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The Impact of Protracted Peace Processes on Identities in Conflict: The Case of Israel and Palestine Joana Ricarte full chapter instant download
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RETHINKING PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES
SERIES EDITORS:
OLIVER P. RICHMOND · ANNIKA BJÖRKDAHL · GËZIM VISOKA
Joana Ricarte
Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
Series Editors
Oliver P. Richmond
University of Manchester
Manchester, UK
Annika Björkdahl
Department of Political Science
Lund University
Lund, Sweden
Gëzim Visoka
Dublin City University
Dublin, Ireland
This agenda-setting series of research monographs, now more than a
decade old, provides an interdisciplinary forum aimed at advancing inno-
vative new agendas for peace and conflict studies in International Relations.
Many of the critical volumes the series has so far hosted have contributed
to new avenues of analysis directly or indirectly related to the search for
positive, emancipatory, and hybrid forms of peace. Constructive critiques
of liberal peace, hybrid peace, everyday contributions to peace, the role of
civil society and social movements, international actors and networks, as
well as a range of different dimensions of peace (from peacebuilding, state-
building, youth contributions, photography, and many case studies) have
been explored so far. The series raises important political questions about
what peace is, whose peace and peace for whom, as well as where peace
takes place. In doing so, it offers new and interdisciplinary perspectives on
the development of the international peace architecture, peace processes,
UN peacebuilding, peacekeeping and mediation, statebuilding, and local-
ised peace formation in practice and in theory. It examines their implica-
tions for the development of local peace agency and the connection
between emancipatory forms of peace and global justice, which remain
crucial in different conflict-affected regions around the world. This series’
contributions offer both theoretical and empirical insights into many of
the world's most intractable conflicts, also investigating increasingly sig-
nificant evidence about blockages to peace.
This series is indexed by Scopus.
Joana Ricarte
The Impact of
Protracted Peace
Processes on Identities
in Conflict
The Case of Israel and Palestine
Joana Ricarte
Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies (CEIS20)
University of Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2023. This book is an open access
publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as
you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the
Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative
Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly
from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To António, Miguel and Nuno.
Financial Support
vii
Acknowledgments
Many people have contributed to the process of writing this book, either
directly or indirectly. These range from colleagues to the encounters I had
during fieldwork in Israel and Palestine, as well as my family and friends.
They are more than I will be able to name, which makes me feel both sad
and lucky. I am grateful to all of them, each in their own way, for their
availability, readership, accommodation, company, inspiration, support,
encouragement, criticism, friendship, love… whichever category(ies) they
know they fit.
Early versions of the manuscript have benefited from the reading and
comments of several colleagues that deeply contributed to the advance-
ment of my ideas. First, and more importantly, I am thankful to Licínia
Simão. My gratitude also goes to Manuel Loff, Ana Santos Pinto, Silvério
Rocha e Cunha, André Saramago, Paula Duarte Lopes, Daniel Pinéu,
Moara Crivelente, Roberta Holanda Maschietto, Stefano Guzzini, João
Paulo Avelãs Nunes and to the many colleagues I have shared my work
with in international conferences (EISAPEC, EWIS, ISA) in the past years.
I am also thankful to the two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful
and constructive recommendations which pushed me to refine my argu-
ments and restructure the book chapters. While any remaining omissions
and mistakes are my sole responsibility, all of them have played a key role
in the improvement of the text contained in the next pages.
This research was developed with the support and amazing hosting
conditions of the Faculty of Economics (FEUC) and Center for Social
Studies (CES) of the University of Coimbra. I am thankful for the aca-
demic environment, events, financial support for fieldwork and
ix
x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
conferences, as well as to all the staff, librarians (the best ever!) and faculty
members. The book presented here has also benefited immensely from the
interdisciplinary and collaborative environment of the University of
Coimbra’s Center for Interdisciplinary Studies (CEIS20). I have found at
CEIS20 a space to develop my work and grow as a researcher, as well as
immense support and investment in my ideas and projects. Thank you
very much for that.
Financial support for writing this book was generously granted by the
Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through a
Doctoral Grant attributed to an earlier version of this project. I believe
science should be open and everyone should have access to the results of
research. This utopia was made possible by the University of Coimbra’s
Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC) and by the Center for
Interdisciplinary Studies (CEIS20), which jointly sponsored the publica-
tion of this work open access. I am deeply thankful to Cláudia Cavadas,
José António Oliveira Martins, Luís Trindade, Clara Barata, Clara Serrano,
Jorge Noro, the members of the Editorial Council of CEIS20 and many
others involved in this process for providing me with this opportunity and
for the overall support that they have all given to me and my work in the
past couple of years.
At Palgrave Macmillan, I am grateful to the series editors and editorial
team for supporting this publication. More specifically, I would like to
acknowledge Rebecca Roberts, Sarah Roughley and Ruby Panigrahi for
walking me through the publication process, as well as for their invaluable
assistance and patience.
Finally, but most importantly, I am heartfelt thankful to my husband
and kids who have supported and encouraged me throughout this process
with their never-ending patience, love and care. They are the best part of
my life, my strength and motivation. This book is dedicated to them.
About This Book
xi
xii About This Book
account on the conditions that allow for one process to prevail over the
other. Finally, and following the latter, it takes a more normative approach
in exploring some empirically observable activities and practices developed
alongside—as a consequence—and within the very framework—as a
desired outcome—of the protracted peace process that contradict the ten-
dency of dehumanization as a dominant feature of ongoing conflicts, thus
favoring peace-less reconciliation.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
4 Before
the Peace Process: Historical Roots of a
Dysfunctional Relationship 97
5 The
UN Approach to the ‘Question of Palestine’ During
the Cold War117
xiii
xiv Contents
7 The
Twenty-First Century ‘No War, No Peace’: From the
Second Intifada to the Stalemate of the Protracted Peace
Process189
Appendix A: Chronology of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace
Process from 1947 to 2022233
Appendix C: Pictures241
Index251
About the Author
xv
Abbreviations
xvii
List of Pictures
xix
List of Tables
xxi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
This research was born out of the desire to understand the relationship
between the existence of long-term peace processes and the persistence—
and often increase—of violence among societies involved in protracted
conflicts. In this book, I attempt to address the relationship between the
protracted nature of conflicts and peace initiatives, focusing on the rein-
forcement of processes of dehumanizing the ‘other’, which is a central
feature of most cases of multigenerational conflicts—although underex-
plored in protracted conflicts literature (Azar et al. 1978; Azar 1978,
1986, 1990; Bar-Tal 2000; Burton 1990; Ramsbotham 2005).
Dehumanization is a type of cultural violence1 (Galtung 1990) that
fuels conflict and contributes to its perpetuation over time. It is defined in
this book as an element of identity that is constructed and reinforced
within societies in the form of discursive and material practices. However,
limiting the object of this study to an analysis of the dynamics sustaining
dehumanization and its effect on relationships between societies would
1
The concept of violence that is used in this book draws from Johan Galtung’s (1969)
framework that goes beyond the idea of direct violence, introducing the concepts of struc-
tural violence and cultural violence. Cultural violence is “the intellectual justification for
direct and structural violence through nationalism, racism, sexism and other forms of dis-
crimination and prejudice” (Galtung and Fisher 2013: 12). This book identifies dehuman-
ization as a central, although frequently forgotten, dimension of cultural violence in the
context of protracted conflicts. For more about this, see Chap. 3.
2
I am using here “somewhat freely an expression of Foucault” (Laclau and Mouffe 2001:
1), when I refer to genealogy as a method of conceptualization. My approach to genealogy
sees it as a method of historiographic production that aims at studying the origins of a con-
cept or process in a context-related manner in order to determine the conditions that allow
for certain discourses, practices and norms to become possible in a specific timeframe. This
approach allows me to unveil the genesis of the processes of dehumanization and reconcilia-
tion, focusing on the specific dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian case through an analysis of
both languages and practices associated with the protracted peace process that help us under-
stand the contemporary origins of dehumanization and reconciliation processes in this
conflict.
1 INTRODUCTION 3
mapping discourses and practices over diverse levels through the analysis
of political discourses; official documents and reports; data on wars, vio-
lence and social mobilization; and media at key moments of the peace
process since the beginning of the twentieth century.
This book is situated in the field of Peace and Conflict Studies and its
epistemological perspective is fundamentally critical and interdisciplinary,
relying on constructivism as its theoretical bias and also taking into account
insights provided by studies on social psychology. This book aims at con-
tributing to the thought and practice about peace by analyzing through a
historiographic approach the relationship between protracted peace pro-
cesses and the persistence of violence within societies affected by conflict.