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Emergency Management of the Hi-Tech
Patient in Acute and Critical Care
Emergency Management of the Hi‐Tech
Patient in Acute and Critical Care
Editors
Nicholas Tsarouhas, MD
Medical Director, CHOP Transport Team
Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
Associate Editors
Richard J. Lin, MD
Attending Physician, Critical Care Medicine
Clinical Director, Progressive Care Unit
Associate Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pediatrics, Perelman
School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
Michael Seneff, MD
Director, Intensive Care Unit
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine
George Washington University Hospital
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Robert Shesser, MD
Professor and Chair
Department of Emergency Medicine
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
This edition first published 2021
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on
how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Ioannis Koutroulis, Nicholas Tsarouhas, Richard J. Lin, Jill C. Posner, Michael Seneff, and Robert Shesser to
be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products, visit us at
www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appear in
standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only
and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or
treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes
in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and
devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for
each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage
and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this
work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or
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as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the
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sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies
contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further,
readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was
written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial
damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors ix
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
8 Orthopedic Devices 73
Carmelle Wallace, Andrew Tyler, and Keith D. Baldwin
9 Spine Devices 95
Susan E. Nelson and Keith D. Baldwin
Index 373
ix
List of Contributors
Preface
The idea of writing this book was born in early 2016; we knew that the road would be
bumpy yet exciting! We are thrilled to introduce the first edition of our manual to assist
health care providers in managing our very unique patients with various hardware devices.
These “hi‐tech” devices help our patients breathe, walk, hear, and do a host of other essen-
tial activities of daily living. Importantly, when these patients seek emergency care due to
device malfunction, infections, or other complications, it is crucial that the medical
provider know how to manage both the patient and the device.
It is often challenging for the emergency/critical care clinician to troubleshoot and,
sometimes, even identify the problems with many of these hi‐tech devices. Moreover, spe-
cialized consultation is not always readily available. It is quite challenging for providers to
recall complex diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for patients with specialized equip-
ment, thus increasing the risk for morbidity and mortality. This guide provides a stepwise
approach to acute presentations of patients with clinical hardware, focusing on specific
instructions for initial evaluation and management. Our intent is that this endeavor will
assist health care providers in both community settings and academic centers in the treat-
ment of complex patients with “hi‐tech” equipment.
It is our sincere hope that this book will improve the quality of care to our unique patient
population who utilize specialized hardware. Our goal is to provide our readers with an
overview of the basic approach to clinical scenarios of device malfunction and related com-
plications of the most commonly used medical devices. However, as it was impossible to
include all devices in this book, the practitioner should make every effort to ensure they
have the most accurate information for each patient’s hardware.
We want to thank our fellow editors, authors, and contributors, who gave their time
selflessly so that we could produce this book. Also, we would like to thank our teachers,
mentors, and colleagues, from whom we learn every day. Most importantly, the real source
of our inspiration, our patients and their families, deserve our eternal heartfelt gratitude.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Nick and all the editors of the book, as, without them, this effort
would not have been possible. Nick’s support was really amazing, and his help with some
of the problems we faced during the creation of the book really made a difference. As a
great clinician, researcher, and educator, Nick’s contribution was vital for the whole pro-
ject. Jill, Mike, Rich, and Rob went above and beyond to have all the chapters completed on
time and make sure the content was appropriate. Thank you all!
I want to dedicate this book to my mother who, despite all the difficulties, never left my side.
She has been my inspiration all these years. Also, to Dr. Levinsky, who discussed the initial idea
for the book with me. And finally, to all the people in my life who made a difference, thank you!
Ioannis Koutroulis
I’d like to first acknowledge, Ioannis, the creator of the book and our persevering leader.
Through thick and thin, Ioannis remained upbeat and encouraging. Ioannis stayed enthusi-
astic, despite delays as a result of our heavy administrative and clinical workloads due to
sustained high volumes and acuities in our emergency departments (EDs), inpatient areas,
and intensive care units. With an eternally positive attitude, he even respectfully pushed us
through a pandemic toward the completion of the “Hi-Tech Book” project. Thank you,
Ioannis! My most genuine love and appreciation goes to my family – wife Debbie, my son
Christopher, and my daughter Nicole. The importance of their continual support of my long
ED shifts, constant meetings, and endless “homework” cannot be understated. They have
forever tolerated “Daddy” in his study … reading, writing, typing, answering pages, making
phone calls, etc. Finally, a special thank you to my mother who, with little education and
even less money, somehow managed to raise three pretty good kids. Love you, mom.
Nick Tsarouhas
Section I
Gastro-intestinal Devices
3
I ntroduction
Enteral feeding devices deliver nutrition directly to the stomach and/or small intestine for
patients with anatomic or physiological feeding impairments. Common indications for
enteral feeding devices include feeding and swallowing dysfunction, severe gastroesopha-
geal reflux, malnutrition, neurological disorders, and prolonged ventilation. Given the
breadth of indications for enteral feeding devices, a clinician in any setting, and particu-
larly those in the emergency department, is likely to encounter these devices on a daily
basis. These are simple devices with a simple purpose, but their dysfunction is highly dis-
ruptive and worrisome to patients and their caregivers. This chapter will teach you how to
manage the simplicity of a working enteral feeding device and navigate the intricacies of an
unruly device.
E
quipment/Device
Enteral feeding devices can be categorized into temporary and long-term devices.
Furthermore, the name for each device comes from its origin (nose, mouth, or stomach)
and terminus (stomach or small intestine) (Table 1.1). Nasal and oral tubes are temporary
and work well for patients with transient feeding difficulties. Gastrostomy tubes (G-tube)
and jejunostomy tubes (J-tube) are ideal for more long-term or permanent enteral nutri-
tion. Enteral feeding devices are sized in French (Fr) units, which is the outer diameter of
the tube in millimeters multiplied by three. A 9 Fr tube, for example, has an outer diameter
of 3 mm. Tube lengths are usually given in centimeters and vary widely from very short low
profile “button” type tubes to very long naso-jejunal (NJ) tubes.
Emergency Management of the Hi-Tech Patient in Acute and Critical Care, First Edition. Edited by
Ioannis Koutroulis, Nicholas Tsarouhas, Richard J. Lin, Jill C. Posner, Michael Seneff, and Robert Shesser.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
4 Using and Troubleshooting Enteral Feeding Devices
When using a double lumen tube, it is critical that the small lumen be kept to room air to
adequately vent the large lumen. It should not be clamped, used for suction, or used for
irrigation. Finally, the proximal end of a double lumen decompression device must be kept
above waist-height, otherwise the gastric contents may reflux into the small lumen.
G-tubes are made of silicone, polyurethane, or, rarely, latex rubber to provide the flexibility
and durability needed for long-term feeding. They serve as a direct pathway to the gut.
G-tubes are made up of one to three ports on the most proximal end, followed by a tube or
shaft that carries nutrition to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and then a balloon or nonbal-
loon retention device on the distal end (Figure 1.1). In some tubes, there are separate feed-
ing and medication ports. Only in balloon G-tubes is there a port that is used to expand the
retention balloon. In addition, standard G-tubes have an external retention device with air
vents and feet that hold it 1–2 mm above the skin surface to prevent skin breakdown and
keep the stoma site clean and dry.
There are advantages and disadvantages to balloon and nonballoon G-tubes. The
benefit of balloon G-tubes is that they can be replaced at home; however, they are not as
well tolerated as nonballoon retention devices because of the size of the balloon.
Furthermore, balloon retention devices need to be changed more frequently than
nonballoon G-tubes (every three months compared to every six months, respectively).
The main disadvantage of nonballoon G-tubes is that every tube change has to be done
by a medical professional.
Standard G-Tube
Standard G-tubes are adjustable length tubes that have an external bolster, which sits on
the skin and can be moved up and down to adequately secure the tube in a patient of any
size (Figure 1.1 a and b). These are particularly helpful in patients with increased soft
tissue or in patients with a projected weight gain where a low-profile tube with a fixed
shaft length may not fit properly. Standard G-tubes can be placed surgically or
endoscopically.
Standard G-tubes are placed surgically using the Stamm procedure or via a laparoscopic
approach. You will know your patient had the Stamm procedure if he or she has a 6–8 cm
midline incision on examination. During the procedure, the surgeon dissects down to the
anterior wall of the stomach. The G-tube is placed directly into the stomach via an anterior
6 Using and Troubleshooting Enteral Feeding Devices
Balloon port
Standard G-tubes A
B
Feeding port
Medication port
Balloon port
G-tube shaft
Non-balloon
Balloon internal
internal
retention device
retention device
Figure 1.1 Standard G-tubes and low-profile G-tubes. (a) Standard GJ tube with three ports:
balloon port, jejunal port, and gastric port. (b) Standard G-tube with three ports: medication port,
gastric port, and balloon port. (c) Low-profile tubes with both nonballoon and balloon retention
devices.
incision. The balloon is inflated and used to pull the stomach against the inner abdominal
wall to determine the best location for the percutaneous exit of the tubing. Once this inci-
sion is made, the tubing is pulled through the abdominal wall and the tube is anchored in
place with sutures. A standard G-tube placed surgically will have a well-healed tract within
four weeks.
Standard G-tubes are placed endoscopically by using the percutaneous endoscopic
gastrostomy(PEG) technique. Of note, the term “PEG” is used inaccurately in medical ver-
nacular to refer to all kinds of G-tubes, but a PEG is actually the procedure and not a type
of tube. During a PEG procedure, an endoscope is used to transilluminate the stomach and
identify the stoma site. A needle is then inserted through the skin into the stomach with a
guidewire that is pulled up through the esophagus and out of the mouth. This guidewire is
then used to guide the G-tube into the stomach. A small incision is made, and the G-tube
is pulled through the stomach and abdominal walls and secured in place by the internal
and external bolsters alone.
There are two main advantages to a surgically placed G-tube compared to a PEG proce-
dure. First, a mature tract forms in 4 weeks with a laparoscopic procedure compared to
6–12 weeks with a PEG procedure. Second, a surgically placed G-tube provides direct
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murdered on these expeditions. On the 7th of December, 1864,
Warren’s Fifth Corps was started southward from Petersburg, to
destroy the Weldon Railroad still further. On their return, they found
some of their men, who had straggled and foraged, lying by the
roadside murdered, their bodies stark naked and shockingly
mutilated. One of Sherman’s men recently related how in the
Carolinas one of his comrades was found hanged on a tree, bearing
this inscription, “Death to all foragers.” A large number of men were
made prisoners while away from their commands after the usual
fruits of foraging—just how many, no one will ever know; and many
of those not killed on the spot by their captors ended their lives in the
prison-pens.
During the expedition of the Fifth Corps alluded to, while the
column had halted at some point in its march, a few uneasy spirits,
wishing for something eatable to turn up, had made off down a hill,
ahead of the column, had crossed a stream, and reached the vicinity
of a house on the high ground the other side. Here a keen-scented
cavalryman from the party had started up two turkeys, which, as the
pursuit grew close, flew up on to the top of the smoke-house,
whence, followed by their relentless pursuer, they went still higher, to
the ridge-pole of the main house adjoining. Still up and forward
pressed the trooper, his “soul in arms and eager for the fray,” and as
the turkeys with fluttering wings edged away, the hungry veteran,
now astride the ridge-pole, hopped along after, when ping! a bullet
whistled by uncomfortably near him.
A DILEMMA.
Kearny.
What was an army corps? The name is one adopted into the
English language from the French, and retains essentially its original
meaning. It has been customary since the time of Napoleon I. to
organize armies of more than fifty or sixty thousand men into what
the French call corps d’armée or, as we say, army corps.
It is a familiar fact that soon after the outbreak of the Rebellion
Lieutenant-General Scott, who had served with great distinction in
the Mexican War, found himself too old and infirm to conduct an
active campaign, and so the command of the troops, that were
rapidly concentrating in and around Washington, was devolved upon
the late General Irvin McDowell, a good soldier withal, but, like every
other officer then in the service, without extended war experience.
His first work, after assuming command, would naturally have been
to organize the green troops into masses that would be more
cohesive and effective in action than single undisciplined regiments
could be. But this he was not allowed to do. The loyal people of the
North were clamoring for something else to be done, and that
speedily. The Rebels must be punished for their treason without
delay, and President Lincoln was beset night and day to this end. In
vain did McDowell plead for a little more time. It could not be
granted. If our troops were green and inexperienced, it was urged,
so were the Rebels. It is said that because he saw fit to review a
body of eight regiments he was charged with attempting to make a
show, so impatient was public sentiment to have rebellion put down.
So having done no more than to arrange his regiments in brigades,
without giving them any discipline as such, without an organized
artillery, without a commissariat, without even a staff to aid him,
McDowell, dividing his force, of about 35,000 men, into live divisions,
put four of them in motion from the Virginia bank of the Potomac
against the enemy, and the result was—Bull Run, a battle in which
brigade commanders did not know their commands and soldiers did
not know their generals. In reality, the battle was one of regiments,
rather than of brigades, the regiments fighting more or less
independently. But better things were in store.
PLATE I.
CORPS BADGES.
What are corps badges? The answer to this question is somewhat
lengthy, but I think it will be considered interesting. The idea of corps
badges undoubtedly had its origin with General Philip Kearny, but
just how or exactly when is somewhat legendary and uncertain. Not
having become a member of Kearny’s old corps until about a year
after the idea was promulgated, I have no tradition of my own in
regard to it, but I have heard men who served under him tell widely
differing stories of the origin of the “Kearny Patch,” yet all agreeing
as to the author of the idea, and also in its application being made
first to officers. General E. D. Townsend, late Adjutant-General of the
United States Army, in his “Anecdotes of the Civil War,” has adopted
an explanation which, I have no doubt, is substantially correct. He
says:—
“One day, when his brigade was on the march, General Philip
Kearny, who was a strict disciplinarian, saw some officers standing
under a tree by the roadside; supposing them to be stragglers from
his command, he administered to them a rebuke, emphasized by a
few expletives. The officers listened in silence, respectfully standing
in the ‘position of a soldier’ until he had finished, when one of them,
raising his hand to his cap, quietly suggested that the general had
possibly made a mistake, as they none of them belonged to his
command. With his usual courtesy, Kearny exclaimed, “Pardon me; I
will take steps to know how to recognize my own men hereafter.”
Immediately on reaching camp, he issued orders that all officers and
men of his brigade should wear conspicuously on the front of their
caps a round piece of red cloth to designate them. This became
generally known as the ‘Kearny Patch.’”
I think General Townsend is incorrect in saying that Kearny issued
orders immediately on reaching camp for all “officers and men” to
wear the patch; first, because the testimony of officers of the old
Third Corps to-day is that the order was first directed to officers only,
and this would be in harmony with the explanation which I have
quoted; and, second, after the death of Kearny and while his old
division was lying at Fort Lyon, Va., Sept. 4, 1862, General D. B.
Birney, then in command of it, issued a general order announcing his
death, which closed with the following paragraph:—
“As a token of respect for his memory, all the officers of this
division will wear crape on the left arm for thirty days, and the colors
and drums of regiments and batteries will be placed in mourning for
sixty days. To still further show our regard, and to distinguish his
officers as he wished, each officer will continue to wear on his cap a
piece of scarlet cloth, or have the top or crown-piece of the cap
made of scarlet cloth.”
The italics in the above extract are my own; but we may fairly infer
from it:—
First, that up to this date the patch had been required for officers
alone, as no mention is made of the rank and file in this order.
Second, that General Kearny did not specify the lozenge as the
shape of the badge to be worn, as some claim; for, had such been
the case, so punctilious a man as General Birney would not have
referred in general orders to a lozenge as “a piece of scarlet cloth,”
nor have given the option of having the crown-piece of the cap made
of scarlet cloth if the lamented Kearny’s instructions had originally
been to wear a lozenge. This being so, General Townsend’s quoted
description of the badge as “a round piece of red cloth” is probably
erroneous.
As there were no red goods at hand when Kearny initiated this
move, he is said to have given up his own red blanket to be cut into
these patches.
Soon after these emblems came into vogue among the officers
there is strong traditional testimony to show that the men of the rank
and file, without general orders, of their own accord cut pieces of red
from their overcoat linings, or obtained them from other sources to
make patches for themselves; and, as to the shape, there are
weighty reasons for believing that any piece of red fabric, of
whatsoever shape, was considered to answer the purpose.
These red patches took immensely
with the “boys.” Kearny was a rough
soldier in speech, but a perfect dare-
devil in action, and his men idolized
him. Hence they were only too proud
to wear a mark which should
distinguish them as members of his
gallant division. It was said to have
greatly reduced the straggling in this
body, and also to have secured for the
wounded or dead that fell into the ST. ANDREW’S CROSS.
Rebels’ hands a more favorable and
considerate attention.
There was a special reason, I think, why Kearny should select a
red patch for his men, although I have never seen it referred to. On
the 24th of March, 1862, General McClellan issued a general order
prescribing the kinds of flags that should designate corps, division,
and brigade headquarters. In this he directed that the First Division
flag should be a red one, six feet by five; the Second Division blue,
and the Third Division a red and blue one;—both of the same
dimensions as the first. As Kearny commanded the First Division, he
would naturally select the same color of patch as his flag. Hence the
red patch.
The contagion to wear a distinguishing badge extended widely
from this simple beginning. It was the most natural thing that could
happen for other divisions to be jealous of any innovation which, by
comparison, should throw them into the background, for by that time
the esprit de corps, the pride of organization, had begun to make
itself felt. Realizing this fact, and regarding it as a manifestation that
might be turned to good account, Major-General Joseph Hooker
promulgated a scheme of army corps badges on the 21st of March,
1863, which was the first systematic plan submitted in this direction
in the armies. Hooker took command of the Army of the Potomac
Jan. 26, 1863. General Daniel Butterfield was made his chief-of-staff,
and he, it is said, had much to do with designing and perfecting the
first scheme of badges for the army, which appears in the following
circular:—