CURRICULUM GRADE 10 -12 DIRECTORATE

NCS (CAPS) SUPPORT

WINTER REVISION DOCUMENT

MATHEMATICS

GRADE 12

2024
Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

This document has been compiled by the FET Mathematics Subject Advisors together with
Lead Teachers. It seeks to unpack the contents and to give guidance to teachers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TOPICS
NUMBERS
Calculus
1. 3
Graphs and Graph Interpretation
Calculus:
2. 11
Optimisation, & Rates of change
Trigonometry
16
A. General solutions
3.
Trigonometry
18
B. Graphs
Euclidean Geometry
4. 29
Proportionality
Euclidean Geometry
5. 34
Similarity
6. Answers 42

2
 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

TOPIC 1. CALCULUS (Graphs and graph interpretation)

GUIDELINES, SUMMARY NOTES, & STRATEGIES

A cubic function is given by y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d / f ( x) = a( x − b)( x − c)( x − d )

1. Shape
Function First derivative Second derivative
Cubic Parabola Linear
f ( x) = ax + bx + cx + d : standard f ( x) = 3ax + 2bx + c . This is • f '' ( x) = 6ax + 2b .
3 2 ' 2

form also referred as Gradient formula/ • f "( x)  0 implies the

f ( x) = a( x − b)( x − c)( x − d ) : Equation. In case the 1st derivative is graph is concave up
intercept form where +, the graph is increasing and when
-, the graph is decreasing.
• f "( x)  0 implies the
b, c and d are x - intercept s graph is concave down
f ( x) = a( x − b) ( x − c) :TP
2
form • f "( x) = 0 implies the
where ( x − b) i both x − int and TP .
2
point of Inflection NB.
To sketch the cubic graph: To get the point of inflection,
• Get intercepts: y-int, let x = 0 and f "( x) = 0 and solve for x then
solve and for x-int, y = 0 and substitute the x-value into the equation to
solve find the y-value or use average of TPs.
• TPs, let f "( x) = 0 and solve for x
, then substitute x-value(s) into the
equation and solve for y-
coordinate(s)
• For the shape ,refer to the diagrams
below.
a0

a0

Comparing the graphs of cubic, its
first derivative and second
derivative.
Finding the equation of a tangent
Case 1:given the x-coordinate.
Determine the equation of a
tangent to f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 5 at
x = 2 . For an equation of a straight
line, you need a gradient and one
point.To determine the gradient of a
Determining the equation of a
function
Case 1: given equation of tangent
❖ Be able to go back to finding the
equation of a curve using all that
you have done above.
Example

3
 Mathematics
• The cubic graph is Increasing
where the Parabola is Positive
(above x-axis) where
x  −1 or x  3
• The cubic graph is decreasing
where the Parabola is
Negative (below x-axis)
where
−1  x  3
• The cubic graph is concave
down where the Parabola is
Decreasing and where the
Straight line is Negative
(below the x-axis)
• The cubic graph is Concave
up where the Parabola is
Increasing and where the
Straight line is Positive
(above x-axis)
• The x-int of the parabola (1st
derivative) are the TPs of the
cubic graph
• The TP of the Parabola is the
point of inflection of the
cubic graph and also the x-int
of the straight line graph (2nd
derivative)
KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024
tangent you need to differentiate first g ( x) = 9 x + 10 Is the equation of a
and substitute the value of that is tangent to the curve
given. (Remember, derivative is a
gradient) f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + 6 at a point ( −2; −8)
determine the values of a and b .
Case 2: given the gradient of a f '( x) = 2ax + b = mt , mt = 9 at x = −2
tangent
In this case, remember that to find  2a(−2) + b = 9
the gradient of a tangent you a (−2) 2 + b(−2) + 6 = −8
differentiated , substituted the 4a − 2b = −14
coordinate of the point of
intersection of the curve and the 4a − 2(9 + 4a) = −14
tangent, now go back .
Determine the equation of a −4a = 4
tangent to the curve
a = −1
f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 2 x + 5 given that the
b = 9 + 4(−1)
gradient of a tangent is 3 .
b=5
Case 3: given the y-coordinate
 f ( x) = − x 2 = 5 x + 6
Equate the equation to the value
Case2: Given x-intercepts and
of y to get x-value(s). In case
value of a or other point.
there is a restriction, follow it.
Get the gradient of the tangent
Case3: Given the turning point.
then the equation like in CASE1
Case4: Given the point of inflection
Example: Determine the equation of
a tangent to the curve
f ( x) = x 2 + x − 11 at a point ( x;1)
Case5: Given the derivative and
a point.
where x  0 .
Case 4: Given the y -intercept
in y = mx + c
Given the curve f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x − 8
and the equation of a tangent
y = mx + 9 , determine the value of
m , the gradient of a tangent where
x0.
f '( x) = 2 x − 2
x 2 − 2 x − 8 = x(2 x − 2) − 9
x2 −1 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 1 , x = −1
f '(−1) = 2(−1) − 2 = mt
mt = −4
 y = −4 x − 9
4
 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

ACTIVITIES
1.1 Consider: f ( x) = x − 4 x − 11x + 30
3 2

1.1.1 Determine the y intercept of f . (1) L1

1.1.2 Calculate the x intercepts of f . (2) L2
1.1.3 Calculate the stationery point(s) of f . (5) L2
1.1.4 Sketch the graph of f indicating all the turning points and intercepts. (4) L2
1.1.5 Determine the coordinates of the point of inflection of f . (4) L2
1.1.6 Determine the equation of a tangent to f at x = 6 . (5) L3
1.1.7 For which values of x is:
(a) f increasing (3) L2
(b) f ( x)  0 (3) L2
(c) x. f ' ( x)  0 (3) L3
1.2 Consider: g ( x) = − x 3 − x 2 + x + 1
1.2.1 Write down g (0) (1) L1
1.2.2 Calculate the x intercepts of g . (4) L1
1.2.3 Calculate the stationery point(s) of g . (5) L2
1.2.4 Sketch the graph of g indicating all the axis and intercepts. (4) L2
1.2.5 Determine the coordinates of the point of inflection of g . (4) L2
1.2.6 Determine the equation of a tangent to g at x = −3 . (5) L3

1.3 f ( x) = x 3 − 8 x 2 + 16 x is sketched below. P and Q are the turning points of f . The graph cuts
the y axis at the origin.

1.3.1 Calculate the coordinates of P and Q (5) L2

1.3.2 For what value(s) of x is f concave down? (4) L3
1.3.3 Determine the equation of a tangent to f at x = 1 (5) L3
1.3.4 Determine the values of k for which f ( x) = k have three unequal roots? (3) L3
1.3.5 For which values of x is:
(a) f ( x)  0 (1) L1
(b) f ( x.) f ' ( x)  0 (3) L3
1.4 The sketch below represents the graph of g ( x ) = x − 6 x − 1. T and Q are the turning points
3

and R is the y-intercept of g

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

1.4.1 Determine the coordinates of R. (1) L1

1.4.2 Determine the coordinates of the turning points T and Q. (5) L2
1.4.3 Determine the values of x for which g strictly increases. (2) L2
1.4.4 Determine the equation of the tangent to g at R. (4) L2
1.4.5 Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to the tangent at T. (3) L2

1.5 Given: f ( x) = ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 ) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x + 8
2

1.5.1 Write down the x and y intercepts of f . (6) L2

1.5.2 Determine the coordinates of the stationery point(s) of f . (5) L2
1.5.3 2
Show that f changes its concavity at x =
3 (4) L4
1.5.4 Sketch the graph of f indicating all the turning points and all the intercepts. (4) L2
1.5.5 Determine the equation of a tangent to f where the gradient of f is a minimum (6) L4

1.6 The graph of f ( x) = − x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3x + 18 is sketched below. The graph cuts the x axis at A and
B, and the y axis at T. A and S are the turning points of f .

1.6.1 Calculate the coordinates of T. (1) L1

1.6.2 Determine the coordinates of A and B (5) L2
1.6.3 Calculate the coordinates of S. (4) L2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

1.6.4 For which values of x is f concave up. (3) L3

1.6.5 Calculate the average gradient between points T and S. (2) L1
1.6.6 Determine the equation of the line passing through T parallel to the tangent to f at
x = −3 (2) L2
1.6.7 Determine the value(s) of k for which − x3 − 4 x 2 + 3x + 18 − k = 0 has three distinct
roots. (3) L2
1.6.8 For which values of x is:
(a) f ' ( x)  0 . (2) L2
(b) x. f ( x)  0 . (2) L3
(c) f strictly increasing. (2) L2

1.7 f ' ( x) = −3 x 2 + 6 x , a derivative of a certain function f ( x) is sketched below.

1.7.1 Write down the x coordinates of the stationery points of f . (2) L2

1.7.2 Determine the x coordinate of the point of infection of f . (3) L2
1.7.3 If it is given that f ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 , calculate the values of a and b . (3) L4

1.8 Sketched below is g '( x) = 3 x 2 − 16 x + 16 the derivative of g ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx

1.8.1 Calculate the coordinates of A and B. (4) L2

1.8.2 Hence, write down the x coordinates of the stationery points of f . (2) L2
1.8.3 Determine the x coordinate of the point of infection of f . (2) L2
1.8.4 Calculate the values of a , b and c . (4) L3

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

1.9 Consider: f ' ( x) = 3 x 2 − 8 x − 11 the derivative of g ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d

1.9.1 Calculate the coordinates of A and B. (4) L2

1.9.2 Hence, write down the x coordinates of the stationery points of f . (2) L2
1.9.3 For which value(s) of x is f increasing (2) L3
1.9.4 4
Show that f changes its concavity at x = .
3 (4) L3
1.9.5 If f (0) = 30 , show that a = 1 , b = −4 , c = −11 and d = 30 (5) L3
1.9.6 Calculate the y coordinates of the stationery points of f (3) L2
1.9.7 Sketch the graph of f , indicating the stationery points and the intercepts. (3) L2
1.9.8 Determine the equation of the tangent to f if the gradient of a tangent is 104 and
x  0. (5) L3

1.10 The graph of g ( x) = 2 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 3 is sketched below. A and B are the turning points of g .
The graph cuts the x axis at C, D and E and the y axis at F.

1.10.1 Determine the coordinates of F. (1) L1

1.10.2 Show that a = 5 and b = -24 (6) L3
1.10.3 Determine the coordinates of A. (4) L2
1.10.4 Solve for x if g ( x) = 0 (4) L2
1.10.5 The graph of g is concave up when x  k , solve for k . (3) L2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

1.10.6 The graph of g is reflected about the x axis to obtain the graph of h . Write down the
coordinates of the stationery points of h . (3) L3
1.10.7 y = qx + t is the equation of the tangent to g at x = −2 , calculate the values of q and t . (6) L4

1.11 Given a function f ( x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1

1.11.1 Show that ( x − 1) is the only factor of f . (2) L1
1.11.2 Prove that f will never decrease for any value of x . (4) L4
1.11.3 Determine the minimum gradient of f (3) L4

1.12 Drawn below are the graphs of g ( x) = − x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c and h( x) = mx + 2 . P and Q are the
turning points of f . Both f and h cut the x axis at S and the y axis at A and B.
ASO = 63,43 . T ( 3; −32 ) is a point on f .

1.12.1 Calculate the value of m . (3) L2

1.12.2 Determine the coordinates of S. (1) L1
1.12.3 Calculate the coordinates of P. (3) L2
1.12.4 Calculate the coordinates of Q (3) L2
1.12.5 Determine the equation of the tangent to f at T. (4) L3
1.12.6 For which value(s) of x will the graph of f concave down? (4) L3
1.12.7 Determine the value(s) of x for which:
(a) f ' ( x).h( x)  0 (3) L4
(b) f ( x)  0 (2) L2
1.12.8 For which value(s) of k will f ( x) − k = 0 has one positive root? (3) L3

1.13 Given: f ( x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d with the following properties:

• f (−2) = f (1) = 0
• f ' (1) = f ' (−1) = 0
• f (−1) = 4
• f (0) = 2
• f ' ( x)  0 for −1  x  1

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

1.13.1 Sketch the graph of f indicating all the intercepts and the turning points. (5) L3
1.13.2 Show that a = 1 , b = 0 , c = −3 and d = 2 (5) L3
1.13.3 f is shifted 2 units to the right. Determine the coordinates of the new turning points of
f. (2) L4
1.14 Sketch below is the graph of f ( x) = x + ax + bx + c . The x − int ercepts of f are at
3 2

(3;0) and M, where M lies on the negative x − axis . K (0; −3) is the y − int ercept of f
. Mand N are the turning points of f .

1.14.1 Prove that the equation of f is given by f ( x) = x 3 − x 2 − 5 x − 3 (5) L4

1.14.2 Calculate the coordinates of N (5) L3
1.14.3 For which values of x will f ( x)  0 ? (2) L3
1.14.4 For which values of x will f be increasing? (2) L3
1.14.5 For which values of x will f be concave up? (3) L3
1.14.6 Determine the maximum vertical distance between the graphs of f and f '( x) in the
interval −1  x  0 (6) L3
1.14.7 Determine the equation of a tangent at the point where x = −2 (4) L3
1.14.8 Hence or otherwise, determine the value(s) of k for which the tangent, y = 11x + k ,will
have three roots (4) L4
1.15 Given that equation of f ( x) = x + ax + bx has a point of inflection at point P(2;8) ,
3 2

determine the values of a and b (5) L3

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

TOPIC 2. CALCULUS (Optimisation & rates of change)

GUIDELINES, SUMMARY NOTES, & STRATEGIES

Optimization Problems (Maximum & Minimum problems)
We want to find the maximum and minimum values in a real-world application problem.
Strategy
1. Determine what you are minimizing/maximizing and draw a picture if possible
2. Write an equation for the quantity you are trying to maximize or minimize
3. If there is more than one independent variable, create another equation relating the variables → combine
into one function with 1 independent variable
4. Follow the 3 steps below to find the maximum or minimum value required:

• Step 1: find the derivative of the function and equate it to zero.

• Step 2: evaluate the function values at the point(s) found in step 1 and the endpoints of the interval
(sometimes the endpoints don't exist)
• Step 3: compare the values you found in step 2 and make a conclusion (Differentiate a second time to
distinguish between the maximum and the minimum).
Rate of Change Problems
There are many examples in life where one quantity changes with another. The rate of how one quantity (like
sale of ice creams) varies with another (like temperature) is a very important application of Calculus. Many
problems on rates of change involve displacement, velocity and acceleration.
We often use the letter 𝑠 to represent displacement (distance travelled in a certain direction). Velocity (𝑣)
(speed in a certain direction) is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. In calculus, we can
ds
write the previous sentence as v = . Velocity (or speed) is measured in m/s or km/h. Similarly, acceleration
dt
(𝑎) is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. In calculus, we can write the previous sentence as
dv dv d 2s
a= . Thus, a = = 2 or, in words, acceleration is the second derivative of displacement with respect
dt dt dt
to time. Acceleration is measured in m/s2.
Some Formulae:

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

ACTIVITIES
NSC NOVEMBER 2023
2.1 The diagram alongside represents a printed
poster. Rectangle ABCD is the part on
which the text is printed. The shaded area
ABCD is 432 cm2 and AD = x cm . ABCD
is 4 cm from the left and right edges and 3
cm from the top and bottom of the page.

2.1.1 Show that the total area of the page is given by:
3456
A( x) = + 6 x + 480
x (3) L3
2.1.2 Determine the value of x such that the total area of the page is a minimum. (3) L2
[6]
2.2 The figure alongside shows the design of a
horse feeder which is in the shape of a
hollow,
open topped triangular prism.
The triangular faces at the two ends of the
feeder are isosceles and right angled, so that
AB = BC = DE = EF and
ABCˆ = DEF ˆ = 90. The triangular faces are
vertical, and the edges AD, BE and CF are
horizontal. The volume of the feeder is 4 m3.

2.2.1 1 2 16 2
Show that the surface area A of the feeder is given by A = x + , where x is the
2 x
length of AC. (4) L3
2.2.2 Determine the value of x for which A is stationary, giving the answer in the form
k 2 where k is an integer . (4) L3
2.2.3 Show that the value of x in 2.2 gives the minimum value for A. (3) L2
2.2.4 Show by exact calculations that the minimum surface area of the feeder is 12 m2. (2) L1
2.2.5 Show that the length ED is equal to the length EB. (2) L2
[15]
NSC NOVEMBER 2014
2.3 A box is made from a rectangular piece of
cardboard, 100 cm by 40 cm, by cutting out
the shaded areas and folding the dotted lines
in the diagram alongside.

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

2.3.1 Express the length l in terms of the height h. (1) L1

2.3.2 Hence prove that the volume of the box is given by V = h(50 − h)(40 − 2h) (3) L2
2.3.3 For which value of h will the volume of the box be a maximum? (5) L2
[9]
NSC FEBRUARY/MARCH 2015
2.4 A necklace is made by using 10 wooden spheres and 10 wooden cylinders. The radii, r, of the
spheres and the cylinders are exactly the same. The height of each cylinder is h. The wooden
spheres and cylinders are to be painted. (Ignore the holes in the spheres and cylinders.)

2.4.1 If the volume of the cylinder is 6 cm3, write h in terms of r. (1) L1

2.4.2 Show that the total surface area (S) of all the painted surfaces of the necklace is
120
S = 60 r 2 +
r (4) L2
2.4.3 Determine the value of r so that the least amount of paint will be used (4) L2
[9]
2.5 The figure alongside shows a hollow
container consisting of a cylinder of radius r
cm and of height h cm joined to a
hemisphere of radius r cm. The cylinder is
open on one of the circular ends, and the
hemisphere is also open on its circular base.
The cylinder is joined to the hemisphere at
their open ends so that the resulting object is
completely sealed.
2.5.1 Given that the volume of the container is exactly 2880 cm3, show that the total
5 3
surface area of the container, S, is given by S =
3r
( r + 3456) (5) L3
2.5.2 Show further that when S is minimum, r = h (5) L3
[10]
NSC NOVEMBER 2017
2.6 An aerial view of a stretch road is shown in
the diagram alongside. The road can be
described by a function y = x 2 + 2 , x  0 if
the coordinate axes (dotted lines) are chosen
as shown in the diagram. Benny sits at a
vantage point B(0;3) and observes a car, P,
travelling along the road.
Calculate the distance between Benny and the
car, when the car is closest to Benny.
(7) L4
[7]

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

NSC NOVEMBER 2018

2.7 In ABC :
• D is a point on AB, E is a point on AC
and F is a point on BC such that DCEF is
a parallelogram.
• BF : FC = 2 : 3 .
• The perpendicular height AG is drawn
intersecting DE at H.
• AG = t units .
• BC = ( 5 - t ) units

2.7.1 Write down AH : HG (1) L1

2.7.2 Calculate t if the area of the parallelogram is a maximum.
(NOTE: Area of a parallelogram = base  ⊥ height (5) L3
[6]
NSC NOVEMBER 2019
2.8 After flying a short distance, an insect came to rest on a wall. Thereafter the insect started crawling
on the wall. The path that the insect crawled can be described by: h(t ) = (t − 6)( −2t 2 + 3t − 6) ,
where h is the height (in cm) above the floor and t is the time (in minutes) since the insect started
crawling.
2.8.1 At what height above the floor did the insect start to crawl? (1) L1
2.8.2 How many times did the insect reach the floor? (3) L2
2.8.3 Determine the maximum height that the insect reached above the floor. (4) L3
[8]
NSC NOVEMBER 2012
2.9 A particle moves along a straight line. The distance, s, (in metres) of the particle from a fixed point
on the line at time t seconds (t  0) is given by s (t ) = 2t 2 − 18t + 45 .
2.9.1 Calculate the particle’s initial velocity. (Velocity is the rate of change of distance) (3) L2
2.9.2 Determine the rate at which the velocity of the particle is changing at t seconds. (1) L1
2.9.3 After how many seconds will the particle be closest to the fixed point? (2) L2
[6]
NSC JUNE/JULY 2015
2.10 The mass of a baby in the first 30 days of life is given by M (t ) = t 3 − 9t 2 + 3000 ; 0  t  30 , t is the
time in days and M is the mass of the baby in grams.
2.10.1 Write down the mass of the baby at birth. (1) L1
2.10.2 A baby’s mass usually decreases in the first few days after birth. On which day will
the baby’s mass return to its birth mass? (4) L2
2.10.3 On which day will the baby have a minimum mass? (4) L2
2.10.4 On which day will the baby’s mass be decreasing the fastest? (2) L3
[11]
NSC NOVEMBER 2013
2.11 An industrial process requires water to flow through its system as part of the cooling cycle. Water
flows continuously through the system for a certain period of time. The relationship between the

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

time (t) from the water starts flowing and the rate (r) at which the water is flowing through the
system is given by the equation: r = −0, 2t 2 + 10t where t is measured in seconds.
2.11.1 After how long will the water be flowing at the maximum rate? (3) L3
2.11.2 After how many seconds does the water stop flowing? (3) L2
[6]
NSC NOVEMBER 2016
2.12 The number of molecules M of a certain drug in the bloodstream t hours after it has been taken is
represented by the equation: M (t ) = −t 3 + 3t 2 + 72t , 0  t  10 .
2.12.1 Determine the number of molecules of the drug in the bloodstream 3 hours after the
drug was taken. (2) L2
2.12.2 Determine the rate at which the number of molecules of the drug in the bloodstream is
changing at exactly 2 hours after the drug was taken. (3) L2
2.12.3 How many hours after taking the drug will the rate at which the number of molecules
of the drug in the bloodstream is changing, be a maximum? (3) L2
[8]
2.13 A ball is fired straight up in the air. The height, ℎ (metres), of the ball above the ground is given
by: h = 30t − 5t 2 where 𝑡 is the time in seconds after the ball was fired.
2.13.1 After how many seconds does the ball hit the ground? (3) L2
2.13.2 Determine the speed of the ball after 2 seconds. (3) L2
2.13.3 Determine the maximum height reached by the ball. (4) L2
2.13.4 Determine the constant deceleration of the ball. (2) L1
2.13.5 When is the speed of the ball equal to 15 m/s? (2) L2
[14]

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

TOPIC 3A Trigonometric Equations

GUIDELINES, SUMMARY NOTES, & STRATEGIES

STEP 1: Get trig function by itself on one side of the equation
STEP 2: Find in which quadrant the angle must lie (depends on where the trig function is + or - )
STEP 3: Use the calculator to find the KEY angle or REFERENCE angle (key angle must be
positive and acute)
STEP 4: Use the reduction formula to get the correct quadrant and add on the general solution.
STEP 5: Solve for 𝜃
STEP 6: Find the specific solutions in the given interval. (substitute k = 0 ; ±1 ; ±2 ; … or use Table

Use the following formulae to determine the general solutions of trigonometric equations:
1) If sin x = b , − 1  b  1
x = sin −1 ( b ) + k 360 or x = 180 − sin −1 ( b ) + k 360, k  Z
2) If cos x = b , − 1  b  1
x = cos−1 ( b ) + k 360 or x = − cos −1 ( b ) + k 360, k  Z
3) If tan x = b, b  R
x = tan −1 ( b ) + k180, k  Z

If a cos x = b sin x then divide by cos x to get tan x

a
a cos x = b sin y, = 1, then use co-ratios
b
cos x = cos(90 − y ) OR sin( x − 90) = sin y
1) FACTORISING (common factor; difference of squares or trinomials)
2) USING IDENTITIES (try get one trig ratio or one type of angle)
3) DETERMINING THE LCD if you have fractions to add or subtract. 4)
4) CHANGING 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 = 𝟏
5) RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
Note: Never divide an equation by a variable as you will lose a solution

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

ACTIVITIES
3.1
3.1.1 Determine the general solution of 5sin ( 2 + 10 ) + 3 = 0 (4) L2
3.1.2 Hence solve for 𝜃 ∈ [−360°; 360°] (2) L1
3.2
3.2.1 Determine the general solution of sin ( 3 − 20 ) = sin  (3) L2
3.2.2 Hence solve for 𝜃 ∈ [−180°; 180°] (2) L1

3.3 Determine the general solution of: tan 4A = −tan2A (4) L2

3.4
3.4.1 Determine the general solution: cos ( 4 − 5 ) = sin  ($) L2
3.4.2 Hence solve for 𝜃 in the interval [−90°; 90°] (2) L1

3.5 Solve: sin 3B = − cos ( B + 30 ) (4) L3

3.6
3.6.1 Determine the general solution of : 2sin x = cos x (4) L2
3.6.2 Hence solve for 𝑥 in the interval 𝑥 ∈ [−360°; 360°] (2) L1
3.6.3 Solve for  : −3cos 2 = 4sin 2 (4) L3
3.7 For each of the following equations, determine the general solution and specific solution(s) where
necessary:
3.7.1 tan 2  = 4 (4) L2
3.7.2 sin  = sin 
2
(6) L3
3.7.3 8cos x = −2sin x + 5
2
(7) L3
3.7.4 2sin Acos A = sin A (6) L3
3.7.5 cos x sin 30 − sin x cos 30 = 0,5 (5) L2
3.7.6 cos  + sin 2 − 3sin  = 0 and   [−180° ; 90° ]
2 2
(5) L3
3.7.7 cos 2 − 3cos − 1 = 0 and 𝜃 ∈ [−360°; 360°] (5) L3
3.7.8 1 − sin x cos x − 3cos x = 0
2
(5) L3
3.7.9 2 − sin x cos x − 3cos x = 0
2
(5) L3
3.7.10 4sin x + 6sin x cos x − 3cos x = 2 (5) L3
3.8 Solve the following equations:
3.8.1 cos54.cos x + sin 54.sin x = sin 2 x (5) L3
3.8.2 6cos 2 + cos  + 6 = 0 (5) L3
3.8.3 3
cos ( x − 60 ) = − sin x
2 (5) L3
3.9 Solve sin x + 1 = cos 2 x in the interval 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°] (6) L3

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

TOPIC 3B Trigonometric Graphs

GUIDELINES, SUMMARY NOTES, & STRATEGIES

Terminology:
Domain
This is the set of values of x shown in the graph. The maximum domain required for these graphs is
x  [–360; 360].
Range
This is the set of y-values used, and usually extends from the minimum value to the maximum value, where they
exist. e.g. y  [–1; 1]
Amplitude
This is half the distance between the maximum and minimum values. In the case of the basic graphs, it is the
distance from the x-axis to the highest or lowest point. NB Since it is a distance, it cannot be negative.
Period
The interval over which the graph completes one cycle of its basic shape. In other words, how often the graph
repeats itself. It is expressed in degrees, and does not have a starting point and endpoint, as it can be measured
anywhere along the graph. [It is important to distinguish between domain and period, and between range and
amplitude.]
Asymptote
A line which a graph approaches but never intersects.

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

max − min
• Amplitude – halfway between the maximum and the minimum → .
2
o If y = 2sin x , then the amplitude is 2
o If y = −3sin x , then the amplitude is 3
360
• Period =
k
• p → the horizontal shift
o If y = sin ( x + 45 ) → shifts 45 to the left
o If y = sin ( x − 30 ) → shifts 30 to the right
• q → the vertical shift
o If y = sin x + 3 → shifts 3 units up
o If y = sin x − 2 → shifts 2 units down

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

max − min
• Amplitude – halfway between the maximum and the minimum → .
2
o If y = 2cos x , then the amplitude is 2
o If y = −3cos x , then the amplitude is 3
360
• Period =
k
• p → the horizontal shift
o If y = cos ( x + 45 ) → shifts 45 to the left
o If y = cos ( x − 30 ) → shifts 30 to the right
• q → the vertical shift
o If y = cos x + 3 → shifts 3 units up
o If y = cos x − 2 → shifts 2 units down

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

• Amplitude – tangent graph does not have maximum or the minimum value, thus there is NO
AMPLITUDE for the tangent function.
• Asymptotes
period
o Positions of the first asymptotes are at 0 
2
o Then the other asymptotes are found every period.
180
• Period =
k
• p → the horizontal shift
o If y = tan ( x + 45 ) → shifts 45 to the left

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

o If y = tan ( x − 30 ) → shifts 30 to the right

• q → the vertical shift
o If y = tan x + 3 → shifts 3 units up
o If y = tan x − 2 → shifts 2 units down

ACTIVITIES
3.10 Given the functions: f ( x ) = sin ( x + 30 ) and g ( x ) = cos 2 x
3.10.1 Sketch the functions for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. Show all intercepts with axes and turning
points. (6) L2
3.10.2 Calculate values of 𝑥 for which f ( x ) = g ( x ) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°] (6) L3
3.10.3 Use your graph to determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for which f ( x )  g ( x ) for
𝑥 ∈ [0°; 180°] (3) L2
3.10.4 State the values of 𝑥 for which g ( x ) is negative and f ( x ) is increasing for
𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°] i.e. g ( x )  0 and f /
( x)  0 (2) L2

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 12 15 18

0 0 0

-1

3.11 Given the functions: f ( x ) = sin 2 x and g ( x ) = cos ( x + 60 ) .

3.11.1 Sketch the functions for −180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180° . Show all intercepts with axes and turning
points. (6) L2
3.11.2 Solve for 𝑥 if sin x ( 2cos x + sin 60 ) = cos x cos 60 and 𝑥 ∈ [−180° ; 180°] (6) L3
3.11.3 Use your graphs to determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for which f ( x )  g ( x ) (3) L2
3.11.4 Write down the turning points of g ( x − 60) for −180° < 𝑥 < 180° (2) L3

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

-1

3.12 Given the functions : f ( x ) = 2cos x and g ( x ) = tan 2 x

3.12.1 Sketch the functions for −90° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 90° . Show all intercepts with axes and turning
points. (6) L2
3.12.2 Solve for 𝑥 if 2cos x = tan 2 x and 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 90°] (7) L3
3.12.3 Use your graph to solve for𝑥: 2cos x.tan 2 x  0 (4) L3
3.12.4 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of g ( x − 25) for −90° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 90° (2) L3

-67,5 -45 -22,5 0 22,5 45 67,5 90

-1

-2

3.13 Given h ( x ) = cos ( x + 30 ) and g ( x ) = −2sin x

3.13.1 Determine the general solution without the use of a calculator if h ( x ) = g ( x ) (8) L3
3.13.2 Sketch the graphs of ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 g 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ [−120°; 180°] (6) L2
3.13.3 Use the solution obtained in QUESTION 3.13.2 and the graphs to determine for
which values of 𝑥:
3.13.3(a) 2sin x + cos x.cos30  sin x.sin 30 for 𝑥 ∈ [−120°; 180°] (4) L2
3.13.3(b) will both h and g increase as 𝑥 increases for 𝑥 ∈ [−120°; 0°] (3) L2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

3.13.3(c) 3
If the curve h is shifted 2 units down, write down the resulting y-intercept.
(2) L2
3
2
1
- - - - 0 30 60 90 12 150 18
120 90 60 30 0 0
-1
-2

3.14 In the diagram below, the graphs of f ( x ) = cos( x + p) and g ( x ) = asinbx are shown in the
1
interval −60  x  120 . The y-value at c is . The graphs intersect at c and d.
2

3.14.1 Determine the values of a, b and p. (4) L2

3.14.2 Calculate the values of c and d. (5) L2
3.14.3 Determine graphically the value(s) of x in the interval −60  x  120 for which:
f ( x) − g ( x)  0 (3) L2

3.15 On the set of axes, the graphs of f ( x ) = tan 3x and g ( x ) = sin 6 x are shown for the
interval x  [0 ; 90].

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

3.15.1 Write down the period of f. (1) L1

3.15.2 Determine graphically the values of x for which f ( x )  g ( x ) . (3) L2
3.15.3 If the graph of g is shifted 2 units vertically up, write down the range of the resulting
graph (2) L2

3.16 The sketch below shows the graphs of f ( x ) = a sin x and g ( x ) = sin x + b for
x   −360;360

Use the given graphs to answer the following questions for x   −360;360
3.16.1 Write down the values of a and b (2) L1
3.16.2 What is the amplitude of g ? (1) L1
3.16.3 1 1
Write down 2 values of x for which sin x = sin x +
2 2 (2) L3
3.16.4 For which negative values of x will g decrease if x increases. (2) L3
3.16.5 f ( x)
For which value(s) of x is undefined ?
g ( x) (2) L2
3.17 The graph of f ( x ) = a tan x for x   −180;180 is sketched below.

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

4 y

x
−180 −135 −90 −45 45 90 135 180

−1

−2

−3

−4

3.17.1 Determine the value of a. (1) L1

3.17.2 If h ( x ) = cos ( x + 45 ) sketch the graph of h for x   −180;180 on the set of axes
provided in your answer book. Indicate clearly on your graph the intercepts with the
axes and the coordinates of the turning points. (3) L2
3.17.3 The graph of q ( x ) = sin bx + c has the same period as f and a y-intercept at the point
( 0;1) . Determine the values of b and c. (3) L2
3.18 Given the equations of the functions :
f ( x ) = sin ( x + 30 ) and g ( x ) = − cos x , where x   −180;180
3.18.1 Solve for x where f ( x ) = g ( x ) in the given interval. (5) L3
3.18.2 Using the given set of axes in your answer book, sketch the graphs of f and g on the
same set of axes. All intercepts with the axes, turning points and end points must be
clearly shown. (6) L2
3.18.3 Use your graphs to write down the values of x for which g(x)<f(x). (2) L2
3.18.4 If the graph of g is shifted 1 unit downwards, determine the range of the new graph. (2) L2

3.19 Consider the functions f ( x) = cos 3x and g ( x) = sin x for x  [−90 ; 180] .
3.19.1 Solve for x if f (x) = g(x). (8) L3
3.19.2 Sketch the graphs of f and g on the system of axes for x  [−90 ; 180] . (6) L2
3.19.3 Solve for x if f (x)  g (x) where x  [−90 ; 0] . (3) L3

1
3.20 Consider the functions defined by f(x) = sin 2x and g(x) = tan x for x  [0 ;180]
2
3.20.1 Sketch the graphs of f and g on the same system of axes. (6) L2
3.20.2 Calculate the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of f and g. (10) L3
3.20.3 Determine the values of x for which g(x) > f(x). (3) L2

3.21 Given: g ( x) = 2 cos( x − 30)

3.21.1 Sketch the graph of g for x  [−90 ; 270] (3) L2
3.21.2 Use the symbols A and B to plot the two points on the graph of g for which
2cos( x − 30) = 0,5 (2) L2
3.21.3 Calculate the x-coordinates of the points A and B. (3) L2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

3.21.4 Use the graph to solve for x, x  [−90 ; 270] , where g ( x)  0 (3) L2

3.22 Given: f ( x) = 1 + sin x and g ( x) = cos 2 x

3.22.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the graphs f and g for x  [ 180 ; 360] . (7) L3
3.22.2 Draw sketch graphs of f and g for x  [ 180 ; 360] on the same system of axes . (4) L2
3.22.3 For which values of x will f ( x)  g ( x) for x  [ 180 ; 360] ? (3) L2

3.23 Given the following functions: f ( x) = sin( x + 30 o ) and g ( x) = cos 2 x

3.23.1 Sketch the functions for x  [−90 o ; 180 o ]
Clearly show the intercepts with axes as well as the turning points. (8) L2
3.23.2 Calculate values of x for f(x) = g(x) for x  [−90 o ; 90 o ] . (8) L3
3.23.3 Use your graph to determine the value(s) of x for which f ( x)  g ( x) for x 
[0 o ; 180 o ] (2) L2
3.23.4 State the value(s) of x for which g(x) is negative and x is increasing for x 
[−90 o ; 180 o ] . (2) L2

3.24 The graph of f ( x) = sin 3x is drawn below for x  [−90 ; 180] .

3.24.1 Write down the period of f. (1) L1

3.24.2 Write down the solutions for sin 3x = – 1 on the interval [−90 ; 180] . (2) L1
3.24.3 Give the maximum value of h if h( x) = f ( x) − 1 . (2) L2
3.24.4 Draw the graph of g ( x) = 3 cos x for x  [−90 ; 180] on the same axis as the graph
of f (3) L2
3.24.5 Use the graphs to determine how many solutions there are to the equation
sin 3x
− cos x = 0 on the interval [−90 ; 180] .
3 (2) L3

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

3.24.6 Use the graphs to solve: f ( x).g ( x) < 0. (4) L2

3.25 The sketch represents the graphs of the following functions for x [−180; 0] :
1
f ( x) = sin 2 x and g ( x) = tan x . Line segment ABC is perpendicular to the x-axis at
2
 3
C( −135 ; 0), with A on f and B on g. D 120; 
 2  is the point where f and g

intersect.

3.25.1 Calculate the length of AB. (3) L3

3.25.2 Write down the period of f. (1) L1
3.25.3 Without calculations, use the graph to write down the values of x for which
f ( x)  g ( x) in the given interval. (5) L2

3.26 x
Sketched below are the graphs of the functions f ( x) = cos and g ( x) = sin( x − 30)
2
for x [– 180 ; 180]. The curves intersect at points A and B.

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

1
B g
f

A x
-180 -135 -90 -45 45 90 135 180

-1

3.26.1 Determine the coordinates of the points A and B (7) L3

3.26.2 For which values of x is f ( x)  g ( x) ? (2) L2

3.27 Given: f ( x) = cos 2 x and g ( x) = 2sin x for the interval −180  x  90 .
3.27.1 Sketch the graphs of y = f ( x) and y = g ( x) on the set of axes provided
on the ANSWER SHEET for the interval −180  x  90 . (4) L2
3.27.2 If the graph of f is shifted 30 left, write down the equation of the new
graph formed. (1) L1
3.27.3 If the graph of g is reflected in the x-axis and then shifted 2 unit down,
write down the equation of the new graph formed (1) L1
3.27.4 Determine graphically the values of x for which f ( x)  0 . (4) L2

3.28 In the diagram below, the graph of f (x) = sin (x + 30°) is drawn for the interval
x [−30 ;150] .

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

3.28.1 On the same system of axes sketch the graph of g, where g ( x) = cos3x , for the
interval x  [−30 ;150] . (3) L2
3.28.2 Write down the period of g. (1) L1
3.28.3 For which values of x will f ( x)  g ( x) in the interval x  (−30 ;150) ? (3) L2
3.28.4 Use the graph of f and g to solve the following:
 3 1 
 sin x + cos x  .(cos 3x)  0 in the interval x  (−30 ;150)
 2 2  (5) L4

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

TOPIC 4. EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (Proportionality)

GUIDELINES, SUMMARY NOTES, & STRATEGIES

Discuss the FORMAL PROOF of the Ratio and Proportionality Theorem

THEOREM: The line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally
ACCEPTABLE REASON: (line one side of OR prop theorem; name lines)
FORMAL PROOF: EXAMINABLE
• Given : ABC, D lies on AB and E lies on AC. And DE BC

AD AE
RTP : =
DB EC
Proof : Join D to C and E to B. Draw altitudes h and k relative to base AD and AE
1
.AD.h
Area ADE 2 AD
Area BDE 1
.DB.h DB
2
1
.AE.k
Area ADE 2 AE
Area CED 1 EC
.EC.k
2
Area of BDE = Area of CED (common base, equal height, DE BC)
Area ADE Area ADE
Area BDE Area CED
AD AE
DB EC
CONVERSE: Proportionality theorem
• If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then the line is parallel to the third side.
ACCEPTABLE REASON: (line divides two sides of in prop OR converse prop theorem)
• The two terms, ‘ratio and proportion’ are often used together. Ratio and proportion are closely connected
but are not the same.
• Ratio: the comparison of the size of two quantities of the same unit.
• Proportion: a mathematical concept, which states the equality of two ratios.

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

q r
• If p : q = r : s then = and qs = pr (cross multiplication)
p s
• Remember also the midpoint theorem: The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side
ACCEPTABLE REASON: Midpt Theorem

CONVERSE: Midpoint Theorem

• The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, parallel to another side, bisects the third side.
ACCEPTABLE REASON: line through midpt || to 2nd side
• When solving ratio and proportion riders, remember to put the side you are looking for on top (in the
numerator).
• When the values given in the question are ratios (not lengths) it helps to assign variables to them.

ACTIVITIES
4.1 In the diagram, VRK has P on VR and T on VK
such that PT RK. VR 4 units, PR 9 units, TK
6 units and VP = 2 x 10 units . Calculate the
value of x

(3)
L2
4.2 In the diagram, ABC has D on AB; F on BC
and E on AC such that DE || BC and
EF || AB. AD = 12 units, EC = 25 units EF =
20 units and FC = 30 units.
DB = x; BF = k and AE = 2y + 3 units.
Calculate the value of x, y and k .

(3) L2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

4.3 In the diagram O is the centre of the circle.

OM ⊥ AC. The radius of the circle is equal to
5 cm, and BC = 8 cm.

ˆ
4.3.1 Write down the size of BCA. (1) L1

4.3.2 Calculate:

a. The length of AM, with reasons.

(3) L2
b. Area AOM: Area ABC.
(3) L3

4.4 In the diagram, ABC is constructed such

that BC is produced to D. DR is drawn, with
point T on AC and R on BA. CS is drawn.
CT = 12mm , TA = 36mm , SR = 20mm and
SA = 80mm .
4.4.1 Prove that CS TR (3) L2
2
4.4.2 It further given that AR = RB,
3
1
BC = 2x and CD = x 1. Calculate the value
2
(6) L4
of x
4.5 In the diagram below, ABC and ACD are drawn. F and G are points on sides AB an AC
respectively such that AF = 3x , FB = 2x , AG =12y and GC = 8y . H, E and K are points on
side AD such that GH CK and GE CD.

4.5.1 Prove that:

a. FG BC (2) L2
AH AE
b. =
HK ED (3) L3

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

4.5.2 It is further given that AH 15 and ED 12 , calculate the length of EK. (5) L4
4.6 In the diagram, ABG is drawn. D and E are
midpoints of AB and AG respectively. AG and
BG are produced to C and H respectively. F is
a point on BC such that FG CH.

4.6.1 Give a reason why DE BH

(1) L1

FC 1
4.6.2 It is further given that = ,
BF 4
DE = 3x 1, calculate, giving reasons the
value of x .
(6) L4
4.7 In ABC, R is a point on AB. S and P are
points on AC such that RS BP. P is the
midpoint of AC. RC and BP intersects at T,
AR 3
= .
AB 5 (4) L2
Calculate with reasons, the following ratios:
AS
4.7.1
SC
RT
4.7.2 (3) L2
TC
ARS
4.7.3 (4) L2
ABC
4.8 In PQR, S and Tare points on sides PQ and
PR respectively such that ST QR.
PS PT
Prove the theorem which states that =
SQ TR
.

(6) L2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

4.9 ABCD is a parallelogram with diagonals that intersect at M. J is a point on BC. BJ : JC is 2:3.
AJ meets BD at K. BD JL meets AC at L. Q is a point on AD such that AB QM.

4.9.1 Determine, with reasons, the following ratios:

ML
(a)
LC (2) L2
AK
(b)
KJ (3) L3
4.9.2 2
If AB = 10 units and BC = AB . Calculate the length of AQ
3 (4) L4
4.10 In the diagram, O is the centre of two
concentric circles.
• AOB is the diameter of the larger circle
with AB = 26 units
• FOG is the diameter of the smaller
circle with FG = 8 units.
• Chord BC = 10 units
• AD AC
• OE CF.

4.10.1 Calculate, with reasons, the length of AC (2) L2

4.10.2 CE
Calculate, with reason, the value of
EA (2) L3
4.10.3 Hence or otherwise, determine with reasons, the length of DE. (4) L4

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

TOPIC 5. SIMILARITY

GUIDELINES, SUMMARY NOTES, & STRATEGIES

1. For two triangles to be similar the following conditions must apply:

a) The corresponding angles must

be equal.

b) The corresponding sides of the

two triangles must be in
proportion.
OR
The ratios of the corresponding
sides must be equal.

2. When proving similarity of triangles, one must prove one of the cases below:
a) Two corresponding angles are equal and then conclude that the third angle in each triangle is equal
because the sum of interior angles of a triangle are equal to 180°.
or
b) Three corresponding sides must be in the same proportion.

ACTIVITIES
5.1 In the diagram below AP is a tangent to the circle at P. CB // DP and CB=DP. CBA is a straight line.
Let D = x and C2 = y .
Prove with Reasons
5.1.1 ∆APC /// ∆ ABP (4) L2

5.1.2 AP² =AB .AC (1) L1

5.1.3 ∆APC /// ∆ CDP (4) L2

5.1.4 AP² +PC² = AC² (4) L4

(ECKED 2019)

5.2. In the diagram below, AB is the diameter of a circle with centre O. BD and BC are chords.
BD = DE. BCE is a line. B̂1 = B̂ 2 = y.

36
 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

Prove that:

5.2.1 D̂ 4 = 90o (5) L3

5.2.2 BOD ||| BDE (3) L3

5.2.3 DE 2 = BE.OD (4) L2

(FS Trial 2019)

5.2 In the diagram, DGFC is a cyclic quadrilateral and AB is a tangent to the circle at B. Chords DB
and BC are drawn. DG produced and CF produced meet in E and DC is produced to A. EA | | GF

5.3.1. Give a reason why B̂1 = D̂1 (1) L1

5.3.2. Prove ABC | | | ADB (3) L2

5.3.3. Prove Ê = D̂ (4) L2

2 2

5.3.4. Prove AE= AD × AC . (5) L3

5.3.5. Hence, show that AE = AB. (3) L4

(NW Trial 2019)

5.4. 
In the accompanying diagram, ∆PQR is a right angled triangle with Q = 90 . ST is the
perpendicular bisector of PR.

5.4.1. Prove that ∆PQR ||| ∆PTS. (3) L2

5.4.2 If PR = 16 cm and QR = 14 cm,

calculate the value of:

5.4.2.1 PS
5.4.2.2 The perimeter of ∆PQR. (5) L4
(2) L2

(NW Trial 2015)

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

5.5. In the diagram below, PQT is a tangent to the larger circle ABQ at Q. A smaller circle intersects
the larger circle at A and Q. BAP and BQR are straight lines with P and R on the smaller circle.
AQ and PR are drawn.

5.5.1. Prove that PQ = PR (7) L2

5.5.2. Prove that Δ PBQ ||| Δ PQA. (4) L2

5.5.3. Prove that the lengths of PA, PR (3) L3

and PB (in this order) form a geometric
sequence.

(KZN Trial 2015)

5.6. In the diagram below, AB is a diameter of semi-circle ABCD. Chords AC and BD intersect at E.
EP is perpendicular to AB.
Prove that:

5.6.1. BPE||| BDA (4) L3

5.6.2. BP.AD = BD.PE (2) L1

BD 2 .PE 2 (4) L3
5.6.3. AB = BD +
2 2

BP 2

5.7. PQRS is a rectangle. A is a point on QR such that PAˆ S = 90

Prove that:
5.7.1. PÂQ = AŜR (3) L3
5.7.2. ΔAPQ /// ΔSAR (3) L2
5.7.3. If RS = 8 units, QA = x units and (3) L3
RA = y units, express y in terms of x.

(NW Trial 2014)

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

5. 8. In the diagram below, O is the centre with A, B and T on the circumference, BP = OB = AO, PTR is
a tangent and EP ⊥ AP.

Prove that:

5.8.1. TEPB is a cyclic quad (3) L2

5.8.2. ΔATB /// ΔAPE (3) L2

5.8.3. TP = PE (6) L3

5.8.4. ΔATB /// ΔEPB (5) L3

5.8.5. 2BP2 = BE.TB (4) L3

(EC Trial 2014)

5.9. In the diagram, KMN and KTO are two secants of a circle.

5.9.1. Prove that ΔMTK ||| ΔONK. (3) L2

5.9.2. Hence, prove that (1) L1
KM.KN = KT.KO
5.9.3. Calculate KT if OT = 6 units, (4) L2
MN = 3 units and MK = 5 units.

(GP Trial 2014)

5.10. In the diagram, ABC is a tangent to the circle at B. BDEF is a cyclic quadrilateral with DB = BF.
BE is drawn and ED produced meets the tangent at A.

Prove that:

5.10.1. B̂1 = Ê 2 (3) L2

5.10.2. BDA ||| EFB (4) L3

5.10.3. BD2 = AD. EF (2) L2

(WC Trial 2016)

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

5.11. Two circles touch each other internally at A. The smaller circle passes through O, which is the
centre of the larger circle. E lies on the circumference of the smaller circle. A, D, B and C are
points on the circumference of the larger circle. OE || CA.

5.11.1. Prove, with reasons, (3) L2

that AE = EB.

5.11.2. Prove that (3) L2

Δ AED ||| ΔCEB.
5.11.3. Hence, or otherwise, show (3) L3
that AE2 = DE . CE

5.11.4. If AE.EB = EF.EC, show that (3) L3

E is the midpoint of DF.

(LP Trial 2014)

5.12. In the diagram below, SP is a tangent to the circle at P and PQ is a chord. Chord QF produced
meets SP at S and chord RP bisects QP̂S . PR produced meets QS at B. BC || SP and cuts the
chord QR at D. QR produced meets SP at A. Let B̂ 2 = x .

5.12.1. Name, with reasons, 3 angles (4) L1

equal to x.

5.12.2. Prove that PC = BC (2) L1

5.12.3. Prove that RCQB is a cyclic (2) L2

quadrilateral.

5.12.4. Prove that Δ PBS ||| Δ QCR. (5) L2

5.12.5. Show that PB.CR = QB.CP (4) L3

(KZN Trial 2016)

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

5.13. In the diagram, P, S, G, B and D are points on the circumference of the circle such that
PS//DG //AC. ABC is a tangent to the circle at B. GBC = x .

5.13.1. Give a reason why Ĝ1 = x . (1) L1

Prove that:
BP . BF (2) L2
5.13.2. BE =
BS
5.13.3. BGP ||| BEG (4) L3

BG 2 BF (3) L4
5.13.4. =
BP 2 BS

(WC Trial 2016)

5.14. In the diagram below DA is a tangent to the circle ACBT at A. CT and AD are produced to meet at
P. BT is produced to cut PA at D. AC, CB, AB and AT are drawn. AC is parallel to BD.
Let  1 = 𝑥.
5.14.1. Prove that PT is a tangent to (5) L3
the circle ADT at T.
5.14.2. Prove that APT ||| TPD (3) L2
2 (4) L4
5.14.3. If AD = AP show that
3
AP = 3PT 2
2

(FS Trial 2017)

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

5.15. In the diagram below, D and E are points on sides AC and AB respectively of △ ABC such that
DE ∥ BC. F is a point on BC such that EF ∥ AC. AB produced, and DF produced meet in G.
BC AC
5.15.1. Prove that: = (4) L3
FC DA

5.15.2. Prove that: Δ BFE ||| Δ EDA (3) L3

It is further given that EF = 2,
BF = 3,5 and ED = 10, determine the
length of:

5.15.3. AD
(4) L3

5.15.4. DC (2) L2

(EC Trial 2017)

5.16. In the figure below, O is the centre of the circle ZYX. WO intersects XZ at V and WZ is a tangent
to the circle at Z. WO ⊥ XY.
5.16.1. Prove that VOYZ is a cyclic (3) L2
quadrilateral.

5.16.2. Prove that ΔWVZ is (3) L3

isosceles.

5.16.3. Prove that ΔXOV ||| ΔXZY. (4) L2

5.16.4. Calculate VO, if XZ = 16 (3) L3

units, ZY = 12 units and the radius of
the circle is 10 units.

(KZN Trial 2017)

5.17.

In the diagram alongside L and M are

the midpoints of the sides AB and (5) L4
AC of  ABC, right angled at B.
Show that 4LC2 = AB2 + 4 BC2

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

5.18. In the figure below, two circles intersect at A and B. TB is a tangent to the smaller circle at B.
The line through D and A cuts the circles at E and F such that BD = DT. AB, BE and EA are
joined.
5.18.1. Prove that ΔTDA ||| ΔFDB. (4) L3

5.18.2. Prove that TB2 = 4FD . AD. (2) L3

5.18.3. Prove that BD2 = DE.AD . (4) L3

5.18.4. Deduce that ET = BF. (5) L4

(KZN Trial 2017)

5.19.

In the figure alongside AD ⊥ BC.

Show that (6) L4
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 – 2BC.DC

5.20. In the diagram below is PQR with MN // QR. PQ = 5 cm, QR = 7,5 cm and QN bisects PQ
̂ R.

5.20.1. Prove that QMN is (3) L2

isosceles.

5.20.2. Prove that PMN /// PQR (4) L1

5.20.3. Hence, determine the (5) L3

PN
value of NR

(ECK Trial 2017)

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

ANSWERS
TOPIC 2: CALCULUS (Optimisation & rates of change)
2.1 2.12.2 72 molecules per hour
2.1.1 Proof 2.12.3 After 1 hour
2.1.2 x = 24cm 2.13
2.2 2.13.1 t = 6 seconds
2.2.1 Proof 2.13.2 10 m/s
2.2.2 x=2 2 2.13.3 45 m
2.2.3 3  0  minimum 2.13.4 10 m/s
2.2.4 A minimum = 12 2.13.5 t = 1,5 seconds
2.2.5 EB = ED = 24
2.3
2.3.1 l = 40 − 2h
2.3.2 Proof
2.3.3 h = 8,8cm
2.4
2.4.1 6
h=
 r2
2.4.2 Proof
2.4.3 r = 0, 68cm
2.5
2.5.1 Proof
2.5.2 h = r = 12
2.6 BP = 0,87
2.7
2.7.1 AH 3
=
HG 2
2.7.2 5
t=
2

2.8 2.8.1 36cm

2.8.2 Only once
2.8.3 h = 52cm

2.9 2.9.1 s(0) = −18m/s

2.9.2 s(t ) = 4m/s 2
2.9.3 t = 4,5 seconds
2.10
2.10.1 300g or 3kg
2.10.2 t =9
2.10.3 t =6
2.10.4 t =3
2.11
2.11.1 t = 25 seconds
2.11.2 50 seconds after it started
2.12
2.12.1 216 molecules

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

ANSWERS
TOPIC 3: Trigonometry

3A Trig Equations 3.7.5 x = 0 − k .360

3.1
or x = −120 − k .360, k 
3.1.1
 = 103, 43 + k .180 3.7.6  {−135; −18, 43;45}
3.7.7  {−240; −120;120;240}
or  = 156,57 + k .180, k 
3.7.8 x = 63, 43 + k .180
3.1.2   {256,57; −203, 43; −76,57; −23, 43;
28,34;103, 43;156,57;336,57} or x = 135 + k .180, k 
3.2 3.2.1  = 10 + k .180 3.7.9 x = 153, 43 + k .180
or  = 50 + k .0, k  or x = 45 + k .180, k 
3.2.2   {−140; −130; −40;10; 3.7.10 x = 131,81 + k .360
50;103, 43;140} or x = 228,19 + k .360, k 
3.3 A = 30 + k .60 or x = 30 + k .360, k 
or A = 60 + k .60, k  or x = 150 + k .360, k 
3.4 3.8
3.4.1  = 19 + k .72 3.8.1 x = 40 + k .360
or  = 91, 67 + k .120, k  or x = 46, 67 + k .120, k 
3.4.2  {−53; −28,33;19} 3.8.2  = 90 + k .360
3.5 B = −30 − k .180 or  = 94, 78 + k .360
or B = −30 − k .90, k  or  = 270 + k .360
3.6 3.6.1 x = 26,57 + k.180, k  or  = 274, 78 + k .360, k 
3.6.2 x {−333, 43; −153, 43;26,57;206,57}
3.8.3 x = 163,9 + k .180
3.6.3  = 71,57 + k.90, k 
or x = 343,9 + k .180, k 
3.7
3.7.1  = 63, 43 + k .360 3.9 x {150;180;210;360}
3B Trig Graphs
or  = 116,57 + k .360 3.10
or  = 243, 43 + k .360 3.10.1 Graph
or  = 296,57 + k .360, k  3.10.2 x   −60, 20,140
3.7.2  = 0 + k .180 or 3.10.3 −90  x − 60 or 20  x  140
 = 90 + k .360, k  3.10.4 −90  x  −45 or 45  x  60
3.11
3.7.3 x = 48,59 + k .360 3.11.1 Graph
or x = 131, 41 + k .360, k  3.11.2 x   −110,10,130,150
or x = 210 + k .360, k  3.11.3 −110  x  10 or 130  x  150
or x = 330 + k .360, k  3.11.4 ( 0;1) and (180; −1)
3.7.4 A = 0 + k .180 3.12
or A = 60 + k .360 3.12.1 Graph
3.12.2 x   −90,30,90
or A = 300 + k .360, k 
3.12.3 −90  x  −45 or 0  x  45
3.12.4 x = −20 or x = 70

45
Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024
3.13
3.13.1 x = −30 + k180 3.21
3.13.2 Graph 3.21.1 Graph
3.13.3 −120  x  −30 or 150  x  180 3.21.2 Graph
(a) 3.21.3 x = −45,52 and x = 105,52
3.13.3 −120  x  −90 or 150  x  180 3.21.4 −90  x  −60 or 120  x  270
(b) 3.22
3.13.3 y=0 3.22.1 x  180 ; 210; 330 ; 360
(c) 3.22.2 Graph
3.14 3.22.3 180  x  210 or
3.14.1 a = −1, b = 3, p = 30
330  x  360
3.14.2 c = −1, d = 75
3.23
3.14.3 −15  x  75 or x = 60 or x = 120 3.23.1 Graph
3.15 3.23.2 x = −60 o ;20 o
3.15.1 60
3.15.2 0  x  15 or 30  x  45 or
3.23.3 x  [ 20 o ;140 o ]
3.24
60  x  75
3.24.1 120
3.15.3 y  1;3
3.24.2 x = −30° or x = 90°
3.16 3.24.3 Maximum value of h(x) is 0
3.16.1 a=2 b=1 3.24.4 Graph
3.16.2 1 3.24.5 There are 2 solutions where
3.16.3 x = −270 or x = 90 graphs f and g are equal
3.16.4 −270  x  −90 3.24.6 –60< x < 0 or 60< x < 90 or
3.16.5 x = −90 or x = 270 120< x < 180
3.17 3.25
3.17.1 a=2 3.25.1 1
3.17.2 Graph  AB = AC − BC =
2
3.17.3 b=2
3.25.2 180
c=1
3.18 3.25.3 i.e. x [−180; −120] or
3.18.1 x = −60 or x = 120 x (− 90; − 60] or
3.18.2 Graph x = 0
3.18.3 −60  x  120 3.26
3.18.4 y   −2;0 3.26.1 A(-160º ; 0,174) and B(80º ;
3.19 0,766)
3.19.1 x = −67,5 ; − 45 ; 22,5 ; 112,5 ; 135 3.26.2 − 160  x  80
3.19.2 Graph 3.27
3.19.3 − 67,5  x  45 3.27.1 Graph
3.20
3.27.2 y = cos ( 2 x + 60 )
3.20.1 Graph 3.27.3 y = −2sin x − 2
3.20.2 x = 0 or 180 or x = 60 ; – 60 or 3.27.4 −180  x  −135 or − 45  x  45
120 3.28
3.20.3 {x | −60  x  0}  {x | 60  x  90}  {x | 120  x  180} 3.28.1 Graph
OR 3.28.2 120
x  (– 60 ; 0)  (60 ; 90)  3.28.3 15  x  105
(120 ; 180) 3.28.4 30  x  90
OR
− 60  x  0 or 60  x  90 or 120  x  180

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 Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

ANSWERS
TOPIC 4: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY (Ratio & Proportion)
4 4.7.2 2
4.1 x = 8 units 5
4.2 x = 20 units (opp sides of a parm) 4.7.3 9
y = 6 units 50
k = 18 units 4.8 proof
4.3.1 ˆ = 900 ( in semi-circle)
BCA. 4.9.1 2
(a)
4.3.2 a. AM = 3cm 3
b. 1:4 5
(b)
4.4.1 proof 2
4.4.2 x= 4.9.2
4.5.1
a) (converse prop
theorem) 4.10.1
b)
4.5.2 proof 4.10.2
4.5.3 EK = 7
4.6.1 Mid-pt theorem
4.6.2 x =3 4.10.3
4.7.1 3
7

ANSWERS
TOPIC: 5. SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES

5.3 5.3.1 Tan Chord Theorem

5.4 5.4.2.1 16,52 cm
5.4.2.2 37,75cm
5.7 5.7.3 64
y=
x
5.9 5.9.3 KT 4 units
5.12 5.12.1 P̂1 = B̂ 2 = x ... alt s ; SP//BC
P̂2 = P̂1 = x ... given
Q1 = P1 = x ... tan chord theorem

5.13 5.13.1 Alternate  ’s (AC//DG)

5.15 5.15.3 40
AD= = 5.71
7
5.15.4 DC = 2
5.16 5.16.4 VO = 7,5 units
5.20 5.20.3 PN 2
=
NR 3

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Mathematics KZN-GRADE 12 Winter Revision 2024

48