ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Biomechanical effect of
dual-dimensional archwire on controlled
movement of anterior teeth compared
with rectangular archwire: A finite
element study
Daiki Kuga, Ryo Hamanaka, Hiroya Komaki, Jun-ya Tominaga, Runa Yamaguchi, Toshiro Emori, Yui Horiguchi,
and Noriaki Yoshida
Nagasaki, Japan

Introduction: This study aimed to determine and compare the effectiveness of the use of the dual-dimensional
archwire and conventional rectangular archwire on tooth movement patterns when combined with various
lengths of power arms. Methods: Displacements of the maxillary central incisor and the deformation of the
wire section were calculated when applying retraction forces from different lengths of power arms using the finite
element method. Results: Torque control of the incisor could be carried out more effectively when using the
dual-dimensional archwire combined with long power arms than with the rectangular archwire. The use of the
dual-dimensional archwire produced bodily movement of the central incisor at height levels of the power arm
between 8 and 10 mm and lingual root tipping at the level of 10 mm. Conclusions: The use of the dual-
dimensional archwire provided better-controlled movement of the incisor, including bodily movement or root
movement, than the rectangular archwire. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2024;166:26-35)

I
n orthodontic treatment, there has been wide use of
sliding mechanics to perform space closure after the
extraction of premolars for the correction of crowd-
ing or maxillary and mandibular protrusion.1-4 The
advantage of sliding mechanics is that the height level
of the retraction force with respect to the center of
resistance (CR) of a tooth can be freely adjusted by
attaching various lengths of power arms onto the
archwire, depending on the patient. In other words,
combining sliding mechanics with power arms has the
potential to produce preprogrammed force systems for
achieving controlled movement of the anterior
teeth.5-8 During space closure, torque control of the
From the Department of Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki
University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of
Potential Conflicts of Interest, and none were reported.
Address correspondence to: Noriaki Yoshida, Department of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sci-
ences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; e-mail, nori@nagasaki-u.
ac.jp.
Submitted, October 2023; revised and accepted, February 2024.
0889-5406/$36.00
Ó 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.02.008
anterior teeth is quite important to avoid side effects
such as the bowing effect and uncontrolled tipping
of the incisors, which causes a gummy smile, bite
deepening, and prolonged treatment time.6,9,10
However, several disadvantages have been noted
with sliding mechanics. One of the most critical draw-
backs is that the friction generated at the interface be-
tween the archwire and brackets could interfere with
efficient tooth movement.11 A previous study12 sug-
gested that the use of the rectangular archwire is likely
to increase contact forces and friction, which could sub-
stantially affect the tooth movement pattern. Hamanaka
et al13 have also reported that, as the space was closed,
the amount of friction produced in the molar region
had a tendency to increase, which would prevent the
teeth from moving efficiently and consequently prolong
the total treatment time. The amount of friction can be
reduced by using an archwire with a smaller cross-
section, such as a round one, which could make it diffi-
cult to achieve better torque control of the anterior
tooth.1,4,6 To overcome such a shortcoming, a dual-
dimensional archwire has been developed.14 The cross-
section of the dual-dimensional archwire is a rectangle
in the anterior portion to maintain the effectiveness of

26
Kuga et al
Fig 1. Dual-dimensional archwire, with a cross-section of 0.019 3 0.025-in in the anterior portion and a
cross-section of 0.019-in in the posterior portion.
anterior torque control and round in the posterior
portion to increase play between the archwire and
brackets, thereby reducing friction (Fig 1).
Although several studies have been performed to
investigate various biomechanical factors affecting
tooth movement in sliding mechanics, such as the length
or location of power arms and archwire dimension, the
effectiveness of the use of the dual-dimensional arch-
wire during space closure has not yet been fully clarified.
This study aimed to investigate and compare the biome-
chanical effects of the dual-dimensional archwire and
conventional rectangular archwire when combined
with various lengths of power arms on patterns of tooth
movement by performing analyses of long-term tooth
movement by means of the finite element (FE) method
and to verify the hypothesis that the use of the dual-
dimensional archwire could reduce the friction and
shorten the treatment time.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The methodology for the construction of the 3-
dimensional (3D) FE model and numeric simulation for
long-term orthodontic movement was described in
detail in the previously published article.13 A brief
description is provided below. Moreover, 3D images of
a maxillary dentition were taken using a multi-image
microcomputed tomography scanner (3DX; J. Morita,
Kyoto, Japan) with a voxel size of 80 mm from a dry skull.
A 3D FE model of the left half dentition was constructed
using 3D image processing and editing software
(Mimics 10.02; Materialise Software, Leuven, Belgium)
and outputted to FE preprocessing and postprocessing
software (Patran 2012.1; MSC Software, Los Angeles,
Calif) for FE analysis, assuming that the dentition was
symmetrical.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
27
The position of each tooth was then adjusted to mini-
mize the interproximal space between adjacent teeth.
The first premolar was extracted on the assumption
that the case model was diagnosed as having a maxillary
protrusion. The extraction space was set to be 4 mm,
considering the consumption of space during the initial
leveling.
The periodontal ligament with a thickness of 0.2 mm
was constructed on the root surface of each tooth, and
Young’s modulus of 0.05 MPa and Poisson’s ratio of
0.3 were assigned.13 For fixed appliances, a 0.022 3
0.028-in slot bracket and 2 types of stainless steel arch-
wire models were created, namely, the dual-dimensional
archwire, whose cross-section was 0.019 3 0.025-in in
the anterior portion corresponding to the central and
lateral incisors and 0.019-in in the posterior portion,
and the conventional rectangular archwire, whose
cross-section was 0.019 3 0.025-in (Fig 2). Models of
2 archwires, brackets, and power arms were constructed
using 8-node hexahedral elements with Young’s
modulus of 204 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3.13
Power arms of various lengths (4, 6, 8, and 10 mm)
were attached to the archwire corresponding to the mid-
dle point between the lateral incisor and canine from the
height of the archwire. En-masse retraction was per-
formed by applying the retraction force of 1.5 N from
the hook on the second molar tube to the power arm
(Fig 2). Long-term orthodontic tooth movement was
analyzed using the bone remodeling algorithm13 and
the sequential analysis of initial displacement. All FE an-
alyses were performed using the Marc version 2014.1 FE
package (MSC software).
Contact boundary conditions were prescribed so that
each tooth, bracket, and archwire could be in contact
with each other. The displacement of the archwire in the
transverse direction was constrained at the midsagittal
July 2024  Vol 166  Issue 1
28 Kuga et al

Fig 2. Three-dimensional FE model of the maxillary dentition: A, Dual-dimensional archwire, whose

cross-section is a rectangle (0.019 3 0.025-in) in the anterior portion and round (0.019-in) in the pos-
terior portion, is engaged in the brackets and tubes; B, Rectangular archwire, whose cross-section is
0.019 3 0.025-in, is engaged in the brackets and tubes. The power arm is attached to the archwire cor-
responding to the middle point between the lateral incisor and canine. A retraction force of 1.5 N is
applied from the power arm to the hook on the second molar tube, whose height is 1.5 mm.

plane. The coefficient of friction between the bracket slot
and archwire was assumed to be 0.1.15-17 The frictional
resistance produced at the interface between the
archwire and the bracket and tube was analyzed.
The number of remodeling steps required to close the
extraction space was also calculated. The position of
the CR of each tooth was determined according to the
method previously reported by Hamanaka et al.13
RESULTS
Figure 3 shows the degree of labiolingual tipping as a
function of the amount of translational displacement at
the CR of the central incisor in the lingual direction when
the power arm length was set at 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm.
Positive signs indicate lingual crown tipping, and nega-
tive signs indicate lingual root tipping. There was no sig-
nificant difference in the degree of lingual crown tipping
between the dual-dimensional archwire (anterior: 0.019
3 0.025-in rectangular; posterior: 0.019-in round) and
the conventional rectangular archwire (0.019 3 0.025-
in) with the power arm of 4 mm. However, when the po-
wer arm length increased beyond 6 mm, the degree of
lingual crown tipping with the dual-dimensional arch-
wire was smaller than that with the rectangular archwire
when retracted from the same power arm height. As the
power arm length increased, the degree of lingual crown
tipping of the central incisor decreased with both arch-
wires, and the discrepancy in the tipping degree between
the 2 archwires increased. Finally, the incisor showed

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Kuga et al 29

Fig 3. Degree of labiolingual tipping as a function of translational displacement at the CR of the central
incisor in the lingual direction. Curves representing tipping tendency with the use of a dual-dimensional
(DD) archwire are indicated by solid lines, and those with a rectangular archwire are indicated by dotted
lines. Positive signs indicate lingual crown tipping and negative signs indicate lingual root tipping. SS,
stainless steel.

lingual root tipping with the dual-dimensional archwire
combined with the 10 mm power arm.
Figure 4 shows how the central incisor moved and
how the anterior portions of the archwire and the power
arm were deformed before and after space closure,
viewed from the sagittal plane. Positions of the tooth,
archwire, and power arm after completion of space
closure are indicated in red for the dual-dimensional
archwire and green for the rectangular archwire. The
amounts of tooth displacement and the deformation of
the archwire and power arm were magnified twice for a
better understanding, focusing on the displacement of
the central incisor in association with the deformation
of the wire section to visualize the effect of power arm
length on incisor movement. The degree of inclination
of the power arm was larger with the dual-dimensional
archwire than with the rectangular archwire.
Table I shows the amounts of displacement for the
incisal edge and root apex of the central incisor in the
lingual direction. The central incisor showed lingual
crown tipping, in which the amount of displacement
of the incisal edge was larger than that of the root
apex in the lingual direction, except when using the
dual-dimensional archwire with a 10 mm power arm,
which caused lingual root tipping, in which the amount
of lingual displacement of the root apex was larger than
that of the incisal edge. The displacement of the root
apex was substantially larger with the dual-
dimensional archwire than with the rectangular archwire
when the power arm height was raised beyond 6 mm.
Figure 5 shows the degree of mesiolingual rotation in
the occlusal plane as a function of the amount of trans-
lational displacement at the CR of the second molar in
the mesial direction when using power arms of 4, 6, 8,
and 10 mm. When the power arm was set at 4, 6, 8, or
10 mm, the degree of mesiolingual rotation of the sec-
ond molar was 13.4 , 13.8 , 14.3 , and 15.3 , respec-
tively, with the dual-dimensional archwire, compared
with 5.0 , 5.0 , 4.9 , and 4.8 with the rectangular arch-
wire. The degree of mesiolingual rotation of the second
molars was substantially greater with the dual-
dimensional archwire than with the rectangular arch-
wire. There was no significant difference in the degree
of rotation when varying the power arm length.
Figure 6 shows the deformation of the archwire and
the tooth movement pattern of the central incisor, the
first molar, and the second molars from the occlusal
view. Because similar tendencies regarding tooth

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30 Kuga et al

Fig 4. Displacements of the central incisor and the deformation of the archwire and power arm from the
sagittal view when applying retraction force at heights on the power arms of 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm. Posi-
tions of the tooth, archwire, and power arm after completion of space closure are indicated in red for the
dual-dimensional archwire (A) and green for the rectangular archwire (B).

amount of frictional resistance increased as the extrac-

Table I. Displacements of the incisal edge and root
tion space was closed with both archwires. The
apex of the central incisor in the labiolingual direction
dual-dimensional archwire produced lower frictional
Dual-dimensional archwire Rectangular archwire resistance than that of the rectangular archwire, regard-
Power arm
length Incisal edge Root apex Incisal edge Root apex
less of the power arm length.
4 mm 3.69 0.02 3.74 0.14
Table II shows the number of remodeling steps,
6 mm 3.37 0.95 3.60 0.54 which indicates the treatment duration required to close
8 mm 3.09 2.02 3.46 0.96 the extraction space when varying power arm length.
10 mm 2.85 3.22 3.31 1.38 The number of remodeling steps increased with incre-
Note. Positive values indicate displacement in the lingual direction. ments in power arm length. The number of remodeling
steps was smaller with the dual-dimensional archwire
than with the rectangular archwire when retracted
displacement in the occlusal plane were observed among from the same power arm height.
the different lengths of power arms, superimposed im- Table III shows the amount of displacement of the CR
ages before and after space closure when using a power of the first molar in the mesial direction, namely, the
arm of 8 mm are shown. The posterior portion of the amount of anchorage loss when the power arm length
dual-dimensional archwire was gradually widened to- was set at 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm. The mesial displacement
ward its distal end, whereas the width of the distal end of the first molar was smaller with the dual-dimensional
of the rectangular archwire was maintained. archwire than with the rectangular archwire at the height
Figure 7 shows the total amount of frictional resis- on the power arm of 4 mm. However, when the power
tance generated at the interface between the archwire arm length increased beyond 6 mm, the displacement
and the brackets or tubes on the posterior teeth as a of the first molar was larger with the dual-dimensional
function of the remaining extraction space. The total archwire than with the rectangular archwire when

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Kuga et al 31

Fig 5. Degree of mesiolingual rotation of the second molar as a function of translational displacement
in the mesial direction when using power arms of 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm. Curves representing tipping ten-
dency with the use of the dual-dimensional (DD) archwire are indicated by solid lines and those with the
rectangular archwire by dotted lines. SS, stainless steel.

Fig 6. Displacements of the central incisor and first and second molars and the deformation of the arch-
wire from the occlusal view when applying the retraction force from the power arm of 8 mm. Positions of
the tooth and archwire after completion of space closure are indicated in red for the dual-dimensional
archwire (A) and green for the rectangular archwire (B).

retracted from the same power arm height. As the power
arm length increased, the mesial displacement of the first
molar increased with both archwires.
DISCUSSION
As the power arm length increased, the tendency of
lingual crown tipping of the incisor was reduced more
substantially when using the dual-dimensional archwire
during space closure, and the tipping tendency was
changed from lingual crown to lingual root tipping
when the power arm length increased from 8 to 10
mm. This indicates that the use of the dual-
dimensional archwire could produce bodily movement
of the central incisor at height levels of the power arm
between 8 and 10 mm and lingual root tipping at the
level of 10 mm. This study suggested that the use of

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32 Kuga et al

Fig 7. The total amount of frictional resistance generated at the interface between the archwire and the
brackets or tubes on the posterior teeth (second premolars, first molars, and second molars) relative to
the remaining extraction space. The total frictional resistance generated by the use of dual-dimensional
(DD) archwire is indicated by solid lines and that with rectangular archwire by dotted lines. SS, stainless
steel.

Table II. The number of remodeling steps required to Table III. Displacement of the first molar in the mesial
close the extraction space direction
No. of steps to close the space Power arm height DD wire 0.01930.025-in SS
4 mm 0.74 0.82
No. of steps
6 mm 0.99 0.92
Power arm height DD wire 0.019 3 0.025-in SS 8 mm 1.31 1.02
4 mm 152 224 10 mm 1.68 1.12
6 mm 188 246 DD, dual-dimensional; SS, stainless steel.
8 mm 236 270
10 mm 293 296
and consequently, the anterior segment of the archwire
DD, dual-dimensional; SS, stainless steel. was lifted upward.18 Figure 8 shows displacements of
each tooth in association with the archwire deformation
the dual-dimensional archwire could provide more after the application of retraction force from the 10 mm
effective torque control of the incisor than the rectan- power arm attached to the dual-dimensional archwire
gular archwire. and the force system acting on the central incisor. The
The difference in the tipping tendency of the incisor anterior portion of the archwire was lifted upward
between the 2 types of archwires might be largely because of a bending moment produced at the archwire
because the effect of power arms on anterior torque con- between the lateral incisor and canine as a cantilever ef-
trol would differ depending on the cross-section of the fect of the power arm, as reported in the previous
posterior portion of the archwire. According to the pre- article.19 Consequently, an intrusive force (F) is applied
vious study analyzing the initial tooth displacement by at the bracket on the incisor, producing lingual root
means of the FE method, it was reported that a bending tipping (antitipping) moment (F･d), which could
moment was produced at the base of the power arms, decrease or prevent lingual crown tipping of the incisor.

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Kuga et al 33

Fig 8. Displacements of each tooth in association with the archwire deformation after the application of
retraction force from the 10 mm power arm attached to the dual-dimensional archwire and the force sys-
tem acting on the central incisor. Because of a bending moment produced between the lateral incisor
and canine as a cantilever effect of the power arm, the anterior portion of the archwire is raised upward.
Consequently, an intrusive force (F) is applied at the bracket on the incisor, producing lingual root
tipping (antitipping) moment (F･d), which could decrease or prevent lingual crown tipping of the incisor.

As shown in Figure 4, the anterior portion of the dual-
dimensional archwire was lifted upward. As a result,
the incisor bracket was displaced in the intrusive direc-
tion when using the 10 mm power arm. In contrast,
the anterior portions of the archwire and the incisor
bracket were displaced in the extrusive direction with
the 4 mm power arm. Thus, an intrusive force would
be applied to the bracket on the incisor, which in turn
was subjected to a lingual root tipping moment when
using a long power arm.
Another previous study20 indicated that power arms
caused torsion of the anterior portion of the archwire,
which could generate an antitipping moment to the
anterior tooth, thereby counteracting a lingual crown
tipping moment produced by a retraction force during
space closure. This study suggested that, as the power
arm length increased, the increased amount of upward
and torsional deformation of the anterior portion of
the archwire could reduce the degree of lingual crown
tipping of the incisor, and ultimately lingual root tipping
could be achieved with the dual-dimensional archwire
combined with the 10 mm power arm.
In contrast, the use of the rectangular archwire could
not produce bodily movement of the central incisor even
with the power arm of 10 mm. This could be because the
posterior portion of the rectangular archwire is more
rigid than the dual-dimensional archwire. Therefore,
the bending moment acting on the base of the power
arm would cause less deformation to the anterior portion
of the rectangular archwire, thereby producing fewer
lingual root tipping moment on the incisor as compared
with the dual-dimensional archwire. Analytically, bodily
movement or root movement of the incisor could be
achieved by further extending the power arm beyond
17 mm. However, a power arm longer than 10 mm
may cause irritation and discomfort to the patient.
Therefore, it is suggested that such controlled move-
ments are less likely to occur as long as the rectangular
archwire is used.
In contrast, as the disadvantage of using the dual-
dimensional archwire, the second molar showed a
much greater degree of mesiolingual rotation than the
rectangular archwire from the occlusal view. This may
be due to the fact that the play between a molar tube
and a round archwire on the posterior portion of the
dual-dimensional archwire is much larger than that of
the rectangular archwire. Accordingly, the molars tend
to be easily rotated because of the higher deformability
of the posterior portion of the dual-dimensional arch-
wire, whose cross-section is round and, thereby, rigidity

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics July 2024  Vol 166  Issue 1
34
is lower. To prevent the mesiolingual rotation of the mo-
lars, placement of a transpalatal arch21 or lingual arch is
recommended. When using such appliances, the toler-
able level of patient discomfort should be taken into
consideration. In case auxiliaries cannot be used,
another solution is to retract the anterior segment
from the temporary anchorage devices. However, if it is
considered invasive to the patient, distal-toe-in bends
need to be given to the molars. Another aspect regarding
the molar displacement is that the amount of mesial
displacement of the first molar increased with incre-
ments in power arm length for both archwires. When
the power arm was longer than 6 mm, the mesial
displacement of the first molar was larger with the
dual-dimensional archwire than with the rectangular
archwire when applying the force from the same power
arm height. This indicates that the more effectively we
try to achieve torque control of the anterior teeth, the
more anchorage loss is produced in what is known as
the rowboat effect.22
This study indicated that the number of bone remod-
eling steps required to close the extraction space was
smaller with the dual-dimensional archwire than with
the rectangular archwire. Because the number of bone
remodeling steps is considered to represent treatment
duration according to the previous study,13 the treat-
ment duration is considered to be shorter with the
dual-dimensional archwire than with the rectangular
archwire. The difference in the treatment duration might
be attributed to a larger play between the bracket and
the dual-dimensional archwire, with lower friction
compared with the rectangular archwire. As power arm
length increased, the number of bone remodeling steps
increased. This indicates that a more extended treatment
duration is required to achieve better-controlled move-
ment of the incisor.
The results of this study emphasize that the use of the
dual-dimensional archwire has the potential to provide
better-controlled movement of the anterior teeth during
space closure in sliding mechanics, whereas control of
the anchorage molars must be carefully planned. It
should also be noted that attempts to achieve better-
controlled movement of the anterior teeth would
lengthen the treatment duration.
Orthodontic tooth movement is observed as a result
of histologic changes in periodontal tissues adjacent to
a tooth. In other words, the width and material proper-
ties of the PDL change during tooth movement. The
method used in this study was performed on the
assumption that those parameters were kept constant.
Such morphologic and functional changes in the PDL
must be incorporated into an FE model in future studies.
July 2024  Vol 166  Issue 1 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Kuga et al
In addition, clinical studies are needed to verify the
effectiveness of the use of the dual-dimensional arch-
wire for anterior torque control.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that the dual-dimensional arch-
wire could provide better-controlled movement of the
incisor than the conventional rectangular archwire dur-
ing space closure. Bodily movement and lingual root
tipping, namely, root movement, could be achieved
with the dual-dimensional archwire combined with the
power arm of 8-10 mm and 10 mm, respectively. How-
ever, the molars tend to be rotated substantially in the
mesiolingual direction. In contrast, the use of the
dual-dimensional archwire could shorten the treatment
duration because of lower friction compared with in
the rectangular archwire.
AUTHOR CREDIT STATEMENT
Daiki Kuga contributed to original draft manuscript,
validation, formal analysis, methodology, and software;
Ryo Hamanaka contributed to methodology and soft-
ware; Hiroya Komaki contributed to methodology and
software; Jun-ya Tominaga contributed to methodol-
ogy, software, and validation; Runa Yamaguchi contrib-
uted to methodology and software; Toshiro Emori
contributed to methodology and software; Yui Horigu-
chi contributed to methodology and software; and Nor-
iaki Yoshida contributed to manuscript review and
editing, project administration, and supervision.
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