onne

y iu and waln
delubto sath

ALITATIVE ANALYSIS SHEME

Foranon analysis
then conc. HSO
1. Do oxalic acid iest ior acetate, then dil. H2SO4 group,
then add paper ball. If nothing is observed,
group in cold, then in hot,
proceed to independent grOup.
2. If in conc. H2S04group, brown-fumes are evolved withoutheating, it may
be bromide; but if brown fumes evolve only on heating and adding paper
ball, then it is nitrate 1on.
3. If PO4 1on is detected, then cations of group II and higher are absent.
absent their salts
S0." detected, then cations of group I and IV are as
4. lf
are watcr insouble.
5. If in NO; ring test, on addition of FeSO4 solution, white ppt is obtained,
then it ndicates that cation may be
Pb, Zn, Ba, Sr or Ca

PESIMN.QEANIONS.QR.AGAIGRARXGALS
Dil. HSO. group anions: CO:°(carbouate), SO (sulphite), S* (sulphide), NO
nitrite
e Conc. H2S04 group anions: i (chioridej, Br (oroinide), I(icdid:), CH3 COO
.

acetate), NO; (nitrate)

ndependent anions: PO4(phosphate), SO4(sulphate)

ADil. H SO,grOu
T ake solid salt in a test tube and add dil. H2SO4.

Take a pinch of{ Salt

On palm
iPRUM TEST-
add cKauc acid cund fed daops
palm.
eter Ru agunst
Vinega ie smell
obseryatuon

COC Lom Pesent

erente CH
Test tiube and add dil HzsO
-Take solid alt in
a
fatm tat yfnegclu mere hu

(2) saitt dil. k, st

bufsh uown
bubbles) Shmeit
S2(6o,*)

sat+me ~.
Hsu
P bati

Chuon Chlouide test

Tea ouibhe
fodAe

0
 - -

Rotten egg smelling Light brown gas

Paisk effervescence:Chocking smelling
be gas: S may be
NO2 may be
SO may
7cO" may be gas:
present.
present.
present.
esent. CONFIRMATORY: CONFIRMATORY: CONFIRMATORY:
CONFIRMATORY:
A. Bring wet starch
Take solid salt in|1. Pass the above gas
1. Pass the abóve
1. gas through iodide paper
through KzCrO7
"

u-tube and dil. towards the

H2SO4 & pass solution (orange Pb(CH,COO) mouth of test
through lime coloured) solution.
Solution turns tube. It turns
water. Lime KCr2O7 Solution
black. blue.
water tums
NO2+HSO4
Leadacetate sol"
milky.
CO+HSO4 AT SO
2NO+O2
H0 + NO
2NOO2
Su+CO2 + H20
2KI+2NO

CO+ Ca(OH)2 2KNO2+I2

I +starch->blue
CaCO3 t H20 salt +dil. H,SO4 colour
hite ppt. SolutiOn turns green.

CaCO+CO2tfizi SO+H2SO4 Salt +dil. H2SO4

Åy. sc" of salt
+
B.
SO4+H,O+SO dii H2SO4+
2. To the aq.sol" of
CaHCO3)2 + salt, add 1-2 FeSO sol" gives
Soluble (cclourless)
B2CrO t+ H2SO% drops pf sodium
2. To the aq. SO2 KaSO4+ brownish. black
Cr(SO4)3 + H,O nitroprusside
solution of salt, colour.
green Soln.
add 1-2 drops of Violet or purple FeSO4 +NO
phenolphthalein.
colour is observed.
Pink colour is FeSO4NO
NazS+ Brown black colour
Observed.
Na[Fe(CN)NO]|

Na4[Fe(CN)SNOS]
 B) Conc. H,S04group;
In this group, do thetests with cold conc. HaSO4, if no observation, then heat
the test tube.

FOR
if colourless
pungent gas is evolved, the anion mnay be CI.
CONFIRMATORY: PRELIMINARy
. BTinga
glass rod dipped in NH4OH to the mouth of test tube.
Dense white fumes are liberated.
Cr+H2S04 HCI+SO4
HCI+NHOH NHCI+HO
ONFI RmATORY
2. In test tube, add salt solution+
a
AgNO3 solution. That would
give white ppt. To the white ppt, add NH,OH soln. White
ppt
dissolves.
Ci+AgNC3 AgCl+ NO;
whie ppL

AgCl+2NH,OH -
[Ag(NH)2]Cl+2H,0
solubie

3. Chromyi chloride test

in test tube portion: sait + solid K2CrzO7 + conc.
HSO4
n u tube portion: NaOH +acetic acid +lead-aeetate.

NaOH +-aeetie-acid+lead acetate

solid salt +
KCrO, (solid) + conc. H2S04
4NaCi +
KCr20; +6H,SOa 4NaHSO +2KHSO4+2CroCl,+
Chromyi cnioride
3H,O
 rO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na,CrO, +2NaCI +2H,0
Pb(CH3COO)% + NagCrO4 PbCrO4+2CH3COONa
yellow ppt

I)EORBr
If brown gas evolves, the anion may be bromide.
CONFIRMATORY:
1. AgNOg test
In the salt solution, add AgNO3. Pale yellow ppt is formed.
ppt +NH,OH partially soluble
****' **: *

2Br+2H,SO4 2HBr + S042

2HBr+[O] HO+Br2 brown)

Br+AgNO AgBr + NO3

Pale yeliow ppt

2. Layer test
To aq. solution of salt, add CCi4 followed by conc. HNOg. Orangish
yelllów layer in CCl4.
BT2+CCL- Orangish yellow iayer

I) FORI
*****************

Vioiet gas indicates íodide ion

CONFIRMATORY:
1. AgNO3 test
To the salt solution add AgNO3. You will get yellow.ppt.
yellow ppt+ NHOH insoluble
2T+H2SO, 2HI +SO
2HI +[O H20 +2
violet

T+AgNO3 Agl +NO3

yellow pp

2. Layer test
To the aq. solution of salt add CCl4 and conc. HNO3. You will get pink
OT Violet layer.
i2+CCl violet laysr
 IV}FORNO and conc
containing the sample
to the test tube
*******

lf on adding paper bail be NO3

fumes are evolved, then the anion may
browh
HaSO4,
2NO+ H,SO4 2HNO3+ SO4
CO + 4NO2 + 2H,0
C+ 4HNO brown ga_

CONFIRMATORY:
Ring test the
o the aq. solution of salt, add FeSOa solution conc. H2SO4 along
+
Sides of the test tube. Brown ring is formed at the junction of two liquids.
6FeSO4 4+ 3HSO4 +2HNO3 3Fez(SO4)3 + 4H,0+2NO
FeSOt NO FeSO4.NO
Brown ring of Nitroso Ferrous Sulphate

EOR.CH,CO0 CONFIRMATDRY
Take soid salt on your palm and add small amount of oxalic acid followed
) by 2-3 drops ofwater. Mix it and srell it If it has vinegar like smel, then
it is acetate anion.
2CH,COO+ HSOD 2CH,COOH+ +SO4

(3) To the aq. solution of salt, add 2-3 drops of neutral FeCl3. Blood red
colouration is observed.
FeCl3+3CH COO FeCH,CO0)3 + 3CI

VI FOR GO (NDT IN SYLLABUs)

Ifcolourless gas with effervescence is evolved, there nay be oxalate ion
present in the salt.
CONFIRMATORY:
1. Pass the above gas through lime water. It turns milky.

ime water
salt + conc.
H2SO4
 CO4+HSO
CO+O2 2C0% CO+CO, +H,0 +SO
CO2 +Ca(OH)2 CaCO+ H20
2 Salt + dil. HCI dil.
H2SO4 followed by 1-2
or
soluton decolourises drops of KMnOa
KMnO4 + C204+H,SO4pink/purple colour.
****

K2SO4 +MnSO4 + SO4+CO2 + H0

C independenf Anfo7s
FOR SQ4
To the ay. sulution, add BaCi2 soBution. White ppl is
Centrifuge, throw away the filtrate. To its formed
HNO3. The filtrate is residuc, add conc.
inscuble in it.
SO+BaCl2 BaSO4
ite
+2CI
,

22. Aq. solution + lead acetaie

sólution gives vwhite ppt.
throw away the filtrate and
to the residue, add Centrifuge it,
ammonium acetate. White hot solution of
ppt is soluble in this solution.
SO4+Pb(CH,COO}2 PbSO4+2CH,CO0
White
PbSO4+ NH(CH,Co0)
soluble complex
IEORPO(NOT
To the
aq. soBution of
I SYLLARUS )
solid ammonium
salt, add conc. HNO3. Boil folíowed by addition of
molybdate. Heat it. Canary yelllow ppt is obtained.
Na,PO43HNO 3NaNO +HPOA
HPO4 +12(NH4)MoO4 +HNO

(NHA)3PO4.12MoO3
Canary yelow ppt
+
H2O + 9NHNO
 CATION ANALYSIS
Group Cation
Group reagent Form in which
cations are
0 NH precipitated
NaOH
NH3 (pungent
I Pb2 Smelling gas)
Dil HCI1 PbCl2 (white)
Pb, Cu, As",
Ca2 Dil.HCI+NazS/ PbS (black), CdS
iron sulphide (yellow).
III AL Fe As2S: yellow)
(conc. HNO: is NH4CI+NH4OH AlOH)3 (gelationous
added to convert white), Fe(OH)a
Fe to Fe*) (brown)
IV LnMn. Co
N2* NHCl+NHOH
+Na2S / Iron
ZnS (dirty white),
MnS (buff colour),
sulphide CoS (black), NiS
V Ca, Ba2,S" NHCI 4+ NHOH (black)
BaCO3. SrCO
+(NHA)2cO CaCo
VI Mg NH4CI +
NaHPO4
Mg(NH.)PO

ERO GROUP
ORNH nly.non-mctailic ion PreLIMINARY
1. To salt add NaOH solution
Pungent smelling gas is evolved.
Bring glass rod dipped in conc. HCI near the mouth of test iube.
a

Dense white furmes are observed.

NH4+2NaOH NHAOH +2Na
 NHOH NH3t HaO
NH,+HC NHACI
CONFIRmATOR
2. To the
aqueous solution of sait add NaOH and Nessler's
Reddish brown ppt is obtained. reagent.

Hg
2K2Hgl
Nessler s reageni NH3+ 3NaOH
+
O NH,1+4KI+ 3Nal 2H,0 +

Hg
..
** . .
***

NOTE
Frepare original solution of salt by
dissolving the salt in
amount of water
(cold or hot) or dil. HCl or conc. HCI. minimum

GROUPI
FOR Pb2* ***

To original
sulution of salt, add dil. HCI White
Centrifuge, throw away the fiitrate. To white ppt is cbtained.
make a clear solution and ppt, add water. Boil,
divide into 3 parts.
Part 1+ KI solution
yel!ow ppt
Pb4+2HCI PbCl, + 2HT
PbCl2+ 2KI Pbl2 + 2KCI
vellow ppi

Part 2+ dil
H2SO4 white ppt
Pb+HSO4 PbSO4
white ppi
+2H
Part 3 +
K,CrO, (potassium chromate) solution-
PbCl2 +2K,CO, PbCrO4 +2KCI1 yellow ppt
yello ppt
 GROUPI
To original solution of salt, add dil HCl and
Na2S solution
If black ppt may be Pb" or Cu
If yellow ppt As C*

ORCu2* .

Dissolve black ppt in 50% HNO. Boil to get a clear solution and
divide it into 2 parts.

Part1 NHOH solution

Deep.blue coloration
Cu+HS CuS+ 2H
3CuS+8HNO3 3Cu(N03)2 + 2NO+ 4H20 +3S
Cu(NO3)2 + 4NHOOH [Cu(NH3)4] (NOg)2 + 4H20
Deep blue

Part 2 + acetic acid+Potassium Ferocyanide gives chocolate brown ppt

2Cu+KFe{CN).}]- CuFe(CNe+2K
chocolate brawn

OR Cd
o the original solution of
salt, add dil. HCl and NazS solution. Yellow
ppt indicates the presence of Cd*. Dissolve the
and add K4[Fe(CN)s solution. yellow ppt in dil. HCI
Bluish green ppt confirms Cd*".
Ca+NaS- CdS +2Na"
cTK[Fe(cN)] Cd,|feCCNDL+ k
Bluish green ppt ***

RAs3+ *

Yellow ppt (As2S,) is obtained. Dissolve it in

yellow ammonium
suiphide & add dil. HCL. Centrifuged, throw away filtrate and to ppi,
 add conc.
HNO; & ammonium molybdate and heat. Yellow ppt is
obtained.
2As3 +HS AsS + 6H
As2S3 +3(NHa)2S + 2S
2(NH4)3AsS4
As S3 + 10HNO, 2HAsO4 +
10NO + 3S +2H,O
21HNO, +H3AsO, +12(NHA)2Mo04

(NH4),AsO4.12Mo03+21NHNO + 12H,0

Group iii
To original solution of salt add conc.
Boil, cool it and add solid HNO, (only if salt is coloured).
If gelatinous NH,CI followed by NHOH solution.
white ppt
If brown ppt may be A*
may be Fe+
OR A
To
gelatinous white ppt add dil HCI to make a
1-2 drops of
blue litmus solution followed clear solution. Add
Blue lake confirms AI°". by NHOH solution.
A13+3NH,OH- Al(OH)3++3NH
white ppt
Al(OH), +3HCI AiCl3+3H0
AICl +3NHOH
Al(OH)}3 +3NH Cu
FOR Fe
To brown
ppt, add dil HCI to make a
2 parts. clear soBution & divide it into
Part I
+Potassium Ferro
Part II +Potassium cyanide Blue coiour ppt
thiocyanate
FeOH)3 +3HCI Blood red colour
FeCl +3H,0
 FeCl +K4Fe(CN6] KFe{Fe(CN)]+3KCI
Decp blue

FeCl3 +6KCNS K3[Fe{CNS),]+

Deep red
3KCI

********
Group
IV
To onginal solution of salt add solid NHCI+ NHOH solution followed.
by NagS solution.

OR Zn2
Dirty white ppt. indicaes the presence of Z»*. Dissolve the pptin dil
HCl to nmake t clear soluiion. Divide it into 2 parls:

Part 1+NaOH white ppt

soluble is excess of NaO¥I

Zn+H,S- ZnS +2H

ZnS+ 2HCI ZnCl2 + H2S
ZnCl2+2NaOH Zn(OHt 2NaCl
wiilc ppt

Zn(OH)2+2NaOH NazZnO2 +2H20

Soluble

Part 2+Potassium Ferro cyanide Bluish white ppt

Zn?[Fe(CN)%] +4KCI
2ZnC+KFe(CN)sH Bluish white ppt

ORMn2+
Buff coloured ppt (Skin colour) indicates the presence of Mn". Dissolve
ppt in dil. HCI to make a clear solution. Boil & add NaOH solution
White ppt starts turning brown.
 Mn+ HS
MnS+2H
buff ppi
MnS+2HC1 -MnCl2 + H2S
MnClh+NaOH- Mn{OH2 +2NaCl
OR.Co2* Ni2
fblack ppt. is
To
black ppt addobserved, the cation may be
Co or Ni
take it in a china aqua regia (3 part conc.
divide it into two dish. Boil to dryness. To HCI+1
this
part conc. HNO,) &
add 2-3
parts: drops of water &
Part 1+DMG
This test +NH4OH
confirms Ni solution Pink
Pink ppt (or
rosy red ppt)
NiS+HCI+ O NiClh+ +H0 +S
OH

Ni2+ CH3-C=NOH H3C-CN N=C-CH3

CH-C-NOH H3C-C-N N=C-CH3
HO
Part 2 +
acetone+ solid
ammonium thiocyanate Blue colour
colour
Co2+HS CoS+2H contirms Co2*
biack ppt
CoS +2HCI+[O]
CoCl2 + H20 +S
Co4+4NHCNS
(NH4)2[Co(CNS)4]+2NH4
blue ppt

roupV
a original solution add NHCI (solid); NHOH solution and solid
23monium carbonate. If white ppt, the cations may be Ba*, Sr", Ca.
Centrifuge ànd throw away the filtrate. To white ppt add dil. CH,COOH
o make a clear soution. Divide it into three parts:

OR Ba2
Part 1 + Potassiunm chromate (K,CrO,) solution- yellow ppt
Ba+(NHA)CO BaCO3+2NH
white

BaCO3+ 2CH,COOH- Ba(COOCHs)2 t+ H0 +CO2

Ba (COOCH:)2 +KCrO - BaCrO + 2CH3 C0OK
ycllow p

ORS
Part 2 + ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 solution. white ppt
Sr+NH4i2CO3 *SrCO3 + 2NH4
white ppt

SrCO3 t 2CH,COOH- Sr(COOCH)2+ H,O + CO2

Sr(COOCH3)h +(NHhSO4 SrSO4+ 2CHCOONH
wheppt

FORCa
white ppt Ca" present
Part +ammOnium oxaiate solution
Ca+(NHA)CO3 CaCO; +2NHA"
white ppt

CaCO+ 2CH,COOH (CH,COO),Ca + HO

(CHCOO)%Ca +(NHA)C,04 CaC,04+2CH,COOH
white ppt
(2

Group VI
RMg*
To the original solution of
salt, add NH4CI (s), NH4OH (aq). NazHPO4
(aq). White crystalline ppt confirms Mg".
MgNaHPO,+NH,OH:*****
Mg(NH4)PO, +Na" +H2O
white crystalline ppt