Preface

Science Experiment Book is a book produced as a guideline for Science teachers in all SJK
(Tamil) schools in Malaysia in conducting Science experiments in schools. The book has been
produced in two languages, Tamil and English, to simplify and to assist teachers to conduct 10 experi-
ments listed in the DSKP for each standard from Standard 1 to Standard 6. We hope this book will
provide further understandings to both students and teachers on how to carry out an experiment in
school more effectively. This book also provides a guide on writing a science experiment report to
both students and teachers. HOTS questions have been included in this book to expose students on this
type of question and to guide them on how to answer the questions more effectively.
We hope this book will serve as a guide students and teachers in achieving a better outcome in
their PBD assessment and enhance their interest and understanding in Science.

Published by

Association of Science, Technology & Innovation Malaysian Tamil School Headmasters Association
 CONTENTS

EXPERIMENT TOPIC PAGE

1 SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS 2-4

2 MICROORGANISMS 5-7

3 FRICTION 8- 10

4 AIR PRESSURE 11-13

5 SPEED 14-16

6 FOOD PRESERVATION 17-19

7 ECLIPSE OF MOON 20 -23

8 STABILITY 24-26

9 STRENGTH 27-29

1
EXPERIMENT 1 SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

Introduction

In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an insulator it cannot. Metals

such as copper typify conductors, while most non-metallic solids are said to be
good insulators, having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge through
them.

Scientific term :

Conductor : An electrical conductor is a material in which electric current

flow freely.

Insulator : An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does

not flow through it.

Problem : Does all materials allows electricity to pass through it?

Aim :

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Variables :

Manipulated variable :

________________________________________________________________

Responding variables :

________________________________________________________________

Constant variables:

________________________________________________________________

2
Apparatus
Safety pin, plastic bag, nail, pencil, key, paper, aluminium foil
Materials Battery Bulb
Electric circuit

Pencil
Procedures :
1. An electric circuit is used to test the ability of different materials to conduct
electricity.
2. The pencil is connected to the circuit.
3. The presence of light is observed and recorded
4. Step 2 – 3 is repeated for other materials such as safety pin, plastic bag,
pencil, key, paper, aluminium foil.

Result
Types of materials Presence of light ( Yes/No )

Nail
Safety pin
Plastic bag
Pencil
Key
Paper
Aluminum foil

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3
Conclusion

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Questions

1. State 2 safety precautions when working with electricity.

i. ___________________________________________________________

ii. ___________________________________________________________

2. State another 2 insulators.

i. ___________________________________________________________

ii. ___________________________________________________________

3. Why are the switches not made of metal? (TP5)

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

YOUTUBE LINKS:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZPURSF5iH4
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P2gnNIKhpM

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

4
EXPERIMENT 2 MICROORGANISMS

Introduction

Yeast is a microorganisms. The yeast feeds on sugar and produces carbon

dioxide.

Scientific terms :

Microorganisms : A tiny organism that can be seen only through a

microscope.

Yeast : Yeast is microorganisms that are classified, along with

moulds and mushrooms

Problem : Does the amount of the sugar affect the circumference of

the balloon?

Aim :

Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Variables :

Manipulated variable:

________________________________________________________________

Responding variables:

________________________________________________________________

Constant variables:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5
Apparatus
Weighing balance, measuring cylinder, and ruler
Materials
Warm water, yeast, sugar, 5 plastic bottles, funnel, thread and balloons.

A B C
A B C

After 30 minutes
2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g
g g g

Procedures

1. 3 clean and dry plastic bottles and a measuring cylinder are prepared.
2. Plastic bottle are labelled as A,B and C
3. 250 ml of warm water is measured with measuring cylinder is poured in
plastic bottle A- C
4. 15 g of yeast is added to plastic bottles A-C and swirled.
5. In a plastic bottle A, 2 g of sugar is added.
6. Insert the nozzle of the balloon over the mouth of the bottle.
7. Placed the bottle in a warm place (room temperature)
8. Left the bottle for 30minutes.
9. The circumference of the balloons is measured using thread and ruler.
10. Step 5 – 9 is repeated 2 times and average readings are calculated.
11. Step 5 to 10 are repeated using 4 g (bottle B) and 6 g (bottle C)
of sugar.

RESULTS
Amount of sugar Circumference of the Average
(g) balloons (cm) circumference of
T1 T2 T3 the
balloons (cm)
2
4
6

6
Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Conclusion

________________________________________________________________
Questions

1. Does room temperature affect the gas is created by the yeast?

YES NO

2. Write an observation regarding the result.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What the function of the sugar?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
YOUTUBE LINKS:
https://youtu.be/Cv-b0NdHZfs
https://youtu.be/qoxY0z8ukUQ

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

7
EXPERIMENT 3 FRICTION
Introduction

Friction is a force that occurs when two surfaces slide past one another. The
force of friction opposes the motion of an object, causing moving objects to lose
energy and slow down. The rougher the surface the more friction is created.

Scientific terms

Friction : The force generated when two surfaces are in contact.

Force : Pull or push that causes an object to move

Problem : Does the types of surfaces affect the distance travelled by a toy

car?

Aim :

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Variables:

Manipulated variable :

________________________________________________________________
Responding variables :

________________________________________________________________
Constant variables:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Apparatus: Measuring tape and stopwatch
Materials : Plywood, sand paper, science textbooks, toy car

8
Procedures

1. The incline plane is set up as shown in the diagram.

2. The toy car is placed on an incline plane with a sand paper surface and
released.
3. A measuring tape is used to determine the distance travelled by a toy car.
4. Step 2-3 is repeated for plywood surface.
5. Three trials are carried out for each surface and calculate the average
distance travelled by the toy car.
RESULT
Type of Distance travelled by toy Average distance travelled by
surface car (cm) toy car (cm)
T1 T2 T3
Sand paper

Plywood

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9
Questions
1. Frictional force acts in the ( same / opposite ) direction of motion.

2. Based on the result which surface exerts the less friction? Why

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. If the mirror used in this experiment, predict the distance travelled by the toy
car.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

YOUTUBE LINKS :
https://youtu.be/eCJVe8adRUw

https://youtu.be/IG4cc2A1MFI

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

10
EXPERIMENT 4 AIR PRESSURE

The air around us has weight, and it presses against everything it touches. That
pressure is called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted on
a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth. Atmospheric pressure is
commonly measured with a barometer.

Scientific term :

Air pressure : The force exerted onto a surface by the weight of the air

Problem : Does presence of air pressure affect the water density?

Aim :

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Apparatus
measuring cylinder
Materials
2 plastic bottles, water, food colour, plasticine, nail and 2 bowls

A Plastic bottle
B
Plasticine

Procedures :
1. The plastic bottles is arranged as shown in the diagram.
2. Hole in the water bottle created with sharp nail.
3. The holes covered with plasticine.

11
 4. 250 ml of colour water is measured with measuring cylinder is poured in
plastic bottles.
5. Plastic bottle A is closed with lid.
6. The plasticine is removed from each bottle.
7. The flow of the water from the plastic bottles A and B is observed and
recorded

Result

Plastic bottle Condition of water

(water flow / does not flow)
A
B

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

12
Questions

1. Which place has the highest air pressure?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. Which bottle allow the water to flow? Why?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. Describe one of the effects we experienced when we switched to low air

pressure.

________________________________________________________________

You tube Link :

1. https://youtu.be/CZmP0vsRBZ8

2. https://youtu.be/4LYjdwvy8MY

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

13
EXPERIMENT 5 SPEED

Introduction

Mass determines how quickly an object can change speed (accelerate) under the
action of a given force. Lighter objects need less time to change speed by a
given amount under a given force.

Scientific term :

Mass : Mass is the amount of matter or substance that makes up an

object.

Speed : Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is

moving."

Problem : Does the mass of the object affect the speed?

Aim :

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Variables :

Manipulated variable :

________________________________________________________________
Responding variables :

________________________________________________________________
Constant variables:

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

14
Apparatus : Stopwatch, measuring tape
Materials : Iron ball, Aluminum
Iron ball

Starting point

Procedures
1. An inclined plane with length of 100 cm is prepared.
2. Placed the iron ball mass with 15 g at starting point.
3. The time for iron ball travelled on inclined plane is measured using
stopwatch and recorded.
4. Step 2-3 is repeated 3 times and the average of the three readings are
calculated.
5. Step 2-3 are repeated using for other iron ball such as 25 g and 35 g.

Result

Mass of iron ball Time take to travelled by Average of time Speed of the
(g) iron ball (seconds) taken by car (s) iron ball
T1 T2 T3
15
25
35

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

15
Conclusion

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Questions

1. State one safety precaution to get accurate result.

________________________________________________________________

2. State an observation about experiment

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. In this experiment, any factor other than the weight of the iron ball will affect

the speed of the iron.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Youtube Link :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKUVGvBwt48

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

16
EXPERIMENT 6 FOOD PRESERVATION

INTRODUCTION

Food preservation is one of the methods to protect food from unwanted

microbial growth. Food preservation, food for a longer time. Food preservation
includes food processing practices which prevent the growth of
microorganisms, such as yeasts although some methods work by introducing
benign bacteria or fungi to the food and slow the oxidation of fats that cause
rancidity. Cooling, freezing, fermentation, sun-drying are few age-old food
preservation techniques. By preserving food, food waste can be reduced, which
is an important way to decrease production costs and increase the efficieny of
food systems, improve food security and nutrition and contribute towards
environmental sustainability.
SCIENTIFIC TERMS
Food preservation : Methods to protect food from unwanted microbial growth
Microorganisms : Living things that cannot seen by naked eyes
Acetic liquids : Chemical liquids
PROBLEM : Which liquids can preserve food for long time?
AIM :
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

HYPOTHESIS :
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

VARIABLES
Manipulated Variable:
________________________________________________________________

17
Responding Variable:
________________________________________________________________

Controlled variables :
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Apparatus : Beakers, cylinder

Materials : Mango slices, salt solution, sugar solution, vinegar, pipe water

A B C D

Salt solution Salt solution Salt solution Salt solution

PROCEDURE:

1. 200 ml of sugar solution, salt solution, vinegar and pipe water is added to
same size of jar separately.
2. Same slice of mango is placed inside each jar that contained liquid.
3. After mango slice is placed inside jar, the cap is closed tightly and kept it
at room temperature.
4. Every two days the changes occur in mango slices are recorded.
5. The changes in the mango slices are recorded in the table below.
Days Number of days for the mango slice to spoil
nd
2 day 4th day 6th day 8th day
Solution
Salt solution

Sugar solution

Vinegar

Pipe water

18
INTERPRETING DATA
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS

1. In which solution does the mango slice take longer time to spoil? (TP3)

___________________________________________________________

2. What are the other method of preserving mango slices?(TP4)

___________________________________________________________

3. In this experiment, why mango slices take longer time to spoil in vinegar
solution?
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Youtube Link :

https://youtu.be/HpSoqzmi4cg

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

19
EXPERIMENT 7 ECLIPSE OF MOON

INTRODUCTION

When Earth, Moon and Sun are rotating on its own orbit, at one moment Earth,
Moon and Sun will meet at a straight line and during this phenomena happens,
the sun rays will fall on Earth’s surface. Thus, Earth’s shadow fall on Moon,
therefore, the Moon will be seen in round dark shape. This is how Eclipse of
Moon take placed.

SCIENTIFIC TERMS

Sun : Star

Earth : Planet

Moon : Natural satellite

Straight line: Earth, Sun and Moon meeting point

Eclipse : Natural phenomena

PROBLEM: To identify when eclipse of moon occurs.

AIM :

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

HYPOTHESIS:

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

20
 VARIABLES

Manipulated Variable :

________________________________________________________________

Responding Variable :

________________________________________________________________

Controlled variables :

________________________________________________________________

Apparatus : Ruler

Materials : Three different saiz of ball Tennis ball

Ping pong
Torch light
ball

PROCEDURE:

1. The apparatus are set up as shown in above diagrams by students.

2. The torch light is hold straight towards the tennis ball.
3. The shadow of tennis ball is fell on the ping pong ball and this
changes are observed by students.
4. Finally, the changes that observed are compare with nature
phenomena (eclipes of moon) are drew.

21
POSITION OF MOON APPEARANCY OF MOON

1 


2 

3 

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS

1. When eclipse of Moon occurs?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. Why eclipse of Moon occurs?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

22
3.Draw and label the eclipse of Moon at the space given

Youtube link :

https://youtu.be/Lw3Qb4QTmEU

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

23
EXPERIMENT 8 STABILITY

Introduction

Introduction

The stability of a structure depends on height of the structure and base area of
structure.

Scientific terms:

Stability : Firmness in position.

Base area : Structure which has a bigger base area is more stable.

Height : Higher structures has low stability.

Problem : Does the base area of model affect the time taken by model to

topple?

Aim :

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Variables :

Manipulated variable :

________________________________________________________________
Responding variables :

________________________________________________________________

Constant variables:

________________________________________________________________
24
Apparatus : Stopwatch

Materials : Cardboard, Sateh sticks, scissors , glue

P Q R

Procedures

1. Models as shown in diagram prepared using cardboard and sateh sticks.

2. Models P , Q and R placed on a flat surface.
3. Fan switched on and the time taken by model to topple observed and
recorded.
4. Step 2-3 is repeated 3 times and the average of the three readings are
calculated

Results

Model The time taken by model Average time taken by model

to topple (seconds) to topple (seconds)
T1 T2 T3
P

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

25
Conclusion
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Questions

1. Based on the experiment state the factor affecting stability of model?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. What is expected when height of Model R increased?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. Based on the models, choose the position of a giraffe’s legs while

drinking water to increase it’s stability
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Youtube Links :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8guRaDEWRHk
STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

26
EXPERIMENT 9 STRENGTH

Introduction

The strength of a structure depends on types of materials used and how the
structure is built (design).

Scientific terms:

Strength : Ability to hold a heavy load

Type of material : steel, iron, concrete

Problem : Which materials has more strength?

Aim :

________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Hypothesis :

________________________________________________________________

Variables

Manipulated variable :

Responding variable :

Constant variables :

_____________________________________________________________

Apparatus : ruler
Materials : 50 cent coins , books , A4 paper , Manila card

27
 Structure P Structure Q

Manila card A4 paper

Procedures

1. Structures as shown in diagram prepared using similar size of books,

manila card and A4 paper.
2. Coins placed one at a time on Structure P and structure Q.
3. The number of coins withstand by structure observed and recorded.
4. Step 2-3 is repeated 3 times and the average of the three readings are
calculated.

Results
Structure Number of coins withstand by
structure
P

Interpreting data
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

28
Conclusion

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Questions

1. Based on the experiment which structure has more strength?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

2. Write an inference based on your observation.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

3. Suggest a method to increase the strength of structure Q

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Youtube Link :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZeoBH5ui6I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oaa20-NeOuQ

STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE LEVEL

1 2 3 4 5 6

29