University of Barishal

Group - 04

Submitted to, Name Roll

Submitted by, Eyasmin Khatun 20SOC037

Syed Ashik-E-Elahi, Al Mamun 20SOC039

Assistant professor, Anika Rahaman 20SOC040

Department of Sociology, Tana Fatima 20SOC041

University of Barishal Marfia Rahman 20SOC043

Farjana Busra 20SOC045

Nishat Malieha Aishy 20SOC046

Umme Jobayera Islam Promi 20SOC047

Tharima Afrin 20SOC048

Md. Golam Rasul 20SOC049

Course Name: Sociology of Disaster

Course Code: SOC 3203
Assignment Topic: Climate induced Migration in slum Areas
Session: 2019-20
Year:3rd
Semester:2nd
Submission date: 26-04-2024
Economic factor
Loss of properties,
infrastructure, economic
disruption. Rahman,R and
Chattapadhya.S.(2013)
1. Prolonged flooding in
Khulna hindering recovery
and income generation.
(Martin et al., 2014).
Agriculture or small scale
Businesses
Increased cost of Living
Health care Expenses
Yasmin (2016).
Unemployment
Poverty
Lack of Agricultural work
Amjad (2021)
Climate Crisis Fuels Rural-to-
Urban Migration in
Bangladesh
(Pachauri et al., 2014;
Rahaman et al., 2018).
Social factor Environmental factor
Low income level, population Flood, cyclone, drought, river
density, social disruption, erosion, sea level rise, salinity.
vulnerable geographical Rahman,R and
location. Rahman,R and Chattapadhya.S.(2013).
Chattapadhya.S.(2013)
1. Climate change-induced 1. Coastal zones of
disasters displacing millions in Bangladesh identified as a top-
Bangladesh. (IDMC, 2022)
ten vulnerable area.
(Dasgupta, et al., 2009)
Gender inequality Floods
Access to clean Water Cyclone
Food security storm surges
Yasmin (2016) Yasmin (2016)
Lack of safety River erosion
Loss of huge Wealth Cyclone
Amjad (2021) Floods
Drought
Monga
Amjad (2021)
Pandemic Worsens Hardships .Loss of Climate-Sensitive
for Urban Slum Dwellers and Occupations
Climate Migrants(COVID-19)
(2016, Neupane et
(Islam and Kibria, 2020; al.)(Mallick, B. (2014).
Hasan et al., 2021).
Events such as hurricanes,
floods, droughts, and
earthquakes can displace
populations, forcing them to
migrate to safer areas.
Climate Change:
Environmental degradation,
including rising sea levels,
desertification, and changing
weather patterns, can make
certain areas uninhabitable,
leading to migration.
Anwer(2012) mentioned that
loss of accommodation, lack
of food security ,
Occupational vulnerability,
absence of alternative
livelihood opportunities, lack
of property.
1.Economic Vulnerability ,
Economic resilience.
Alam, M. S., & Mondal, M.
(2018).
Societies experiencing conflict
or political instability often
see large numbers of people
fleeing to seek safety
elsewhere.
Events such as hurricanes,
floods, droughts, and
earthquakes can displace
populations, forcing them to
migrate to safer areas.
Peter (2011) and Action Aid
(2006) state that global
climate change has a huge
impact on slum dwellers.
Unhealthy location, huge
population, weak water supply
and lack of adequate drainage
system
1.Measuring the resilience of
Urban Slums
2.Rapid Urbanization
3. .Inadequate infrastructure
4. Low Community resilience
Alam, M. S., & Mondal, M.
(2018).
Events such as hurricanes,
floods, droughts, and
earthquakes can displace
populations, forcing them to
migrate to safer areas.
Environmental degradation,
including rising sea levels,
desertification, and changing
weather patterns, can make
certain areas uninhabitable,
leading to migration.
Ahmed et al(2008) said that a
large number of people have
already migrated to the urban
slums from the coastal region
of Bangladesh due to frequent
cyclones, storm surges,river
erosion.
1.Multifaceted nature
Alam, M. S., & Mondal, M.
(2018).
Migration for adaptation
The number of Dhaka City
slums has increased over
time, but based on various
alum studies we find that the
economic conditions inside
the slums have not improved
significantly. Migration is an
option for many people to get
settled away from their
native disaster-prone
homelands. As such the
climate induced displacement
is causing a large number of
people to migrate to the city
slums. This has become a
major area of concern now.
Ahmed,A.I.M.U.,2005.
Migration for adaptation as it
involves human behavior and
societal responses to
environmental pressures.
Rise community awareness
through effective social
education which help to
develop poor slum dwellers’
livelihood.
Farhan, et al, 2012
Environmental change and
global change
Environmental migration
refers to the movement of
people due to environmental
factors such as natural
disasters, climate change, and
environmental degradation.
It's estimated that by 2050, up
to 200 million people could be
displaced due to
environmental reasons,
leading to complex challenges
in terms of adaptation and
resettlement.
Alam.k.2015.
Poor migrants settling in
slums and trespasser
areas.(BBS.2011)
Lack of Agricultural work
Amjad (2021)
Poor migrants settling in
slums and trespasser
areas.(BBS.2011)
Climate Crisis Fuels Rural-to-
Urban Migration in
Bangladesh
Climate change can lead to
unpredictable weather
patterns, affecting agricultural
productivity and causing crop
failures.
Rapid urban growth due to
rural migration for basic
needs. (Kamal, 2013)
Vulnerable location and socio-
economic conditions leading
to natural disasters. (Hossain,
2005)
Inadequate access to food,
shelter, and healthcare for
climate migrants in destination
areas. (Rahaman et al., 2018)
Rapid urban growth due to
rural migration for basic
needs. (Kamal, 2013
Climate change accelerates
environmental degradation in
rural areas, such as soil
erosion, deforestation, and loss
of biodiversity.
Climate change impacts
environmental migrants in
slum areas. (Akter, 2009)
Coastal erosion, storm surges,
river erosion, saltwater
intrusion. Biswas.S. and
Chowdhury, M.A.A.(2012)
Impact of environmental
factors on migration patterns
in Bangladesh. (Piguet, 2013)
Climate change impacts
environmental migrants in
slum areas. (Akter, 2009
5. 27.14% of environmental
migrants in KDC own their
houses (UNDP, 2013).
 Eyasmin Khatun
20SOC037
Article 01
Measuring resilience of urban slum to climate induced disaster : a study on Barishal city
Corporation, Bangladesh.

Literature review :
Mukherjee et al(2020)focusing on the context of measuring resilience of urban slums to climate-
induced disasters, particularly in the context of Barishal City Corporation, Bangladesh.Urban
resilience is crucial for understanding and mitigating the risks associated with climate change-
induced disasters in cities. (Wan Mohd Rani et al., 2018).Rapid urbanization, driven by factors
such as demographic pressures and unplanned development, poses significant challenges for
cities in developing countries like Bangl Measuring adesh. The pace of urbanization often
exceeds the capacity of governments to provide basic services and infrastructure, leading to
increased vulnerability to climate risks (Helal et al., 2010).

By synthesizing existing literature and conducting empirical research in Barishal City

Corporation, this study contributes to our understanding of urban resilience dynamics in the
context of rapid urbanization and climate change in Bangladesh. (Mukherjee et al., 2020).

Article 02
Community Resilience of Urban Slums to Climate Change Induced Events : A case Study
of Five Major Slum in khulna city,Banglades

Literature review:
Alam and Mondal,(2018) focusing on community resilience of urban slums to climate change-
induced events, with a particular emphasis on the context of Khulna City, Bangladesh:

Climate Change and Vulnerability in Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to climate change due to
its geographical location and socio-economic characteristics. The country faces threats such as
sea-level rise, increased flooding, cyclones, and water-logging, which have severe implications
for its urban areas (Glenon, 2017).Urban Slums as Vulnerable Hotspots,including those in
Khulna City, are particularly vulnerable to climate change-induced events due to factors such as
inadequate infrastructure, lack of municipal services, and high population density. The influx of
migrants from coastal areas further exacerbates the vulnerability of these slum communities
(Alam and Mondal, 2018).

Article name Provoking Research Gap Critical analysis

factors
1. 1.Measuring 1.Limited 1. Relevance and Timeliness: The research
the resilience Focus addresses a pressing issue given the
Measuring
of Urban increasing frequency and severity of climate-
resilience of Slums induced disasters.
urban slum to 2. Long-Term 2. Comprehensive Approach:The utilization
climate induced Resilience of CDRI to measure resilience across multiple
disaster : a 2.Rapid
dimensions (physical, social, institutional,
study on Urbanization
economic, natural) provides influencing urban
Barishal city 3.Limited disaster resilience.
Corporation, Exploration of
Bangladesh 3.Multifaceted Socioeconomic
nature Factors

4.Inadequate 4.Lack of
infrastructure Long-Term
Resilience

5.Economic
Vulnerability

2. 1.Low 1. Lack of The study titled "Measuring Resilience of

Community Comparative Urban Slum to Climate Induced Disasters:
Community
resilience Analysis The research employs the Climate Disaster
Resilience of
Resilience Index (CDRI) to assess resilience
Urban Slums to
across various dimensions and proposes
Climate
2.Economic 2. Limited collaborative efforts between stakeholders for
Change
resilience Sample Size enhancing resilience.
Induced Events
and
: A case Study
Representation
of FiveMajor
Slum in khulna 3.Composite
city,Bangladesh community
3. Need for
resilience
Longitudinal
Studies

4.Integration
of Stakeholder
Perspectives

Reference :

1. Iyengar, N. S., & Sudarshan, P. (1982). A method of classifying regions from multivariate
data. Economic and political weekly, 2047-2052.
2. Glennon, R. (2017, April 21). The Unfolding Tragedy of Climate Change in Bangladesh. Scientific
American. Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-unfolding-tragedy-of-
climate-change-in-bangladesh/
3. IIDE. (2009). Climate change and the urban poor. Risk and resilience in 15 of the world's most
vulnerable cities. International Institutes of Development and Environment. Retrieved from
https://www.preventionweb.net/files/16556_g025971.pdf
4. Alam, M. S., & Mondal, M. (2018). Assessment of sanitation service quality in urban slums of Khulna
city based on SERVQUAL and AHP model: A case study of railway slum, Khulna, Bangladesh. Journal
of Urban Management.
5.Ahmed, S. S., & Ahmed, M. (2017). Urbanization and Economic Development of Bangladesh: The
Primacy of Dhaka and Competitiveness. Retrieved November.
 Al Mamun
20SOC039
The impact of climate change on urban slum dwellers in Bangladesh: a case
study of four selected slums in Dhaka City.
Literature Review:
Yasmin (2016) highlight the complex challenges faced by urban slum dwellers in Bangladesh
due to climate change. It discusses the heightened risks of flooding, waterlogging, and extreme
weather events, leading to health hazards, livelihood loss, and displacement. It highlights the
contribution of irregular rainfall patterns and rising temperatures to reduced agricultural
productivity and the prevalence of waterborne diseases during floods. The necessity for inclusive
urban planning, infrastructure investments, and healthcare services to enhance adaptive capacity
is emphasized. While the article focuses on immediate impacts, it suggests gaps in vulnerability
assessment, adaptation strategy effectiveness, and policy analysis. Despite focusing on Dhaka
City and specific slums, transparency in methodology and thorough data analysis are
recommended for credibility. Overall, the literature review emphasizes the need for holistic
approaches to address the multifaceted challenges faced by vulnerable urban communities

❖ Factors of Climate Migration of Poor Slum Dwellers in Dhaka City

Literature Review:

This study explores climate-induced migration among urban poor slum dwellers in Bangladesh,
focusing on Dhaka City. Amjad (2021) underscores Bangladesh's vulnerability to climate
change, especially with its large slum population. Factors contributing to migration include
environmental degradation, natural disasters, and socioeconomic issues. The literature review
discusses urban poverty challenges like inadequate housing and limited services, exacerbated by
climate change impacts such as flooding and water scarcity. It highlights the disproportionate
effect on slum dwellers and suggests further research areas like community-based adaptation and
integrating climate resilience into urban planning for effective policy interventions, emphasizing
gaps in current responses.
Reference:

1. Yasmin, Suraiya (2016) Impact of Climate Change on Urban Slum Dwellers in

Bangladesh: A Case Study of Four Selected Slums in Dhaka City. Archives of Current
Research International, 4 (3). pp. 1-15. ISSN 2454707/
2. Karisma Amjad. 2011. Factors of Climate Migration of Poor Slum Dwellers in Dhaka
City. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications (2021) 3 (3)
273-288.
 Anika Rahaman
20SOC040
Article no- 01
Livelihood, WASH related hardships and needs assessment of climate
migrants: evidence from urban slums in Bangladesh

Article Link: https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(22)00643-0.pdf

Literature Review of Article – 01

Rashid, (2009) mentioned many climate migrants end up living in informal urban settlements
with inadequate access to basic amenities, facing heightened risks from natural disasters and
environmental pollutant. He found that a significant portion of these dwellers migrated from
nearby districts such as Barishal, Pirojpur, Barguna, Madaripur, Bagerhat, Satkhira, and Khulna.
The research supported existing evidence indicating that over 50% of the slum population in
KCC had increased due to migration from climate-vulnerable areas in the previous fifteen years.
Climate-induced disasters like riverbank erosion, cyclones, storm surges, floods, and saline
intrusion were observed as primary drivers of this migration, especially in Khulna and Barishal
Divisions. Livelihood insecurity, agricultural damage, water and land salinity, and other
environmental stresses were identified as major causes of displacement among climate migrants
in urban slums. The COVID-19 outbreak further exacerbated challenges such as employment
uncertainty, income loss, and inadequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)
services among slum inhabitants. The research identified key gaps, including a limited focus on
migration causes and community needs, a lack of holistic vulnerability understanding,
methodological weaknesses, inadequate community engagement, and a dearth of actionable
solutions. Addressing these requires a multidisciplinary, participatory approach to develop
effective strategies for urban resilience in places like Khulna.

Reference

Rashid, S.F., Gani, S., Sarker, M., 2013. Urban poverty, climate change and health risks for slum
dwellers in Bangladesh. In: Climate Change Adaptation Actions in Bangladesh. Springer, pp.
51–70.
 Article No-02

Climate Induced Migration and Social Mobility Among migrants : Evidence

from the Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh.

Article link:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336527466_Climate_Induced_Migration_and_Social_
Mobility_Among_Migrants_Evidence_from_the_Southwest_Coastal_Region_of_Bangladesh

Literature Review of Article – 02

Mallik and Neupane al e. (2003)’s citations where the work of two authors is referenced. An
example would be the work of Neupane et al. in 2016, which describes climate-induced rural-
urban migration in India and its socio-economic impacts. In this article, Mallik and Neupane are
mentioned as researchers who have discussed similar topics related to climate-induced migration.
Mallik focused on the relationship between natural disasters and migration in Bangladesh,
particularly after cyclones Sidr and Aila, while Neupane described climate-induced rural-urban
migration in India. Both researchers addressed the socioeconomic impacts of migration,
particularly regarding the challenges faced by migrants in urban areas.He research highlights
challenges in tracking migrants, gaps in national census data regarding rural-urban climate
migration, limited understanding of migration flows, and the need for more region-specific data.
Improving data collection methods is crucial for informed decision-making and policy
development regarding climate-induced displacement.

References

Mallick, B. (2014). Cyclone-induced Migration in Southwest Coastal Bangladesh. Disasters, 38,

654-671.Neupane, K. W., Rubinyi, L., Sivappha, T. and Wang, Y. (2016).

Climate Migrants and Urban Adaptation in India and China Prepared for University of Notre
Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) By Workshop in International Public Affairs Spring
2016.
 Tana Fatima
20SOC041
Literature Review of Article -1
Climate Change Induced Migration and Urban Informal Settlements climate Change Related
Internal Migration in Bangladesh

Peter (2011) and Action Aid (2006) state that global climate change has a huge impact on slum
dwellers. They are particularly at a high risk due to climate change induced phenomena like the
rising temperature, flooding and greater incidence of severe storms. Unhealthy location, huge
population, lack of vegetation, unavailable or weak water supply and lack of adequate drainage
systems in the slums increase the inhabitants vulnerability.

Black et al (2013) said that Bangladesh is one of most vulnerable countries facing the adverse
effects of climate change. Different types of research have illustrated that while migration in
Bangladesh is sensitive to climate stresses and shocks,yet the drivers of migration are complex.
A combination of economic, social, demographic and political factors influences the decision to
migrate.

Literature Review of Article -2

Impact of climate Change on the Livelihoods and its alternative solutions for the people living in
Southwest coastal and slum areas of Bangladesh

Anwer (2012) mentioned that loss of accommodation, lack of food security, occupational
vulnerability, lack of communication absence of alternative livelihood opportunities and
necessary services are the reasons for displacement caused by climate change. Considering the
above context and to protect and prevent future displacement a comprehensive action research is
necessary to find out the recommendations for a sustainable solution to disaster related
displacement.
 Marfia Rahman
20 SOC 043
Article 1:
Climate Change, Vulnerabilities, and Migration: Insights from Ecological Migrants in
Bangladesh

Article link: https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231211589

Literature review:
The study by Mohammad Jasim Uddin (2021) examines Aila-induced migration in a Khulna
slum, Bangladesh, highlighting a multi-causal framework involving environmental hazards,
socio-political issues, economic vulnerabilities, and proximity to fragile regions as migration
drivers. It emphasizes that migration in Bangladesh is influenced by various factors beyond
environmental pressures and stresses the significance of location-specific networks in aiding
migrants to adapt to urban life. The research underscores the need for comprehensive policy
responses that consider both environmental and non-environmental factors affecting climate-
induced migration, such as adaptation, vulnerability, networks, and migration, to support
marginalized populations facing challenges in urban settings.
Reference:

Uddin.J.M., (2023). Climate change, vulnerabilities, and Migration from ecological Migrants in
Bangladesh. The journal of Environment and development
 Article 02:

Impact of climate change on socio-economic condition of environmental migrants at

Korean Development Corporation (KDC) slum area in Barishal , Bangladesh

Article link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351776080_Impact_of_climate_change_on_socioe
conomic_condition_of_environmental_migrants_at_Korean_Development_Corporation_K
DC_slum_area_in_Barishal_Bangladesh

Literature review:

The research paper "Impact of climate change on environmental migrants at KDC slum area in
Bangladesh" by Md. Tariqul Islam et al. delves into the challenges faced by environmental
migrants due to climate hazards like floods. It emphasizes the need for national policies to
enhance the well-being and livelihoods of these vulnerable migrants. Data was gathered through
various methods, revealing the severe impacts of climate change on settlement patterns,
education, and healthcare access among migrants in the study area. Effective strategies and
policies are recommended to address these issues and improve the socio-economic conditions of
environmental migrants. Further research is needed on long-term strategies to address
vulnerability root causes in Bangladesh, where climate change adaptation emphasizes powerful
stakeholders over local community needs.

Reference:

Islam, M. T., Mukherjee, A., Nishi, S. I., Siddiqua, A., & Siddega, M. (2021). "Impact of climate
change on socio-economic condition of environmental migrants at Korean Development
Corporation (KDC) slum area in Barishal, Bangladesh." International Journal of Forestry,
Ecology and Environment, 04(01), 163-171. [Crossref: http://dot.org/10.18801/jfee040121.10]
Article Article Name Provoking Factors with Research Critical
No. citation Gap Analysis

1. Climate Change, 1. Climate change-induced Need to move 1)Explores

Vulnerabilities, disasters displacing beyond the climate-induced
and Migration: millions in Bangladesh singular focus migration
Insights from (IDMC, 2022). on dynamics in
Ecological environmental Bangladesh.
2. Coastal zones of
Migrants in hazards as the
Bangladesh identified as a
2)Considers
Bangladesh primary driver
top-ten vulnerable area
environmental,
of migration
(Dasgupta et al., 2009).
socio-political,
and instead
3. Prolonged flooding in and economic
consider the
Khulna hindering recovery factors driving
complex
and income generation migration.
interplay of
(Martin et al., 2014). various
3)Highlights
4. Inadequate access to factors,
multi-causal
food, shelter, and including
factors driving
healthcare for climate socio-political
climate-induced
migrants in destination and economic
migration for
areas (Rahaman et al., vulnerabilities,
policy
2018). in
responses.
understanding
5. Impact of environmental
climate- 4)Reveals
factors on migration
induced shortcomings in
patterns in Bangladesh
migration. Cyclone Aila
(Piguet, 2013).
recovery
strategy, leading
to migration.

5)Emphasizes
the need for
 comprehensive
policy responses
to address
migration
challenges.
2 Impact of climate 1.Rapid urban growth due Lack of 1)Study focuses
change on socio- to rural migration for basic integration of on climate
economic needs. (Kamal, 2013) environmental change impact
condition of migration on
2.Vulnerable location and
environmental considerations environmental
socio-economic conditions
migrants at Korean into national migrants in
lead to natural disasters
Development strategic Bangladesh.
(Hossain,2005).
Corporation planning in
2)This paper
(KDC) slum area 3.Climate change impacts Bangladesh
identifies
in Barishal, environmental migrants in despite its
slum areas. (Akter, 2009) hazards like
Bangladesh significant
flood, cyclone,
4.Poor migrants settle in impact on
and river
slums and trespasser areas social and
erosion.
(BBS,2011). economic
well-being.
5. 27.14% of environmental 3)Climate

migrants in KDC own their change affects

houses (UNDP, 2013). socio-economic

status,
education,
health, and
livelihoods.

4) Climate
change impacts
socio-economic
status and health
of
environmental
migrants.

5)Proper
management
and national
policies can
alleviate climate
change issues.
 Farjana Busra

20SOC045

Article : 1
Climate change induced vulnerability : migration towards cities

Literature review :

Rashedur Rahman and Somashree Chattapadhya(2013) mentioned that, Bangladesh is one of the
largest deltas of the world which stands in a very much climate vulnerable geographical location
which tossed up by extreme environmental events such as flood, cyclone, draught, river erosion,
sea level rise, salinity surrounded by others. These study focused on how the excessive migration
happened toward cities due to uncertain climate changes. For this changes, people of coastal
areas faces massive loss of properties, infrastructure, social and economic disruption,
environmental degradation in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Though the study has given the
most reliable information but considering some of the key gaps, the study didn't mention about
the possible solutions to overcome the vulnerability of migration and how the cities will
overcome with the huge population. By addressing the gaps, government should be more
considered on how they protect the upcoming disaster.

Reference : Rahman,R and Chattapadhya,S,(2013) climate change induced vulnerability: migration

towards cities. Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 77-82
 Article :2

Climate change induced displacement and migration in Bangladesh : The

need for rights based solutions

Literature review :

Sanjoy Biswas and Md. Akterul Alam CW.(2012) mentioned that, hazards in Bangladesh
causing increasing displacement and excessive migration. These changes and problems all
reflects from one thing : water. The primary causes of climate displacement and migration in
Bangladesh are floods, cyclones and storm surges river erosion, coastal erosion, sea-level rise,
saltwater instruction etc. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
predicts that between 50 and 200 million people may be displaced by 2050. For this extreme
displacement and migration, the coastal areas people suffered the most by economically,
socially, culturally such as minor people, women, child, elder, disabled, adolescent girls,
mentally unstable people etc. From the study analysis the possible key gaps would be that, There
have been given no proper definitions of the related article. The lack of proper vulnerability
assessment to climate change impacts in vulnerable communities is a major drawback. By
addressing the gaps, The Government should immediately begin to encourage communication
and coordination between relevant Government departments, affected communities and civil
society on climate-displacement issues.

Reference : Biswas,S., And Chowdhury, M.A.A .,(2012), climate Change induced

displacement and migration in Bangladesh : The need for rights based solutions. Refugee
watch,(2012), p: 39 & 40
 Nishat Malieha Aishy
20SOC046
LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE CLIMATE MIGRANT IN URBAN SLUMS:
IMPLICATION FOR THE FOOD SECURITY
Amjad (2019) examiner the socioeconomic living condition of slum dwellers and their
consumption pattern, while it has been found that majority of them can’t afford nutritious food
which is expensive to them. Growing up Children is the vulnerable groups in society in terms of
climate change, movement, haphazard growth and unhealthy environment are the target group
for this research. This paper study on particularly depicts living condition, its implications for
food security and focusing planned migration of displaced people as one of the adaptation
measures of climate change can reduce vulnerability of the poor.

Climate Induced Migration: Lessons from Bangladesh

Karuppannan et al. (2014) mentioned that besides physical and environmental impacts it is clear
that climate change is a driver of social change. This is particularly apparent through the creation
of a new social community of “climate migrants”. This paper analyses how consideration of this
growing body of climate migrants fits with traditional migration theory. Over the past decade
human understanding of the potential variety and range of climate change impacts has expanded.
Thus an exception was made to the classical economic theory, accepting that concern for
personal safety is an explicable cause of international migration.

Reference:
Amjad, K., 2019. LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE CLIMATE MIGRANT IN URBAN
SLUMS: IMPLICATION FOR THE FOOD SECURITY. International Journal of Earth
Sciences Knowledge and Applications, 3 (3), pp.273-288

Ahsan, R., Kellett, J., Karuppannan, S., 2014. Climate Induced Migration: Lessons from
Bangladesh. The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses, 5, pp. 1835-
7156
 Umme Jobayera Islam Promi
20SOC047
Literature Review of Article -1
Climate Change-Induced Migration in Bangladesh.
Findings from the Focus Group Discussions in Vulnerable Areas:
Eisenstadt et al (2018) shown that in their research, in total, 07 FGDs (2 in receiving and 05 in
sending areas) where the participants of FGDs’ in climate receiving area (Korail Slum, Dhaka)
were selectively chosen based on their migration track record; all the participants were migrated
from their original habitat due to climate change-related damage. Most of our FGD respondents
were forced to relocate themselves due to ‘river erosion.’ Two separate FGDs were conducted,
divided into ‘male’ and ‘female’ considering the national culture that female participants may
not be open up in front of male counterparts or vice versa. On the other hand, in ‘climate
migrant-sending areas,’ registered voters were selected. Of five FGDs conducted in ‘sending
areas,’ one FGD was with Union Parishad members and chairmen. The global debate on
‘whether climate change takes place’ - is also present in Bangladesh.

Literature Review of Article -2

Climate-induced migrant’s hopeful journey toward security: Pushing the boundaries of
gendered vulnerability and adaptability in Bangladesh

Sufia Khanom et al (2022) in his research highlights the ongoing challenges for climate-induced
migrants, and in particular, women in Bangladesh, a country significantly vulnerable to climate
induced environmental change and extreme events. Those who leave their affected communities
seeking improved livelihoods and living conditions are faced with a different set of challenges,
including increased insecurity. Hence, migration as an adaptation solution brings new issues,
commonly most felt by females. It contributes to the political geography of environmental
migration through a focus on the migrants’ destination location and an exploration of their
freedom of choice. Further, the gender-specific adaptation discourse emphasis not only focuses
on the “freedom from want” as it pertains to livelihoods but also leaves women in a
precariouscondition where they are entangled with greater household responsibilities, cultural
restrictions on property and legal rights, and restricts their possibilities.
Reference
Eisenstadt, T. A., Haque, S. T. M., Lu, J., & Rahman, M. (2017). Climate Change-
Migration in Bangladesh.

Khanom, S., Tanjeela, M., & Rutherford, S. (2022). Climate-induced migrant's hopeful
journey toward security: Pushing the boundaries of gendered vulnerability and adaptability in
Bangladesh. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 922504.
 Tharima Afrin

20SOC048

Literature Review Of Article -01

Unsettling Settlements-Cities, Migrants, Climate Change: Rural-urban climate migration

as effective adaptation .

Kira Vinke, LIT Verlag Münster(2020) shown that in this article he describe about the Droughts,
sea-level rise, crop failures-against the background of dramatic challenges in a changing climate
Kira Vinke examines the effectiveness of migration as one probable form of adaptation. Her
research concludes that only preventative migration can be labeled as adaptation to the
threatening changes and that frequently migration falls short of maintaining or improving
people's standard of living after relocation. Often, it merely ensures survival. Vinke's
illuminating study which led her to Bangladesh and the Central Pacific appeals to policy makers
to responsibly manage preventative outmigration if there is no option to protect exposed regions
as human habitats.

Literature Review Of Article -02

Climate change, migration, and megacities: addressing the dual stresses of mass
urbanization and climate vulnerability

Miles DePaul Paterson Review of International Affairs 12, 145-162(2012), This article assesses
the dual stresses that climate change and climate-induced migration are imposing on megacities
in developing and emerging market countries. While cities in these countries are experiencing
unprecedented urbanization, impacts of climate change such as desertification, flooding, and sea
level rise will likely further increase urbanization and put additional pressure on physical and
social infrastructure. Cities are not impervious to the impacts of climate change and as
populations grow, these stresses will become more pronounced, especially if infrastructure and
regulations remain underdeveloped. This article draws on two cases, Bangladesh and India, to
illustrate the forces that are causing involuntary mobility from rural to urban areas and the
consequent stresses that megacities like Mumbai will experience. It concludes with
recommendations to develop comprehensive climate adaptation policies in order to limit the
impacts of short-and long-term climate change on cities and the economic cost of such
investments in the future, and to seek a normative shift on the issue of climate-induced migration
to ensure that those victimized by anthropogenic and natural climate change are met with a
compassionate, coordinated global regime.

Reference

Corbin and Strauss,2015;Halaweh et al,2008.

United Nations,1992.

Nature,2018

IPCC,2012

WBGU,2004

Paterson Review of International Affairs (2012)12:145-162

Miles DePaul

Balsillie School of International Affairs, wiltrid Laurier University .

 Md. Golam Rasul

20SOC 049

Article - 01

Literature review of Climate Migration of Poor Slum Dwellers in Dhaka City.

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeska/issue/64204/973279

(Farhana, et al, 2012 mentioned that, Area-based migration refers to the phenomenon where
people move from one geographical area to another, often driven by various factors such as
economic opportunities, quality of life, environmental conditions, and social or political factors.
There are several types of area based migration, including rural-to-urban migration, urban-to-
rural migration, suburbanization, and gentrification.

Socio-economic factors, Demographic and cultural factors, Lack of work availabilities Factors,
Social discrimination factors, Political unrest or political disorder also bound to make migration.

Ahmed, A.I.M.U., 2005. Weber’s Perspective on the City and Culture, Contemporary
Urbanization and Bangladesh.
 Article -02

Literature review of The Impact of Climate Change on the Lives of Poor

Migrants to Dhaka City.

https://tru.arcabc.ca/islandora/object/tru%3A161

Alam, K. (2015) show that, Climate change exacerbates livelihood insecurities for migrants,
often pushing them into informal and precarious employment sectors, leading to economic
instability. : Climate change intensifies social marginalization among poor migrants in Dhaka,
exacerbating inequalities in access to basic services, housing, and employment opportunities.
Environmental migration refers to the movement of people due to environmental factors such as
natural disasters, climate change, and environmental degradation. It's estimated that by 2050, up
to 200 million people could be displaced due to environmental reasons, leading to complex
challenges in terms of adaptation and resettlement.

The number of Dhaka City slums has increased over time, but based on various alum studies we
find that the socio-economic conditions inside the slums have not improved significantly. Poor
migrants are at greater risk of health issues due to climate-induced factors like waterborne
diseases, heat-related illnesses, and malnutrition, aggravated by overcrowded living conditions.

Climate change intensifies social marginalization among poor migrants in Dhaka, exacerbating
inequalities in access to basic services, housing, and employment opportunities.

Alam, K. (2015). Farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity in drought-prone environments: A case

study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 148, 196-206.
doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.011