great leap, nor could the giant
things stop so easily. On they rushed and one after another they
landed in the middle of that thick gummy deep swamp-like mass.
The automatic vibrations of their shafts continued but their bases
were hopelessly gummed in. The crews were hurled off in all
directions and fell helplessly into the gooey morass.
We were saved! My ship was around at the other side but we could
walk it. Nadia signalled our thanks to the bugger and it bounded off
alone towards the distant horizon.
As we walked, Nadia complimented me on my trick of the swamp. I
glowed within and, turning to her, said:
"Let us stay here and master this world, my Empress. I, Ajax Calkins,
lay my heart and a planet at your feet."
But women are fickle creatures and cannot understand the ways of
the great. She laughed and said: "Don't be silly, my husband is
waiting for me at our own spaceship."
And then when we found that my ship had, while I had been away,
sunk into the swamp completely and that we would have to walk the
twenty or so miles to Nadia's craft, she laughed even louder. Women
do not appreciate destiny.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POGO PLANET
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