2018
International
Conference
on
Innovative
Trends
in
Computer
Engineering
(ITCE
2018),
Aswan
University,
Egypt
New CAPWAP Architectures For IEEE 802.11ad
Based Wi-Fi/WiGig WLANs
1,2
Ahmed S. A. Mubarak, 2Hamada Esmaiel and 2Ehab Mahmoud Mohamed
1
Electrical Engineering Dept., Sohag University, Egypt, 2Electrical Engineering Dept., Aswan University, Egypt
Email: {ahmed.soliman, h.esmaiel, ehab_mahmoud}@aswu.edu.eg
Abstract—Recently, the unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter wave
(mmWave) band has drawn attention as a promising solution for
enabling future multi-Gbps wireless local area networks
(WLANs). IEEE 802.11 ad (WiGig) standard was developed for 60
GHz WLANs, where directional transmission is utilized to
compensate severe propagation losses in mmWave bands. Due to
mmWave signals propagation limitations and its high
vulnerability to blocking, dense WiGig wireless terminal points
(WTPs) deployment strategy is used to ensure continuous
mmWave service in a typical target area. To effectively manage
mmWave access while overcoming its shortcomings and
limitations, interoperability with legacy bands (i.e. Wi-Fi band) via
centralized control architectures are needed. Control and
provisioning of wireless access points (CAPWAP) protocol,
particularity IEEE 802.11 binding, is used to configure, monitor,
control and manage a large-scale deployment of centralized IEEE
802.11 WLANs. However, this binding does not support the special
and unique features of IEEE 802.11ad specification in addition to
the new specifications come from Wi-Fi/WiGig interplay. In this
paper, we propose new updates of CAPWAP 802.11 binding for
enabling the use of CAPWAP capabilities in conjunction with
IEEE 802.11ad-based Wi-Fi/ WiGig WLANs.
Keywords— IEEE 802.11 ad; WiFi/WiGig WLANs; IEEE
802.11 ;Centralized WLANs; CAPWAP;
I. INTRODUCTION
The existing WLANs are becoming increasingly congested, due
to the explosion of mobiles, tablets and smart devices with data
hungry applications [1]. MmWave bands, with very large segments
of available spectrum, are considered as an attractive and promising
solution to realize the next generation of the multi-Gbps WLANs
[2]. Immigration to mmWave bands in general and the 60 GHz in
particular, is extremely appealing since it enables a several-fold
increase in the achievable data rates. However, many technical
challenges come from the propagation characteristics of mmWave
bands [3]. Signals transmitted in these bands are highly effected by
sever propagation and penetration losses, which limits its
transmission distance and increase its sensitivity to human blocking.
To mitigate mmWave harsh propagation losses, the directional
transmission is used to focus the signal power in predefined
direction by using directive antenna array. Recently, the IEEE
802.11ad [4] also known as WiGig standard is introduced for the 60
GHz WLANs. IEEE802.11ad has approved numerous MAC and
physical (PHY) amendments over the legacy IEEE 802.11 standard
[5] to enable mmWave communications. IEEE802.11ad use the
exhaustive search medium access control (MAC) based
beamforming training (BT) protocol. Concerning the backward
compatibility with legacy IEEE 802.11a, b, g and n, the IEEE
802.11ad introduce multi-band WTP (2.4, 5 and 60 GHz) and a fast
session transfer (FST) can be done among these bands. To
overcome the shortcomings of the mmWave bands, dense
,(((
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deployment strategy is considered to enable realizing of 60 GHz
WLANs and provides unintermittent multi- Gbps service in a
typical area. On the other hand, existence a large number of
deployed WiGig APs employ exhaustive BT based complicate the
mmWave accessing management and coordination. So, realizing a
standalone autonomous-based WiGig WLANs seems to be a
challenging issue and a centralized-based solution should be used to
strengthen the fragile mmWave links and guarantee the
communication. Centralized control architectures based on the
interoperations between the legacy bands and the new mmWave
band are introduce in literature to enable a suitable mmWave
communications link. In these architectures, the wide and reliable
legacy band used as control plane (C-plane), higher data rates user
plane (U-plane) can be achieved over the short range mmWave
band. Authors in [6] and [7] proposed a mmWave/ LTE multiband
heterogeneous network (HeNet), where the C-plane functions is
provided by the LTE legacy band and the mmWave enables the U-
plane functions. The Wi-Fi/WiGig hybrid architecture have been
proposed to enable stable mmWave communications link in outdoor
and indoor scenarios in [8], [9]. In this architecture, a centralized
access point controller (AC) introduced to centrally manage and
coordinates the interworking between Wi-Fi band and mmWave
band.
The CAPWAP protocol have been developed by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) group as interoperable networking
protocol allow to manage and control a collection of wireless
termination points (WTPs) via a centralized access point controller
[10], [11]. The CAPWAP protocol is designed to be flexible,
allowing using different wireless technologies. To extend
CAPWAP functions capabilities to new wireless technology
CAPWAP define a binding specification. IEEE 802.11 binding [12]
is introduced to allow the use of CAPWAP in conjunction with
centralized IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Two operational architectures
are introduced in this binding: split MAC and local MAC. The
difference between the two architectures is how functions divided
between WTPs and AC. However, the current IEEE 802.11binding
does not include the special IEEE 802.11ad- based Wi-Fi/ WiGig
WLANs specifications, which can be classified into categories:
firstly, the inherent specification of the IEEE 802.11ad standard, due
to the employing new MAC and PHY functionalities that support a
high data rate directional communication. Secondly, the speciation
arises due to the interoperation between the Wi-Fi and mmWave
bands through the AC in a centralized manner. In this paper, we
propose new architectures of CAPWAP 802.11 binding for
enabling the use of CAPWAP capabilities in conjunction with IEEE
802.11ad-based Wi-Fi/ WiGig WLANs. The dual MAC stack
protocol and detailed message for the deferent proposed
architecture are provided.
This paper structured as follows: Sect. II introduce Wi-Fi/WiGig
WLAN architecture. Sect. III describes the CAPWAP protocol. The
IEEE 802.11 based CAPWAP binding is introduced in Sect. IV. The

Fig. 1: Wi-Fi/ WiGig WLAN architecture.
proposed IEEE 802.11ad based CAPWAP architectures presented
in Sect. V. Finally, conclusion is presented in Sect. VI.
II. THE WI-FI/WIGIG WLAN ARCHITECTURE
Fig.1 shows the Wi-Fi/WiGig WLAN architecture, in this
architecture, multiple Wi-Fi (5 GHz) and WiGig (60 GHz) WTPs
are separately deployed and connected to an AC via high speed links
such as Fiber or GigaBit Ethernet. Although, dual band (5/60 GHz)
WLANs can be used instead of separate bands deployment strategy.
In this WLANs C/U plane splitting is considered, where the Wi-Fi
band with limited spectrum, but with wide and continuous coverage
supports the C-plane for the wireless client station (STA) to
guarantee reliable control signalling, meanwhile the high data rate
U-plane for the STA provided by the mmWave band. In the Wi-
Fi/WiGig WLAN architecture, the AC performs all control and
processing tasks as well as representing the WLAN Internet
gateway. The mmWave coordination and management can be done
by using the interoperability between the Wi-Fi and mmWave bands
through the AC as described in [8], [9]. According to the dual band
WTPs and STA scenario, the coordinated mmWave access process
can be summarized as follows:
ƒ 5 GHz functions: allow the STA to discover and associate with
the WLAN and broadcast the signalling information needed to
manage and coordinate the mmWave access process among the
multiple WiGig WTPs.
ƒ 60 GHz functions: allow the STA to discover and associate the
mmWave band based on the exhaustive search BT.
ƒ AC functions: performs all control, management and
monitoring functions as well as all processing tasks.
III. THE CAPWAP PROTOCOL
The CAPWAP protocol is introduced to provides management
and controlling capabilities via AC for a group of WTPs. Although
IEEE 802.11 WLAN specifications inspired the CAPWAP
protocol, it is defined to be completely independent on WTP
wireless technology with the following general goals [11]:
1) Provides centralized authentications and policy
enforcement functions of a wireless network.
2) Enables light weight WTPs with only real-time and critical
functions.
3) Provides a flexible protocol to be compatible with any
wireless technology via a specific binding specification.
232
BSS1 BSS2 BSS3
WTP WTP WTP
Interconnection
AC
Fig. 2: Centralized WLAN architecture.
(a) Local MAC (b) Split MAC (c) Remote MAC
Fig. 3: CAPWAP architectures for centralized IEEE 802.11 WLANs [10].
The CAPWAP protocol supports the centralized-based WLANs
architecture where all the WTPs are connected to the AC via
Internet Protocol (IP). Fig.2 schematically shows the network
diagram of a centralized WLAN, where each WTP represents a
basic service set (BSS) identified by a BSS identifier (BSSID) and
connect to the AC via interconnection medium. There are different
connectivity ways can be used between the AC and WTPs such as
direct connection and L2/L3 cloud connection. Based on the
message function, there are two types of messages defined by the
protocol: control messages which are exchanged between the AC
and WTPs and provides the management and monitoring functions;
data message encapsulates wireless forward from AC to WTP or
vice versa. The message transfer among the WTP and AC through
two phases: discovery phase and run phase. In discovery phase the
WTP enabling to discover the AC by using discovery request and
discovery response messages followed by Transport Layer Security
(TLS) session to establishment and configure exchange capabilities.
In the run phase, as the discovery phase is completed, the WTP can
exchange messages with the AC.
IV. THE CAPWAP IEEE 802.11 BINDING
The CAPWAP is able to support any wireless technology by
adding a new binding specification to match the CAWAP standard
with the new technology. IEEE 802.11 binding is developed to
enable CAWAP capabilities in conjunction with the IEEE 802.11
WLANs. CAPWP capabilities can be represented in two aspects:
first, CAPWP centralized IEEE 802.11 WLAN functions such as
authentication and policy enforcement, also, with respect to the user
traffic, it provides a centralized bridging, forward and encrypt
message; Second, enables a light WTPs CAPWAP-based due to just
the real-time wireless functions exist in the WTP and the non-real-
time function can be operated in the AC. Based on the IEEE 802.11
WLAN functions assignment between the AC and WTP, the
CAPWAP architectures can be classified to three different CAWAP
 CAPWAP CAPWAP
Table I: functions mapping for IEEE 802.11ad-based integrated Wi-Fi/WiGig
CAPWAP
functions AC functions
WLAN functions for local MAC architecture.
functions
AC
Non-real time AC Function Location
Dual MAC Distribution Service WTP/AC
Dual MAC Dual MAC
(5/60 GHz) Real time (5/60 GHz) Integration Service WTP
WTP Dual MAC Beacon Generation WTP (5GHz)
WTP
Probe Response Generation WTP (5GHz)
5 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 60 GHz 5 GHz 60 GHz WTP BT Request WTP (5GHz)
PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY
BRP Frame Generation WTP (60 GHz)
BT Control WTP (5GHz)
(a) Local MAC (b) Split MAC (c) Remote MAC Power Mgmt./Packet Buffering WTP/AC
Fragmentation/Defragmentation WTP
Fig. 4: Proposed CAPWAP architectures for IEEE 802.11ad-based Wi-Fi/ Wi-Fi and WiGig Assoc./Diassoc./Reassoc. WTP/AC
WiGig WLANs.
IEEE 802.11 QoS
architectures: local MAC, split MAC and remote MAC. These Classifying WTP
architectures can be summarized as: Scheduling WTP
Queuing WTP
A. Local MAC IEEE 802.11 RSN
In the local MAC architecture, the whole IEEE 802.11 functions IEEE 802.1x/EAP AC
including the control and management of STAs are processed RSNA Key Management AC
locally in WTPs, while the CAPWP network policies and IEEE 802.11 Encryption/Decryption WTP
management functions are offloaded to the AC as shown in Fig. 3
(a).
5GHz and 60 GHz PHY are implemented separately in the WTP to
B. Split MAC provides radio functionalities in the different bands. On the other
In the split MAC architecture, the IEEE 802.11 MAC functions hand, the dual MAC functions are distributed between the AC and
are split between AC and WTPs as shown in Fig. 3 (b). The critical WTP according to the architectural variants local, split or remote
real-time IEEE 802.11 MAC functions and radio-related MAC.
management are handled on WTPs, meanwhile, non-real-time
functions and higher-level services such as QoS are implemented A. Proposed local MAC IEEE 802.11 ad-based architecture
on the AC. Table. I shows the IEEE 802.11ad mapping functions in
C. Remote MAC integrated Wi-Fi/WiGig WLAN with a local MAC architecture. In
this architecture, the whole MAC layer is in the WTP and the
In the remote MAC architecture shown in Fig. 3(c), the WTP is CAPWAP control and management functions are offloaded to the
kept as light as possible by acting it as pass through between the AC AC. The distribution services enable the MAC layer to deliver MAC
and STAs. Where, all the IEEE 802 MAC functions are offloaded services data units (MSDUs) between STAs that have no direct
to the AC, while the WTP having the physical radio interfaces to connection with each other which resides in WTP or the AC. In the
the STAs. latter case, the STA generated frames encapsulated as the 802.3
frames and then forward to the AC. While the integration with non-
Explicitly, all the three centralized CAPWAP have two IEEE 802.11 LANs can be enabled through the AC and The
commonalities, firstly the most of control and configuration wireless radio functions are distributed between the 5 GHZ and 60
CAPWAP functions are handled in the AC; Secondly, the IEEE GHz bands. The 5 GHz related functions are beacon generation,
802.11 PHY resides in the WTP. probe response generation, BT request and BT control, while, the
beam refinement process (BRP) frame generation that required for
V. THE PROPOSED IEEE 802.11AD-BASED CAPWAP mmWave access is performed in the 60 GHz band. Since the whole
ARCHITECTURE MAC layer is terminated on the WTP, association requests frames
must be forward to the AC for enabling the mobility management
The IEEE 802.11 binding only defined for IEEE 802.11-2007 between WTPs. Also, the AC may perform some associations
specifications and the successive amendments of the original frames if necessary. The IEEE 802.11 QoS functions such as
standard such as IEEE 802.11v, r, and ad are not supported. This classifying, scheduling and queening are performed in the WTP,
paper focus on the mmWave IEEE 802.11ad standard and proposes while the IEEE 802.1x Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
new updates of the CAPWAP architecture and 802.11 binding for and IEEE robust security network association (RSNA) key
enabling the use of CAPWAP capabilities in conjunction with IEEE management exists in the AC. So, the WTP must forward all
802.11ad-based Wi-Fi/ WiGig WLANs. The key motivation for authentication and key management frames to the AC and the
CAPWAP architecture modification comes from the dual band corresponding ones to the STA.
interoperability of the Wi-Fi/ WiGig WLANs, where new IEEE
802.11ad MAC specification are added beside the already existed Fig. 5 show the detailed local message follow between AC,
IEEE 802.11 ones. In addition to the specification and function WTPs and the STA. In Fig. 5, the Ԣ۩Ԣ means, the frames are
comes from the control and coordination of the Wi-Fi legacy band processed in WTP. The process between AC, WTPs and the STA
for access the mmWave band. Fig.4 shows the proposed IEEE can be explained as following:
802.11ad -based CAPWAP architectures. In these architectures, the

233
STA WPT (60 GHz) WPT (5 GHz) AC Table. II: functions mapping for IEEE 802.11ad-based integrated Wi-Fi/WiGig
Beacon WLAN functions for split MAC architecture.
Probe request
Probe response
802.11 AUTH
Function Location
802.11 Association Distribution Service AC
Station Configuration Request Integration Service AC
[Add Station (STA MAC ),
IEEE 802.11 Add Station (WLAN Beacon Generation WTP (5GHz)
802.1x Authentication& 802.11 Key Exchange ID), IEEE 802.11 Session Key] Probe Response Generation WTP (5GHz)
Station Configuration Request BT request WTP (5GHz)
[Add Station (STA MAC ),
IEEE 802.11 Add Station (WLAN ID),
BRP Frame Generation WTP (60 GHz)
IEEE 802.11 Session Key, IEEE 802.11 BT control WTP (5GHz)
Information Element ]
Switch ON 60 GHz Module Power Mgmt/Packet Buffering WTP/AC
BT Request Fragmentation/ Defragmentation WTP/ AC
BT (BRP frames)
Wi-Fi and WiGig Assoc/ Diassoc/ Reassoc AC
WiGig Association
IEEE 802.11 QoS
WiGig Station Configuration Request
[Add Station (Add Station MAC )] Classifying AC
Scheduling WTP/ AC
Dual MAC Action Frames
Data
Queuing WTP
IEEE 802.11 RSN
Fig. 5: Proposed local MAC message flow. IEEE 802.1x/ EAP AC
RSNA Key Management AC
• The WTP (5GHz) generates the IEEE 802.11 beacon frame IEEE 802.11 Encryption/ Decryption WTP/ AC
after receiving the add WLAN message.
• The WTP (5GHz) receive and process the STA probe
request and reply by a probe response. WTPs distributed between 5 and 60 GHz bands. The beacon
generation and Wi-Fi control functions to access mmWave are
• The WTP (5GHz) process the 802.11 authentication and performed by the 5 GHz band, while mmWave real-time MAC BT
association frames to be forward to the AC. frame generation is performed by the 60 GHz band. The real-time
• The AC transmits Wi-Fi station configuration request scheduling and queuing function are performed by the WTP while
message contains element of add station message element. the additional policy and scheduling functionalities may be
• The IEEE 802.1x and IEEE 802.11 key exchange message introduced by the AC. Association frames and non-real-time MAC
forward by using GHz WTP to be processed in AC. will be supported by the AC unit. Also, other functions such as IEEE
802.1x EAP and IEEE RSNA key management will be supported
• The AC transmit another Wi-Fi station configuration by the AC. The details split message follow between among the AC,
request message includes adding the station, IEEE 802.11 WTP (5 and 60 GHz) and the STA is shown in Fig. 6. The details
add station, IEEE 802.11 station session key and IEEE process can be explained as following:
802.11 information elements.
• The AC will send a switch ON frame to the STA to open • As the 5 GHz WTP receive an add WLAN message, it will
WiGig module. generate the IEEE 802.11 beacon frame.
• The AC coordinates the BT of the WTP (60 GHz), where • As the 5 GHz WTP receive and process the STA probe
the WTP (5 GHz) are directed the 60 GHz WTPs request, it will reply on the STA by a probe response. In the
sequentially to performs the BT. same time, the WTP will forward this probe request to the
AC after enabling further optional processing.
• The selected 60 GHz WTP process the WiGig association
frames then foreword it to the AC. • Then the 5 GHz WTP forward the 802.11 authentication
and association frames to the AC which in turns will send
• As the WiGig association finished, the AC send a station a response message to the STA.
configuration request to the WiGig WTP.
• The AC will transmit a Wi-Fi station configuration request
• The WTP forward all management action frames to the message contains the add station message element.
AC.
• The WTP will forward the IEEE 802.1x and IEEE 802.11
• The WTP locally bridge the user data frames with key exchange message to be processed by using AC.
providing the needed encryption and decryption services.
It may also encapsulate and tunnel the user data to the AC • After the encryption and decryption services provided by
as 803.3 or 802.11 frames. the WTP or AC unit, the AC transmits another Wi-Fi
station configuration request message.
B. Proposed split MAC IEEE 802.11 ad-based architecure • The AC sent a switch ON frame message to the STA to
Mapping the IEEE 802.11ad-based integrated Wi-Fi/WiGig power on the WiGig module.
WLAN functions by using the split MAC architecture is shown in • The AC coordinates the BT for the 60 GHz WTP
Table II. In this architecture, the distribution and integration sequentially. The selected WTP (60 GHz) sends
functions are enabled by the AC. Therefore, all the STA traffic (broadcast) BT request frames over the 5 GHz band.
encapsulated and tunneled between the AC and the WTP. In this
• The WTP (60 GHz) process the WiGig association frames
architecture, the critical and real-time MAC functions reside in the
and foreword it to the AC.

234
STA WPT (60 GHz) WPT (5 GHz) AC architectures have been introduced in this paper. Also, the proposed
Beacon CAPWAP-based MAC protocol stack and message follow between
Probe request the WLAN entities are introduced in detail.
Probe response
802.11 AUTH
802.11 Association ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Station Configuration Request
[Add Station (STA MAC ), This work is partly supported by National Telecom Regulatory
IEEE 802.11 Add Station (WLAN Authority (NTRA) Egypt under project title “LTE/WiFi/WiGig
ID), IEEE 802.11 Session Key]
802.1x Authentication& 802.11 Key Exchange internetworking for future 5G cellular networks”.
Station Configuration Request
[Add Station (STA MAC ),
IEEE 802.11 Add Station (WLAN ID), REFERENCES
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