Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full download Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future: Production and Applications in the Environment and Biomedicine Hemen Sarma file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future: Production and Applications in the Environment and Biomedicine Hemen Sarma file pdf all chapter on 2024
https://ebookmass.com/product/social-impact-measurement-for-a-
sustainable-future/
https://ebookmass.com/product/sex-and-gender-bias-in-technology-
and-artificial-intelligence-biomedicine-and-healthcare-
applications-davide-cirillo/
https://ebookmass.com/product/agri-waste-and-microbes-for-
production-of-sustainable-nanomaterials-kamel-a-abd-elsalam/
https://ebookmass.com/product/electronic-waste-recycling-and-
reprocessing-for-a-sustainable-future-maria-e-holuszko/
Microorganisms for Sustainable Environment and Health
1st Edition Pankaj Chowdhary (Editor)
https://ebookmass.com/product/microorganisms-for-sustainable-
environment-and-health-1st-edition-pankaj-chowdhary-editor/
https://ebookmass.com/product/microwaves-in-chemistry-
applications-fundamentals-methods-and-future-trends-advances-in-
green-and-sustainable-chemistry-1st-edition-aparna-das/
https://ebookmass.com/product/biotechnology-in-the-chemical-
industry-towards-a-green-and-sustainable-future-dr-pratima-
bajpai/
https://ebookmass.com/product/ergonomics-and-human-factors-for-a-
sustainable-future-1st-ed-edition-andrew-thatcher/
https://ebookmass.com/product/relationship-between-microbes-and-
the-environment-for-sustainable-ecosystem-services-
volume-3-microbial-tools-for-sustainable-ecosystem-services-
Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future
Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future
Edited by
Hemen Sarma
Department of Botany
Nanda Nath Saika College
Titabar, Assam, India
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain
permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Hemen Sarma and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad to be identified as the authors of this editorial work has been asserted
in accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard
print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
1 Introduction to Biosurfactants 1
José Vázquez Tato, Julio A. Seijas, M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato, Francisco Meijide,
Santiago de Frutos, Aida Jover, Francisco Fraga, and Victor H. Soto
1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 1
1.2 Micelle Formation 5
1.3 Average Aggregation Numbers 14
1.4 Packing Properties of Amphiphiles 18
1.5 Biosurfactants 20
1.6 Sophorolipids 25
1.7 Surfactin 28
1.8 Final Comments 31
Acknowledgement 32
References 32
20 Biotechnologically Derived Bioactive Molecules for Skin and Hair-Care Application 443
Suparna Sen, Siddhartha Narayan Borah, and Suresh Deka
20.1 Introduction 443
20.2 Surfactants in Cosmetic Formulation 445
20.3 Biosurfactants in Cosmetic Formulations 445
20.4 Conclusion 457
References 457
Index 510
xii
List of Contributors
Jéssica Correia
Madhurankhi Goswami
CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory
University of Minho
Resource Management and
Braga
Environment Section
Portugal
Life Sciences Division
Institute of Advanced Study in Science and
Suresh Deka
Technology (IASST)
Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory
Guwahati
Resource Management and Environment
Assam
Section
India
Life Sciences Division
Institute of Advanced Study in Science and
Technology (IASST) Eduardo J. Gudiña
Guwahati CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
Assam University of Minho
India Braga
Portugal
Santiago de Frutos
Departamento de Química Física Sonam Gupta
Facultad de Ciencias Department of Biotechnology
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela National Institute of Technology, Raipur
Lugo Chhattisgarh
Spain India
Maribel Farfán
Department of Biology Gabriel Ibarra
Healthcare and the Environment Department of Public Health Sciences
Section of Microbiology College of Health Sciences
University of Barcelona University of Texas at El Paso
Barcelona El Paso
Spain TX
USA
Francisco Fraga
Departamento de Física Aplicada Nazim F. Islam
Facultad de Ciencias Department of Botany
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela N N Saikia College
Lugo Assam
Spain India
xiv List of Contributors
Aurora Pinazo
Lígia R. Rodrigues
Department of Surfactant and
CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
Nanobiotechnology
University of Minho
IQAC, CSIC
Braga
Barcelona
Portugal
Spain
Shalini Srivastava
Suparna Sen
Department of Botany
Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory
Institute of Science
Resource Management and
Banaras Hindu University
Environment Section
Varanasi
Life Sciences Division
Uttar Pradesh
Institute of Advanced Study in Science and
India
Technology
Guwahati
José A. Teixeira
Assam
CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering
India
University of Minho
Braga
Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar Portugal
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi José Vázquez-Tato
Malaysia Departamento de Química Física
Johor Bahru Facultad de Ciencias
Johor Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Malaysia; Lugo
Spain
Department of Chemical Processes
Malaysia-Japan
M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato
International Institute of Technology
Departamento de Química Orgánica
University Teknologi Malaysia
Facultad de Ciencias
Skudai
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Johor
Lugo
Malaysia
Spain
xvii
Preface
This book is useful for the petrochemical industry (enhanced oil recovery from sludge), the
pharmaceutical industry (developed technology for controlling multidrug-resistant pathogens),
and the agro-industry (using byproducts), as well as environmental scientists and engineers
(developing sustainable remediation technologies). As bioremediation is becoming green and a
sustainable approach to environmental pollution control, the articles in this book will be relevant
for future research that could benefit our stakeholders. The chapters in this reference book may be
a unique collection that has been covered by most of the recent studies and provides systematic
material produced by contemporary experts in the field. Focusing on research and development
over the last 10 years, the study highlights relevant developments in the field. We hope that this
book will support researchers by adding a new dimension to environmental studies and the reme-
diation of emerging pollutants. A further benefit would be the understanding of the processes
involved from the production to the sustainable use of biosurfactants in the environment and
biomedicine.
●● This book explains how various methods can be used to recognize and classify microorganism-
producing biosurfactants in the environment. In addition, the various aspects of biosurfactants,
including structural characteristics, developments, production, bioeconomics and their sustain-
able use in the environment, and biomedicine, are addressed. It presents metagenomic strategies
to facilitate the discovery of novel biosurfactants (mechanistic understanding and future pros-
pects) for the sustainable remediation of emerging pollutants.
●● The use of microbes for human well-being is a prospective challenge, as they have developed
novel chemicals and their metabolic pathway could be altered through omics approaches to the
production of high-value chemicals (HVCs), including biosurfactants. These chemicals may be
used in sustainable remediation techniques such as the regulation of the antibiotic resistance
gene (AGR) and microbe-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). We continue to face new and difficult
challenges in the restoration of the environment, because current methods of remediation require
so many chemicals that have again polluted the environment. There is a need to turn to more
efficient alternative approaches and to find environmentally friendly chemicals for sustainability.
As a result, the microbial world has the option of offering a replacement for green high-value
chemicals to replace certain hazardous compounds already used in environmental reclamation.
This book opens a window on the rapid development of microbiology sciences by explaining
how microbes and their products are used in advanced medical technology and in the sustainable
remediation of emerging environmental contaminants. The authors concentrate on the environ-
ment as well as the biomedical field and highlight the role of microbes in the real world. This book
will be updated to reflect current knowledge, the latest developments in the field of biosurfactants,
xviii Preface
sustainable remediation applications, and applied medical sciences, and the biotechnological strat-
egies being developed to improve production processes. The most important goal of writing this
book will be to communicate current advances and challenges in biosurfactant research. This will
allow the reader to understand the dynamics of applied science that underlie microbially derived
surfactants, called biosurfactants, and their use in sustainable remediation technology. The basic
aim is to include updated content throughout in order to keep pace with this advancing field.
Key features:
Introduction to Biosurfactants
José Vázquez Tato1, Julio A. Seijas2, M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato2, Francisco Meijide1,
Santiago de Frutos1, Aida Jover1, Francisco Fraga3, and Victor H. Soto4
1
Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda, Lugo, Spain
2
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda, Lugo, Spain
3
Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda, Lugo, Spain
4
Escuela de Química, Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica,
San José, Costa Rica
CHAPTER MENU
1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective, 1
1.2 Micelle Formation, 5
1.3 Average Aggregation Numbers, 14
1.4 Packing Properties of Amphiphiles, 18
1.5 Biosurfactants, 20
1.6 Sophorolipids, 25
1.7 Surfactin, 28
1.8 Final Comments, 31
Acknowledgement, 32
References, 32
Surface tension is a property that involves the common frontier (boundary surface) between two
media or phases. Strictly speaking, the surface tension of a liquid should mean the surface tension
of the liquid in contact and equilibrium with its own vapor. However, as the gas phase has nor-
mally a small influence on the surface, the term is generally applied to the liquid–air boundary.
The phases can also be two liquids (interfacial tension) or a liquid and solid. According to IUPAC,
the surface tension is the work required to increase a surface area divided by that area [1]. This is
the reversible work required to carry the molecules or ions from the bulk phase into the surface
implying its enlargement and corresponds to the increase in Gibbs free energy (G) of the system
per unit surface area (A),
G
(1.1)
A T ,P
Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future: Production and Applications in the Environment and Biomedicine,
First Edition. Edited by Hemen Sarma and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2 1 Introduction to Biosurfactants
where γ is the interfacial tension. Therefore, the units of γ are J/m2 or N/m, but it is normally
recorded in mN/m (because it coincides with the value in dyn/cm of the cgs system). In 1944,
Taylor and Alexander [2] collected some representative published (1885–1939) values for the sur-
face tension of water at 20 °C. Their own value was 72.70 ± 0.07 mN/m (calculated by extrapola-
tion) in agreement with more recent determinations, the accepted value being 71.99 ± 0.36 mN/m
at 25 °C [3]. This is a rather high value when it is compared with those of other common solvents
as ethanol (22.39 ± 0.06 mN/m), acetic acid (27.59 ± 0.09 mN/m), or acetone (29.26 ± 0.05 mN/m)
(values from [4]) at 20 °C.
The decrease in the surface tension of water has been traditionally achieved by using soaps or
soap-like compounds. According to IUPAC a “soap is a salt of a fatty acid, saturated or unsaturated,
containing at least eight carbon atoms or a mixture of such salts. A neat soap is a lamellar structure
containing much (e.g. 75%) soap and little (e.g. 25%) water. Soaps have the property of reducing the
surface tension of water when they are dissolved in soap-like compounds in water.” This reduction
facilitates personal care, washing of clothes and other fabrics, etc. The early documents with
descriptions of soaps and their uses are typically related with medicinal aspects, and nowadays
there is almost a specific type of soap for each requirement. Levey [5] has reviewed the early his-
tory of “soaps” used in medicine, cleansing, and personal care. For instance, he mentions that “in
a prescription of the seventh century bc, soap made from castor oil (source of ricinoleic [12-hydroxy-
9-cis-octadecenoic] acid) and horned alkali is used. . . as a mouth cleanser, in enemata, and also to
wash the head.” However, Levey concludes that a true soap using caustic alkali was probably not
produced in antiquity but “evidence has been adduced to indicate that salting out was in use in
early Sumerian times.” In his Naturalis Historia, Pliny the Elder [6] refers to soap (sapo) as prodest
et sapo, Galliarum hoc inventum rutilandis capillis. fit ex sebo et cinere, optimus fagino et caprino,
duobus modis, spissus ac liquidus, uterque apud Germanos maiore in usu viris quam feminis, which
may be translated as “There is also soap, an invention of the Gauls for making their hair shiny (or
glossy). It is made from suet and ashes, the best from beechwood ash and goat suet, and exists in
two forms, thick and liquid, both being used among the Germans, more by men than by women.”
Hunt [7] indicates that centers of soap production by the end of the first millennium were in
Marseilles (France) and Savona (Italy), while in Britain some references appear in the literature
around 1000 ad. For instance, in 1192 the monk Richard of Devizes referred to the number of
“soap makers in Bristol and the unpleasant smells which their activities produced.” Hunt also
resumed other aspects as the chemistry of soap, the British alkali industry, the expansion of soap
production, soap manufacturers, and manufacturing methods. As early as 1858, Campbell pre-
sented a USA patent [8] for the production of soaps. He described the process as consisting in “the
use of powdered carbonate of soda for saponifying the fatty acids generally, and more particularly
the red oil or ‘red (oleic) acid oil’ and converting them, by direct combination, into soap in open
pans or kettles, at temperatures between 32 and 500 °F.” Mitchell [9] revised the Jabón de Castilla
or Castile soap (named from the central region of Spain), probably the first white hard soap. It was
an olive oil-based soap and soaps with this name can still be bought today. Traditional recipes and
videos can be easily found on the Internet. In the paper “Literature of Soaps and Synthetic
Detergents”, Schulze [10] recorded the literature (including books, periodicals, abstracts, indexes,
information services, patent publications, association publications, conference proceedings) on
soaps, surfactants, and synthetic detergents up to 1966.
Nowadays descriptions for soap-making from fats and oils are frequent for teaching purposes. For
instance, Phanstiel et al. [11] have described the saponification process (basic hydrolysis of fats). It
involves heating either animal fat or vegetable oil in an alkaline solution. The alkaline solution
hydrolyses the triglyceride into glycerol and salts of the long-chain carboxylic acids (Scheme 1.1).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Jos kansojen sortajat jätettäisiin yksin, vaille muiden tukea ja apua,
niin mitä he voisivat niitä vastaan?
XXXVI
XXXVII
Mutta ne, jotka teille sanovat: "Ennen meitä ei ole tiedetty, mitä
oikeus on: oikeus ei tule Jumalalta, se tulee ihmiseltä; luottakaa
meihin, ja me teemme teille oikeuden, joka tyydyttää teitä", ne
pettävät teidät tahi, jos he vilpittömästi lupaavat teille vapauden,
pettävät itsensä.
Jos nämä edut tulevat myöhään, jos te saatte nauttia niitä vain
vähän aikaa, tahi vaikkapa teidän ei olisi suotu nauttia niitä
ensinkään, niin lapsenne ja lastenne lapset nauttivat niitä.
Heillä ei ole oleva muuta kuin minkä te heille jätätte: katsokaa siis,
tahdotteko jättää heille kahleita ja ruoskia ja nälän perinnöksi.
XXXIX
XL
XLI
Nuo puut ovat kauniit, nuo kukat ovat ihanat; mutta ne eivät ole
minun maani kukkia eivätkä puita: ne eivät sano minulle mitään.
Kaikkialla maanpakolainen on yksin.
Tämä puro virtaa verkalleen tasangolle; mutta sen solina ei ole se,
jota lapsuudessani kuuntelin: se ei palauta ainoatakaan muistoa
mieleeni. Kaikkialla maanpakolainen on yksin.
Nämä laulut ovat suloiset, mutta ne surut ja ilot, joita ne loihtivat
esiin, eivät ole minun surujani ja ilojani. Kaikkialla maanpakolainen
on yksin.
XLII
Ja mitä kuulin, mitä näin, se oli niin elävää, sieluni tajusi sen niin
voimakkaasti, että kaikki, minkä ennen olin ollut näkevinäni ja
kuulevinani, näytti minusta olevan vain yön epäselvää unta.
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.