Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

linear expanssion

By Desalegn Tariku Gurmesa 2016 Page 1

Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

 Temperature is defined as the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a
sample of matter expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale
 Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
 Temperature is measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles on a body.
 Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or the measure of the average
kinetic energy of the particles in a body
 Temperatur e indicates the direction of heat flow.
 Heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature region.
 A body having particles with high kinetic energy has high temperature.
 A body having particles with small kinetic energy has low temperature.
A key feature of our environment is the combination of temperature and humidity that
determines the heat balance of human beings.
Human beings are comfortable with temperature between 18 oC and 22oC, particularly
referred to as room temperature.
Temperature affects human life in different ways.
Humanbeing’s clothing, eating habit, health and even economy is affected by
temperature of the environment.
1. How does temperature affect human-being’s clothing, eating habit, health and
economy?
 Temperature affects mankind’s clothing, eating habit, health and economy.
2. What do you feel when the temperature is below or above room temperature?
Temperature varies from one place to another.
Polar regions are very cold, temperate regions have moderate temperature and tropical
regions are hot.
The temperature difference from the pole to the equator depends on the Sun’s energy and
the energy retained in Earth’s system.
The yearly average temperature of tropical rain forest zone varies from 21 oC to 31oC.
The average temperature of temperate climates is between −3 oC and 18oC.
During summer, the average temperature in polar zone is −14 oC.
In winter the average temperature is −50 oC.
The temperature of tropic, temperate and polar zones in descending order from the hottest
(Equatorial zone) to the coldest (Polar zone).
In nature, the Sun and the other stars have high temperature.
The Sun and the other stars have high temperature. The average temperature of the Sun’s
outer surface is about 5600 K (≈ 5327 oC).
 The human body has a normal temperature between 97 oF (36.56oC) and 99oF
(37.2oC), but on average, a normal body temperature is 98.6 oF (37oC).

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note
 In our planets earth the temperature varies from place to place
 Polar region - the temperature is very clod
 Sub polar region – somewhat have moderate temperature
 Temperate region – have moderate temperature
 Subtropical region - the temperature is hot less than tropical region.
 Tropical region - the temperature is very hot.
 Equator region –receives most direct sun light.

One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global warming is the increase in temperatures
around the world.
The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius)
over the past 100 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA).
 The natural warming of the Earth that results when the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere such as:-
carbon dioxide,
methane
nitrous oxide,
Water vapor and
Fluorinated gasses trap heat from the sun is called greenhouse effect.
 Greenhouse gases are the causes for global warnings.
Naturally, the greenhouse effect is important to warm the planet to its comfortable average
temperature (150C) and to keep life on Earth.
Mankind’s activity such as burning of fossil fuels for energy is artificially increasing up the natural
greenhouse effect which results in global warming.
Heat waves can be dangerous, causing illnesses such as heat cramps and heat stroke, or even death.
An environmental temperature over 130oF (54oC) often leads to heat stroke.
High environmental temperatures can be dangerous to your body.
In the range of 90oc and 105oF (32oC and 40oC)
Warmer temperatures can also lead to a chain reaction of other changes around the world.

Objective • define thermometer;

• explain how thermometer works;
• describe different temperature scales
Thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of a body. It measures temperature in
degrees
A thermometer consists of a tube of uniform thin bore with a small bulb at its bottom. The tube is
commonly filled with mercury or alcohol to a certain height
Temperature Scales
There are three different temperature scales.
These are:
• Centigrade (Celsius) scale
• Fahrenheit scale
• Kelvin scale

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

 Celsius scale: a temperature scale where the freezing point of water is fixed at 0
degrees and the boiling point is at 100 degrees
 The Celsius scale or centigrade scale was devised by the Swedish astronomer,
Anders Celsius (1701-1744).
 He assigned the value 0oC (0 degree Celsius) to the ice point of water and
100oC (100 degree Celsius) to the steam point or boiling point of water
 The temperature scale where the freezing point of the water is fixed
at 0℃ and the boiling point of water is fixed at 100℃.

 Fahrenheit scale: a temperature scale where the freezing point of water is fixed
at 32 degrees and the boiling point is at 212 degrees
Temperature in Fahrenheit scale is denoted by oF, read as degrees Fahrenheit
 The Fahrenheit scale was designed by the German scientist Daniel Fahrenheit.
 He assigned 32oF (32 degrees Fahrenheit) to the ice point of water and 212 oF (212
degrees Fahrenheit) to the steam point or boiling point of water.
 The difference between the ice point and boiling point is 180;
 It obtains the Fahrenheit scale by dividing the space between the two fixed points into
180 equal parts.
 In Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32℉ and the boiling of the water is
212℉.

 The third type of temperature scale is called Kelvin scale.

 This scale was designed by Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907).
 He assigned 273.15 to ice point and 373.15 to boiling point.
 By dividing the space between the two fixed points into 100 equal parts Kelvin
scale is obtained.
 The SI unit for temperature is kelvin.
 Its symbol is K (Note: No degree sign is used with the unit kelvin).
 Kelvin scale: a temperature scale that uses absolute zero as one of its fixed points.

Absolute zero: the temperature at which a substance has no thermal energy.

- Is the lowest temperature at which particles stop moving (𝟎𝐊 = −𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓℃)
The lowest temperature is defined to be the zero point on the Kelvin scale (0 K or -273.15oC)
and is referred to as absolute zero.()
Kelvin and Celsius scales are often used together as the have the same scale division.
This means the change in the temperature in both scales are the same

Generally the three different temperature scales:-

The fixed points of Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin temperature
scales.

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

• list different types of thermometers;

• describe the uses of different thermometers
All thermometers make use of the change in some physical property with temperature.
A property that changes with temperature is called a thermometric property

1. Mercury Thermometer 4. Thermocouple

2. Alcohol thermometer 5. Thermistor
3. Resistance thermometer 6. Radiation thermometer
1. Mercury Thermometer

 is a glass tube is filled with mercury and a standard temperature

Scale is marked on the tube
 With changes in temperature, the mercury expands and contracts
and the temperature can be read from the scale.
 It can be used to determine body, liquid, and vapor temperatures.
 It is used in households, laboratory experiments, and industrial
applications.
 It is suitable to measure temperature between -30 degree Celsius
and 300 degree Celsius.

2. Alcohol thermometer

 It is a thermometer which utilizes the expansion and contraction of alcohol in

response to temperature changes to measure the temperature.
 It is nontoxic, unlike a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
 The contents will not pose a threat to human health or the environment if the
thermometer is broken.
 Alcohol thermometers are used to measure temperature from -115oC to 78.15 oC.

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

3. Resistance thermometer
 Are made from platinum wire, because platinum has
excellent mechanical and electrical properties in the
temperature range from -270oC to +700oC
 The resistance of platinum wire is known as a function of
temperature.
 Measuring the resistance of the wire

4. Thermocouple
 Is a thermometer used extensively in scientific laboratories.
 It consists of thin wires of different metals, welded together at the ends to form
two junctions,
 The metals are copper and constantan (a copper-nickel alloy).
 The junctions, called the “hot” junction, are placed in thermal contact with the
object whose temperature is being measured.
 Thermocouples are used to measure temperatures as high as 2300 oC
or as low as -270oC.
 The other junction, termed the "reference" junction, is kept at a known constant
temperature (usually an ice-water mixture at 0oC).
 The thermocouple generates a voltage that depends on the difference in
temperature between the two junctions.
 It uses voltage as the thermometric property and is measured by a voltmeter

5. Thermistor
 A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent
on temperature. The term is a combination of ’thermal’ and ’resistor’.
 It is made of metallic oxides.
 Thermistors measure temperature in the range of 0◦C to 100◦C.
 There are two types of thermistors:
1. Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) and
2. Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC).

With NTC thermistor:-

 When the temperature increases, resistance decreases.
 When temperature decreases, resistance increases.
 This type of thermistor is used the most.

Works a little differently:-

 When temperature increases, the resistance increases, and
 When temperature decreases, resistance decreases.

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

6. Radiation thermometer
 Are not based on any change of property with temperature but
use the electromagnetic radiation from a body to be measured.
 The temperature can thus be determined by measuring the
radiation, and
 There is a clear advantage that all the detecting equipment is
remote from the hot body.
 The application areas of radiation thermometer are quite
extensive.
 They are frequently used in industrial processes, the
professional sector.
 To measure the temperature of components in motors or
machines.
 Some radiation thermometers measure temperature in the range of 400◦C
to 1250◦C.


The differences between alcohol and mercury thermometers are:

Alcohol thermometer is a type of thermometer that uses a bulb filled with alcohol as a
temperature sensor whereas a mercury thermometer is a type of thermometer that uses a bulb
filled with mercury as a temperature sensor.
Mercury thermometer is more durable than alcohol thermometer because mercury does not
evaporate easily.
Alcohol thermometer is suitable to measure lower temperature; however mercury thermometer
is used to measure high temperature.
Mercury thermometer has lower value of temperature coefficient of expansion than alcohol
thermometer.

Different thermometers different ranges of measuring temperature.

Alcohol thermometer measures temperature in the range of −115 ◦C to 78.15◦C.
Mercury thermometer measures temperature in the range of −30◦C to 300◦C.
Thermocouple measures temperature in the range of −270◦C to 2300◦C.
Resistance thermometer measures temperature in the range of −270◦C to 700◦C.
Some radiation thermometers measure temperature in the range of 400◦C to 1250◦C.
Thermistors measure temperature in the range of 0◦C to 100◦C.

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note
7.6. Conversion between Temperature Scales
Objective:
 convert temperature in degree Celsius scale to temperature in Fahrenheit scale and vice
versa;
 convert temperature in degree Celsius scale to temperature in Kelvin scale and vice versa;
 Convert temperature in degree Fahrenheit scale to temperature in Kelvin scale and vice
versa.
Consider the ( ) and ( )

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

1. The size of one Kelvin is identical to that of one Celsius degree. Discuss and reason out.
 The division between the lower and upper fixed points of the Celsius temperature
scale and the Kelvin temperature scale is 100.
 The size of one Kelvin is identical to one degree Celsius.
 That is the change in temperature in Celsius scale is the same as the change in
temperature of the Kelvin scale
2. The temperature difference of 5 oC is equal to the temperature difference of 5K. Discuss.
 The same reasoning as 1. ∆T C = ∆TK. Note: 2◦C 2K,
 However, (12◦C−10◦C) = 2◦C = (22K −20K) = 2 K
3. What is the minimum possible temperature in nature?
 The minimum possible temperature in nature is 0 K or −273.15 ◦C
4. Employing the same procedure, derive the formula relating the Fahrenheit temperature scale and
the Kelvin temperature scale.

5. The temperature of the environment in Fahrenheit scale is 82.What is its reading in Kelvin scale?
TK = + 273.15 = + 273.15
= + 273.15
= + 273.15
= 300.93K

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note
6. You designed your own thermometer and have a new temperature scale. On this temperature
scale the steam point is 312 degrees and the ice point is 112 degrees. What is the temperature on
this scale that corresponds to 28 degree Celsius?

7. At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius scale read the same value?
= …. let Tc = TF =T
= => 18T = 10T -320 => 8T = -320
T = - 400
Thus at - 400 both 0C and o F scale read the same value
8. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading equal to twice of Celsius value?
= …. But TF = 2Tc
= => 18T C = 20TC -320 => -2TC = -320
TC = 1600C

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

7.7 Thermal Expansion of Materials

Objective:
 Define thermal expansion;
 describe the difference in expansion rate of materials;
 Calculate temperature dependent linear expansion of materials.

Different materials expand or contract at different rates.

In general, gases expand more than liquids, and liquids expand more than solids
When a solid is heated, its particle moves farther apart and hence the solid expands.
Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled.
The increase in any one dimension of a solid is called linear expansion, linear in the sense that the
expansion occurs along a line.
The linear expansion of a rod whose length is L0 at temperature T 0.
When the temperature increases from T0 to T0 +∆T, the length becomes L0 +∆L where ∆T
and ∆L are the magnitude of the changes in temperature and length respectively.
When the temperature decreases to T0 −∆T, the length decreases to L0 − ∆L.

• When a solid heated its particles move further apart causing the solid to expand.

 The nature of the solid

 The rise of the temperature
Depending on dimension of solids we can classify expansion of solids in to three:
•
These are
1) Linear expansion ( one dimension expansion)
2) Area expansion ( two dimension expansion)
3) Volume expansion( three dimension expansion)

Is the expansion or increase in length of heated rod of one dimension (l)

 When a metal rod is heated it expands and increases in length.
 This expansion is called linear expansion.
 The increase in any one dimension of a solid is called linear expansion .
 For modest temperature changes, experiments show that the change in length (∆L) is directly
proportional to the change in temperature ∆T and the initial length of the rod Lo. ∆L = αL 0∆T,
where α is coefficient of linear expansion.
 The diagram in figure below represents a metal rod of length before heating and
after heating.
*Consider expansion of a rod of original length "𝒍𝒐 ” due to change of temperature "∆𝐓".

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

𝒍 − 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 length of the rod after expansion/contraction

𝒍𝒐 − 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 length of the rod
𝜶 − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 (in ℃−𝟏)

Linear expansion: the increase in length of a substance due to heating.

Coefficient of linear expansion: the increase in length of a 1m road of a given substance when its
temperature increases by 1K
The Bimetallic strip
The bimetallic strip can e made by placing two metals of different metals side by side and welding
them together along their entire length at particular temperature.
Example
Brass and Iron
Copper and Brass
Iron and Copper
Consider a bimetallic strip made up of brass and iron at room temperature. It is straight line.
When the strip is heated through uniform temperature, the brass expands more than the iron and
then the strip is bends with brass on the outside of the curve. This shows that the expansion of brass
is greater than that of iron.
When the strip is cooled down below the room temperature, the brass would contract faster than the
iron. Then the strip would now bend with iron on the outside of the curve. This shows that the
contraction of brass is greater than that of iron.

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

What happens to the change in length of the rod if the initial length of the rod is doubled?
The change in length can also be doubled.
Does the coefficient of linear expansion depend on the nature of material?
Yes, the coefficient of linear expansion depends on the nature of materials. It is
different for different materials.
A bimetallic strip is made from two thin strips of metal that have different coefficients of linear
expansion.
Brass α = 19×10−6 (oC) −1 and steel α = 12×10−6 (oC) −1 are selected.
The two pieces are weld together.
(a) What happens when the bimetallic strip is heated?
(b) What happens when the bimetallic strip is cooled?
(c) Discuss some technological applications of bimetallic strips.
The coefficients of linear expansion of solids

 When the bimetallic strip is heated, the brass, having the larger value of α,
expands more than the steel.
 Since the two metals are bonded together, the bimetallic strip bends into
an arc as in part b, with the longer brass piece having a larger radius than
the steel piece.
 When the strip is cooled, the bimetallic strip bends in the opposite
direction, as in part c
 A bimetallic strip and how it behaves when (b) heated and (c) cooled

4. An annular thin ring of aluminum is cut from the aluminum sheet as shown below. When the
ring is heated:
 A hole in a piece of solid material also expands.
 The diameter of the hole expands with the same percent as any length of the
aluminum
Thin strips of iron and zinc are weld together to form a bimetallic strip that bends when heated.
The iron is on the inside of the bend why?
of it has higher coefficient of linear expansion
2. - is an expansion of a solid sheet which
has negligible thickness. Consider a sheet of original area 𝐀𝒐 = 𝒍𝒐 × 𝒃𝒐 heated from 𝐓𝒐 to 𝐓.

Change in area of the plate (∆𝑨) is directly proportional to the product of the original area (𝐀𝒐) and
the change of temperature (∆𝐓).
 Consider a sheet of original area 𝐀𝒐 = 𝒍𝒐 × 𝒃𝒐 heated from 𝐓𝒐 and 𝐓.

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Negele Ifa Boru Special Boarding Secondary School Physics Grade 9th Unit 7 Short Note

Where A - final area after it is heated

𝐀𝐨 - original area
𝛃 - coefficients of areal expansion
𝑨=𝒍×𝒃
𝑨 = (𝒍 × 𝒃) = 𝒍𝒐(𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻) 𝒃𝒐(𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻)
𝑨 = 𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒐
𝐀 = 𝐀𝐨(𝟏 + 𝟐𝛂∆𝐓 )
Since 𝛂-is the order of 𝟏𝟎−𝟔, its square is extremely small. Therefore, is neglected and 𝟐𝛂 = 𝜷
Where 𝜷-coefficient of a real expansion.

The change in volume ∆𝐕 of a metal block subjected to a temperature ∆𝐓 is directly proportional to the
product of its original volume 𝐕𝐨 and the change in temperature (∆𝐕).
∆𝐕~𝐕𝐨∆𝐓
𝐕 = 𝛄𝐕𝐨∆𝐓
Where 𝛄 - coefficients of volume expansion
𝐕=𝒍×𝒃×𝒘
𝑽 = (𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻) x (𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻) × (𝟏 + 𝜶∆𝑻)
𝑽 = 𝒍𝒐 × 𝒃𝒐× 𝒘𝒐
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒐
Since 𝛂 - is the order of 𝟏𝟎−𝟔, its square and its cube is extremely small. Therefore, and
is neglected

Where 𝛄 - coefficient of a volume expansion

1. Show as 𝛄 = 𝟑 /𝟐 𝜷
2. The volume of a cube of nickel at 10℃ is 27𝐦𝟑. What is the new and change in volume of the cube if
its temperature is increased to 110℃ or by 100℃? (𝐭𝐚𝐤𝒆 𝛂𝐍𝐢 = 𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓/𝐊)

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