‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 .١
‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 .٣
 .٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Flame Photometer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
MgCl 2 ( s ) → MgCl 2 (g ) → Mg (g ) + Cl (g )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣٤F‫א‬
Mg ( g ) → Mg *g → Mg (g ) + hν
E2*


E1*

Eo
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬          
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬       
 ‫א‬       
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬F‫• א‬
W‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫ א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬EF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬           
 ‫א‬       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬     
 
 ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬     
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬      
 
 ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧F
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  FilterWEFEi
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kflame photmeter‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Eii
 flame spectrophotomer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF
  Na( g ) → Na (+g ) + e
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬FML Z‫א‬،MLx‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬ (M (H 2O )X ) K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬80%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EzeroFblank solution‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K10000K‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬E٣٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KL11-17‫א‬
 Khigh frequency generatorEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 


‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬E٣٨F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL1.0
 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤٠‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬simultaneouslyE‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
Ksequentially‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬?AA?‫א‬‫א‬Atomic Absorption‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 p.p.b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،atomiser‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FEF،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 EW‫א‬
E  E E
 E
 E        

 
 
  E E E E  EW E

   Io    I
 ‫א‬         
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

modulation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 W‫א‬
KE٣٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬F‫• א‬
‫א‬IoEE  I+E
 
     
  ‫א‬      
 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬          
           
 ‫א‬       
    ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩F   
 W‫א‬
E٤٠ )hollow cathade lamp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 

 ‫א‬E٤٠F

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF •
 K‫א‬EF •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KEF
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،4-50‫א‬300
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬line spectra
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Wmodulation‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٩F‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A=Io JEI+EF
 

 
 A=Io-I
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
modulation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
( ٤١ ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
I     
Io        
 E I  
 
E‫א‬‫א‬E٤١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    
Io I

 ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬           
        
 ‫א‬        
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢ )
E٤٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٣)
‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ( oC )‫א‬‫א‬ ( oC )
  2000-2100 2700–2500

‫א‬ 2200-2400 3100-3200

  1025-2000 2800-2900

  1300-1900 2800-2900

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3230 oC)‫א‬L‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Massman furnace(i
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٤ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 
 ‫א‬        H‫א‬‫א‬
 Io         
I
          
             
 ‫א‬       
 E٤٤F
auto-‫א‬E1.0-100F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬injection
‫א‬E150oCF‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E1000oC‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2300oC‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(100%)‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬
F 1.0 - 2.0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬
K1.0 - 100‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W L‘vov(ii
‫א‬،E٤٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬ Io        I   
 
 
 ‫א‬     
 
 
 E٤٥F
 WInterferences‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(i
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 Kresolution‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
           E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، 0.01nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬308.215 nm‫א‬‫א‬308.211nm
 K309.27nm‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  modulation‫א‬
 K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(ii
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E.D.T.A protective agent‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   La3+‫א‬ releasing agent‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PO43+‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
  Ca 3 (PO4 )2 + 2La 3+ → 2LaPO 4 + 3Ca 2+
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2950oCF
 K‫א‬
  Ba(og ) ⇔ Ba (2g+) + 2e .....................(1) 5.2 eV‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  2K ( g ) ⇔ K (+g ) + 2e.................(2)  4.3eV‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E١F‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Ba(2g+) + 2e → Ba o(g ) ..................(3) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   •
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 :Detection limit‫א‬(i
‫א‬،noise level‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 Kblank levelK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WSensitivity‫א‬(ii
‫א‬  1%  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E µg / ml  F ‫א‬   
 (0.0044A) ‫א‬
  A = -log %T = -log 99
= 0.0044
100 100
 W
0.021‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ 2.0 µg/ml 
 W‫א‬
  2.0 µg/ml → .021 A 
  ? → 0.0044 
2.0 × 0.0044
Sensitivity = = 0.42 µg/ml 
0.021
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   •
 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ei
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ J
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬0.25 J
 K5.0‫א‬‫א‬
25 ‫א‬p.p.m 10 ،8 ،4 ، 2،zero J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eii
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1.5-10ppm
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eiii
‫א‬   10-1000   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
Kp.p.m
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬E2950o C‫א‬‫א‬FL‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ، Sr Ba‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫؟‬‫א‬ .٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬.٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬p.p.m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K1%‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

10-15 f femto
-12
10 p pico
10-9 n nano
10-6 µ micro
10-3 m milli
-2
10 c centi
-1
10 d deci
103 k kilo
106 M mega
109 J giga
12
10 T tetra‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٥٠  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
α 
Α
β B 
γ Γ 
δ ∆ 
η Η 
 σ Σ 
π Π 
φ Φ 
ψ Ψ 
ω Ω 
θ Θ 
ρ R 
κ Κ 
ε Ε ‫א‬
µ Μ 
υ Ν 
λ Λ ‫א‬
τ Τ  
χ  
ξ Ξ  

- ٨٩ -
  
 ‫א‬

‫اﻟﺠــﺪول اﻟــﺪوري ﻟﻠــﻌﻨــﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤــﻴــﺎﺋــﻴــﺔ‬

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
IA 0
1 2
Metals Semimetals Non-metals
H He
1.01 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00
3 4 Atomic number 11 ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري‬ 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be Chemical symbol Na ‫رﻣﺰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ B C N O F Ne

6.94 9.01 Atomic weight 22.99 ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬ 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg ---------------------------------Transition metals -------------------------------- Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80

- ٩٠ -
 ٢٥٠

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba *La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.20 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20 208.98 208.98 209.99 222.02
87 88 89 104 105 106 107
Fr Ra **Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns
‫ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮاﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬:(٣) ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ‬

223.02 226.03 227.03 261.11 262.11 162.12 262.12

Halogens
Noble Gases

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 s
* de
ni
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ha
nt
140.12 140.91 144.24 144.91 150.36 151.97 157.25 158.93 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 La

** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

e s
id
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr in

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaliine Metals (Except H

A ct
232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244.06 243.06 247.07 247.07 242.06 252.08 257.10 258.10 259.10 260.11
 ‫א‬

Halogens : ‫ اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎت‬- Noble gases : ‫ اﻟﻐﺎزات ااﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬- Transition metals : ‫ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬- Alkaline earth metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ - Alkaline metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
Non-metals : ‫ اﻻ ﻓﻠﺰات‬- Metalloids or semimetals : ‫ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﻠﺰات‬- Metals : ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰات‬
‫א‬