Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 450

$ERXW 7KLV H%RRN

H38% LV DQ RSHQ LQGXVWU\ VWDQGDUG IRUPDW IRU H%RRNV +RZHYHU VXSSRUW RI


H38% DQG LWV PDQ\ IHDWXUHV YDULHV DFURVV UHDGLQJ GHYLFHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV
8VH \RXU GHYLFH RU DSS VHWWLQJV WR FXVWRPL]H WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ WR \RXU OLNLQJ
6HWWLQJV WKDW \RX FDQ FXVWRPL]H RIWHQ LQFOXGH IRQW IRQW VL]H VLQJOH RU
GRXEOH FROXPQ ODQGVFDSH RU SRUWUDLW PRGH DQG ILJXUHV WKDW \RX FDQ FOLFN
RU WDS WR HQODUJH )RU DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH VHWWLQJV DQG IHDWXUHV
RQ \RXU UHDGLQJ GHYLFH RU DSS YLVLW WKH GHYLFH PDQXIDFWXUHU V :HE VLWH

0DQ\ WLWOHV LQFOXGH SURJUDPPLQJ FRGH RU FRQILJXUDWLRQ H[DPSOHV 7R


RSWLPL]H WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKHVH HOHPHQWV YLHZ WKH H%RRN LQ VLQJOH
FROXPQ ODQGVFDSH PRGH DQG DGMXVW WKH IRQW VL]H WR WKH VPDOOHVW VHWWLQJ ,Q
DGGLWLRQ WR SUHVHQWLQJ FRGH DQG FRQILJXUDWLRQV LQ WKH UHIORZDEOH WH[W IRUPDW
ZH KDYH LQFOXGHG LPDJHV RI WKH FRGH WKDW PLPLF WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ IRXQG LQ
WKH SULQW ERRN WKHUHIRUH ZKHUH WKH UHIORZDEOH IRUPDW PD\ FRPSURPLVH WKH
SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH FRGH OLVWLQJ \RX ZLOO VHH D &OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH
LPDJH OLQN &OLFN WKH OLQN WR YLHZ WKH SULQW ILGHOLW\ FRGH LPDJH 7R UHWXUQ
WR WKH SUHYLRXV SDJH YLHZHG FOLFN WKH %DFN EXWWRQ RQ \RXU GHYLFH RU DSS
&LVFR
&\EHU2SV
$VVRFLDWH

&%5236
2IILFLDO &HUW *XLGH
2PDU 6DQWRV

&LVFR 3UHVV
&LVFR &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH &%5236 2IILFLDO &HUW *XLGH

2PDU 6DQWRV

&RS\ULJKW j &LVFR 6\VWHPV ,QF

3XEOLVKHG E\
&LVFR 3UHVV
+RERNHQ 1-

$OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG 1R SDUW RI WKLV ERRN PD\ EH UHSURGXFHG RU WUDQVPLWWHG


LQ DQ\ IRUP RU E\ DQ\ PHDQV HOHFWURQLF RU PHFKDQLFDO LQFOXGLQJ
SKRWRFRS\LQJ UHFRUGLQJ RU E\ DQ\ LQIRUPDWLRQ VWRUDJH DQG UHWULHYDO
V\VWHP ZLWKRXW ZULWWHQ SHUPLVVLRQ IURP WKH SXEOLVKHU H[FHSW IRU WKH
LQFOXVLRQ RI EULHI TXRWDWLRQV LQ D UHYLHZ

6FRXW$XWRPDWHG3ULQW&RGH

/LEUDU\ RI &RQJUHVV &RQWURO 1XPEHU

,6%1

,6%1

:DUQLQJ DQG 'LVFODLPHU


7KLV ERRN LV GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ
&LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV &%5236 H[DP
(YHU\ HIIRUW KDV EHHQ PDGH WR PDNH WKLV ERRN DV FRPSOHWH DQG DV DFFXUDWH
DV SRVVLEOH EXW QR ZDUUDQW\ RU ILWQHVV LV LPSOLHG

7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV SURYLGHG RQ DQ DV LV EDVLV 7KH DXWKRU &LVFR 3UHVV


DQG &LVFR 6\VWHPV ,QF VKDOO KDYH QHLWKHU OLDELOLW\ QRU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR DQ\
SHUVRQ RU HQWLW\ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR DQ\ ORVV RU GDPDJHV DULVLQJ IURP WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQWDLQHG LQ WKLV ERRN RU IURP WKH XVH RI WKH GLVFV RU SURJUDPV
WKDW PD\ DFFRPSDQ\ LW

7KH RSLQLRQV H[SUHVVHG LQ WKLV ERRN EHORQJ WR WKH DXWKRU DQG DUH QRW
QHFHVVDULO\ WKRVH RI &LVFR 6\VWHPV ,QF

7UDGHPDUN $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV

$OO WHUPV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKLV ERRN WKDW DUH NQRZQ WR EH WUDGHPDUNV RU VHUYLFH
PDUNV KDYH EHHQ DSSURSULDWHO\ FDSLWDOL]HG &LVFR 3UHVV RU &LVFR 6\VWHPV
,QF FDQQRW DWWHVW WR WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ 8VH RI D WHUP LQ WKLV
ERRN VKRXOG QRW EH UHJDUGHG DV DIIHFWLQJ WKH YDOLGLW\ RI DQ\ WUDGHPDUN RU
VHUYLFH PDUN

6SHFLDO 6DOHV

)RU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW EX\LQJ WKLV WLWOH LQ EXON TXDQWLWLHV RU IRU VSHFLDO VDOHV
RSSRUWXQLWLHV ZKLFK PD\ LQFOXGH HOHFWURQLF YHUVLRQV FXVWRP FRYHU
GHVLJQV DQG FRQWHQW SDUWLFXODU WR \RXU EXVLQHVV WUDLQLQJ JRDOV PDUNHWLQJ
IRFXV RU EUDQGLQJ LQWHUHVWV SOHDVH FRQWDFW RXU FRUSRUDWH VDOHV GHSDUWPHQW
DW FRUSVDOHV#SHDUVRQHG FRP RU

)RU JRYHUQPHQW VDOHV LQTXLULHV SOHDVH FRQWDFW


JRYHUQPHQWVDOHV#SHDUVRQHG FRP

)RU TXHVWLRQV DERXW VDOHV RXWVLGH WKH 8 6 SOHDVH FRQWDFW


LQWOFV#SHDUVRQ FRP

)HHGEDFN ,QIRUPDWLRQ

$W &LVFR 3UHVV RXU JRDO LV WR FUHDWH LQ GHSWK WHFKQLFDO ERRNV RI WKH KLJKHVW
TXDOLW\ DQG YDOXH (DFK ERRN LV FUDIWHG ZLWK FDUH DQG SUHFLVLRQ XQGHUJRLQJ
ULJRURXV GHYHORSPHQW WKDW LQYROYHV WKH XQLTXH H[SHUWLVH RI PHPEHUV IURP
WKH SURIHVVLRQDO WHFKQLFDO FRPPXQLW\

5HDGHUV IHHGEDFN LV D QDWXUDO FRQWLQXDWLRQ RI WKLV SURFHVV ,I \RX KDYH DQ\


FRPPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ KRZ ZH FRXOG LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKLV ERRN RU
RWKHUZLVH DOWHU LW WR EHWWHU VXLW \RXU QHHGV \RX FDQ FRQWDFW XV WKURXJK HPDLO
DW IHHGEDFN#FLVFRSUHVV FRP 3OHDVH PDNH VXUH WR LQFOXGH WKH ERRN WLWOH DQG
,6%1 LQ \RXU PHVVDJH

:H JUHDWO\ DSSUHFLDWH \RXU DVVLVWDQFH

(GLWRU LQ &KLHI 0DUN 7DXE


$OOLDQFHV 0DQDJHU &LVFR 3UHVV $UH]RX *RO

'LUHFWRU ,73 3URGXFW 0DQDJHPHQW %UHWW %DUWRZ

([HFXWLYH (GLWRU -DPHV 0DQO\

0DQDJLQJ (GLWRU 6DQGUD 6FKURHGHU

'HYHORSPHQW (GLWRU &KULVWRSKHU $ &OHYHODQG

6HQLRU 3URMHFW (GLWRU 7RQ\D 6LPSVRQ

&RS\ (GLWRU &KXFN +XWFKLQVRQ

7HFKQLFDO (GLWRU -RKQ 6WXSSL

(GLWRULDO $VVLVWDQW &LQG\ 7HHWHUV

&RYHU 'HVLJQHU &KXWL 3UDVHUWVLWK

&RPSRVLWLRQ FRGH0DQWUD

,QGH[HU 7LPRWK\ :ULJKW

3URRIUHDGHU 'RQQD ( 0XOGHU


$PHULFDV +HDGTXDUWHUV
&LVFR 6\VWHPV ,QF
6DQ -RVH &$

$VLD 3DFLILF +HDGTXDUWHUV


&LVFR 6\VWHPV 86$ 3WH /WG
6LQJDSRUH

(XURSH +HDGTXDUWHUV
&LVFR 6\VWHPV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %9 $PVWHUGDP
7KH 1HWKHUODQGV

&LVFR KDV PRUH WKDQ RIILFHV ZRUOGZLGH $GGUHVVHV SKRQH QXPEHUV


DQG ID[ QXPEHUV DUH OLVWHG RQ WKH &LVFR :HEVLWH DW
ZZZ FLVFR FRP JR RIILFHV

&LVFR DQG WKH &LVFR ORJR DUH WUDGHPDUNV RU UHJLVWHUHG WUDGHPDUNV RI


&LVFR DQG RU LWV DIILOLDWHV LQ WKH 8 6 DQG RWKHU FRXQWULHV 7R YLHZ D OLVW RI
&LVFR WUDGHPDUNV JR WR WKLV 85/ ZZZ FLVFR FRP JR WUDGHPDUNV 7KLUG
SDUW\ WUDGHPDUNV PHQWLRQHG DUH WKH SURSHUW\ RI WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH RZQHUV 7KH
XVH RI WKH ZRUG SDUWQHU GRHV QRW LPSO\ D SDUWQHUVKLS UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ
&LVFR DQG DQ\ RWKHU FRPSDQ\ 5
$ERXW WKH $XWKRU

2PDU 6DQWRV LV DQ DFWLYH PHPEHU RI WKH VHFXULW\ FRPPXQLW\ ZKHUH KH


OHDGV VHYHUDO LQGXVWU\ZLGH LQLWLDWLYHV +LV DFWLYH UROH KHOSV EXVLQHVVHV
DFDGHPLF LQVWLWXWLRQV VWDWH DQG ORFDO ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW DJHQFLHV DQG RWKHU
SDUWLFLSDQWV GHGLFDWHG WR LQFUHDVLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ RI WKH FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
2PDU LV WKH FKDLU RI WKH 2$6,6 &RPPRQ 6HFXULW\ $GYLVRU\ )UDPHZRUN
&6$) WHFKQLFDO FRPPLWWHH WKH FR FKDLU RI WKH )RUXP RI ,QFLGHQW
5HVSRQVH DQG 6HFXULW\ 7HDPV ),567 2SHQ 6RXUFH 6HFXULW\ ZRUNLQJ
JURXS DQG WKH FR OHDG RI WKH '() &21 5HG 7HDP 9LOODJH

2PDU LV WKH DXWKRU RI PRUH WKDQ ERRNV DQG YLGHR FRXUVHV DV ZHOO DV
QXPHURXV ZKLWH SDSHUV DUWLFOHV DQG VHFXULW\ FRQILJXUDWLRQ JXLGHOLQHV DQG
EHVW SUDFWLFHV 2PDU LV D SULQFLSDO HQJLQHHU RI WKH &LVFR 3URGXFW 6HFXULW\
,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 7HDP 36,57 ZKHUH KH PHQWRUV DQG OHDGV HQJLQHHUV
DQG LQFLGHQW PDQDJHUV GXULQJ WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG UHVROXWLRQ RI VHFXULW\
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

2PDU KDV EHHQ TXRWHG E\ QXPHURXV PHGLD RXWOHWV VXFK DV 7KH5HJLVWHU


:LUHG ='1HW 7KUHDW3RVW &\EHU6FRRS 7HFK&UXQFK )RUWXQH 0DJD]LQH
$UV 7HFKQLFD DQG PRUH <RX FDQ IROORZ 2PDU RQ 7ZLWWHU #VDQWRVRPDU
$ERXW WKH 7HFKQLFDO 5HYLHZHU

-RKQ 6WXSSL &&,( 1R LV D WHFKQLFDO OHDGHU LQ WKH &XVWRPHU


([SHULHQFH 6HFXULW\ 3URJUDPV &;63 RUJDQL]DWLRQ DW &LVFR ZKHUH KH
FRQVXOWV &LVFR FXVWRPHUV RQ SURWHFWLQJ WKHLU QHWZRUNV DJDLQVW H[LVWLQJ DQG
HPHUJLQJ F\EHUVHFXULW\ WKUHDWV ULVNV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV &XUUHQW SURMHFWV
LQFOXGH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK QHZO\ DFTXLUHG HQWLWLHV WR LQWHJUDWH WKHP LQWR WKH
&LVFR 36,57 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW SURFHVVHV -RKQ KDV SUHVHQWHG
PXOWLSOH WLPHV RQ YDULRXV QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ WRSLFV DW &LVFR /LYH %ODFN +DW
DV ZHOO DV RWKHU FXVWRPHU IDFLQJ F\EHUVHFXULW\ FRQIHUHQFHV -RKQ LV DOVR WKH
FR DXWKRU RI WKH 2IILFLDO &HUWLILFDWLRQ *XLGH IRU &&1$ 6HFXULW\
SXEOLVKHG E\ &LVFR 3UHVV $GGLWLRQDOO\ -RKQ KDV FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH &LVFR
6HFXULW\ 3RUWDO WKURXJK WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI ZKLWH SDSHUV VHFXULW\ EORJ SRVWV
DQG F\EHU ULVN UHSRUW DUWLFOHV 3ULRU WR MRLQLQJ &LVFR -RKQ ZRUNHG DV D
QHWZRUN HQJLQHHU IRU -30RUJDQ DQG WKHQ DV D QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ HQJLQHHU DW
7LPH ,QF ZLWK ERWK SRVLWLRQV EDVHG LQ 1HZ <RUN &LW\ -RKQ LV DOVR D
&,663 1R DQG KROGV $:6 &ORXG 3UDFWLWLRQHU DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ
6\VWHPV 6HFXULW\ ,1)26(& 3URIHVVLRQDO &HUWLILFDWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ -RKQ
KDV D %6(( IURP /HKLJK 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG DQ 0%$ IURP 5XWJHUV 8QLYHUVLW\
-RKQ OLYHV LQ 2FHDQ 7RZQVKLS 1HZ -HUVH\ GRZQ RQ WKH -HUVH\ 6KRUH
ZLWK KLV ZLIH WZR NLGV DQG KLV GRJ
'HGLFDWLRQ

, ZRXOG OLNH WR GHGLFDWH WKLV ERRN WR P\ ORYHO\ ZLIH -HDQQHWWH DQG P\ WZR
EHDXWLIXO FKLOGUHQ +DQQDK DQG 'HUHN ZKR KDYH LQVSLUHG DQG VXSSRUWHG PH
WKURXJKRXW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKLV ERRN
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV

, ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH WHFKQLFDO HGLWRU DQG P\ JRRG IULHQG -RKQ 6WXSSL
IRU KLV WLPH DQG WHFKQLFDO H[SHUWLVH

, ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH &LVFR 3UHVV WHDP HVSHFLDOO\ -DPHV 0DQO\ DQG
&KULVWRSKHU &OHYHODQG IRU WKHLU SDWLHQFH JXLGDQFH DQG FRQVLGHUDWLRQ

)LQDOO\ , ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN &LVFR DQG WKH &LVFR 3URGXFW 6HFXULW\ ,QFLGHQW
5HVSRQVH 7HDP 36,57 6HFXULW\ 5HVHDUFK DQG 2SHUDWLRQV IRU HQDEOLQJ
PH WR FRQVWDQWO\ OHDUQ DQG DFKLHYH PDQ\ JRDOV WKURXJKRXW DOO WKHVH \HDUV
&RQWHQWV DW D *ODQFH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

&KDSWHU &\EHUVHFXULW\ )XQGDPHQWDOV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG &ORXG 6HFXULW\

&KDSWHU $FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

&KDSWHU 7\SHV RI $WWDFNV DQG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

&KDSWHU )XQGDPHQWDOV RI &U\SWRJUDSK\ DQG 3XEOLF .H\ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH


3.,

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 9LUWXDO 3ULYDWH 1HWZRUNV 931V

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW

&KDSWHU )XQGDPHQWDOV RI ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

&KDSWHU 1HWZRUN ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 'HYLFH 7HOHPHWU\ DQG $QDO\VLV

&KDSWHU (QGSRLQW 7HOHPHWU\ DQG $QDO\VLV

&KDSWHU &KDOOHQJHV LQ WKH 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHU 62&


&KDSWHU 7KH $UW RI 'DWD DQG (YHQW $QDO\VLV

&KDSWHU &ODVVLI\LQJ ,QWUXVLRQ (YHQWV LQWR &DWHJRULHV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 7KUHDW +XQWLQJ

&KDSWHU )LQDO 3UHSDUDWLRQ

*ORVVDU\ RI .H\ 7HUPV

$SSHQGL[ $ $QVZHUV WR WKH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG


5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

$SSHQGL[ % 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV


&%5236 ([DP 8SGDWHV

,QGH[

2QOLQH (OHPHQWV

$SSHQGL[ & 6WXG\ 3ODQQHU

*ORVVDU\ RI .H\ 7HUPV


5HDGHU 6HUYLFHV

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH IHDWXUHV LQ HDFK RI WKH FRUH FKDSWHUV WKLV ERRN KDV
DGGLWLRQDO VWXG\ UHVRXUFHV RQ WKH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH LQFOXGLQJ WKH
IROORZLQJ

3UDFWLFH H[DPV 7KH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH FRQWDLQV DQ H[DP HQJLQH WKDW


HQDEOHV \RX WR UHYLHZ SUDFWLFH H[DP TXHVWLRQV 8VH WKHVH WR SUHSDUH ZLWK D
VDPSOH H[DP DQG WR SLQSRLQW WRSLFV ZKHUH \RX QHHG PRUH VWXG\

,QWHUDFWLYH H[HUFLVHV DQG TXL]]HV 7KH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH FRQWDLQV KDQGV


RQ H[HUFLVHV DQG LQWHUDFWLYH TXL]]HV VR WKDW \RX FDQ WHVW \RXU NQRZOHGJH RQ
WKH VSRW

*ORVVDU\ TXL]]HV 7KH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH FRQWDLQV LQWHUDFWLYH TXL]]HV WKDW


HQDEOH \RX WR WHVW \RXUVHOI RQ HYHU\ JORVVDU\ WHUP LQ WKH ERRN

7KH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH FRQWDLQV PLQXWHV RI XQLTXH WHVW SUHS YLGHR


WUDLQLQJ

7R DFFHVV WKLV DGGLWLRQDO FRQWHQW VLPSO\ UHJLVWHU \RXU SURGXFW 7R VWDUW WKH
UHJLVWUDWLRQ SURFHVV JR WR ZZZ FLVFRSUHVV FRP UHJLVWHU DQG ORJ LQ RU FUHDWH
DQ DFFRXQW (QWHU WKH SURGXFW ,6%1 DQG FOLFN 6XEPLW
$IWHU WKH SURFHVV LV FRPSOHWH \RX ZLOO ILQG DQ\ DYDLODEOH ERQXV FRQWHQW
XQGHU 5HJLVWHUHG 3URGXFWV
%H VXUH WR FKHFN WKH ER[ WKDW \RX ZRXOG OLNH WR KHDU IURP XV WR UHFHLYH
H[FOXVLYH GLVFRXQWV RQ IXWXUH HGLWLRQV RI WKLV SURGXFW
&RQWHQWV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

&KDSWHU &\EHUVHFXULW\ )XQGDPHQWDOV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &\EHUVHFXULW\

&\EHUVHFXULW\ YV ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ ,QIRVHF

7KH 1,67 &\EHUVHFXULW\ )UDPHZRUN

$GGLWLRQDO 1,67 *XLGDQFH DQG 'RFXPHQWV

7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ

7KUHDWV 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SORLWV

:KDW ,V D 7KUHDW"

:KDW ,V D 9XOQHUDELOLW\"

:KDW ,V DQ ([SORLW"
5LVN $VVHWV 7KUHDWV DQG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

7KUHDW $FWRUV

7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH

7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 3ODWIRUP

9XOQHUDELOLWLHV ([SORLWV DQG ([SORLW .LWV

64/ ,QMHFWLRQ

+70/ ,QMHFWLRQ

&RPPDQG ,QMHFWLRQ

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ %DVHG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

&UHGHQWLDO %UXWH )RUFH $WWDFNV DQG 3DVVZRUG &UDFNLQJ

6HVVLRQ +LMDFNLQJ

'HIDXOW &UHGHQWLDOV

,QVHFXUH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 5HIHUHQFH 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

&URVV 6LWH 6FULSWLQJ

&URVV 6LWH 5HTXHVW )RUJHU\


&RRNLH 0DQLSXODWLRQ $WWDFNV

5DFH &RQGLWLRQV

8QSURWHFWHG $3,V

5HWXUQ WR /LE& $WWDFNV DQG %XIIHU 2YHUIORZV

2:$63 7RS

6HFXULW\ 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ 2SHQ 6RXUFH 6RIWZDUH

1HWZRUN 6HFXULW\ 6\VWHPV

7UDGLWLRQDO )LUHZDOOV

3DFNHW )LOWHULQJ 7HFKQLTXHV

$SSOLFDWLRQ 3UR[LHV

1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

3RUW $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

6WDWLF 7UDQVODWLRQ

6WDWHIXO ,QVSHFWLRQ )LUHZDOOV

'HPLOLWDUL]HG =RQHV
)LUHZDOOV 3URYLGH 1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ

$SSOLFDWLRQ %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ DQG 0LFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ

+LJK $YDLODELOLW\

&OXVWHULQJ )LUHZDOOV

)LUHZDOOV LQ WKH 'DWD &HQWHU

9LUWXDO )LUHZDOOV

'HHS 3DFNHW ,QVSHFWLRQ

1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ )LUHZDOOV

,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV

3DWWHUQ 0DWFKLQJ DQG 6WDWHIXO 3DWWHUQ 0DWFKLQJ 5HFRJQLWLRQ

3URWRFRO $QDO\VLV

+HXULVWLF %DVHG $QDO\VLV

$QRPDO\ %DVHG $QDO\VLV

*OREDO 7KUHDW &RUUHODWLRQ &DSDELOLWLHV

1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV


)LUHSRZHU 0DQDJHPHQW &HQWHU

$GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ

$03 IRU (QGSRLQWV

$03 IRU 1HWZRUNV

:HE 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

(PDLO 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

&LVFR 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLDQFH

&LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFHV (QJLQH

6HFXULW\ &ORXG %DVHG 6ROXWLRQV

&LVFR &ORXG (PDLO 6HFXULW\

&LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG

8PEUHOOD 2SHQ'16

6WHDOWKZDWFK &ORXG

&ORXG/RFN

&LVFR 1HW)ORZ
'DWD /RVV 3UHYHQWLRQ

7KH 3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH 'HIHQVH LQ 'HSWK 6WUDWHJ\

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ ,QWHJULW\ DQG $YDLODELOLW\ 7KH &,$ 7ULDG

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\

,QWHJULW\

$YDLODELOLW\

5LVN DQG 5LVN $QDO\VLV

3HUVRQDOO\ ,GHQWLILDEOH ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWHG +HDOWK ,QIRUPDWLRQ

3,,

3+,

3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH DQG 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH

6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHUV

3OD\ERRNV 5XQERRNV DQG 5XQERRN $XWRPDWLRQ


'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG &ORXG 6HFXULW\

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG WKH &ORXG 6HUYLFH 0RGHOV

&ORXG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHOV

3DWFK 0DQDJHPHQW LQ WKH &ORXG

6HFXULW\ $VVHVVPHQW LQ WKH &ORXG

'HY2SV &RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &, &RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\ &' DQG


'HY6HF2SV

7KH $JLOH 0HWKRGRORJ\


'HY2SV

&, &' 3LSHOLQHV

7KH 6HUYHUOHVV %X]]ZRUG

$ 4XLFN ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &RQWDLQHUV DQG 'RFNHU

&RQWDLQHU 0DQDJHPHQW DQG 2UFKHVWUDWLRQ

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 'LIIHUHQW &ORXG 6HFXULW\ 7KUHDWV

&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ $WWDFNV

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU $FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3ULQFLSOHV


6XEMHFW DQG 2EMHFW 'HILQLWLRQ

$FFHVV &RQWURO )XQGDPHQWDOV

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ .QRZOHGJH

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ 2ZQHUVKLS

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ &KDUDFWHULVWLF

0XOWLIDFWRU $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ

$XWKRUL]DWLRQ

$FFRXQWLQJ

$FFHVV &RQWURO )XQGDPHQWDOV 6XPPDU\

$FFHVV &RQWURO 3URFHVV

$VVHW &ODVVLILFDWLRQ

$VVHW 0DUNLQJ

$FFHVV &RQWURO 3ROLF\


'DWD 'LVSRVDO

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 5ROHV DQG 5HVSRQVLELOLWLHV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 7\SHV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

'LVFUHWLRQDU\ $FFHVV &RQWURO

0DQGDWRU\ $FFHVV &RQWURO

5ROH %DVHG $FFHVV &RQWURO

$WWULEXWH %DVHG $FFHVV &RQWURO

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0HFKDQLVPV

,GHQWLW\ DQG $FFHVV &RQWURO ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ $XWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG $FFRXQWLQJ 3URWRFROV

5$',86

7$&$&6

'LDPHWHU

3RUW %DVHG $FFHVV &RQWURO


3RUW 6HFXULW\

1HWZRUN $FFHVV &RQWURO /LVW DQG )LUHZDOOLQJ

9/$1 0DS

6HFXULW\ *URXS %DVHG $&/

'RZQORDGDEOH $&/

)LUHZDOOLQJ

,GHQWLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW DQG 3URILOLQJ

1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ

1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 7KURXJK 9/$1

)LUHZDOO '0=

&LVFR 7UXVW6HF

,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3UHYHQWLRQ

1HWZRUN %DVHG ,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ 6\VWHP

+RVW %DVHG ,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3UHYHQWLRQ


$QWLYLUXV DQG $QWLPDOZDUH

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU 7\SHV RI $WWDFNV DQG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

7\SHV RI $WWDFNV

5HFRQQDLVVDQFH $WWDFNV

6RFLDO (QJLQHHULQJ

3ULYLOHJH (VFDODWLRQ $WWDFNV

%DFNGRRUV

%XIIHU 2YHUIORZV DQG &RGH ([HFXWLRQ

0DQ LQ WKH 0LGGOH $WWDFNV


'HQLDO RI 6HUYLFH $WWDFNV

'LUHFW ''R6

%RWQHWV 3DUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ ''R6 $WWDFNV

5HIOHFWHG ''R6 $WWDFNV

$WWDFN 0HWKRGV IRU 'DWD ([ILOWUDWLRQ

$53 &DFKH 3RLVRQLQJ

6SRRILQJ $WWDFNV

5RXWH 0DQLSXODWLRQ $WWDFNV

3DVVZRUG $WWDFNV

:LUHOHVV $WWDFNV

7\SHV RI 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV
&KDSWHU )XQGDPHQWDOV RI &U\SWRJUDSK\ DQG 3XEOLF .H\ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH
3.,

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

&U\SWRJUDSK\

&LSKHUV DQG .H\V

&LSKHUV

.H\V

.H\ 0DQDJHPHQW

%ORFN DQG 6WUHDP &LSKHUV

%ORFN &LSKHUV

6WUHDP &LSKHUV

6\PPHWULF DQG $V\PPHWULF $OJRULWKPV

6\PPHWULF $OJRULWKPV

$V\PPHWULF $OJRULWKPV
(OOLSWLF &XUYH

4XDQWXP &U\SWRJUDSK\

0RUH (QFU\SWLRQ 7\SHV

2QH 7LPH 3DG

3*3

3VHXGRUDQGRP 1XPEHU *HQHUDWRUV

+DVKHV

+DVKHG 0HVVDJH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ &RGH

'LJLWDO 6LJQDWXUHV

'LJLWDO 6LJQDWXUHV LQ $FWLRQ

1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ (QFU\SWLRQ 3URWRFROV

,3VHF DQG 66/ 7/6

,3VHF

6HFXUH 6RFNHWV /D\HU DQG 7UDQVSRUW /D\HU 6HFXULW\

66+
)XQGDPHQWDOV RI 3.,

3XEOLF DQG 3ULYDWH .H\ 3DLUV

56$ $OJRULWKP WKH .H\V DQG 'LJLWDO &HUWLILFDWHV

&HUWLILFDWH $XWKRULWLHV

5RRW DQG ,GHQWLW\ &HUWLILFDWHV

5RRW &HUWLILFDWH

,GHQWLW\ &HUWLILFDWHV

; DQG ; Y

$XWKHQWLFDWLQJ DQG (QUROOLQJ ZLWK WKH &$

3XEOLF .H\ &U\SWRJUDSK\ 6WDQGDUGV

6LPSOH &HUWLILFDWH (QUROOPHQW 3URWRFRO

5HYRNLQJ 'LJLWDO &HUWLILFDWHV

8VLQJ 'LJLWDO &HUWLILFDWHV

3., 7RSRORJLHV

6LQJOH 5RRW &$


+LHUDUFKLFDO &$ ZLWK 6XERUGLQDWH &$V

&URVV &HUWLI\LQJ &$V

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 9LUWXDO 3ULYDWH 1HWZRUNV 931V

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

:KDW $UH 931V"

6LWH WR 6LWH YV 5HPRWH $FFHVV 931V

$Q 2YHUYLHZ RI ,3VHF

,.(Y 3KDVH

,.(Y 3KDVH

,.(Y
66/ 931V

66/ 931 'HVLJQ &RQVLGHUDWLRQV

8VHU &RQQHFWLYLW\

931 'HYLFH )HDWXUH 6HW

,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 3ODQQLQJ

,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 6FRSH

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR ,GHQWLW\ DQG $FFHVV 0DQDJHPHQW

3KDVHV RI WKH ,GHQWLW\ DQG $FFHVV /LIH &\FOH


5HJLVWUDWLRQ DQG ,GHQWLW\ 9DOLGDWLRQ

3ULYLOHJHV 3URYLVLRQLQJ

$FFHVV 5HYLHZ

$FFHVV 5HYRFDWLRQ

3DVVZRUG 0DQDJHPHQW

3DVVZRUG &UHDWLRQ

0XOWLIDFWRU $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ

3DVVZRUG 6WRUDJH DQG 7UDQVPLVVLRQ

3DVVZRUG 5HVHW

3DVVZRUG 6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ

'LUHFWRU\ 0DQDJHPHQW

6LQJOH 6LJQ 2Q

.HUEHURV

)HGHUDWHG 662

6HFXULW\ $VVHUWLRQ 0DUNXS /DQJXDJH


2$XWK

2SHQ,' &RQQHFW

6HFXULW\ (YHQWV DQG /RJ 0DQDJHPHQW

/RJ &ROOHFWLRQ $QDO\VLV DQG 'LVSRVDO

6\VORJ

6HFXULW\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG (YHQW 0DQDJHU

6HFXULW\ 2UFKHVWUDWLRQ $XWRPDWLRQ DQG 5HVSRQVH 62$5

62& &DVH 0DQDJHPHQW 7LFNHWLQJ 6\VWHPV

$VVHW 0DQDJHPHQW

$VVHW ,QYHQWRU\

$VVHW 2ZQHUVKLS

$VVHW $FFHSWDEOH 8VH DQG 5HWXUQ 3ROLFLHV

$VVHW &ODVVLILFDWLRQ

$VVHW /DEHOLQJ

$VVHW DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ +DQGOLQJ


0HGLD 0DQDJHPHQW

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR (QWHUSULVH 0RELOLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW

0RELOH 'HYLFH 0DQDJHPHQW

&LVFR %<2' $UFKLWHFWXUH

&LVFR ,6( DQG 0'0 ,QWHJUDWLRQ

&LVFR 0HUDNL (QWHUSULVH 0RELOLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW

&RQILJXUDWLRQ DQG &KDQJH 0DQDJHPHQW

&RQILJXUDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW

3ODQQLQJ

,GHQWLI\LQJ DQG ,PSOHPHQWLQJ WKH &RQILJXUDWLRQ

&RQWUROOLQJ WKH &RQILJXUDWLRQ &KDQJHV

0RQLWRULQJ

&KDQJH 0DQDJHPHQW

9XOQHUDELOLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW

9XOQHUDELOLW\ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ
)LQGLQJ ,QIRUPDWLRQ $ERXW D 9XOQHUDELOLW\

9XOQHUDELOLW\ 6FDQ

3HQHWUDWLRQ 7HVWLQJ (WKLFDO +DFNLQJ $VVHVVPHQWV

3URGXFW 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW

9XOQHUDELOLW\ $QDO\VLV DQG 3ULRULWL]DWLRQ

9XOQHUDELOLW\ 5HPHGLDWLRQ

3DWFK 0DQDJHPHQW

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU )XQGDPHQWDOV RI ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH


7KH ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 3ODQ

7KH ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 3URFHVV

7KH 3UHSDUDWLRQ 3KDVH

7KH 'HWHFWLRQ DQG $QDO\VLV 3KDVH

&RQWDLQPHQW (UDGLFDWLRQ DQG 5HFRYHU\

3RVW ,QFLGHQW $FWLYLW\ 3RVWPRUWHP

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6KDULQJ DQG &RRUGLQDWLRQ

,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 7HDP 6WUXFWXUH

&RPSXWHU 6HFXULW\ ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 7HDPV

3URGXFW 6HFXULW\ ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 7HDPV

6HFXULW\ 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG 7KHLU 6HYHULW\

9XOQHUDELOLW\ &KDLQLQJ 5ROH LQ )L[LQJ 3ULRULWL]DWLRQ

+RZ WR )L[ 7KHRUHWLFDO 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

,QWHUQDOO\ 9HUVXV ([WHUQDOO\ )RXQG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

1DWLRQDO &6,57V DQG &RPSXWHU (PHUJHQF\ 5HVSRQVH 7HDPV


&RRUGLQDWLRQ &HQWHUV

,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 3URYLGHUV DQG 0DQDJHG 6HFXULW\ 6HUYLFH 3URYLGHUV


0663V

&RPPRQ $UWLIDFW (OHPHQWV DQG 6RXUFHV RI 6HFXULW\ (YHQWV

7KH 7XSOH

)LOH +DVKHV

7LSV RQ %XLOGLQJ <RXU 2ZQ /DE

)DOVH 3RVLWLYHV )DOVH 1HJDWLYHV 7UXH 3RVLWLYHV DQG 7UXH 1HJDWLYHV

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ 5HJXODU ([SUHVVLRQV

3URWRFROV 3URWRFRO +HDGHUV DQG ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV

+RZ WR 0DS 6HFXULW\ (YHQW 7\SHV WR 6RXUFH 7HFKQRORJLHV

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV
&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

7KH 5ROH RI $WWULEXWLRQ LQ D &\EHUVHFXULW\ ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ

7KH 8VH RI 'LJLWDO (YLGHQFH

'HILQLQJ 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLF (YLGHQFH

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ %HVW &RUURERUDWLQJ DQG ,QGLUHFW RU &LUFXPVWDQWLDO


(YLGHQFH

&ROOHFWLQJ (YLGHQFH IURP (QGSRLQWV DQG 6HUYHUV

8VLQJ (QFU\SWLRQ

$QDO\]LQJ 0HWDGDWD

$QDO\]LQJ 'HOHWHG )LOHV

&ROOHFWLQJ (YLGHQFH IURP 0RELOH 'HYLFHV

&ROOHFWLQJ (YLGHQFH IURP 1HWZRUN ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 'HYLFHV


(YLGHQWLDU\ &KDLQ RI &XVWRG\

5HYHUVH (QJLQHHULQJ

)XQGDPHQWDOV RI 0LFURVRIW :LQGRZV )RUHQVLFV

3URFHVVHV 7KUHDGV DQG 6HUYLFHV

0HPRU\ 0DQDJHPHQW

:LQGRZV 5HJLVWU\

7KH :LQGRZV )LOH 6\VWHP

0DVWHU %RRW 5HFRUG 0%5

7KH 0DVWHU )LOH 7DEOH 0)7

'DWD $UHD DQG )UHH 6SDFH

)$7

17)6

0)7

7LPHVWDPSV 0$&( DQG $OWHUQDWH 'DWD 6WUHDPV

(),
)XQGDPHQWDOV RI /LQX[ )RUHQVLFV

/LQX[ 3URFHVVHV

([W

-RXUQDOLQJ

/LQX[ 0%5 DQG 6ZDS )LOH 6\VWHP

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU 1HWZRUN ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 'HYLFH 7HOHPHWU\ DQG $QDO\VLV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

1HWZRUN ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH /RJV

1HWZRUN 7LPH 3URWRFRO DQG :K\ ,W ,V ,PSRUWDQW

&RQILJXULQJ 6\VORJ LQ D &LVFR 5RXWHU RU 6ZLWFK


7UDGLWLRQDO )LUHZDOO /RJV

&RQVROH /RJJLQJ

7HUPLQDO /RJJLQJ

$6'0 /RJJLQJ

(PDLO /RJJLQJ

6\VORJ 6HUYHU /RJJLQJ

6103 7UDS /RJJLQJ

%XIIHUHG /RJJLQJ

&RQILJXULQJ /RJJLQJ RQ WKH &LVFR $6$

6\VORJ LQ /DUJH 6FDOH (QYLURQPHQWV

6SOXQN

*UD\ORJ

(ODVWLFVHDUFK /RJVWDVK DQG .LEDQD (/. 6WDFN

1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ )LUHZDOO DQG 1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ ,36 /RJV

1HW)ORZ $QDO\VLV
:KDW ,V D )ORZ LQ 1HW)ORZ"

7KH 1HW)ORZ &DFKH

1HW)ORZ 9HUVLRQV

,3),;

,3),; $UFKLWHFWXUH

,3),; 0HGLDWRUV

,3),; 7HPSODWHV

&RPPHUFLDO 1HW)ORZ $QDO\VLV 7RROV

2SHQ 6RXUFH 1HW)ORZ $QDO\VLV 7RROV

%LJ 'DWD $QDO\WLFV IRU &\EHUVHFXULW\ 1HWZRUN 7HOHPHWU\

&LVFR $SSOLFDWLRQ 9LVLELOLW\ DQG &RQWURO $9&

1HWZRUN 3DFNHW &DSWXUH

WFSGXPS

:LUHVKDUN

1HWZRUN 3URILOLQJ
7KURXJKSXW

0HDVXULQJ 7KURXJKSXW

8VHG 3RUWV

6HVVLRQ 'XUDWLRQ

&ULWLFDO $VVHW $GGUHVV 6SDFH

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU (QGSRLQW 7HOHPHWU\ DQG $QDO\VLV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ +RVW 7HOHPHWU\

/RJV IURP 8VHU (QGSRLQWV

/RJV IURP 6HUYHUV


+RVW 3URILOLQJ

/LVWHQLQJ 3RUWV

/RJJHG LQ 8VHUV 6HUYLFH $FFRXQWV

5XQQLQJ 3URFHVVHV

$SSOLFDWLRQV ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

$QDO\]LQJ :LQGRZV (QGSRLQWV

:LQGRZV 3URFHVVHV DQG 7KUHDGV

0HPRU\ $OORFDWLRQ

7KH :LQGRZV 5HJLVWU\

:LQGRZV 0DQDJHPHQW ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ

+DQGOHV

6HUYLFHV

:LQGRZV (YHQW /RJV

/LQX[ DQG PDF26 $QDO\VLV

3URFHVVHV LQ /LQX[
)RUNV

3HUPLVVLRQV

6\POLQNV

'DHPRQV

/LQX[ %DVHG 6\VORJ

$SDFKH $FFHVV /RJV

1*,1; /RJV

(QGSRLQW 6HFXULW\ 7HFKQRORJLHV

$QWLPDOZDUH DQG $QWLYLUXV 6RIWZDUH

+RVW %DVHG )LUHZDOOV DQG +RVW %DVHG ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ

$SSOLFDWLRQ /HYHO :KLWHOLVWLQJ DQG %ODFNOLVWLQJ

6\VWHP %DVHG 6DQGER[LQJ

6DQGER[HV LQ WKH &RQWH[W RI ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV


'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU &KDOOHQJHV LQ WKH 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHU 62&

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ &KDOOHQJHV LQ WKH 62&

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ DQG (QFU\SWLRQ

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ DQG 1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ DQG (YHQW &RUUHODWLRQ 7LPH 6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ

'16 7XQQHOLQJ DQG 2WKHU ([ILOWUDWLRQ 0HWKRGV

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ DQG 7RU

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ DQG 3HHU WR 3HHU &RPPXQLFDWLRQ

$GGLWLRQDO (YDVLRQ DQG 2EIXVFDWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV

5HVRXUFH ([KDXVWLRQ

7UDIILF )UDJPHQWDWLRQ
3URWRFRO /HYHO 0LVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ

7UDIILF 7LPLQJ 6XEVWLWXWLRQ DQG ,QVHUWLRQ

3LYRWLQJ

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU 7KH $UW RI 'DWD DQG (YHQW $QDO\VLV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

1RUPDOL]LQJ 'DWD

,QWHUSUHWLQJ &RPPRQ 'DWD 9DOXHV LQWR D 8QLYHUVDO )RUPDW

8VLQJ WKH 7XSOH &RUUHODWLRQ WR 5HVSRQG WR 6HFXULW\ ,QFLGHQWV

8VLQJ 5HWURVSHFWLYH $QDO\VLV DQG ,GHQWLI\LQJ 0DOLFLRXV )LOHV

,GHQWLI\LQJ D 0DOLFLRXV )LOH


0DSSLQJ 7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH ZLWK '16 DQG 2WKHU $UWLIDFWV

8VLQJ 'HWHUPLQLVWLF 9HUVXV 3UREDELOLVWLF $QDO\VLV

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU &ODVVLI\LQJ ,QWUXVLRQ (YHQWV LQWR &DWHJRULHV

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

'LDPRQG 0RGHO RI ,QWUXVLRQ

&\EHU .LOO &KDLQ 0RGHO

5HFRQQDLVVDQFH

:HDSRQL]DWLRQ

'HOLYHU\

([SORLWDWLRQ
,QVWDOODWLRQ

&RPPDQG DQG &RQWURO

$FWLRQ RQ 2EMHFWLYHV

7KH .LOO &KDLQ YV 0,75( V $77 &.

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 7KUHDW +XQWLQJ

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

:KDW ,V 7KUHDW +XQWLQJ"

7KUHDW +XQWLQJ YV 7UDGLWLRQDO 62& 2SHUDWLRQV YV 9XOQHUDELOLW\


0DQDJHPHQW

7KH 7KUHDW +XQWLQJ 3URFHVV


7KUHDW +XQWLQJ 0DWXULW\ /HYHOV

7KUHDW +XQWLQJ DQG 0,75( V $77 &.

$XWRPDWHG $GYHUVDULDO (PXODWLRQ

7KUHDW +XQWLQJ &DVH 6WXG\

7KUHDW +XQWLQJ +RQH\SRWV +RQH\QHWV DQG $FWLYH 'HIHQVH

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

&KDSWHU )LQDO 3UHSDUDWLRQ

+DQGV RQ $FWLYLWLHV

6XJJHVWHG 3ODQ IRU )LQDO 5HYLHZ DQG 6WXG\

6XPPDU\

*ORVVDU\ RI .H\ 7HUPV


$SSHQGL[ $ $QVZHUV WR WKH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG
5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

$SSHQGL[ % 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV


&%5236 ([DP 8SGDWHV

,QGH[

2QOLQH (OHPHQWV

$SSHQGL[ & 6WXG\ 3ODQQHU

*ORVVDU\ RI .H\ 7HUPV


&RPPDQG 6\QWD[ &RQYHQWLRQV

7KH FRQYHQWLRQV XVHG WR SUHVHQW FRPPDQG V\QWD[ LQ WKLV ERRN DUH WKH VDPH
FRQYHQWLRQV XVHG LQ WKH ,26 &RPPDQG 5HIHUHQFH 7KH &RPPDQG
5HIHUHQFH GHVFULEHV WKHVH FRQYHQWLRQV DV IROORZV

%ROGIDFH LQGLFDWHV FRPPDQGV DQG NH\ZRUGV WKDW DUH HQWHUHG OLWHUDOO\ DV


VKRZQ ,Q DFWXDO FRQILJXUDWLRQ H[DPSOHV DQG RXWSXW QRW JHQHUDO
FRPPDQG V\QWD[ EROGIDFH LQGLFDWHV FRPPDQGV WKDW DUH PDQXDOO\ LQSXW
E\ WKH XVHU VXFK DV D VKRZ FRPPDQG
,WDOLF LQGLFDWHV DUJXPHQWV IRU ZKLFK \RX VXSSO\ DFWXDO YDOXHV
9HUWLFDO EDUV _ VHSDUDWH DOWHUQDWLYH PXWXDOO\ H[FOXVLYH HOHPHQWV
6TXDUH EUDFNHWV > @ LQGLFDWH DQ RSWLRQDO HOHPHQW
%UDFHV ^ ` LQGLFDWH D UHTXLUHG FKRLFH
%UDFHV ZLWKLQ EUDFNHWV >^ `@ LQGLFDWH D UHTXLUHG FKRLFH ZLWKLQ DQ
RSWLRQDO HOHPHQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV &%5236


H[DP LV D PLQXWH H[DP WKDW LQFOXGHV WR TXHVWLRQV 7KLV H[DP DQG
FXUULFXOXP DUH GHVLJQHG WR SUHSDUH WKH F\EHUVHFXULW\ DQDO\VWV RI WKH IXWXUH 7KH
&\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH FHUWLILFDWLRQ SURYLGHV D SDWK WR SUHSDUH LQGLYLGXDOV
SXUVXLQJ D F\EHUVHFXULW\ FDUHHU DQG DVVRFLDWH OHYHO MRE UROHV LQ VHFXULW\
RSHUDWLRQV FHQWHUV 62&V 7KH H[DP FRYHUV WKH IXQGDPHQWDOV \RX QHHG WR
SUHYHQW GHWHFW DQDO\]H DQG UHVSRQG WR F\EHUVHFXULW\ LQFLGHQWV

7LS

<RX FDQ UHYLHZ WKH H[DP EOXHSULQW IURP WKH &LVFR ZHEVLWH DW
KWWSV ZZZ FLVFR FRP F HQ XV WUDLQLQJ HYHQWV WUDLQLQJ
FHUWLILFDWLRQV H[DPV FXUUHQW OLVW FEURSV KWPO

7KLV ERRN JLYHV \RX WKH IRXQGDWLRQ DQG FRYHUV WKH WRSLFV QHFHVVDU\ WR VWDUW
\RXU &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH FHUWLILFDWLRQ MRXUQH\

7KH &LVFR &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH &HUWLILFDWLRQ

7KH &LVFR &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH FHUWLILFDWLRQ LV RQH RI WKH LQGXVWU\ V PRVW


UHVSHFWHG FHUWLILFDWLRQV 7KHUH DUH QR IRUPDO SUHUHTXLVLWHV IRU WKH &\EHU2SV
$VVRFLDWH FHUWLILFDWLRQ ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV \RX GR QRW KDYH WR SDVV DQ\ RWKHU
H[DPV RU FHUWLILFDWLRQV WR WDNH WKH &%5236 H[DP 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG
\RX PXVW KDYH D JRRG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI EDVLF QHWZRUNLQJ DQG ,7 FRQFHSWV
&LVFR FRQVLGHUV LGHDO FDQGLGDWHV WR EH WKRVH ZKR SRVVHVV WKH IROORZLQJ

.QRZOHGJH RI IXQGDPHQWDO VHFXULW\ FRQFHSWV


$Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI VHFXULW\ PRQLWRULQJ
$Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KRVW EDVHG DQG QHWZRUN LQWUXVLRQ DQDO\VLV
$Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV DQG SURFHGXUHV UHODWHG WR LQFLGHQW
UHVSRQVH DQG GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV

7KH ([DP 2EMHFWLYHV 'RPDLQV

7KH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV &%5236


H[DP LV EURNHQ GRZQ LQWR ILYH PDMRU GRPDLQV 7KH FRQWHQWV RI WKLV
ERRN FRYHU HDFK RI WKH GRPDLQV DQG WKH VXEWRSLFV LQFOXGHG LQ WKHP DV
LOOXVWUDWHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQV

7KH IROORZLQJ WDEOH EUHDNV GRZQ HDFK RI WKH GRPDLQV UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKH H[DP

'RPDLQ 3HUFHQWDJH RI 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ


([DP

6HFXULW\ &RQFHSWV

6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ

+RVW EDVHG $QDO\VLV


1HWZRUN ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV

6HFXULW\ 3ROLFLHV DQG


3URFHGXUHV

7RWDO

+HUH DUH WKH GHWDLOV RI HDFK GRPDLQ

'RPDLQ 6HFXULW\ &RQFHSWV 7KLV GRPDLQ LV FRYHUHG LQ &KDSWHUV DQG

'HVFULEH WKH &,$ WULDG

&RPSDUH VHFXULW\ GHSOR\PHQWV

D 1HWZRUN HQGSRLQW DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ VHFXULW\ V\VWHPV

E $JHQWOHVV DQG DJHQW EDVHG SURWHFWLRQV

F /HJDF\ DQWLYLUXV DQG DQWLPDOZDUH

G 6,(0 62$5 DQG ORJ PDQDJHPHQW

'HVFULEH VHFXULW\ WHUPV

D 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH 7,
E 7KUHDW KXQWLQJ

F 0DOZDUH DQDO\VLV

G 7KUHDW DFWRU

H 5XQ ERRN DXWRPDWLRQ 5%$

I 5HYHUVH HQJLQHHULQJ

J 6OLGLQJ ZLQGRZ DQRPDO\ GHWHFWLRQ

K 3ULQFLSOH RI OHDVW SULYLOHJH

L =HUR WUXVW

M 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH SODWIRUP 7,3

&RPSDUH VHFXULW\ FRQFHSWV

D 5LVN ULVN VFRULQJ ULVN ZHLJKWLQJ ULVN UHGXFWLRQ ULVN DVVHVVPHQW

E 7KUHDW

F 9XOQHUDELOLW\

G ([SORLW

'HVFULEH WKH SULQFLSOHV RI WKH GHIHQVH LQ GHSWK VWUDWHJ\


&RPSDUH DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV

D 'LVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

E 0DQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

F 1RQGLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

G $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DFFRXQWLQJ

H 5XOH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

I 7LPH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

J 5ROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

'HVFULEH WHUPV DV GHILQHG LQ &966

D $WWDFN YHFWRU

E $WWDFN FRPSOH[LW\

F 3ULYLOHJHV UHTXLUHG

G 8VHU LQWHUDFWLRQ

H 6FRSH

,GHQWLI\ WKH FKDOOHQJHV RI GDWD YLVLELOLW\ QHWZRUN KRVW DQG FORXG LQ


GHWHFWLRQ
,GHQWLI\ SRWHQWLDO GDWD ORVV IURP SURYLGHG WUDIILF SURILOHV

,QWHUSUHW WKH WXSOH DSSURDFK WR LVRODWH D FRPSURPLVHG KRVW LQ D JURXSHG


VHW RI ORJV

&RPSDUH UXOH EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ YV EHKDYLRUDO DQG VWDWLVWLFDO GHWHFWLRQ

'RPDLQ 6HFXULW\ 0RQLWRULQJ 7KLV GRPDLQ LV FRYHUHG SULPDULO\ LQ


&KDSWHUV DQG

&RPSDUH DWWDFN VXUIDFH DQG YXOQHUDELOLW\

,GHQWLI\ WKH W\SHV RI GDWD SURYLGHG E\ WKHVH WHFKQRORJLHV

D 7&3 GXPS

E 1HW)ORZ

F 1H[W JHQ ILUHZDOO

G 7UDGLWLRQDO VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO

H $SSOLFDWLRQ YLVLELOLW\ DQG FRQWURO

I :HE FRQWHQW ILOWHULQJ

J (PDLO FRQWHQW ILOWHULQJ

'HVFULEH WKH LPSDFW RI WKHVH WHFKQRORJLHV RQ GDWD YLVLELOLW\


D $FFHVV FRQWURO OLVW

E 1$7 3$7

F 7XQQHOLQJ

G 725

H (QFU\SWLRQ

I3 3

J (QFDSVXODWLRQ

K /RDG EDODQFLQJ

'HVFULEH WKH XVHV RI WKHVH GDWD W\SHV LQ VHFXULW\ PRQLWRULQJ

D )XOO SDFNHW FDSWXUH

E 6HVVLRQ GDWD

F 7UDQVDFWLRQ GDWD

G 6WDWLVWLFDO GDWD

H 0HWDGDWD

I $OHUW GDWD
'HVFULEH QHWZRUN DWWDFNV VXFK DV SURWRFRO EDVHG GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH
GLVWULEXWHG GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH DQG PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH

'HVFULEH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ DWWDFNV VXFK DV 64/ LQMHFWLRQ FRPPDQG


LQMHFWLRQV DQG FURVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ

'HVFULEH VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ DWWDFNV

'HVFULEH HQGSRLQW EDVHG DWWDFNV VXFK DV EXIIHU RYHUIORZV FRPPDQG DQG


FRQWURO & PDOZDUH DQG UDQVRPZDUH

'HVFULEH HYDVLRQ DQG REIXVFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV WXQQHOLQJ


HQFU\SWLRQ DQG SUR[LHV

'HVFULEH WKH LPSDFW RI FHUWLILFDWHV RQ VHFXULW\ LQFOXGHV 3.,


SXEOLF SULYDWH FURVVLQJ WKH QHWZRUN DV\PPHWULF V\PPHWULF

,GHQWLI\ WKH FHUWLILFDWH FRPSRQHQWV LQ D JLYHQ VFHQDULR

D &LSKHU VXLWH

E; FHUWLILFDWHV

F .H\ H[FKDQJH

G 3URWRFRO YHUVLRQ

H 3.&6
'RPDLQ +RVW EDVHG $QDO\VLV 7KLV GRPDLQ LV FRYHUHG SULPDULO\ LQ &KDSWHU

'HVFULEH WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI WKHVH HQGSRLQW WHFKQRORJLHV LQ UHJDUG WR


VHFXULW\ PRQLWRULQJ

D +RVW EDVHG LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ

E $QWLPDOZDUH DQG DQWLYLUXV

F +RVW EDVHG ILUHZDOO

G $SSOLFDWLRQ OHYHO ZKLWHOLVWLQJ EODFNOLVWLQJ

H 6\VWHPV EDVHG VDQGER[LQJ VXFK DV &KURPH -DYD $GREH 5HDGHU

,GHQWLI\ FRPSRQHQWV RI DQ RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP VXFK DV :LQGRZV DQG /LQX[


LQ D JLYHQ VFHQDULR

'HVFULEH WKH UROH RI DWWULEXWLRQ LQ DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ

D $VVHWV

E 7KUHDW DFWRU

F ,QGLFDWRUV RI FRPSURPLVH

G ,QGLFDWRUV RI DWWDFN
H &KDLQ RI FXVWRG\

,GHQWLI\ W\SH RI HYLGHQFH XVHG EDVHG RQ SURYLGHG ORJV

D %HVW HYLGHQFH

E &RUURERUDWLYH HYLGHQFH

F ,QGLUHFW HYLGHQFH

&RPSDUH WDPSHUHG DQG XQWDPSHUHG GLVN LPDJH

,QWHUSUHW RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP DSSOLFDWLRQ RU FRPPDQG OLQH ORJV WR LGHQWLI\ DQ


HYHQW

,QWHUSUHW WKH RXWSXW UHSRUW RI D PDOZDUH DQDO\VLV WRRO VXFK DV D GHWRQDWLRQ


FKDPEHU RU VDQGER[

D +DVKHV

E 85/V

F 6\VWHPV HYHQWV DQG QHWZRUNLQJ

'RPDLQ 1HWZRUN ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV 7KLV GRPDLQ LV FRYHUHG SULPDULO\ LQ


&KDSWHUV DQG

0DS WKH SURYLGHG HYHQWV WR VRXUFH WHFKQRORJLHV


D ,'6 ,36

E )LUHZDOO

F 1HWZRUN DSSOLFDWLRQ FRQWURO

G 3UR[\ ORJV

H $QWLYLUXV

I 7UDQVDFWLRQ GDWD 1HW)ORZ

&RPSDUH LPSDFW DQG QR LPSDFW IRU WKHVH LWHPV

D )DOVH SRVLWLYH

E )DOVH QHJDWLYH

F 7UXH SRVLWLYH

G 7UXH QHJDWLYH

H %HQLJQ

&RPSDUH GHHS SDFNHW LQVSHFWLRQ ZLWK SDFNHW ILOWHULQJ DQG VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO
RSHUDWLRQ

&RPSDUH LQOLQH WUDIILF LQWHUURJDWLRQ DQG WDSV RU WUDIILF PRQLWRULQJ


&RPSDUH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI GDWD REWDLQHG IURP WDSV RU WUDIILF PRQLWRULQJ
DQG WUDQVDFWLRQDO GDWD 1HW)ORZ LQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI QHWZRUN WUDIILF

([WUDFW ILOHV IURP D 7&3 VWUHDP ZKHQ JLYHQ D 3&$3 ILOH DQG :LUHVKDUN

,GHQWLI\ NH\ HOHPHQWV LQ DQ LQWUXVLRQ IURP D JLYHQ 3&$3 ILOH

D 6RXUFH DGGUHVV

E 'HVWLQDWLRQ DGGUHVV

F 6RXUFH SRUW

G 'HVWLQDWLRQ SRUW

H 3URWRFROV

I 3D\ORDGV

,QWHUSUHW WKH ILHOGV LQ SURWRFRO KHDGHUV DV UHODWHG WR LQWUXVLRQ DQDO\VLV

D (WKHUQHW IUDPH

E ,3Y

F ,3Y

G 7&3

H 8'3
I ,&03

J '16

K 6073 323 ,0$3

L +773 +7736 +773

M $53

,QWHUSUHW FRPPRQ DUWLIDFW HOHPHQWV IURP DQ HYHQW WR LGHQWLI\ DQ DOHUW

D ,3 DGGUHVV VRXUFH GHVWLQDWLRQ

E &OLHQW DQG VHUYHU SRUW LGHQWLW\

F 3URFHVV ILOH RU UHJLVWU\

G 6\VWHP $3, FDOOV

H +DVKHV

I 85, 85/

,QWHUSUHW EDVLF UHJXODU H[SUHVVLRQV

'RPDLQ (QGSRLQW 3URWHFWLRQ DQG 'HWHFWLRQ 7KLV GRPDLQ LV FRYHUHG


SULPDULO\ LQ &KDSWHUV DQG

'HVFULEH PDQDJHPHQW FRQFHSWV


D $VVHW PDQDJHPHQW

E &RQILJXUDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW

F 0RELOH GHYLFH PDQDJHPHQW

G 3DWFK PDQDJHPHQW

H 9XOQHUDELOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW

'HVFULEH WKH HOHPHQWV LQ DQ LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH SODQ DV VWDWHG LQ


1,67 63

$SSO\ WKH LQFLGHQW KDQGOLQJ SURFHVV VXFK DV 1,67 63 WR DQ HYHQW

0DS HOHPHQWV WR WKHVH VWHSV RI DQDO\VLV EDVHG RQ WKH 1,67 63

D 3UHSDUDWLRQ

E 'HWHFWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV

F &RQWDLQPHQW HUDGLFDWLRQ DQG UHFRYHU\

G 3RVW LQFLGHQW DQDO\VLV OHVVRQV OHDUQHG

0DS WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ VWDNHKROGHUV DJDLQVW WKH 1,67 ,5 FDWHJRULHV &00&


1,67 63

D 3UHSDUDWLRQ
E 'HWHFWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV

F &RQWDLQPHQW HUDGLFDWLRQ DQG UHFRYHU\

G 3RVW LQFLGHQW DQDO\VLV OHVVRQV OHDUQHG

'HVFULEH FRQFHSWV DV GRFXPHQWHG LQ 1,67 63

D (YLGHQFH FROOHFWLRQ RUGHU

E 'DWD LQWHJULW\

F 'DWD SUHVHUYDWLRQ

G 9RODWLOH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ

,GHQWLI\ WKHVH HOHPHQWV XVHG IRU QHWZRUN SURILOLQJ

D 7RWDO WKURXJKSXW

E 6HVVLRQ GXUDWLRQ

F 3RUWV XVHG

G &ULWLFDO DVVHW DGGUHVV VSDFH

,GHQWLI\ WKHVH HOHPHQWV XVHG IRU VHUYHU SURILOLQJ

D /LVWHQLQJ SRUWV
E /RJJHG LQ XVHUV VHUYLFH DFFRXQWV

F 5XQQLQJ SURFHVVHV

G 5XQQLQJ WDVNV

H $SSOLFDWLRQV

,GHQWLI\ SURWHFWHG GDWD LQ D QHWZRUN

D 3,,

E 36,

F 3+,

G ,QWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\

&ODVVLI\ LQWUXVLRQ HYHQWV LQWR FDWHJRULHV DV GHILQHG E\ VHFXULW\ PRGHOV


VXFK DV &\EHU .LOO &KDLQ 0RGHO DQG 'LDPRQG 0RGHO RI ,QWUXVLRQ

'HVFULEH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RI 62& PHWULFV WR VFRSH DQDO\VLV WLPH WR GHWHFW


WLPH WR FRQWDLQ WLPH WR UHVSRQG WLPH WR FRQWURO

6WHSV WR 3DVV WKH &%5236 ([DP

7KHUH DUH QR SUHUHTXLVLWHV IRU WKH &%5236 H[DP KRZHYHU VWXGHQWV


PXVW KDYH DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI QHWZRUNLQJ DQG F\EHUVHFXULW\ FRQFHSWV
6LJQLQJ 8S IRU WKH ([DP

7KH VWHSV UHTXLUHG WR VLJQ XS IRU WKH &%5236 H[DP DUH DV IROORZV

&UHDWH DQ DFFRXQW DW KWWSV KRPH SHDUVRQYXH FRP FLVFR


&RPSOHWH WKH ([DPLQDWLRQ $JUHHPHQW DWWHVWLQJ WR WKH WUXWK RI \RXU
DVVHUWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ SURIHVVLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG OHJDOO\ FRPPLWWLQJ WR WKH
DGKHUHQFH RI WKH WHVWLQJ SROLFLHV
6XEPLW WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ IHH

)DFWV $ERXW WKH ([DP

7KH H[DP LV D FRPSXWHU EDVHG WHVW 7KH H[DP FRQVLVWV RI PXOWLSOH FKRLFH
TXHVWLRQV RQO\ <RX PXVW EULQJ D JRYHUQPHQW LVVXHG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ FDUG 1R
RWKHU IRUPV RI ,' ZLOO EH DFFHSWHG

7LS

5HIHU WR WKH &LVFR &HUWLILFDWLRQ VLWH DW


KWWSV FLVFR FRP JR FHUWLILFDWLRQV IRU PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ
UHJDUGLQJ WKLV DQG RWKHU &LVFR FHUWLILFDWLRQV

$ERXW WKH &LVFR &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH &%5236 2IILFLDO


&HUW *XLGH

7KLV ERRN FRYHUV WKH WRSLF DUHDV RI WKH &%5236 H[DP DQG XVHV D
QXPEHU RI IHDWXUHV WR KHOS \RX XQGHUVWDQG WKH WRSLFV DQG SUHSDUH IRU WKH H[DP
2EMHFWLYHV DQG 0HWKRGV

7KLV ERRN XVHV VHYHUDO NH\ PHWKRGRORJLHV WR KHOS \RX GLVFRYHU WKH H[DP WRSLFV
RQ ZKLFK \RX QHHG PRUH UHYLHZ WR KHOS \RX IXOO\ XQGHUVWDQG DQG UHPHPEHU
WKRVH GHWDLOV DQG WR KHOS \RX SURYH WR \RXUVHOI WKDW \RX KDYH UHWDLQHG \RXU
NQRZOHGJH RI WKRVH WRSLFV 7KLV ERRN GRHV QRW WU\ WR KHOS \RX SDVV WKH H[DP
RQO\ E\ PHPRUL]DWLRQ LW VHHNV WR KHOS \RX WUXO\ OHDUQ DQG XQGHUVWDQG WKH
WRSLFV 7KLV ERRN LV GHVLJQHG WR KHOS \RX SDVV WKH ,PSOHPHQWLQJ DQG
8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV
&%5236 H[DP E\ XVLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ PHWKRGV

+HOSLQJ \RX GLVFRYHU ZKLFK H[DP WRSLFV \RX KDYH QRW PDVWHUHG
3URYLGLQJ H[SODQDWLRQV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ WR ILOO LQ \RXU NQRZOHGJH JDSV
6XSSO\LQJ H[HUFLVHV WKDW HQKDQFH \RXU DELOLW\ WR UHFDOO DQG GHGXFH WKH
DQVZHUV WR WHVW TXHVWLRQV
3URYLGLQJ SUDFWLFH H[HUFLVHV RQ WKH WRSLFV DQG WKH WHVWLQJ SURFHVV YLD WHVW
TXHVWLRQV RQ WKH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH

%RRN )HDWXUHV

7R KHOS \RX FXVWRPL]H \RXU VWXG\ WLPH XVLQJ WKLV ERRN WKH FRUH FKDSWHUV KDYH
VHYHUDO IHDWXUHV WKDW KHOS \RX PDNH WKH EHVW XVH RI \RXU WLPH

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 7KHVH DUH WKH FRUH VHFWLRQV RI HDFK FKDSWHU 7KH\
H[SODLQ WKH FRQFHSWV IRU WKH WRSLFV LQ WKDW FKDSWHU
([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV $IWHU WKH )RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV VHFWLRQ RI HDFK
FKDSWHU WKH ([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV VHFWLRQ OLVWV D VHULHV RI VWXG\
DFWLYLWLHV WKDW \RX VKRXOG GR DW WKH HQG RI WKH FKDSWHU
5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV 7KH .H\ 7RSLF LFRQ DSSHDUV QH[W WR WKH PRVW
LPSRUWDQW LWHPV LQ WKH )RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV VHFWLRQ RI WKH FKDSWHU 7KH
5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV DFWLYLW\ OLVWV WKH NH\ WRSLFV IURP WKH FKDSWHU
DORQJ ZLWK WKHLU SDJH QXPEHUV $OWKRXJK WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH HQWLUH
FKDSWHU FRXOG EH RQ WKH H[DP \RX VKRXOG GHILQLWHO\ NQRZ WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ OLVWHG LQ HDFK NH\ WRSLF VR \RX VKRXOG UHYLHZ WKHVH
'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV $OWKRXJK WKH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\
2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV &%5236 H[DP PD\ EH XQOLNHO\ WR
DVN D TXHVWLRQ VXFK DV 'HILQH WKLV WHUP WKH H[DP GRHV UHTXLUH WKDW \RX
OHDUQ DQG NQRZ D ORW RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ WHUPLQRORJ\ 7KLV VHFWLRQ OLVWV WKH
PRVW LPSRUWDQW WHUPV IURP WKH FKDSWHU DVNLQJ \RX WR ZULWH D VKRUW
GHILQLWLRQ DQG FRPSDUH \RXU DQVZHU WR WKH JORVVDU\ DW WKH HQG RI WKH
ERRN
5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV &RQILUP WKDW \RX XQGHUVWDQG WKH FRQWHQW \RX MXVW
FRYHUHG E\ DQVZHULQJ WKHVH TXHVWLRQV DQG UHDGLQJ WKH DQVZHU
H[SODQDWLRQV
:HE %DVHG 3UDFWLFH ([DP 7KH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH LQFOXGHV WKH 3HDUVRQ
&HUW 3UDFWLFH 7HVW HQJLQH ZKLFK DOORZV \RX WR WDNH SUDFWLFH H[DP TXHVWLRQV
8VH LW WR SUHSDUH ZLWK D VDPSOH H[DP DQG WR SLQSRLQW WRSLFV ZKHUH \RX QHHG
PRUH VWXG\

+RZ 7KLV %RRN ,V 2UJDQL]HG

7KLV ERRN FRQWDLQV FRUH FKDSWHUV &KDSWHUV WKURXJK &KDSWHU


LQFOXGHV SUHSDUDWLRQ WLSV DQG VXJJHVWLRQV IRU KRZ WR DSSURDFK WKH H[DP (DFK
FRUH FKDSWHU FRYHUV D VXEVHW RI WKH WRSLFV RQ WKH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR
&\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV )XQGDPHQWDOV &%5236 H[DP 7KH FRUH
FKDSWHUV PDS WR WKH &LVFR &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH WRSLF DUHDV DQG FRYHU WKH
FRQFHSWV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV \RX ZLOO HQFRXQWHU RQ WKH H[DP

7KH &RPSDQLRQ :HEVLWH IRU 2QOLQH &RQWHQW 5HYLHZ

$OO WKH HOHFWURQLF UHYLHZ HOHPHQWV DV ZHOO DV RWKHU HOHFWURQLF FRPSRQHQWV RI


WKH ERRN H[LVW RQ WKLV ERRN V FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH

7R DFFHVV WKH FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH ZKLFK JLYHV \RX DFFHVV WR WKH HOHFWURQLF
FRQWHQW ZLWK WKLV ERRN VWDUW E\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ D ORJLQ DW ZZZ FLVFRSUHVV FRP DQG
UHJLVWHULQJ \RXU ERRN

7R GR VR VLPSO\ JR WR ZZZ FLVFRSUHVV FRP UHJLVWHU DQG HQWHU WKH ,6%1 RI WKH
SULQW ERRN $IWHU \RX KDYH UHJLVWHUHG \RXU ERRN JR WR \RXU
DFFRXQW SDJH DQG FOLFN WKH 5HJLVWHUHG 3URGXFWV WDE )URP WKHUH FOLFN WKH
$FFHVV %RQXV &RQWHQW OLQN WR JHW DFFHVV WR WKH ERRN V FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH

1RWH WKDW LI \RX EX\ WKH 3UHPLXP (GLWLRQ H%RRN DQG 3UDFWLFH 7HVW YHUVLRQ RI
WKLV ERRN IURP &LVFR 3UHVV \RXU ERRN ZLOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ EH UHJLVWHUHG RQ \RXU
DFFRXQW SDJH 6LPSO\ JR WR \RXU DFFRXQW SDJH FOLFN WKH 5HJLVWHUHG 3URGXFWV
WDE DQG VHOHFW $FFHVV %RQXV &RQWHQW WR DFFHVV WKH ERRN V FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH

3OHDVH QRWH WKDW PDQ\ RI RXU FRPSDQLRQ FRQWHQW ILOHV FDQ EH YHU\ ODUJH
HVSHFLDOO\ LPDJH DQG YLGHR ILOHV
,I \RX DUH XQDEOH WR ORFDWH WKH ILOHV IRU WKLV WLWOH E\ IROORZLQJ WKHVH VWHSV SOHDVH
YLVLW ZZZ SHDUVRQ,7FHUWLILFDWLRQ FRP FRQWDFW DQG VHOHFW WKH 6LWH
3UREOHPV &RPPHQWV RSWLRQ 2XU FXVWRPHU VHUYLFH UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV ZLOO DVVLVW
\RX

+RZ WR $FFHVV WKH 3HDUVRQ 7HVW 3UHS 373 $SS

<RX KDYH WZR RSWLRQV IRU LQVWDOOLQJ DQG XVLQJ WKH 3HDUVRQ 7HVW 3UHS
DSSOLFDWLRQ D ZHE DSS DQG D GHVNWRS DSS 7R XVH WKH 3HDUVRQ 7HVW 3UHS
DSSOLFDWLRQ VWDUW E\ ILQGLQJ WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQ FRGH WKDW FRPHV ZLWK WKH ERRN <RX
FDQ ILQG WKH FRGH LQ WKHVH ZD\V

3ULQW ERRN /RRN LQ WKH FDUGERDUG VOHHYH LQ WKH EDFN RI WKH ERRN IRU D SLHFH
RI SDSHU ZLWK \RXU ERRN V XQLTXH 373 FRGH
3UHPLXP (GLWLRQ ,I \RX SXUFKDVH WKH 3UHPLXP (GLWLRQ H%RRN DQG
3UDFWLFH 7HVW GLUHFWO\ IURP WKH &LVFR 3UHVV ZHEVLWH WKH FRGH ZLOO EH
SRSXODWHG RQ \RXU DFFRXQW SDJH DIWHU SXUFKDVH -XVW ORJ LQ DW
ZZZ FLVFRSUHVV FRP FOLFN DFFRXQW WR VHH GHWDLOV RI \RXU DFFRXQW DQG FOLFN
WKH GLJLWDO SXUFKDVHV WDE
$PD]RQ .LQGOH )RU WKRVH ZKR SXUFKDVHG D .LQGOH HGLWLRQ IURP $PD]RQ
WKH DFFHVV FRGH ZLOO EH VXSSOLHG GLUHFWO\ IURP $PD]RQ
2WKHU ERRNVHOOHU H ERRNV 1RWH WKDW LI \RX SXUFKDVH DQ H ERRN YHUVLRQ
IURP DQ\ RWKHU VRXUFH WKH SUDFWLFH WHVW LV QRW LQFOXGHG EHFDXVH RWKHU
YHQGRUV WR GDWH KDYH QRW FKRVHQ WR SURYLGH WKH UHTXLUHG XQLTXH DFFHVV FRGH

1RWH
'R QRW ORVH WKH DFWLYDWLRQ FRGH EHFDXVH LW LV WKH RQO\ PHDQV
ZLWK ZKLFK \RX FDQ DFFHVV WKH 4$ FRQWHQW ZLWK WKH ERRN

2QFH \RX KDYH WKH DFFHVV FRGH WR ILQG LQVWUXFWLRQV DERXW ERWK WKH 373 ZHE
DSS DQG WKH GHVNWRS DSS IROORZ WKHVH VWHSV

6WHS 2SHQ WKLV ERRN V FRPSDQLRQ ZHEVLWH DV ZDV VKRZQ HDUOLHU LQ WKLV
,QWURGXFWLRQ XQGHU WKH KHDGLQJ 7KH &RPSDQLRQ :HEVLWH IRU 2QOLQH &RQWHQW
5HYLHZ

6WHS &OLFN WKH 3UDFWLFH ([DPV EXWWRQ

6WHS )ROORZ WKH LQVWUXFWLRQV OLVWHG WKHUH ERWK IRU LQVWDOOLQJ WKH GHVNWRS DSS
DQG IRU XVLQJ WKH ZHE DSS

1RWH WKDW LI \RX ZDQW WR XVH WKH ZHE DSS RQO\ DW WKLV SRLQW MXVW QDYLJDWH WR
ZZZ SHDUVRQWHVWSUHS FRP HVWDEOLVK D IUHH ORJLQ LI \RX GR QRW DOUHDG\ KDYH
RQH DQG UHJLVWHU WKLV ERRN V SUDFWLFH WHVWV XVLQJ WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQ FRGH \RX MXVW
IRXQG 7KH SURFHVV VKRXOG WDNH RQO\ D FRXSOH RI PLQXWHV

1RWH

$PD]RQ H ERRN .LQGOH FXVWRPHUV ,W LV HDV\ WR PLVV


$PD]RQ V HPDLO WKDW OLVWV \RXU 373 DFFHVV FRGH 6RRQ DIWHU \RX
SXUFKDVH WKH .LQGOH H ERRN $PD]RQ VKRXOG VHQG DQ HPDLO
+RZHYHU WKH HPDLO XVHV YHU\ JHQHULF WH[W DQG PDNHV QR VSHFLILF
PHQWLRQ RI 373 RU SUDFWLFH H[DPV 7R ILQG \RXU FRGH UHDG
HYHU\ HPDLO IURP $PD]RQ DIWHU \RX SXUFKDVH WKH ERRN $OVR GR
WKH XVXDO FKHFNV IRU HQVXULQJ \RXU HPDLO DUULYHV VXFK DV
FKHFNLQJ \RXU VSDP IROGHU

1RWH

2WKHU H ERRN FXVWRPHUV $V RI WKH WLPH RI SXEOLFDWLRQ RQO\ WKH


SXEOLVKHU DQG $PD]RQ VXSSO\ 373 DFFHVV FRGHV ZKHQ \RX
SXUFKDVH WKHLU H ERRN HGLWLRQV RI WKLV ERRN

&XVWRPL]LQJ <RXU ([DPV

2QFH \RX DUH LQ WKH H[DP VHWWLQJV VFUHHQ \RX FDQ FKRRVH WR WDNH H[DPV LQ RQH
RI WKUHH PRGHV

6WXG\ PRGH $OORZV \RX WR IXOO\ FXVWRPL]H \RXU H[DPV DQG UHYLHZ DQVZHUV
DV \RX DUH WDNLQJ WKH H[DP 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\ WKH PRGH \RX ZRXOG XVH ILUVW WR
DVVHVV \RXU NQRZOHGJH DQG LGHQWLI\ LQIRUPDWLRQ JDSV
3UDFWLFH ([DP PRGH /RFNV FHUWDLQ FXVWRPL]DWLRQ RSWLRQV DV LW LV
SUHVHQWLQJ D UHDOLVWLF H[DP H[SHULHQFH 8VH WKLV PRGH ZKHQ \RX DUH
SUHSDULQJ WR WHVW \RXU H[DP UHDGLQHVV
)ODVK &DUG PRGH 6WULSV RXW WKH DQVZHUV DQG SUHVHQWV \RX ZLWK RQO\ WKH
TXHVWLRQ VWHP 7KLV PRGH LV JUHDW IRU ODWH VWDJH SUHSDUDWLRQ ZKHQ \RX UHDOO\
ZDQW WR FKDOOHQJH \RXUVHOI WR SURYLGH DQVZHUV ZLWKRXW WKH EHQHILW RI VHHLQJ
PXOWLSOH FKRLFH RSWLRQV 7KLV PRGH GRHV QRW SURYLGH WKH GHWDLOHG VFRUH
UHSRUWV WKDW WKH RWKHU WZR PRGHV GR VR \RX VKRXOG QRW XVH LW LI \RX DUH
WU\LQJ WR LGHQWLI\ NQRZOHGJH JDSV

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKHVH WKUHH PRGHV \RX ZLOO EH DEOH WR VHOHFW WKH VRXUFH RI \RXU
TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ FKRRVH WR WDNH H[DPV WKDW FRYHU DOO RI WKH FKDSWHUV RU \RX
FDQ QDUURZ \RXU VHOHFWLRQ WR MXVW D VLQJOH FKDSWHU RU WKH FKDSWHUV WKDW PDNH XS
VSHFLILF SDUWV LQ WKH ERRN $OO FKDSWHUV DUH VHOHFWHG E\ GHIDXOW ,I \RX ZDQW WR
QDUURZ \RXU IRFXV WR LQGLYLGXDO FKDSWHUV VLPSO\ GHVHOHFW DOO WKH FKDSWHUV DQG
WKHQ VHOHFW RQO\ WKRVH RQ ZKLFK \RX ZLVK WR IRFXV LQ WKH 2EMHFWLYHV DUHD

<RX FDQ DOVR VHOHFW WKH H[DP EDQNV RQ ZKLFK WR IRFXV (DFK H[DP EDQN FRPHV
FRPSOHWH ZLWK D IXOO H[DP RI TXHVWLRQV WKDW FRYHU WRSLFV LQ HYHU\ FKDSWHU 7KH
WZR H[DPV SULQWHG LQ WKH ERRN DUH DYDLODEOH WR \RX DV ZHOO DV WZR DGGLWLRQDO
H[DPV RI XQLTXH TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ KDYH WKH WHVW HQJLQH VHUYH XS H[DPV IURP
DOO IRXU EDQNV RU MXVW IURP RQH LQGLYLGXDO EDQN E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH GHVLUHG EDQNV
LQ WKH H[DP EDQN DUHD

7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO RWKHU FXVWRPL]DWLRQV \RX FDQ PDNH WR \RXU H[DP IURP WKH
H[DP VHWWLQJV VFUHHQ VXFK DV WKH WLPH RI WKH H[DP WKH QXPEHU RI TXHVWLRQV
VHUYHG XS ZKHWKHU WR UDQGRPL]H TXHVWLRQV DQG DQVZHUV ZKHWKHU WR VKRZ WKH
QXPEHU RI FRUUHFW DQVZHUV IRU PXOWLSOH DQVZHU TXHVWLRQV DQG ZKHWKHU WR VHUYH
XS RQO\ VSHFLILF W\SHV RI TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ DOVR FUHDWH FXVWRP WHVW EDQNV E\
VHOHFWLQJ RQO\ TXHVWLRQV WKDW \RX KDYH PDUNHG RU TXHVWLRQV RQ ZKLFK \RX KDYH
DGGHG QRWHV

8SGDWLQJ <RXU ([DPV


,I \RX DUH XVLQJ WKH RQOLQH YHUVLRQ RI WKH 3HDUVRQ 7HVW 3UHS VRIWZDUH \RX
VKRXOG DOZD\V KDYH DFFHVV WR WKH ODWHVW YHUVLRQ RI WKH VRIWZDUH DV ZHOO DV WKH
H[DP GDWD ,I \RX DUH XVLQJ WKH :LQGRZV GHVNWRS YHUVLRQ HYHU\ WLPH \RX
ODXQFK WKH VRIWZDUH ZKLOH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ,QWHUQHW LW FKHFNV LI WKHUH DUH DQ\
XSGDWHV WR \RXU H[DP GDWD DQG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ GRZQORDGV DQ\ FKDQJHV WKDW ZHUH
PDGH VLQFH WKH ODVW WLPH \RX XVHG WKH VRIWZDUH

6RPHWLPHV GXH WR PDQ\ IDFWRUV WKH H[DP GDWD PD\ QRW IXOO\ GRZQORDG ZKHQ
\RX DFWLYDWH \RXU H[DP ,I \RX ILQG WKDW ILJXUHV RU H[KLELWV DUH PLVVLQJ \RX
PD\ QHHG WR PDQXDOO\ XSGDWH \RXU H[DPV 7R XSGDWH D SDUWLFXODU H[DP \RX
KDYH DOUHDG\ DFWLYDWHG DQG GRZQORDGHG VLPSO\ FOLFN WKH 7RROV WDE DQG FOLFN
WKH 8SGDWH 3URGXFWV EXWWRQ $JDLQ WKLV LV DQ LVVXH RQO\ ZLWK WKH GHVNWRS
:LQGRZV DSSOLFDWLRQ

,I \RX ZLVK WR FKHFN IRU XSGDWHV WR WKH 3HDUVRQ 7HVW 3UHS H[DP HQJLQH
VRIWZDUH :LQGRZV GHVNWRS YHUVLRQ VLPSO\ FOLFN WKH 7RROV WDE DQG FOLFN WKH
8SGDWH $SSOLFDWLRQ EXWWRQ 7KLV HQVXUHV WKDW \RX DUH UXQQLQJ WKH ODWHVW
YHUVLRQ RI WKH VRIWZDUH HQJLQH

&UHGLWV /LVW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI D &LVFR VHFXULW\ DGYLVRU\ j 7KH 0,75( &RUSRUDWLRQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 7KH 1DWLRQDO 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH j 1DWLRQDO


,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI WKH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH j 2II6HF 6HUYLFHV /LPLWHG


)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 6KRGDQ VHDUFK HQJLQH UHVXOWV H[DPSOH j 6KRGDQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 0DF 26 ; 6\VWHP 5RRWV j $SSOH ,QF

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI VDPSOH VHFXULW\ HYHQWV DQG FRQILUPHG LQFLGHQW j


%DPP 9LVVFKHU

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI ORJV IURP D &LVFR VZLWFK LQ (/. j :LUHVKDUN

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI IROORZLQJ LQ WKH 7&3 VWUHDP LQ :LUHVKDUN j


:LUHVKDUN

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI H[DPSOH RI VHFXULW\ HYHQWV LQ 6JXLO j %DPP


9LVVFKHU

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI .LEDQD GDVKERDUG RYHUYLHZ j (ODVWLFVHDUFK


%9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 1,'6 DOHUW FRXQW FDWHJRULHV DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ


VWDWLVWLFV j (ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 1,'6 DOHUW VHYHULW\ WKH WRS VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ
SRUWV j (ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI WKH WRS VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVVHV WKDW


JHQHUDWHG 1,'6 DOHUWV LQ 6QRUW j (ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9
)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI (/. PDS YLVXDOL]DWLRQ H[DPSOH j
(ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI H[DPSOHV RI D SDFNHW FDSWXUH RI DQ H[SORLW DJDLQVW D


:LQGRZV YXOQHUDELOLW\ j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI DFTXLULQJ D GLVN LPDJH XVLQJ *X\PDJHU j *X\PDJHU

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI WKH &$,1( GLVWULEXWLRQ j &$,1(

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI PDNLQJ D GLVN LPDJH ZLWK WKH GG /LQX[ FRPPDQG j


7KH /LQX[ )RXQGDWLRQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI WKH *KLGUD UHYHUVH HQJLQHHULQJ SODWIRUP j *KLGUD

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI ORJV IURP D &LVFR VZLWFK LQ (/. j


(ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI VHFXULW\ DOHUW YLVXDOL]DWLRQ LQ .LEDQD j


(ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 1',6 DOHUWV LQ .LEDQD j (ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI YLVXDOL]DWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW 1,'6 DOHUWV FDWHJRULHV j


(ODVWLFVHDUFK % 9

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI :LQGRZV 7DVN 0DQDJHU j 0LFURVRIW


)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI UXQQLQJ WKH WDVNOLVW FRPPDQG RQ WKH :LQGRZV
FRPPDQG OLQH j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI XVLQJ WKH SV H FRPPDQG RQ D PDF26 V\VWHP j


$SSOH ,QF

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI :LQGRZV 7DVN 0DQDJHU VKRZLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV E\


XVHU j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI PDF26 DFWLYLW\ PRQLWRU j $SSOH ,QF

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI :LQGRZV 5HJLVWU\ (GLWRU j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI :LQGRZV FRPSXWHU VKRZLQJ WKH :0, VHUYLFH j


0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI :LQGRZV 6HUYLFHV &RQWURO 0DQDJHU j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI :LQGRZV (YHQW 9LHZHU H[DPSOH j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI UXQQLQJ WKH SV DX[ FRPPDQG j 0LFURVRIW

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 3HUPLVVLRQV &DOFXODWRU RQOLQH WRRO j 'DQ V 7RROV

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 1*,1; DFFHVV ORJV WRRO j 1JLQ[ ,QF


&KDSWHU TXRWH 9(5,6 LV D VHW RI PHWULFV GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH D FRPPRQ
ODQJXDJH IRU GHVFULELQJ VHFXULW\ LQFLGHQWV LQ D VWUXFWXUHG DQG UHSHDWDEOH
PDQQHU 7KH RYHUDOO JRDO LV WR OD\ D IRXQGDWLRQ RQ ZKLFK ZH FDQ FRQVWUXFWLYHO\
DQG FRRSHUDWLYHO\ OHDUQ IURP RXU H[SHULHQFHV WR EHWWHU PDQDJH ULVN 9(5,6
29(59,(: KWWS YHULVFRPPXQLW\ QHW YHULV RYHUYLHZ KWPO

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 0,75( $77 &. PDOZDUH H[DPSOH j 7KH 0,75(


&RUSRUDWLRQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 0,75( $77 &. 1DYLJDWRU j 7KH 0,75(


&RUSRUDWLRQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI DGGLQJ PHWDGDWD WR WKH 0,75( $77 &. 1DYLJDWRU


j 7KH 0,75( &RUSRUDWLRQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI TXHU\LQJ IRU LQVHFXUH SURWRFRO H[SRVXUH LQ 6KRGDQ


j 6KRGDQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 0LPLNDW] H[DPSOH LQ WKH 0,75( $77 &.


1DYLJDWRU j 7KH 0,75( &RUSRUDWLRQ

)LJXUH 6FUHHQVKRW RI 0LPLNDW] H[DPSOH LQ WKH 0,75( $77 &.


1DYLJDWRU j 7KH 0,75( &RUSRUDWLRQ
&KDSWHU

&\EHUVHFXULW\ )XQGDPHQWDOV

7KLV FKDSWHU FRYHUV WKH IROORZLQJ WRSLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &\EHUVHFXULW\

7KUHDWV 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SORLWV

1HWZRUN 6HFXULW\ 6\VWHPV

,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV

$GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ

:HE 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

(PDLO 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

&LVFR 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLDQFH

&LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFHV (QJLQH

6HFXULW\ &ORXG %DVHG 6ROXWLRQV

&LVFR 1HW)ORZ

'DWD /RVV 3UHYHQWLRQ


7KH 3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH 'HIHQVH LQ 'HSWK 6WUDWHJ\

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ ,QWHJULW\ DQG $YDLODELOLW\ 7KH &,$ 7ULDG

5LVN DQG 5LVN $QDO\VLV

3HUVRQDOO\ ,GHQWLILDEOH ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWHG +HDOWK ,QIRUPDWLRQ

3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH DQG 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHUV

3OD\ERRNV 5XQERRNV DQG 5XQERRN $XWRPDWLRQ

'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

:HOFRPH WR WKH VWDUW RI \RXU MRXUQH\ WRZDUG WKH &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH


FHUWLILFDWLRQ &\EHUVHFXULW\ SURJUDPV UHFRJQL]H WKDW RUJDQL]DWLRQV PXVW EH
YLJLODQW UHVLOLHQW DQG UHDG\ WR SURWHFW DQG GHIHQG HYHU\ LQJUHVV DQG HJUHVV
FRQQHFWLRQ DV ZHOO DV RUJDQL]DWLRQDO GDWD ZKHUHYHU LW LV VWRUHG WUDQVPLWWHG RU
SURFHVVHG ,Q WKLV FKDSWHU \RX OHDUQ FRQFHSWV RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ
VHFXULW\ 7KHQ \RX OHDUQ WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ F\EHUVHFXULW\ WKUHDWV
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG H[SORLWV <RX DOVR H[SORUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ F\EHUVHFXULW\
WKUHDWV DV ZHOO DV FRPPRQ VRIWZDUH DQG KDUGZDUH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV <RX OHDUQ
WKH GHWDLOV DERXW WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ &,$ WULDG ,Q
DGGLWLRQ \RX OHDUQ DERXW GLIIHUHQW FORXG VHFXULW\ DQG ,R7 VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV
7KLV FKDSWHU DOVR GHVFULEHV WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ GHYLFHV DQG
FORXG VHUYLFHV LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ ,W FRPSDUHV WUDGLWLRQDO ILUHZDOOV DQG QH[W
JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOOV 1*):V DV ZHOO DV WUDGLWLRQDO LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ
V\VWHPV ,36 DQG QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ,36 1*,36 <RX OHDUQ GHWDLOV DERXW WKH
&LVFR :HE 6HFXULW\ DQG &LVFR (PDLO 6HFXULW\ VROXWLRQV DV ZHOO DV ZKDW
DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ $03 LV ZKDW LGHQWLW\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV
DUH KRZ WR XVH &LVFR 1HW)ORZ DQG GHWDLOV DERXW GDWD ORVV SUHYHQWLRQ '/3

7KH FKDSWHU FRQFOXGHV ZLWK DQ LQWURGXFWLRQ WR 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV DQG ,QFLGHQW


5HVSRQVH '),5 DQG VHFXULW\ RSHUDWLRQV 0RUH GHWDLOV DERXW HDFK RI WKHVH
WRSLFV DUH FRYHUHG WKURXJKRXW WKH UHVW RI WKH ERRN

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

7KH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] DOORZV \RX WR DVVHVV ZKHWKHU \RX VKRXOG
UHDG WKLV HQWLUH FKDSWHU WKRURXJKO\ RU MXPS WR WKH ([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV
VHFWLRQ ,I \RX DUH LQ GRXEW DERXW \RXU DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV RU \RXU RZQ
DVVHVVPHQW RI \RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH WRSLFV UHDG WKH HQWLUH FKDSWHU 7DEOH
OLVWV WKH PDMRU KHDGLQJV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU DQG WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 'R , .QRZ
7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ ILQG WKH DQVZHUV LQ $SSHQGL[ $
$QVZHUV WR WKH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7DEOH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" )RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ WR 4XHVWLRQ 0DSSLQJ

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ 4XHVWLRQ


,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &\EHUVHFXULW\

7KUHDWV 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SORLWV

1HWZRUN 6HFXULW\ 6\VWHPV

,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ


6\VWHPV

$GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ

:HE 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

(PDLO 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

&LVFR 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLDQFH

&LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFHV (QJLQH

6HFXULW\ &ORXG %DVHG 6ROXWLRQV

&LVFR 1HW)ORZ

'DWD /RVV 3UHYHQWLRQ

7KH 3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH 'HIHQVH LQ 'HSWK 6WUDWHJ\


&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ ,QWHJULW\ DQG $YDLODELOLW\ 7KH &,$ 7ULDG

5LVN DQG 5LVN $QDO\VLV

3HUVRQDOO\ ,GHQWLILDEOH ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWHG +HDOWK


,QIRUPDWLRQ

3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH DQG 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHUV

3OD\ERRNV 5XQERRNV DQG 5XQERRN $XWRPDWLRQ

'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

&DXWLRQ

7KH JRDO RI VHOI DVVHVVPHQW LV WR JDXJH \RXU PDVWHU\ RI WKH


WRSLFV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU ,I \RX GR QRW NQRZ WKH DQVZHU WR D
TXHVWLRQ RU DUH RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ VXUH RI WKH DQVZHU \RX VKRXOG
PDUN WKDW TXHVWLRQ DV ZURQJ IRU SXUSRVHV RI WKH VHOI DVVHVVPHQW
*LYLQJ \RXUVHOI FUHGLW IRU DQ DQVZHU \RX FRUUHFWO\ JXHVV VNHZV
\RXU VHOI DVVHVVPHQW UHVXOWV DQG PLJKW SURYLGH \RX ZLWK D IDOVH
VHQVH RI VHFXULW\
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHPHQWV DUH WUXH DERXW F\EHUVHFXULW\ SUDFWLFHV"

&\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVN LQFOXGHV QRW RQO\ WKH ULVN RI D GDWD EUHDFK EXW DOVR WKH
ULVN RI WKH HQWLUH RUJDQL]DWLRQ EHLQJ XQGHUPLQHG YLD EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV WKDW
UHO\ RQ GLJLWL]DWLRQ DQG DFFHVVLELOLW\
7KH REMHFWLYH RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ LV WR SURWHFW HDFK RI XV RXU HFRQRP\ RXU
FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG RXU FRXQWU\ IURP WKH KDUP WKDW FDQ UHVXOW IURP
LQDGYHUWHQW RU LQWHQWLRQDO PLVXVH FRPSURPLVH RU GHVWUXFWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ
DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV
,Q WKH SDVW LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ SURJUDPV DQG SROLFLHV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR
SURWHFW WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI GDWD ZLWKLQ WKH
FRQILQHV RI DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ &\EHUVHFXULW\ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURWHFWLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ SUHYHQWLQJ GHWHFWLQJ DQG UHVSRQGLQJ WR DWWDFNV
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

&\EHUVHFXULW\ SURJUDPV DQG SROLFLHV H[SDQG DQG EXLOG RQ WUDGLWLRQDO


LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ SURJUDPV EXW DOVR LQFOXGH ZKLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ"

&\EHU ULVN PDQDJHPHQW DQG RYHUVLJKW


7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH
7KUHDW KXQWLQJ
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D IUDPHZRUN GHYHORSHG E\ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV


JRYHUQPHQW WKDW SURYLGHV D FRPPRQ WD[RQRP\ DQG RQH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV LV WR
DGGUHVV DQG PDQDJH F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVN LQ D FRVW HIIHFWLYH ZD\ WR SURWHFW FULWLFDO
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH"

7KH )RUXP RI ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH DQG 6HFXULW\ 7HDPV ),567


7KH &RPPRQ 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 6FRULQJ 6\VWHP &966
1,67 &\EHUVHFXULW\ )UDPHZRUN
7KH 1DWLRQDO 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH 19'

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D JRRG GHILQLWLRQ RI D YXOQHUDELOLW\"

$ ZHDNQHVV LQ WKH V\VWHP GHVLJQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VRIWZDUH RU FRGH RU WKH


ODFN RI D PHFKDQLVP
$ FRPPRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG H[SRVXUH &9(
$Q\ SRWHQWLDO GDQJHU WR DQ DVVHW
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

<RX DUH SDUW RI D YXOQHUDELOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW WHDP WDVNHG WR UHVHDUFK


LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW D QHZ YXOQHUDELOLW\ GLVFORVHG E\ 0LFURVRIW DIIHFWLQJ
QXPHURXV V\VWHPV LQ \RXU FRPSDQ\ :KDW GDWDEDVH FDQ \RX TXHU\ WR REWDLQ
PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW VXFK D YXOQHUDELOLW\"

19'
&966
),567
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ FDQ EH XVHG WR REWDLQ SURRI RI FRQFHSW H[SORLWV
DJDLQVW NQRZQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV"

7KH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH E\ 2IIHQVLYH 6HFXULW\


7KH VHDUFKSORLW WRRO
*LW+XE
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

$ QXPEHU RI VWDQGDUGV DUH EHLQJ GHYHORSHG IRU GLVVHPLQDWLQJ WKUHDW


LQWHOOLJHQFH LQIRUPDWLRQ :KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ VWDQGDUGV LV D ODQJXDJH
GHVLJQHG IRU VKDULQJ WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH"

&:(
&9(
&966
67,;

$FFHVV FRQWURO HQWULHV ZKLFK DUH SDUW RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW FDQ FODVVLI\
SDFNHWV E\ LQVSHFWLQJ /D\HU WKURXJK /D\HU KHDGHUV IRU D QXPEHU RI
SDUDPHWHUV LQFOXGLQJ ZKLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LWHPV"

/D\HU SURWRFRO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV (WKHU7\SHV


/D\HU SURWRFRO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV ,&03 7&3 RU 8'3
/D\HU KHDGHU LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVVHV
/D\HU KHDGHU LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ 7&3 RU 8'3
SRUWV
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D PHWKRGRORJ\ LQ ZKLFK WKH LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ
GHYLFH VHDUFKHV IRU D IL[HG VHTXHQFH RI E\WHV ZLWKLQ WKH SDFNHWV WUDYHUVLQJ WKH
QHWZRUN XVLQJ VLJQDWXUHV"

3DWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ DQG VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ


$QRPDO\ EDVHG DQDO\VLV
6QRUW EDVHG DQDO\VLV XVLQJ $03
1HW)ORZ EDVHG DQDO\VLV

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D VROXWLRQ WKDW PDNHV EDVLF SHUVRQDO ILUHZDOOV DQG
+,36 REVROHWH"

&7$
&966
$03 IRU (QGSRLQWV
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ SURWRFROV LV XVHG WR UHGLUHFW WUDIILF IURP D QHWZRUN


LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFH WR WKH &LVFR :6$ IRU LQVSHFWLRQ"

:&&3
1HW)ORZ
7/6
7$;,,

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP XVHG E\ WKH &LVFR (6$ DQG
&LVFR :6$"
&LVFR ,26 ;(
$V\QF26
&LVFR )7'
&LVFR 1; 26

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ FHQWUDOL]HV WKH PDQDJHPHQW DQG UHSRUWLQJ IRU RQH
RU PRUH &LVFR (6$V DQG &LVFR :6$V"

&LVFR 60$
&LVFR )0&
&LVFR 'HIHQVH 2UFKHVWUDWRU
&LVFR '1$&

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV SDUW RI 7UXVW6HF"

6HFXULW\ JURXS WDJV 6*7V


6HFXULW\ JURXS DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV 6*$&/V
$Q\&RQQHFW
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI FORXG EDVHG VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV"

&LVFR &ORXG (PDLO 6HFXULW\ &(6


&LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG
8PEUHOOD 2SHQ'16
&ORXG/RFN
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DUH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH WXSOH LQ D 1HW)ORZ IORZ
UHFRUG"

6RXUFH SRUW GHVWLQDWLRQ SRUW VRXUFH ,3 DGGUHVV GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVV DQG


SURWRFRO
7&3 8'3 ,&03 VRXUFH ,3 DGGUHVV GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVV
6RXUFH ,3 DGGUHVV GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVV VRXUFH 0$& DGGUHVV GHVWLQDWLRQ
0$& DGGUHVV SURWRFRO
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW W\SLFDOO\ KDV WKH DELOLW\ WR


GHWHFW DQ\ VHQVLWLYH HPDLOV GRFXPHQWV RU LQIRUPDWLRQ OHDYLQJ \RXU
RUJDQL]DWLRQ"

'/3
,'DD6
6DD6
,DD6

2QH RI WKH SULPDU\ EHQHILWV RI D BBBBBBBBBBBB LV WKDW HYHQ LI D VLQJOH


FRQWURO VXFK DV D ILUHZDOO RU ,36 IDLOV RWKHU FRQWUROV FDQ VWLOO SURWHFW \RXU
HQYLURQPHQW DQG DVVHWV

'/3
$03
&R33
'HIHQVH LQ GHSWK VWUDWHJ\
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV WKH FRPSRQHQW RI WKH &,$ WULDG WKDW HQVXUHV WKDW
D V\VWHP DQG LWV GDWD KDYH QRW EHHQ DOWHUHG RU FRPSURPLVHG"

,QWHJULW\
$YDLODELOLW\
&RQILGHQWLDOLW\
1RQUHSXGLDWLRQ

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ HQWLWLHV GHYHORSHG D WRRO WR SURYLGH D UHSHDWDEOH DQG


PHDVXUDEOH SURFHVV IRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV WR PHDVXUH WKHLU F\EHUVHFXULW\ UHDGLQHVV"

)),(&
)HG5$03
),567
,62

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DUH FRQVLGHUHG SHUVRQDOO\ LGHQWLILDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ


3,, "

,QGLYLGXDO V QDPH
'DWH RI ELUWK
0RWKHU V PDLGHQ QDPH
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHV WKDW DOO XVHUV ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH LQGLYLGXDO
FRQWULEXWRUV PDQDJHUV GLUHFWRUV RU H[HFXWLYHV VKRXOG EH JUDQWHG RQO\ WKH
OHYHO RI SULYLOHJH WKH\ QHHG WR GR WKHLU MREV DQG QR PRUH"
,62 SULYLOHJH VWDQGDUG
1,67 U
&966
3ULQFLSOH RI OHDVW SULYLOHJH

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DUH EHVW SUDFWLFHV LQ WKH 62&"

2UJDQL]DWLRQV VKRXOG RSHUDWH WKH 62& DV D SURJUDP UDWKHU WKDQ D VLQJOH


SURMHFW
0HWULFV PXVW EH HVWDEOLVKHG WR PHDVXUH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH 62&
FDSDELOLWLHV
$QDO\VWV VKRXOG FROODERUDWH ZLWK RWKHU JURXSV VXFK DV SXEOLF UHODWLRQV OHJDO
DQG ,7
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI SURFHGXUHV DQG RSHUDWLRQV


SHUIRUPHG E\ V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRUV VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV RU QHWZRUN
RSHUDWRUV"

6HSDUDWLRQ RI GXWLHV GRFXPHQW


9XOQHUDELOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW 623
5XQERRN
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ UHIHUV WR WKH ZD\ \RX GRFXPHQW DQG SUHVHUYH
HYLGHQFH IURP WKH WLPH WKDW \RX VWDUWHG WKH F\EHU IRUHQVLFV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WR WKH
WLPH WKH HYLGHQFH LV SUHVHQWHG DW FRXUW RU WR \RXU H[HFXWLYHV"
%HVW HYLGHQFH
&KDLQ RI FXVWRG\
&KDLQ RI WUXVW
:HE RI WUXVW

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &\EHUVHFXULW\

7KH REMHFWLYH RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ LV WR SURWHFW HDFK RI XV RXU HFRQRP\ RXU


VFKRROV RXU FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG DQ\ RWKHU RUJDQL]DWLRQ IURP WKH KDUP
WKDW FDQ UHVXOW IURP LQDGYHUWHQW RU LQWHQWLRQDO PLVXVH FRPSURPLVH RU
GHVWUXFWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV

&\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVN LQFOXGHV QRW RQO\ WKH ULVN RI D GDWD EUHDFK EXW DOVR WKH ULVN
RI WKH HQWLUH RUJDQL]DWLRQ EHLQJ XQGHUPLQHG YLD EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV WKDW UHO\ RQ
GLJLWL]DWLRQ DQG DFFHVVLELOLW\ $V D UHVXOW OHDUQLQJ KRZ WR GHYHORS DQ DGHTXDWH
F\EHUVHFXULW\ SURJUDP LV FUXFLDO IRU DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ &\EHUVHFXULW\ FDQ QR
ORQJHU EH VRPHWKLQJ WKDW \RX GHOHJDWH WR WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ ,7 WHDP
(YHU\RQH QHHGV WR EH LQYROYHG LQFOXGLQJ WKH ERDUG RI GLUHFWRUV

&\EHUVHFXULW\ YV ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ ,QIRVHF


0DQ\ LQGLYLGXDOV FRQIXVH WUDGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ ZLWK F\EHUVHFXULW\
,Q WKH SDVW LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ SURJUDPV DQG SROLFLHV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR SURWHFW
WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI GDWD ZLWKLQ WKH FRQILQHV RI DQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ WKLV LV QR ORQJHU VXIILFLHQW 2UJDQL]DWLRQV DUH
UDUHO\ VHOI FRQWDLQHG DQG WKH SULFH RI LQWHUFRQQHFWLYLW\ LV DQ LQFUHDVHG OHYHO RI
H[SRVXUH WR DWWDFN (YHU\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ UHJDUGOHVV RI VL]H RU JHRJUDSKLF
ORFDWLRQ LV D SRWHQWLDO WDUJHW &\EHUVHFXULW\ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURWHFWLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ SUHYHQWLQJ GHWHFWLQJ DQG UHVSRQGLQJ WR DWWDFNV

&\EHUVHFXULW\ SURJUDPV UHFRJQL]H WKDW RUJDQL]DWLRQV PXVW EH YLJLODQW UHVLOLHQW


DQG UHDG\ WR SURWHFW DQG GHIHQG HYHU\ LQJUHVV DQG HJUHVV FRQQHFWLRQ DV ZHOO DV
RUJDQL]DWLRQDO GDWD ZKHUHYHU LW LV VWRUHG WUDQVPLWWHG RU SURFHVVHG
&\EHUVHFXULW\ SURJUDPV DQG SROLFLHV H[SDQG DQG EXLOG RQ WUDGLWLRQDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ SURJUDPV EXW DOVR LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

&\EHU ULVN PDQDJHPHQW DQG RYHUVLJKW


7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ VKDULQJ
7KUHDW KXQWLQJ SURDFWLYHO\ ORRNLQJ IRU SRWHQWLDO FRPSURPLVHV DQG WKUHDWV LQ
\RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW KDYH QRW EHHQ GHWHFWHG E\ \RXU VHFXULW\ SURGXFWV RU
WHFKQRORJLHV
7KLUG SDUW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ VRIWZDUH DQG KDUGZDUH GHSHQGHQF\ PDQDJHPHQW
,QFLGHQW UHVSRQVH DQG UHVLOLHQF\

7KH 1,67 &\EHUVHFXULW\ )UDPHZRUN


7KH 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1,67 LV D ZHOO NQRZQ
QRQUHJXODWRU\ IHGHUDO DJHQF\ ZLWKLQ WKH 8 6 &RPPHUFH 'HSDUWPHQW V
7HFKQRORJ\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 1,67 V PLVVLRQ LV WR GHYHORS DQG SURPRWH
PHDVXUHPHQW VWDQGDUGV DQG WHFKQRORJ\ WR HQKDQFH SURGXFWLYLW\ IDFLOLWDWH
WUDGH DQG LPSURYH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH 7KH &RPSXWHU 6HFXULW\ 'LYLVLRQ &6' LV
RQH RI VHYHQ GLYLVLRQV ZLWKLQ 1,67 V ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\
1,67 V &\EHUVHFXULW\ )UDPHZRUN LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI LQGXVWU\ VWDQGDUGV DQG EHVW
SUDFWLFHV WR KHOS RUJDQL]DWLRQV PDQDJH F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVNV 7KLV IUDPHZRUN LV
FUHDWHG LQ FROODERUDWLRQ DPRQJ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV JRYHUQPHQW FRUSRUDWLRQV
DQG LQGLYLGXDOV 7KH 1,67 &\EHUVHFXULW\ )UDPHZRUN FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DW
ZZZ QLVW JRY F\EHUIUDPHZRUN

7KH 1,67 &\EHUVHFXULW\ )UDPHZRUN LV GHYHORSHG ZLWK D FRPPRQ WD[RQRP\


DQG RQH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV LV WR DGGUHVV DQG PDQDJH F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVN LQ D FRVW
HIIHFWLYH ZD\ WR SURWHFW FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH $OWKRXJK GHVLJQHG IRU D VSHFLILF
FRQVWLWXHQF\ WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV FDQ VHUYH DV D VHFXULW\ EOXHSULQW IRU DQ\
RUJDQL]DWLRQ

$GGLWLRQDO 1,67 *XLGDQFH DQG 'RFXPHQWV

&XUUHQWO\ WKHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ 1,67 LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ UHODWHG


GRFXPHQWV 7KLV QXPEHU LQFOXGHV ),36 WKH 63 VHULHV ,7/
EXOOHWLQV DQG 1,67 LQWHUDJHQF\ UHSRUWV

)HGHUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 3URFHVVLQJ 6WDQGDUGV ),36 7KLV LV WKH RIILFLDO


SXEOLFDWLRQ VHULHV IRU VWDQGDUGV DQG JXLGHOLQHV
6SHFLDO 3XEOLFDWLRQ 63 VHULHV 7KLV VHULHV UHSRUWV RQ ,7/ UHVHDUFK
JXLGHOLQHV DQG RXWUHDFK HIIRUWV LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP VHFXULW\ DQG LWV
FROODERUDWLYH DFWLYLWLHV ZLWK LQGXVWU\ JRYHUQPHQW DQG DFDGHPLF
RUJDQL]DWLRQV 63 VHULHV GRFXPHQWV FDQ EH GRZQORDGHG IURP
KWWSV FVUF QLVW JRY SXEOLFDWLRQV VS
6SHFLDO 3XEOLFDWLRQ 63 VHULHV 7KLV VHULHV IRFXVHV RQ F\EHUVHFXULW\
SUDFWLFHV DQG JXLGHOLQHV 63 VHULHV GRFXPHQW FDQ EH GRZQORDGHG IURP
KWWSV FVUF QLVW JRY SXEOLFDWLRQV VS
1,67 ,QWHUQDO RU ,QWHUDJHQF\ 5HSRUWV 1,67,5 7KHVH UHSRUWV IRFXV RQ
UHVHDUFK ILQGLQJV LQFOXGLQJ EDFNJURXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU ),36 DQG 63V
,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\ ,7/ EXOOHWLQV (DFK EXOOHWLQ
SUHVHQWV DQ LQ GHSWK GLVFXVVLRQ RI D VLQJOH WRSLF RI VLJQLILFDQW LQWHUHVW WR WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV FRPPXQLW\ %XOOHWLQV DUH LVVXHG RQ DQ DV QHHGHG EDVLV

)URP DFFHVV FRQWUROV WR ZLUHOHVV VHFXULW\ WKH 1,67 SXEOLFDWLRQV DUH WUXO\ D
WUHDVXUH WURYH RI YDOXDEOH DQG SUDFWLFDO JXLGDQFH

7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ

7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ NQRZQ DV WKH ,62 LV D


QHWZRUN RI WKH QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV LQVWLWXWHV RI PRUH WKDQ FRXQWULHV 7KH
,62 KDV GHYHORSHG PRUH WKDQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV RQ D YDULHW\ RI
VXEMHFWV UDQJLQJ IURP FRXQWU\ FRGHV WR SDVVHQJHU VDIHW\

7KH ,62 ,(& VHULHV DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH ,606 )DPLO\ RI 6WDQGDUGV RU
,62 N IRU VKRUW FRPSULVHV LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ VWDQGDUGV SXEOLVKHG MRLQWO\
E\ WKH ,62 DQG WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO (OHFWURWHFKQLFDO &RPPLVVLRQ ,(&

7KH ILUVW VL[ GRFXPHQWV LQ WKH ,62 ,(& VHULHV SURYLGH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ LPSOHPHQWLQJ RSHUDWLQJ PRQLWRULQJ UHYLHZLQJ
PDLQWDLQLQJ DQG LPSURYLQJ DQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW 6\VWHP

,62 LV WKH VSHFLILFDWLRQ IRU DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ PDQDJHPHQW


V\VWHP ,606
,62 GHVFULEHV WKH FRGH RI SUDFWLFH IRU LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\
PDQDJHPHQW
,62 SURYLGHV GHWDLOHG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ JXLGDQFH
,62 RXWOLQHV KRZ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ FDQ PRQLWRU DQG PHDVXUH VHFXULW\
XVLQJ PHWULFV
,62 GHILQHV WKH KLJK OHYHO ULVN PDQDJHPHQW DSSURDFK UHFRPPHQGHG
E\ ,62
,62 RXWOLQHV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW ZLOO PHDVXUH ,62
FRPSOLDQFH IRU FHUWLILFDWLRQ

,Q DOO WKHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ GRFXPHQWV LQ WKH VHULHV DQG VHYHUDO PRUH DUH VWLOO
XQGHU GHYHORSPHQW 7KH IUDPHZRUN LV DSSOLFDEOH WR SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH
RUJDQL]DWLRQV RI DOO VL]HV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ,62 ZHEVLWH WKH ,62 VWDQGDUG
JLYHV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ PDQDJHPHQW IRU XVH E\ WKRVH
ZKR DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU LQLWLDWLQJ LPSOHPHQWLQJ RU PDLQWDLQLQJ VHFXULW\ LQ
WKHLU RUJDQL]DWLRQ ,W LV LQWHQGHG WR SURYLGH D FRPPRQ EDVLV IRU GHYHORSLQJ
RUJDQL]DWLRQDO VHFXULW\ VWDQGDUGV DQG HIIHFWLYH VHFXULW\ PDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFH
DQG WR SURYLGH FRQILGHQFH LQ LQWHU RUJDQL]DWLRQDO GHDOLQJV
7KUHDWV 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SORLWV

7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV GHVFULEH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKUHDWV YXOQHUDELOLWLHV


DQG H[SORLWV

:KDW ,V D 7KUHDW"

$ WKUHDW LV DQ\ SRWHQWLDO GDQJHU WR DQ DVVHW ,I D YXOQHUDELOLW\ H[LVWV EXW KDV QRW
\HW EHHQ H[SORLWHG RU PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ LW LV QRW \HW SXEOLFO\ NQRZQ WKH
WKUHDW LV ODWHQW DQG QRW \HW UHDOL]HG ,I VRPHRQH LV DFWLYHO\ ODXQFKLQJ DQ DWWDFN
DJDLQVW \RXU V\VWHP DQG VXFFHVVIXOO\ DFFHVVHV VRPHWKLQJ RU FRPSURPLVHV \RXU
VHFXULW\ DJDLQVW DQ DVVHW WKH WKUHDW LV UHDOL]HG 7KH HQWLW\ WKDW WDNHV DGYDQWDJH
RI WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV NQRZQ DV WKH PDOLFLRXV DFWRU DQG WKH SDWK XVHG E\ WKLV
DFWRU WR SHUIRUP WKH DWWDFN LV NQRZQ DV WKH WKUHDW DJHQW RU WKUHDW YHFWRU

:KDW ,V D 9XOQHUDELOLW\"

$ YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV D ZHDNQHVV LQ WKH V\VWHP GHVLJQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VRIWZDUH


RU FRGH RU WKH ODFN RI D PHFKDQLVP $ VSHFLILF YXOQHUDELOLW\ PLJKW PDQLIHVW DV
DQ\WKLQJ IURP D ZHDNQHVV LQ V\VWHP GHVLJQ WR WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DQ
RSHUDWLRQDO SURFHGXUH 7KH FRUUHFW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VDIHJXDUGV DQG VHFXULW\
FRXQWHUPHDVXUHV FRXOG PLWLJDWH D YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG UHGXFH WKH ULVN RI
H[SORLWDWLRQ

9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ZHDNQHVVHV DUH FRPPRQ PDLQO\ EHFDXVH WKHUH LVQ W DQ\
SHUIHFW VRIWZDUH RU FRGH LQ H[LVWHQFH 6RPH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV KDYH OLPLWHG LPSDFW
DQG DUH HDVLO\ PLWLJDWHG KRZHYHU PDQ\ KDYH EURDGHU LPSOLFDWLRQV

9XOQHUDELOLWLHV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ HDFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ

$SSOLFDWLRQV 6RIWZDUH DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV FRPH ZLWK WRQV RI IXQFWLRQDOLW\


$SSOLFDWLRQV PLJKW EH FRQILJXUHG IRU XVDELOLW\ UDWKHU WKDQ IRU VHFXULW\
$SSOLFDWLRQV PLJKW EH LQ QHHG RI D SDWFK RU XSGDWH WKDW PD\ RU PD\ QRW EH
DYDLODEOH $WWDFNHUV WDUJHWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV KDYH D WDUJHW ULFK HQYLURQPHQW WR
H[DPLQH -XVW WKLQN RI DOO WKH DSSOLFDWLRQV UXQQLQJ RQ \RXU KRPH RU ZRUN
FRPSXWHU
2SHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV 2SHUDWLQJ V\VWHP VRIWZDUH LV ORDGHG RQ ZRUNVWDWLRQV
DQG VHUYHUV $WWDFNHUV FDQ VHDUFK IRU YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV
WKDW KDYH QRW EHHQ SDWFKHG RU XSGDWHG
+DUGZDUH 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV FDQ DOVR EH IRXQG LQ KDUGZDUH 0LWLJDWLRQ RI D
KDUGZDUH YXOQHUDELOLW\ PLJKW UHTXLUH SDWFKHV WR PLFURFRGH ILUPZDUH DV
ZHOO DV WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP RU RWKHU V\VWHP VRIWZDUH *RRG H[DPSOHV RI
ZHOO NQRZQ KDUGZDUH EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH 6SHFWUH DQG 0HOWGRZQ
7KHVH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI D IHDWXUH FDOOHG VSHFXODWLYH
H[HFXWLRQ FRPPRQ WR PRVW PRGHUQ SURFHVVRU DUFKLWHFWXUHV
0LVFRQILJXUDWLRQ 7KH FRQILJXUDWLRQ ILOH DQG FRQILJXUDWLRQ VHWXS IRU WKH
GHYLFH RU VRIWZDUH PD\ EH PLVFRQILJXUHG RU PD\ EH GHSOR\HG LQ DQ
XQVHFXUH VWDWH 7KLV PLJKW EH RSHQ SRUWV YXOQHUDEOH VHUYLFHV RU
PLVFRQILJXUHG QHWZRUN GHYLFHV -XVW FRQVLGHU ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUNLQJ &DQ \RX
GHWHFW DQ\ ZLUHOHVV GHYLFHV LQ \RXU QHLJKERUKRRG WKDW KDYH HQFU\SWLRQ
WXUQHG RII"
6KULQNZUDS VRIWZDUH 7KLV LV WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RU H[HFXWDEOH ILOH WKDW LV UXQ
RQ D ZRUNVWDWLRQ RU VHUYHU :KHQ LQVWDOOHG RQ D GHYLFH LW FDQ KDYH WRQV RI
IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RU VDPSOH VFULSWV RU FRGH DYDLODEOH

9HQGRUV VHFXULW\ UHVHDUFKHUV DQG YXOQHUDELOLW\ FRRUGLQDWLRQ FHQWHUV W\SLFDOO\


DVVLJQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQ LGHQWLILHU WKDW V GLVFORVHG WR WKH SXEOLF 7KLV LV NQRZQ
DV WKH &RPPRQ 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SRVXUHV &9( LGHQWLILHU &9( LV DQ
LQGXVWU\ ZLGH VWDQGDUG &9( LV VSRQVRUHG E\ 86 &(57 WKH RIILFH RI
&\EHUVHFXULW\ DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV DW WKH 8 6 'HSDUWPHQW RI +RPHODQG
6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLQJ DV '+6 V )HGHUDOO\ )XQGHG 5HVHDUFK DQG 'HYHORSPHQW
&HQWHU ))5'& 0,75( KDV FRS\ULJKWHG WKH &9( OLVW IRU WKH EHQHILW RI WKH
FRPPXQLW\ WR HQVXUH LW UHPDLQV D IUHH DQG RSHQ VWDQGDUG DV ZHOO DV WR OHJDOO\
SURWHFW WKH RQJRLQJ XVH RI LW DQG DQ\ UHVXOWLQJ FRQWHQW E\ JRYHUQPHQW YHQGRUV
DQG RU XVHUV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D &LVFR VHFXULW\ DGYLVRU\ GLVFORVLQJ D


YXOQHUDELOLW\ LQ &LVFR SURGXFWV 7KLV DGYLVRU\ LQFOXGHV D &9( ,' DQG GHWDLOHG
LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\ VHYHULW\ GHVFULSWLRQ DIIHFWHG FRQILJXUDWLRQ
IL[HV DQG RWKHU UHODWHG YXOQHUDELOLW\ FRQWHQW
)LJXUH $ &LVFR 6HFXULW\ $GYLVRU\

1RWH

$OO &LVFR 6HFXULW\ $GYLVRULHV DUH SRVWHG DW FLVFR FRP JR SVLUW

0,75( PDLQWDLQV WKH &9( OLVW DQG LWV SXEOLF ZHEVLWH PDQDJHV WKH &9(
&RPSDWLELOLW\ 3URJUDP RYHUVHHV WKH &9( QXPEHULQJ DXWKRULWLHV &1$V DQG
SURYLGHV LPSDUWLDO WHFKQLFDO JXLGDQFH WR WKH &9( (GLWRULDO %RDUG WKURXJKRXW
WKH SURFHVV WR HQVXUH &9( VHUYHV WKH SXEOLF LQWHUHVW
7KH JRDO RI &9( LV WR PDNH LW HDVLHU WR VKDUH GDWD DFURVV WRROV YXOQHUDELOLW\
UHSRVLWRULHV DQG VHFXULW\ VHUYLFHV )LJXUH VKRZV WKH &9( HQWU\ LQ
0,75( V &9( ZHEVLWH IRU WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\ DGGUHVVHG LQ WKH VHFXULW\ DGYLVRU\
VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH

)LJXUH 0,75( V &9( ([DPSOH

1RWH
0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW &9( LV DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSV FYH PLWUH RUJ

7KH 1DWLRQDO 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH 19' DOVR PDLQWDLQV D GHWDLOHG OLVW RI


YXOQHUDELOLWLHV GLVFORVHG LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ 19' FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DW
KWWSV QYG QLVW JRY DQG DQ H[DPSOH RI WKH VDPH YXOQHUDELOLW\ UHSRUW LQ 19'
LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH

)LJXUH 7KH 1DWLRQDO 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH


:KDW ,V DQ ([SORLW"

$Q H[SORLW UHIHUV WR D SLHFH RI VRIWZDUH D WRRO D WHFKQLTXH RU D SURFHVV WKDW


WDNHV DGYDQWDJH RI D YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW OHDGV WR DFFHVV SULYLOHJH HVFDODWLRQ ORVV
RI LQWHJULW\ RU GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH RQ D FRPSXWHU V\VWHP ([SORLWV DUH GDQJHURXV
EHFDXVH DOO VRIWZDUH KDV YXOQHUDELOLWLHV KDFNHUV DQG SHUSHWUDWRUV NQRZ WKDW
WKHUH DUH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG VHHN WR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI WKHP $OWKRXJK PRVW
RUJDQL]DWLRQV DWWHPSW WR ILQG DQG IL[ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV VRPH RUJDQL]DWLRQV ODFN
VXIILFLHQW IXQGV SURFHVVHV SROLFLHV DQG GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV IRU VHFXULQJ WKHLU
QHWZRUNV 6RPHWLPHV QR RQH PD\ HYHQ NQRZ WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\ H[LVWV DQG LW LV
H[SORLWHG 7KDW LV NQRZQ DV D ]HUR GD\ H[SORLW (YHQ ZKHQ \RX GR NQRZ WKHUH
LV D SUREOHP \RX DUH EXUGHQHG ZLWK WKH IDFW WKDW D ZLQGRZ H[LVWV EHWZHHQ
ZKHQ D YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV GLVFORVHG DQG ZKHQ D SDWFK LV DYDLODEOH WR SUHYHQW WKH
H[SORLW 7KH PRUH FULWLFDO WKH VHUYHU WKH VORZHU LW LV XVXDOO\ SDWFKHG
0DQDJHPHQW PLJKW EH DIUDLG RI LQWHUUXSWLQJ WKH VHUYHU RU DIUDLG WKDW WKH SDWFK
PLJKW DIIHFW VWDELOLW\ RU SHUIRUPDQFH )LQDOO\ WKH WLPH UHTXLUHG WR GHSOR\ DQG
LQVWDOO WKH VRIWZDUH SDWFK RQ SURGXFWLRQ VHUYHUV DQG ZRUNVWDWLRQV H[SRVHV DQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ V ,7 LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WR DQ DGGLWLRQDO SHULRG RI ULVN

7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO SODFHV ZKHUH SHRSOH WUDGH H[SORLWV IRU PDOLFLRXV LQWHQW 7KH
PRVW SUHYDOHQW LV WKH GDUN ZHE 7KH GDUN ZHE RU GDUNQHW LV DQ RYHUOD\ RI
QHWZRUNV DQG V\VWHPV WKDW XVHV WKH ,QWHUQHW EXW UHTXLUHV VSHFLILF VRIWZDUH DQG
FRQILJXUDWLRQV WR DFFHVV LW 7KH GDUN ZHE LV MXVW D VPDOO SDUW RI WKH GHHS ZHE
7KH GHHS ZHE LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG V\VWHPV RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW WKDW LV
QRW LQGH[HG E\ ZHE VHDUFK HQJLQHV 2IWHQ SHRSOH LQFRUUHFWO\ FRQIXVH WKH WHUP
GHHS ZHE ZLWK GDUN ZHE

1RW DOO H[SORLWV DUH VKDUHG IRU PDOLFLRXV LQWHQW )RU H[DPSOH PDQ\ VHFXULW\
UHVHDUFKHUV VKDUH SURRI RI FRQFHSW 32& H[SORLWV LQ SXEOLF VLWHV VXFK DV 7KH
([SORLW 'DWDEDVH RU ([SORLW '% DQG *LW+XE 7KH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH LV D VLWH
PDLQWDLQHG E\ 2IIHQVLYH 6HFXULW\ ZKHUH VHFXULW\ UHVHDUFKHUV DQG RWKHU
LQGLYLGXDOV SRVW H[SORLWV IRU NQRZQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7KH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH FDQ
EH DFFHVVHG DW ZZZ H[SORLW GE FRP )LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D SXEOLFO\
DYDLODEOH H[SORLW LQ WKH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH
)LJXUH 7KH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH ([SORLW '%

1RWH

$ FRPPDQG OLQH WRRO FDOOHG VHDUFKVSORLW HQDEOHV \RX WR


GRZQORDG D FRS\ RI WKH ([SORLW 'DWDEDVH VR WKDW \RX FDQ XVH LW
RQ WKH JR

5LVN $VVHWV 7KUHDWV DQG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV


$V ZLWK DQ\ QHZ WHFKQRORJ\ WRSLF WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG WKH VHFXULW\ ILHOG \RX
PXVW OHDUQ WKH WHUPLQRORJ\ WKDW LV XVHG 7R EH D VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDO \RX QHHG
WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ULVN WKUHDWV DVVHWV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

5LVN LV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RU OLNHOLKRRG RI WKH RFFXUUHQFH RU UHDOL]DWLRQ RI D WKUHDW


7KHUH DUH WKUHH EDVLF HOHPHQWV RI ULVN DVVHWV WKUHDWV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7R
GHDO ZLWK ULVN WKH 8 6 IHGHUDO JRYHUQPHQW KDV DGRSWHG D 5LVN 0DQDJHPHQW
)UDPHZRUN 50) 7KH 50) SURFHVV LV EDVHG RQ WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV RI PLVVLRQ
DQG ULVN EDVHG FRVW HIIHFWLYH DQG HQWHUSULVH LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP VHFXULW\ 1,67
6SHFLDO 3XEOLFDWLRQ *XLGH IRU $SSO\LQJ WKH 5LVN 0DQDJHPHQW
)UDPHZRUN WR )HGHUDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV WUDQVIRUPV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO
&HUWLILFDWLRQ DQG $FFUHGLWDWLRQ & $ SURFHVV LQWR WKH VL[ VWHS 50) /HW V
ORRN DW WKH YDULRXV FRPSRQHQWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ULVN ZKLFK LQFOXGH DVVHWV
WKUHDWV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

$Q DVVHW LV DQ\ LWHP RI HFRQRPLF YDOXH RZQHG E\ DQ LQGLYLGXDO RU FRUSRUDWLRQ


$VVHWV FDQ EH UHDO VXFK DV URXWHUV VHUYHUV KDUG GULYHV DQG ODSWRSV RU DVVHWV
FDQ EH YLUWXDO VXFK DV IRUPXODV GDWDEDVHV VSUHDGVKHHWV WUDGH VHFUHWV DQG
SURFHVVLQJ WLPH 5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH W\SH RI DVVHW GLVFXVVHG LI WKH DVVHW LV ORVW
GDPDJHG RU FRPSURPLVHG WKHUH FDQ EH DQ HFRQRPLF FRVW WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ

1RWH

1R RUJDQL]DWLRQ FDQ HYHU EH SHUFHQW VHFXUH 7KHUH ZLOO


DOZD\V EH VRPH ULVN OHIW RYHU 7KLV LV NQRZQ DV UHVLGXDO ULVN
ZKLFK LV WKH DPRXQW RI ULVN OHIW DIWHU VDIHJXDUGV DQG FRQWUROV
KDYH EHHQ SXW LQ SODFH WR SURWHFW WKH DVVHW
$ WKUHDW VHWV WKH VWDJH IRU ULVN DQG LV DQ\ DJHQW FRQGLWLRQ RU FLUFXPVWDQFH WKDW
FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ FDXVH KDUP ORVV RU GDPDJH RU FRPSURPLVH DQ ,7 DVVHW RU
GDWD DVVHW )URP D VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDO V SHUVSHFWLYH WKUHDWV FDQ EH
FDWHJRUL]HG DV HYHQWV WKDW FDQ DIIHFW WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ RU DYDLODELOLW\
RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V DVVHWV 7KHVH WKUHDWV FDQ UHVXOW LQ GHVWUXFWLRQ GLVFORVXUH
PRGLILFDWLRQ FRUUXSWLRQ RI GDWD RU GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH ([DPSOHV RI WKH W\SHV RI
WKUHDWV DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ FDQ IDFH LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

1DWXUDO GLVDVWHUV ZHDWKHU DQG FDWDVWURSKLF GDPDJH +XUULFDQHV VWRUPV


ZHDWKHU RXWDJHV ILUHV IORRGV HDUWKTXDNHV DQG RWKHU QDWXUDO HYHQWV
FRPSRVH DQ RQJRLQJ WKUHDW
+DFNHU DWWDFNV $Q LQVLGHU RU RXWVLGHU ZKR LV XQDXWKRUL]HG DQG SXUSRVHO\
DWWDFNV DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ V LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FRPSRQHQWV V\VWHPV RU GDWD
&\EHUDWWDFN $WWDFNHUV ZKR WDUJHW FULWLFDO QDWLRQDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV VXFK DV
ZDWHU SODQWV HOHFWULF SODQWV JDV SODQWV RLO UHILQHULHV JDVROLQH UHILQHULHV
QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQWV ZDVWH PDQDJHPHQW SODQWV DQG VR RQ 6WX[QHW LV DQ
H[DPSOH RI RQH VXFK WRRO GHVLJQHG IRU MXVW VXFK D SXUSRVH
9LUXVHV DQG PDOZDUH $Q HQWLUH FDWHJRU\ RI VRIWZDUH WRROV WKDW DUH
PDOLFLRXV DQG DUH GHVLJQHG WR GDPDJH RU GHVWUR\ D V\VWHP RU GDWD
'LVFORVXUH RI FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ $Q\WLPH D GLVFORVXUH RI
FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RFFXUV LW FDQ EH D FULWLFDO WKUHDW WR DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
LI VXFK GLVFORVXUH FDXVHV ORVV RI UHYHQXH FDXVHV SRWHQWLDO OLDELOLWLHV RU
SURYLGHV D FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH WR DQ DGYHUVDU\ )RU LQVWDQFH LI \RXU
RUJDQL]DWLRQ H[SHULHQFHV D EUHDFK DQG GHWDLOHG FXVWRPHU LQIRUPDWLRQ LV
H[SRVHG IRU H[DPSOH SHUVRQDOO\ LGHQWLILDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ >3,,@ VXFK D
EUHDFK FRXOG KDYH SRWHQWLDO OLDELOLWLHV DQG ORVV RI WUXVW IURP \RXU FXVWRPHUV
$QRWKHU H[DPSOH LV ZKHQ D WKUHDW DFWRU VWHDOV VRXUFH FRGH RU GHVLJQ
GRFXPHQWV DQG VHOOV WKHP WR \RXU FRPSHWLWRUV
'HQLDO RI VHUYLFH 'R6 RU GLVWULEXWHG GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH ''R6 DWWDFNV
$Q DWWDFN DJDLQVW DYDLODELOLW\ WKDW LV GHVLJQHG WR EULQJ WKH QHWZRUN RU DFFHVV
WR D SDUWLFXODU 7&3 ,3 KRVW VHUYHU WR LWV NQHHV E\ IORRGLQJ LW ZLWK XVHOHVV
WUDIILF 7RGD\ PRVW 'R6 DWWDFNV DUH ODXQFKHG YLD ERWQHWV ZKHUHDV LQ WKH
SDVW WRROV VXFK DV WKH 3LQJ RI 'HDWK DQG 7HDUGURS PD\ KDYH EHHQ XVHG $V
ZLWK PDOZDUH KDFNHUV FRQVWDQWO\ GHYHORS QHZ 'R6 WRROV VR WKDW 6WRUP DQG
0DULSRVD IRU H[DPSOH DUH UHSODFHG ZLWK RWKHU PRUH FXUUHQW WKUHDWV

1RWH

,I WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV YXOQHUDEOH WR DQ\ RI WKHVH WKUHDWV WKHUH LV


DQ LQFUHDVHG ULVN RI D VXFFHVVIXO DWWDFN

7KUHDW $FWRUV

7KUHDW DFWRUV DUH WKH LQGLYLGXDOV RU D JURXS RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR SHUIRUP DQ


DWWDFN RU DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU D VHFXULW\ LQFLGHQW WKDW LPSDFWV RU KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO
RI LPSDFWLQJ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ RU LQGLYLGXDO 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO W\SHV RI WKUHDW
DFWRUV

6FULSW NLGGLHV 7KHVH SHRSOH XVH H[LVWLQJ VFULSWV RU WRROV WR KDFN LQWR
FRPSXWHUV DQG QHWZRUNV 7KH\ ODFN WKH H[SHUWLVH WR ZULWH WKHLU RZQ VFULSWV
2UJDQL]HG FULPH JURXSV 7KH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI WKHVH JURXSV LV WR VWHDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ VFDP SHRSOH DQG PDNH PRQH\
6WDWH VSRQVRUV DQG JRYHUQPHQWV 7KHVH DJHQWV DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ VWHDOLQJ
GDWD LQFOXGLQJ LQWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ DQG UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW GDWD
IURP PDMRU PDQXIDFWXUHUV JRYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV DQG GHIHQVH FRQWUDFWRUV
+DFNWLYLVWV 7KHVH SHRSOH FDUU\ RXW F\EHUVHFXULW\ DWWDFNV DLPHG DW
SURPRWLQJ D VRFLDO RU SROLWLFDO FDXVH
7HUURULVW JURXSV 7KHVH JURXSV DUH PRWLYDWHG E\ SROLWLFDO RU UHOLJLRXV
EHOLHIV

2ULJLQDOO\ WKH WHUP KDFNHU ZDV XVHG IRU D FRPSXWHU HQWKXVLDVW $ KDFNHU ZDV D
SHUVRQ ZKR HQMR\HG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH LQWHUQDO ZRUNLQJV RI D V\VWHP
FRPSXWHU DQG FRPSXWHU QHWZRUN DQG ZKR ZRXOG FRQWLQXH WR KDFN XQWLO KH
XQGHUVWRRG HYHU\WKLQJ DERXW WKH V\VWHP 2YHU WLPH WKH SRSXODU SUHVV EHJDQ WR
GHVFULEH KDFNHUV DV LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR EURNH LQWR FRPSXWHUV ZLWK PDOLFLRXV
LQWHQW 7KH LQGXVWU\ UHVSRQGHG E\ GHYHORSLQJ WKH ZRUG FUDFNHU ZKLFK LV VKRUW
IRU D FULPLQDO KDFNHU 7KH WHUP FUDFNHU ZDV GHYHORSHG WR GHVFULEH LQGLYLGXDOV
ZKR VHHN WR FRPSURPLVH WKH VHFXULW\ RI D V\VWHP ZLWKRXW SHUPLVVLRQ IURP DQ
DXWKRUL]HG SDUW\ :LWK DOO WKLV FRQIXVLRQ RYHU KRZ WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKH JRRG JX\V
IURP WKH EDG JX\V WKH WHUP HWKLFDO KDFNHU ZDV FRLQHG $Q HWKLFDO KDFNHU LV DQ
LQGLYLGXDO ZKR SHUIRUPV VHFXULW\ WHVWV DQG RWKHU YXOQHUDELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW
DFWLYLWLHV WR KHOS RUJDQL]DWLRQV VHFXUH WKHLU LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV 6RPHWLPHV HWKLFDO
KDFNHUV DUH UHIHUUHG WR DV ZKLWH KDW KDFNHUV

+DFNHU PRWLYHV DQG LQWHQWLRQV YDU\ 6RPH KDFNHUV DUH VWULFWO\ OHJLWLPDWH
ZKHUHDV RWKHUV URXWLQHO\ EUHDN WKH ODZ )LJXUH VKRZV VRPH RI WKH PRVW
FRPPRQ FDWHJRULHV XVHG LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ WR LGHQWLI\ KDFNHUV DQG WKHLU PRWLYHV

)LJXUH :KLWH %ODFN DQG *UD\ +DW +DFNHUV

7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH

7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH LV UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH NQRZOHGJH DERXW DQ H[LVWLQJ RU


HPHUJLQJ WKUHDW WR DVVHWV LQFOXGLQJ QHWZRUNV DQG V\VWHPV 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH
LQFOXGHV FRQWH[W PHFKDQLVPV LQGLFDWRUV RI FRPSURPLVH ,R&V LPSOLFDWLRQV
DQG DFWLRQDEOH DGYLFH 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH LQFOXGHV VSHFLILFV RQ WKH WDFWLFV
WHFKQLTXHV DQG SURFHGXUHV RI WKHVH DGYHUVDULHV 7KH SULPDU\ SXUSRVH RI WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH LV WR LQIRUP EXVLQHVV GHFLVLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH ULVNV DQG LPSOLFDWLRQV
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKUHDWV

&RQYHUWLQJ WKHVH GHILQLWLRQV LQWR FRPPRQ ODQJXDJH FRXOG WUDQVODWH WR WKUHDW


LQWHOOLJHQFH EHLQJ HYLGHQFH EDVHG NQRZOHGJH RI WKH FDSDELOLWLHV RI LQWHUQDO DQG
H[WHUQDO WKUHDW DFWRUV 7KLV W\SH RI GDWD FDQ EH EHQHILFLDO IRU WKH VHFXULW\
RSHUDWLRQV FHQWHU 62& RI DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH H[WHQGV
F\EHUVHFXULW\ DZDUHQHVV EH\RQG WKH LQWHUQDO QHWZRUN E\ FRQVXPLQJ
LQWHOOLJHQFH IURP RWKHU VRXUFHV ,QWHUQHWZLGH UHODWHG WR SRVVLEOH WKUHDWV WR \RX
RU \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ )RU LQVWDQFH \RX FDQ OHDUQ DERXW WKUHDWV WKDW KDYH
LPSDFWHG GLIIHUHQW H[WHUQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV 6XEVHTXHQWO\ \RX FDQ SURDFWLYHO\
SUHSDUH UDWKHU WKDQ UHDFW RQFH WKH WKUHDW LV VHHQ DJDLQVW \RXU QHWZRUN
3URYLGLQJ DQ HQULFKPHQW GDWD IHHG LV RQH VHUYLFH WKDW WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH
SODWIRUPV ZRXOG W\SLFDOO\ SURYLGH

)LJXUH VKRZV D ILYH VWHS WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH SURFHVV IRU HYDOXDWLQJ WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH VRXUFHV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ

)LJXUH 7KH 7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 3URFHVV


0DQ\ GLIIHUHQW WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH SODWIRUPV DQG VHUYLFHV DUH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH
PDUNHW QRZDGD\V &\EHU WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IRFXVHV RQ SURYLGLQJ DFWLRQDEOH
LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ DGYHUVDULHV LQFOXGLQJ ,R&V 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IHHGV KHOS \RX
SULRULWL]H VLJQDOV IURP LQWHUQDO V\VWHPV DJDLQVW XQNQRZQ WKUHDWV &\EHU WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH DOORZV \RX WR EULQJ PRUH IRFXV WR F\EHUVHFXULW\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ
EHFDXVH LQVWHDG RI EOLQGO\ ORRNLQJ IRU QHZ DQG DEQRUPDO HYHQWV \RX FDQ
VHDUFK IRU VSHFLILF ,R&V ,3 DGGUHVVHV 85/V RU H[SORLW SDWWHUQV

$ QXPEHU RI VWDQGDUGV DUH EHLQJ GHYHORSHG IRU GLVVHPLQDWLQJ WKUHDW


LQWHOOLJHQFH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ H[DPSOHV

6WUXFWXUHG 7KUHDW ,QIRUPDWLRQ H;SUHVVLRQ 67,; 7KLV H[SUHVV


ODQJXDJH LV GHVLJQHG IRU VKDULQJ F\EHUDWWDFN LQIRUPDWLRQ 67,; GHWDLOV FDQ
FRQWDLQ GDWD VXFK DV WKH ,3 DGGUHVVHV RU GRPDLQ QDPHV RI FRPPDQG DQG
FRQWURO VHUYHUV RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV & RU &Q& PDOZDUH KDVKHV DQG VR RQ
67,; ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\ 0,75( DQG LV QRZ PDLQWDLQHG E\
2$6,6 <RX FDQ REWDLQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DW KWWS VWL[SURMHFW JLWKXE LR
7UXVWHG $XWRPDWHG H;FKDQJH RI ,QGLFDWRU ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7$;,, 7KLV
RSHQ WUDQVSRUW PHFKDQLVP VWDQGDUGL]HV WKH DXWRPDWHG H[FKDQJH RI F\EHU
WKUHDW LQIRUPDWLRQ 7$;,, ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\ 0,75( DQG LV QRZ
PDLQWDLQHG E\ 2$6,6 <RX FDQ REWDLQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DW
KWWS WD[LLSURMHFW JLWKXE LR
&\EHU 2EVHUYDEOH H;SUHVVLRQ &\E2; 7KLV IUHH VWDQGDUGL]HG VFKHPD LV
XVHG IRU VSHFLILFDWLRQ FDSWXUH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RI
HYHQWV RI VWDWHIXO SURSHUWLHV WKDW DUH REVHUYDEOH LQ WKH RSHUDWLRQDO GRPDLQ
&\E2; ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\ 0,75( DQG LV QRZ PDLQWDLQHG E\
2$6,6 <RX FDQ REWDLQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DW KWWSV F\ER[SURMHFW JLWKXE LR
2SHQ ,QGLFDWRUV RI &RPSURPLVH 2SHQ,2& 7KLV RSHQ IUDPHZRUN LV
XVHG IRU VKDULQJ WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH LQ D PDFKLQH GLJHVWLEOH IRUPDW /HDUQ
PRUH DW ZZZ RSHQLRF RUJ
2SHQ &RPPDQG DQG &RQWURO 2SHQ& 7KLV ODQJXDJH LV XVHG IRU WKH
FRPPDQG DQG FRQWURO RI F\EHU GHIHQVH WHFKQRORJLHV 2SHQ& )RUXP ZDV D
FRPPXQLW\ RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ VWDNHKROGHUV WKDW ZDV IDFLOLWDWHG E\ WKH 8 6
1DWLRQDO 6HFXULW\ $JHQF\ 2SHQ& LV QRZ DQ 2$6,6 WHFKQLFDO FRPPLWWHH
7& DQG VSHFLILFDWLRQ <RX FDQ REWDLQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DW ZZZ RDVLV
RSHQ RUJ FRPPLWWHHV WFBKRPH SKS"ZJBDEEUHY RSHQF

,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW PDQ\ RSHQ VRXUFH DQG QRQ VHFXULW\ IRFXVHG VRXUFHV FDQ
EH OHYHUDJHG IRU WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH DV ZHOO 6RPH H[DPSOHV RI WKHVH VRXUFHV DUH
VRFLDO PHGLD IRUXPV EORJV DQG YHQGRU ZHEVLWHV

7LS

<RX FDQ REWDLQ GLIIHUHQW H[DPSOHV RI WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH 67,;


GRFXPHQWV DW KWWSV RDVLV RSHQ JLWKXE LR FWL
GRFXPHQWDWLRQ VWL[ H[DPSOHV 7KH IROORZLQJ *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\
LQFOXGHV WKRXVDQGV RI UHIHUHQFHV DQG UHVRXUFHV UHODWHG WR WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH WKUHDW KXQWLQJ HWKLFDO KDFNLQJ SHQHWUDWLRQ WHVWLQJ
GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH YXOQHUDELOLW\ UHVHDUFK
H[SORLW GHYHORSPHQW UHYHUVH HQJLQHHULQJ DQG PRUH
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 7KH $UW RI +DFNLQJ K FNHU

7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 3ODWIRUP

0DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV GHSOR\ WKHLU RZQ WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH SODWIRUPV 7,3V WR


DJJUHJDWH FRUUHODWH DQG DQDO\]H WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP PXOWLSOH
VRXUFHV LQ QHDU UHDO WLPH ,Q RUGHU IRU DQDO\VWV LQ WKH VHFXULW\ RSHUDWLRQV FHQWHU
62& WR GHIHQG DJDLQVW WRGD\ V WKUHDWV 7,3V QHHG WR VFDOH DQG VXSSRUW WKH
JURZLQJ DPRXQW RI WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH GDWD JHQHUDWHG E\ D YDULHW\ RI UHVRXUFHV
LQFOXGLQJ V\VWHP ORJV DQG WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IHHGV 0RGHUQ WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH SODWIRUPV SURYLGH DQG DOVR XVH $3,V WR JDWKHU RU H[FKDQJH GDWD

7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH SODWIRUPV VXSSRUW WKH IROORZLQJ

7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH FROOHFWLRQ &ROOHFWLQJ DQG DJJUHJDWLQJ PXOWLSOH GDWD


IRUPDWV LQFOXGLQJ &69 67,; ;0/ -621 ,2'(. 2SHQ,2& DQG
SURSULHWDU\ WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IHHGV
'DWD FRUUHODWLRQ $XWRPDWLFDOO\ DQDO\]LQJ DQG FRUUHODWLQJ WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH GDWD
(QULFKPHQW DQG FRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQ 3URYLGHV HQULFKHG FRQWH[W DURXQG
WKUHDWV LQ RUGHU WR HQDEOH 62& DQDO\VWV DQG LQFLGHQW UHVSRQGHUV WR KDYH DV
PXFK GDWD DV SRVVLEOH UHJDUGLQJ WKH DWWDFN DQG WKH WKUHDW DFWRU DGYHUVDU\
$QDO\]H $XWRPDWHV WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKUHDW LQGLFDWRUV WR HQDEOH WKH
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH DGYHUVDU\ V WDFWLFV WHFKQLTXHV DQG SURFHGXUHV 773V
2IWHQ 7,3V FDQ OHYHUDJH WKH DGYHUVDU\ WDFWLFV DQG WHFKQLTXHV LQFOXGHG LQ
0,75( V $77 &. IUDPHZRUN DWWDFN PLWUH RUJ
,QWHJUDWLRQV ZLWK RWKHU VHFXULW\ V\VWHPV 0RGHUQ 7,3V SURYLGH WKH DELOLW\
WR LQWHJUDWH ZLWK PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ 6HFXULW\
,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG (YHQW 0DQDJHPHQW >6,(0@ DQG 6HFXULW\ 2UFKHVWUDWLRQ
$XWRPDWLRQ DQG 5HVSRQVH >62$5@ VROXWLRQV
$FW 7KH WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH SODWIRUP VKRXOG HQDEOH VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV WR
FUHDWH WRROV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW FDQ KHOS UHVSRQG WR DQG PLWLJDWH
F\EHUVHFXULW\ WKUHDWV DQG DWWDFNV

9XOQHUDELOLWLHV ([SORLWV DQG ([SORLW .LWV

(DUOLHU LQ WKLV FKDSWHU \RX OHDUQHG WKDW D YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV D ZHDNQHVV LQ WKH


V\VWHP GHVLJQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VRIWZDUH RU FRGH RU WKH ODFN RI D PHFKDQLVP
7KH QXPEHU RI GLVFORVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV FRQWLQXHV WR ULVH <RX FDQ NHHS XS ZLWK
YXOQHUDELOLW\ GLVFORVXUHV E\ VXEVFULELQJ WR YXOQHUDELOLW\ IHHGV DQG VHDUFKLQJ
SXEOLF UHSRVLWRULHV VXFK DV WKH 1DWLRQDO 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH 19' 7KH
19' FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DW KWWSV QYG QLVW JRY

7LS

9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH W\SLFDOO\ LGHQWLILHG E\ D &RPPRQ


9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SRVXUHV &9( LGHQWLILHU &9( LV DQ
LGHQWLILHU IRU SXEOLFO\ NQRZQ VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7KLV LV D
VWDQGDUG FUHDWHG DQG PDLQWDLQHG E\ 0,75( DQG XVHG E\
QXPHURXV RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ DV ZHOO DV VHFXULW\
UHVHDUFKHUV <RX FDQ ILQG PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH &9(
VSHFLILFDWLRQ DQG VHDUFK WKH &9( OLVW DW KWWSV FYH PLWUH RUJ

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW VRIWZDUH DQG KDUGZDUH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG UHODWHG
FDWHJRULHV

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI LQMHFWLRQ EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

64/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV


+70/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV
&RPPDQG LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

&RGH LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH H[SORLWHG E\ IRUFLQJ DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RU D


V\VWHP WR SURFHVV LQYDOLG GDWD $Q DWWDFNHU WDNHV DGYDQWDJH RI WKLV W\SH RI
YXOQHUDELOLW\ WR LQMHFW FRGH LQWR D YXOQHUDEOH V\VWHP DQG FKDQJH WKH FRXUVH RI
H[HFXWLRQ 6XFFHVVIXO H[SORLWDWLRQ FDQ OHDG WR WKH GLVFORVXUH RI VHQVLWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ PDQLSXODWLRQ RI GDWD GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQV DQG PRUH
([DPSOHV RI FRGH LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

64/ LQMHFWLRQ
+70/ VFULSW LQMHFWLRQ
'\QDPLF FRGH HYDOXDWLRQ
2EMHFW LQMHFWLRQ
,I DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ GRHV QRW VDQLWL]H XVHU LQSXW DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ VXSSO\ FUDIWHG
LQSXW LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR PDNH WKH RULJLQDO 64/ VWDWHPHQW H[HFXWH IXUWKHU DFWLRQV
LQ WKH GDWDEDVH 64/ LQMHFWLRQV FDQ EH GRQH XVLQJ XVHU VXSSOLHG VWULQJV RU
QXPHULF LQSXW 7KH IROORZLQJ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI D EDVLF 64/ LQMHFWLRQ DWWDFN

6DQWRV 25

:KHQ WKH VWULQJ 6DQWRV 25 LV HQWHUHG LQ D ZHE IRUP RI D YXOQHUDEOH


DSSOLFDWLRQ LW PD\ FDXVH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WR GLVSOD\ DOO UHFRUGV LQ WKH GDWDEDVH
WDEOH WR WKH DWWDFNHU

2QH RI WKH ILUVW VWHSV ZKHQ ILQGLQJ 64/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LV WR


XQGHUVWDQG ZKHQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ LQWHUDFWV ZLWK D GDWDEDVH 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\
GRQH ZLWK ZHE DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ IRUPV VHDUFK HQJLQHV DQG LQWHUDFWLYH VLWHV VXFK
DV H FRPPHUFH VLWHV

64/ LQMHFWLRQ DWWDFNV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKH IROORZLQJ FDWHJRULHV

,Q EDQG 64/ LQMHFWLRQ :LWK WKLV W\SH RI LQMHFWLRQ WKH DWWDFNHU REWDLQV WKH
GDWD E\ XVLQJ WKH VDPH FKDQQHO WKDW LV XVHG WR LQMHFW WKH 64/ FRGH 7KLV LV
WKH PRVW EDVLF IRUP RI DQ 64/ LQMHFWLRQ DWWDFN ZKHUH WKH GDWD LV GXPSHG
GLUHFWO\ LQ D ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ RU ZHE SDJH
2XW RI EDQG 64/ LQMHFWLRQ :LWK WKLV W\SH RI LQMHFWLRQ WKH DWWDFNHU
UHWULHYHV GDWD XVLQJ D GLIIHUHQW FKDQQHO )RU H[DPSOH DQ HPDLO D WH[W RU DQ
LQVWDQW PHVVDJH FRXOG EH VHQW WR WKH DWWDFNHU ZLWK WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH TXHU\
$OWHUQDWLYHO\ WKH DWWDFNHU PLJKW EH DEOH WR VHQG WKH FRPSURPLVHG GDWD WR
DQRWKHU V\VWHP
%OLQG RU LQIHUHQWLDO 64/ LQMHFWLRQ :LWK WKLV W\SH RI LQMHFWLRQ WKH
DWWDFNHU GRHV QRW PDNH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ GLVSOD\ RU WUDQVIHU DQ\ GDWD UDWKHU
WKH DWWDFNHU LV DEOH WR UHFRQVWUXFW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ VHQGLQJ VSHFLILF
VWDWHPHQWV DQG GLVFHUQLQJ WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG GDWDEDVH

7R SHUIRUP DQ 64/ LQMHFWLRQ DWWDFN DQ DWWDFNHU PXVW FUDIW D V\QWDFWLFDOO\


FRUUHFW 64/ VWDWHPHQW TXHU\ 7KH DWWDFNHU PD\ DOVR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI HUURU
PHVVDJHV FRPLQJ EDFN IURP WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG PLJKW EH DEOH WR UHFRQVWUXFW
WKH ORJLF RI WKH RULJLQDO TXHU\ WR XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WR H[HFXWH WKH DWWDFN
FRUUHFWO\ ,I WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ KLGHV WKH HUURU GHWDLOV WKH DWWDFNHU PLJKW QHHG WR
UHYHUVH HQJLQHHU WKH ORJLF RI WKH RULJLQDO TXHU\

+70/ ,QMHFWLRQ

$Q +70/ LQMHFWLRQ LV D YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW RFFXUV ZKHQ DQ XQDXWKRUL]HG XVHU LV


DEOH WR FRQWURO DQ LQSXW SRLQW DQG DEOH WR LQMHFW DUELWUDU\ +70/ FRGH LQWR D
ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ 6XFFHVVIXO H[SORLWDWLRQ FRXOG OHDG WR GLVFORVXUH RI D XVHU V
VHVVLRQ FRRNLHV DQ DWWDFNHU PLJKW GR WKLV WR LPSHUVRQDWH D YLFWLP RU WR PRGLI\
WKH ZHE SDJH RU DSSOLFDWLRQ FRQWHQW VHHQ E\ WKH YLFWLPV

+70/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV FDQ OHDG WR FURVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ ;66 <RX
OHDUQ GHWDLOV DERXW WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG DWWDFNV ODWHU LQ
WKLV FKDSWHU
&RPPDQG ,QMHFWLRQ

$ FRPPDQG LQMHFWLRQ LV DQ DWWDFN LQ ZKLFK DQ DWWDFNHU WULHV WR H[HFXWH


FRPPDQGV WKDW VKH LV QRW VXSSRVHG WR EH DEOH WR H[HFXWH RQ D V\VWHP YLD D
YXOQHUDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ &RPPDQG LQMHFWLRQ DWWDFNV DUH SRVVLEOH ZKHQ DQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ GRHV QRW YDOLGDWH GDWD VXSSOLHG E\ WKH XVHU IRU H[DPSOH GDWD
HQWHUHG LQ ZHE IRUPV FRRNLHV +773 KHDGHUV DQG RWKHU HOHPHQWV 7KH
YXOQHUDEOH V\VWHP SDVVHV WKDW GDWD LQWR D V\VWHP VKHOO

:LWK FRPPDQG LQMHFWLRQ DQ DWWDFNHU WULHV WR VHQG RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP FRPPDQGV


VR WKDW WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ FDQ H[HFXWH WKHP ZLWK WKH SULYLOHJHV RI WKH YXOQHUDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQ &RPPDQG LQMHFWLRQ LV QRW WKH VDPH DV FRGH H[HFXWLRQ DQG FRGH
LQMHFWLRQ ZKLFK LQYROYH H[SORLWLQJ D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ RU VLPLODU YXOQHUDELOLW\

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ %DVHG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

$Q DWWDFNHU FDQ E\SDVV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LQ YXOQHUDEOH V\VWHPV E\ XVLQJ VHYHUDO


PHWKRGV

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ ZD\V WR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ DQ DIIHFWHG V\VWHP
&UHGHQWLDO EUXWH IRUFLQJ
6HVVLRQ KLMDFNLQJ
5HGLUHFWLQJ
([SORLWLQJ GHIDXOW FUHGHQWLDOV
([SORLWLQJ ZHDN FUHGHQWLDOV
([SORLWLQJ .HUEHURV YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

&UHGHQWLDO %UXWH )RUFH $WWDFNV DQG 3DVVZRUG &UDFNLQJ

,Q D FUHGHQWLDO EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFN WKH DWWDFNHU DWWHPSWV WR ORJ LQ WR DQ


DSSOLFDWLRQ RU D V\VWHP E\ WU\LQJ GLIIHUHQW XVHUQDPHV DQG SDVVZRUGV 7KHUH DUH
WZR PDMRU FDWHJRULHV RI EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV

2QOLQH EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV ,Q WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN WKH DWWDFNHU DFWLYHO\ WULHV
WR ORJ LQ WR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ GLUHFWO\ E\ XVLQJ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW FRPELQDWLRQV RI
FUHGHQWLDOV 2QOLQH EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV DUH HDV\ WR GHWHFW EHFDXVH \RX FDQ
HDVLO\ LQVSHFW IRU ODUJH QXPEHUV RI DWWHPSWV E\ DQ DWWDFNHU
2IIOLQH EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV ,Q WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ JDLQ
DFFHVV WR HQFU\SWHG GDWD RU KDVKHG SDVVZRUGV 7KHVH DWWDFNV DUH PRUH
GLIILFXOW WR SUHYHQW DQG GHWHFW WKDQ RQOLQH DWWDFNV +RZHYHU RIIOLQH DWWDFNV
UHTXLUH VLJQLILFDQWO\ PRUH FRPSXWDWLRQ HIIRUW DQG UHVRXUFHV IURP WKH
DWWDFNHU

7KH VWUHQJWK RI XVHU DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ FUHGHQWLDOV KDV D GLUHFW HIIHFW RQ WKH
VXFFHVV RI EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV :HDN FUHGHQWLDOV DUH RQH RI WKH PDMRU FDXVHV RI
FUHGHQWLDO FRPSURPLVH 7KH PRUH FRPSOH[ DQG WKH ORQJHU D SDVVZRUG
FUHGHQWLDO WKH EHWWHU $Q HYHQ EHWWHU DSSURDFK LV WR XVH PXOWLIDFWRU
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ 0)$ 7KH XVH RI 0)$ VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI
VXFFHVV IRU WKHVH W\SHV RI DWWDFNV

$Q DWWDFNHU PD\ IHHG WR DQ DWWDFNLQJ V\VWHP D ZRUG OLVW FRQWDLQLQJ WKRXVDQGV


RI ZRUGV LQ RUGHU WR FUDFN SDVVZRUGV RU DVVRFLDWHG FUHGHQWLDOV 7KH IROORZLQJ
VLWH SURYLGHV OLQNV WR PLOOLRQV RI UHDO ZRUOG SDVVZRUGV
KWWS ZRUGOLVWV K FNHU RUJ

:HDN FU\SWRJUDSKLF DOJRULWKPV VXFK DV 5& 0' DQG '(6 DOORZ DWWDFNHUV
WR HDVLO\ FUDFN SDVVZRUGV

7LS

7KH IROORZLQJ VLWH OLVWV WKH FU\SWRJUDSKLF DOJRULWKPV WKDW VKRXOG


EH DYRLGHG DQG WKH RQHV WKDW DUH UHFRPPHQGHG DV ZHOO DV
VHYHUDO RWKHU UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
ZZZ FLVFR FRP F HQ XV DERXW VHFXULW\ FHQWHU QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ
FU\SWRJUDSK\ KWPO

$WWDFNHUV FDQ DOVR XVH VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV DQG UDLQERZ WDEOHV DJDLQVW V\VWHPV
WKDW LPSURSHUO\ SURWHFW SDVVZRUGV ZLWK D RQH ZD\ KDVKLQJ IXQFWLRQ $ UDLQERZ
WDEOH LV D SUHFRPSXWHG WDEOH IRU UHYHUVLQJ FU\SWRJUDSKLF KDVK IXQFWLRQV DQG IRU
FUDFNLQJ SDVVZRUG KDVKHV 6XFK WDEOHV FDQ EH XVHG WR DFFHOHUDWH WKH SURFHVV RI
FUDFNLQJ SDVVZRUG KDVKHV

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR ZHDN HQFU\SWLRQ RU KDVKLQJ DOJRULWKPV SRRUO\ GHVLJQHG VHFXULW\


SURWRFROV VXFK DV :LUHG (TXLYDOHQW 3ULYDF\ :(3 LQWURGXFH DYHQXHV RI DWWDFN
WR FRPSURPLVH XVHU DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ FUHGHQWLDOV $OVR LI KDVKHG YDOXHV DUH
VWRUHG ZLWKRXW EHLQJ UHQGHUHG XQLTXH ILUVW WKDW LV ZLWKRXW D VDOW LW LV SRVVLEOH
WR JDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH YDOXHV DQG SHUIRUP D UDLQERZ WDEOH DWWDFN

$Q RUJDQL]DWLRQ VKRXOG LPSOHPHQW WHFKQLTXHV RQ V\VWHPV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV WR


WKURWWOH ORJLQ DWWHPSWV DQG SUHYHQW EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV 7KRVH DWWHPSWV VKRXOG
DOVR EH ORJJHG DQG DXGLWHG

6HVVLRQ +LMDFNLQJ

7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO ZD\V DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ SHUIRUP D VHVVLRQ KLMDFN DQG VHYHUDO
ZD\V D VHVVLRQ WRNHQ PD\ EH FRPSURPLVHG

3UHGLFWLQJ VHVVLRQ WRNHQV ,I DWWDFNHUV FDQ SUHGLFW VHVVLRQ WRNHQV WKH\ FDQ
HDVLO\ KLMDFN WKH ZHE VHVVLRQ WR IXUWKHU FRPSURPLVH WKH V\VWHP RU VWHDO GDWD
6HVVLRQ VQLIILQJ 7KLV FDQ RFFXU WKURXJK FROOHFWLQJ SDFNHWV RI XQHQFU\SWHG
ZHE VHVVLRQV
0DQ LQ WKH PLGGOH 0,70 DWWDFN :LWK WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN WKH DWWDFNHU
VLWV LQ WKH SDWK EHWZHHQ WKH FOLHQW DQG WKH ZHE VHUYHU
0DQ LQ WKH EURZVHU 0,7% DWWDFN 7KLV DWWDFN LV VLPLODU LQ DSSURDFK WR D
PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFN KRZHYHU LQ WKLV FDVH D EURZVHU RU DQ H[WHQVLRQ
RU D SOXJ LQ LV FRPSURPLVHG DQG XVHG WR LQWHUFHSW DQG PDQLSXODWH ZHE
VHVVLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH XVHU DQG WKH ZHE VHUYHU

,I ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQV GR QRW YDOLGDWH DQG ILOWHU RXW LQYDOLG VHVVLRQ ,' YDOXHV WKH\
FDQ SRWHQWLDOO\ EH XVHG WR H[SORLW RWKHU ZHE YXOQHUDELOLWLHV VXFK DV 64/
LQMHFWLRQ LI WKH VHVVLRQ ,'V DUH VWRUHG RQ D UHODWLRQDO GDWDEDVH RU SHUVLVWHQW
;66 LI WKH VHVVLRQ ,'V DUH VWRUHG DQG UHIOHFWHG EDFN DIWHUZDUG E\ WKH ZHE
DSSOLFDWLRQ

'HIDXOW &UHGHQWLDOV

$ FRPPRQ DGDJH LQ WKH VHFXULW\ LQGXVWU\ LV :K\ GR \RX QHHG KDFNHUV LI \RX
KDYH GHIDXOW SDVVZRUGV" 0DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV OHDYH
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV VXFK DV URXWHUV VZLWFKHV ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV SRLQWV DQG
HYHQ ILUHZDOOV FRQILJXUHG ZLWK GHIDXOW SDVVZRUGV

$WWDFNHUV FDQ HDVLO\ LGHQWLI\ DQG DFFHVV V\VWHPV WKDW XVH VKDUHG GHIDXOW
SDVVZRUGV ,W LV H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW WR DOZD\V FKDQJH GHIDXOW PDQXIDFWXUHU
SDVVZRUGV DQG UHVWULFW QHWZRUN DFFHVV WR FULWLFDO V\VWHPV $ ORW RI
PDQXIDFWXUHUV QRZ UHTXLUH XVHUV WR FKDQJH WKH GHIDXOW SDVVZRUGV GXULQJ LQLWLDO
VHWXS EXW VRPH GRQ W

$WWDFNHUV FDQ HDVLO\ REWDLQ GHIDXOW SDVVZRUGV DQG LGHQWLI\ ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWHG
WDUJHW V\VWHPV 3DVVZRUGV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ SURGXFW GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DQG
FRPSLOHG OLVWV DYDLODEOH RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW $Q H[DPSOH LV
ZZZ GHIDXOWSDVVZRUG FRP EXW GR]HQV RI RWKHU VLWHV FRQWDLQ GHIDXOW SDVVZRUGV
DQG FRQILJXUDWLRQV RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW ,W LV HDV\ WR LGHQWLI\ GHYLFHV WKDW KDYH
GHIDXOW SDVVZRUGV DQG WKDW DUH H[SRVHG WR WKH ,QWHUQHW E\ XVLQJ VHDUFK HQJLQHV
VXFK DV 6KRGDQ ZZZ VKRGDQ LR

,QVHFXUH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 5HIHUHQFH 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV


,QVHFXUH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 5HIHUHQFH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV FDQ EH H[SORLWHG ZKHQ ZHE
DSSOLFDWLRQV DOORZ GLUHFW DFFHVV WR REMHFWV EDVHG RQ XVHU LQSXW 6XFFHVVIXO
H[SORLWDWLRQ FRXOG DOORZ DWWDFNHUV WR E\SDVV DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFHVV UHVRXUFHV
WKDW VKRXOG EH SURWHFWHG E\ WKH V\VWHP IRU H[DPSOH GDWDEDVH UHFRUGV DQG
V\VWHP ILOHV 7KLV YXOQHUDELOLW\ RFFXUV ZKHQ DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ GRHV QRW VDQLWL]H
XVHU LQSXW DQG GRHV QRW SHUIRUP DSSURSULDWH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ FKHFNV

$Q DWWDFNHU FDQ WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI ,QVHFXUH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 5HIHUHQFH


YXOQHUDELOLWLHV E\ PRGLI\LQJ WKH YDOXH RI D SDUDPHWHU XVHG WR GLUHFWO\ SRLQW WR
DQ REMHFW 7R H[SORLW WKLV W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQ DWWDFNHU QHHGV WR PDS RXW DOO
ORFDWLRQV LQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ ZKHUH XVHU LQSXW LV XVHG WR UHIHUHQFH REMHFWV
GLUHFWO\ ([DPSOH VKRZV KRZ WKH YDOXH RI D SDUDPHWHU FDQ EH XVHG GLUHFWO\
WR UHWULHYH D GDWDEDVH UHFRUG

([DPSOH $ 85/ 3DUDPHWHU 8VHG 'LUHFWO\ WR 5HWULHYH D 'DWDEDVH 5HFRUG

&OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH LPDJH

KWWSV VWRUH K FNHU RUJ EX\"FXVWRPHU,'

,Q WKLV H[DPSOH WKH YDOXH RI WKH FXVWRPHU,' SDUDPHWHU LV XVHG DV DQ LQGH[ LQ D


WDEOH RI D GDWDEDVH KROGLQJ FXVWRPHU FRQWDFWV 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ WDNHV WKH YDOXH
DQG TXHULHV WKH GDWDEDVH WR REWDLQ WKH VSHFLILF FXVWRPHU UHFRUG $Q DWWDFNHU
PD\ EH DEOH WR FKDQJH WKH YDOXH WR DQRWKHU YDOXH DQG UHWULHYH DQRWKHU
FXVWRPHU UHFRUG
,Q ([DPSOH WKH YDOXH RI D SDUDPHWHU LV XVHG GLUHFWO\ WR H[HFXWH DQ
RSHUDWLRQ LQ WKH V\VWHP

([DPSOH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 5HIHUHQFH ([DPSOH

&OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH LPDJH

KWWSV VWRUH K FNHU RUJ FKDQJHSDVVG"XVHU RPDU

,Q ([DPSOH WKH YDOXH RI WKH XVHU SDUDPHWHU RPDU LV XVHG WR KDYH WKH
V\VWHP FKDQJH WKH XVHU V SDVVZRUG $Q DWWDFNHU FDQ WU\ RWKHU XVHUQDPHV DQG
VHH ZKHWKHU LW LV SRVVLEOH WR PRGLI\ WKH SDVVZRUG RI DQRWKHU XVHU

0LWLJDWLRQV IRU WKLV W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ LQFOXGH LQSXW YDOLGDWLRQ WKH XVH RI
SHU XVHU RU VHVVLRQ LQGLUHFW REMHFW UHIHUHQFHV DQG DFFHVV FRQWURO FKHFNV WR
PDNH VXUH WKH XVHU LV DXWKRUL]HG IRU WKH UHTXHVWHG REMHFW

&URVV 6LWH 6FULSWLQJ

&URVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ FRPPRQO\ NQRZQ DV ;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV KDYH EHFRPH


VRPH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV ;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV
DUH FODVVLILHG LQ WKUHH PDMRU FDWHJRULHV

5HIOHFWHG ;66
6WRUHG SHUVLVWHQW ;66
'20 EDVHG ;66

$WWDFNHUV FDQ XVH REIXVFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV LQ ;66 DWWDFNV E\ HQFRGLQJ WDJV RU


PDOLFLRXV SRUWLRQV RI WKH VFULSW XVLQJ 8QLFRGH VR WKDW WKH OLQN RU +70/
FRQWHQW LV GLVJXLVHG WR WKH HQG XVHU EURZVLQJ WKH VLWH

7LS

'R]HQV RI H[DPSOHV RI ;66 YHFWRUV DUH OLVWHG DW WKH *LW+XE


UHSRVLWRU\ KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 7KH $UW RI +DFNLQJ K FNHU DORQJ
ZLWK QXPHURXV RWKHU F\EHUVHFXULW\ UHIHUHQFHV

5HIOHFWHG ;66 DWWDFNV QRQSHUVLVWHQW ;66 RFFXU ZKHQ PDOLFLRXV FRGH RU


VFULSWV DUH LQMHFWHG E\ D YXOQHUDEOH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ XVLQJ DQ\ PHWKRG WKDW
\LHOGV D UHVSRQVH DV SDUW RI D YDOLG +773 UHTXHVW $Q H[DPSOH RI D UHIOHFWHG
;66 DWWDFN LV D XVHU EHLQJ SHUVXDGHG WR IROORZ D PDOLFLRXV OLQN WR D YXOQHUDEOH
VHUYHU WKDW LQMHFWV UHIOHFWV WKH PDOLFLRXV FRGH EDFN WR WKH XVHU V EURZVHU 7KLV
FDXVHV WKH EURZVHU WR H[HFXWH WKH FRGH RU VFULSW ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH YXOQHUDEOH
VHUYHU LV XVXDOO\ D NQRZQ RU WUXVWHG VLWH

([DPSOHV RI PHWKRGV RI GHOLYHU\ IRU ;66 H[SORLWV DUH SKLVKLQJ HPDLOV


PHVVDJLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG VHDUFK HQJLQHV

6WRUHG RU SHUVLVWHQW ;66 DWWDFNV RFFXU ZKHQ WKH PDOLFLRXV FRGH RU VFULSW LV
SHUPDQHQWO\ VWRUHG RQ D YXOQHUDEOH RU PDOLFLRXV VHUYHU XVLQJ D GDWDEDVH 7KHVH
DWWDFNV DUH W\SLFDOO\ FDUULHG RXW RQ ZHEVLWHV KRVWLQJ EORJ SRVWV FRPPHQW
IRUPV ZHE IRUXPV DQG RWKHU SHUPDQHQW VWRUDJH PHWKRGV $Q H[DPSOH RI D
VWRUHG ;66 DWWDFN LV D XVHU UHTXHVWLQJ WKH VWRUHG LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH
YXOQHUDEOH RU PDOLFLRXV VHUYHU ZKLFK FDXVHV WKH LQMHFWLRQ RI WKH UHTXHVWHG
PDOLFLRXV VFULSW LQWR WKH YLFWLP V EURZVHU ,Q WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN WKH YXOQHUDEOH
VHUYHU LV XVXDOO\ D NQRZQ RU WUXVWHG VLWH

7KH 'RFXPHQW 2EMHFW 0RGHO '20 LV D FURVV SODWIRUP DQG ODQJXDJH


LQGHSHQGHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDPPLQJ LQWHUIDFH $3, WKDW WUHDWV DQ +70/
;+70/ RU ;0/ GRFXPHQW DV D WUHH VWUXFWXUH '20 EDVHG DWWDFNV DUH
W\SLFDOO\ UHIOHFWHG ;66 DWWDFNV WKDW DUH WULJJHUHG E\ VHQGLQJ D OLQN ZLWK LQSXWV
WKDW DUH UHIOHFWHG WR WKH ZHE EURZVHU ,Q '20 EDVHG ;66 DWWDFNV WKH SD\ORDG
LV QHYHU VHQW WR WKH VHUYHU ,QVWHDG WKH SD\ORDG LV RQO\ SURFHVVHG E\ WKH ZHE
FOLHQW EURZVHU

,Q D '20 EDVHG ;66 DWWDFN WKH DWWDFNHU VHQGV D PDOLFLRXV 85/ WR WKH YLFWLP
DQG DIWHU WKH YLFWLP FOLFNV RQ WKH OLQN LW PD\ ORDG D PDOLFLRXV ZHEVLWH RU D VLWH
WKDW KDV D YXOQHUDEOH '20 URXWH KDQGOHU $IWHU WKH YXOQHUDEOH VLWH LV UHQGHUHG
E\ WKH EURZVHU WKH SD\ORDG H[HFXWHV WKH DWWDFN LQ WKH XVHU V FRQWH[W RQ WKDW
VLWH

2QH RI WKH HIIHFWV RI DQ\ W\SH RI ;66 DWWDFN LV WKDW WKH YLFWLP W\SLFDOO\ GRHV
QRW UHDOL]H WKDW DQ DWWDFN KDV WDNHQ SODFH '20 EDVHG DSSOLFDWLRQV XVH JOREDO
YDULDEOHV WR PDQDJH FOLHQW VLGH LQIRUPDWLRQ 2IWHQ GHYHORSHUV FUHDWH XQVHFXUHG
DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW SXW VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH '20 IRU H[DPSOH WRNHQV
SXEOLF SURILOH 85/V SULYDWH 85/V IRU LQIRUPDWLRQ DFFHVV FURVV GRPDLQ
2$XWK YDOXHV DQG HYHQ XVHU FUHGHQWLDOV DV YDULDEOHV ,W LV D EHVW SUDFWLFH WR
DYRLG VWRULQJ DQ\ VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH '20 ZKHQ EXLOGLQJ ZHE
DSSOLFDWLRQV

6XFFHVVIXO H[SORLWDWLRQ FRXOG UHVXOW LQ LQVWDOODWLRQ RU H[HFXWLRQ RI PDOLFLRXV


FRGH DFFRXQW FRPSURPLVH VHVVLRQ FRRNLH KLMDFNLQJ UHYHODWLRQ RU PRGLILFDWLRQ
RI ORFDO ILOHV RU VLWH UHGLUHFWLRQ

7KH UHVXOWV RI ;66 DWWDFNV DUH WKH VDPH UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH YHFWRU (YHQ WKRXJK
;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH IODZV LQ D ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ WKH DWWDFN W\SLFDOO\ WDUJHWV
WKH HQG XVHU <RX W\SLFDOO\ ILQG ;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ

6HDUFK ILHOGV WKDW HFKR D VHDUFK VWULQJ EDFN WR WKH XVHU


+773 KHDGHUV
,QSXW ILHOGV WKDW HFKR XVHU GDWD
(UURU PHVVDJHV WKDW UHWXUQ XVHU VXSSOLHG WH[W
+LGGHQ ILHOGV WKDW PD\ LQFOXGH XVHU LQSXW GDWD
$SSOLFDWLRQV RU ZHEVLWHV WKDW GLVSOD\ XVHU VXSSOLHG GDWD

([DPSOH GHPRQVWUDWHV DQ ;66 WHVW WKDW FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG IURP D EURZVHU V


DGGUHVV EDU

([DPSOH ;66 7HVW IURP D %URZVHU V $GGUHVV %DU

&OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH LPDJH

MDYDVFULSW DOHUW RPDUB;66BWHVW


MDYDVFULSW DOHUW GRFXPHQW FRRNLH
([DPSOH GHPRQVWUDWHV DQ ;66 WHVW WKDW FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG LQ D XVHU LQSXW
ILHOG LQ D ZHE IRUP

([DPSOH ;66 7HVW IURP D :HE )RUP

&OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH LPDJH

VFULSW!DOHUW ;66 7HVW VFULSW!

&URVV 6LWH 5HTXHVW )RUJHU\

&URVV VLWH UHTXHVW IRUJHU\ &65) RU ;65) DWWDFNV RFFXU ZKHQ XQDXWKRUL]HG
FRPPDQGV DUH WUDQVPLWWHG IURP D XVHU ZKR LV WUXVWHG E\ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ &65)
DWWDFNV DUH GLIIHUHQW IURP ;66 DWWDFNV EHFDXVH WKH\ H[SORLW WKH WUXVW WKDW DQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ KDV LQ D XVHU V EURZVHU &65) YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV
RQH FOLFN DWWDFNV RU VHVVLRQ ULGLQJ

&65) DWWDFNV W\SLFDOO\ DIIHFW DSSOLFDWLRQV RU ZHEVLWHV WKDW UHO\ RQ D XVHU V


LGHQWLW\ $WWDFNHUV FDQ WULFN WKH XVHU V EURZVHU LQWR VHQGLQJ +773 UHTXHVWV WR D
WDUJHW ZHEVLWH $Q H[DPSOH RI D &65) DWWDFN LV D XVHU DXWKHQWLFDWHG E\ WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ E\ D FRRNLH VDYHG LQ WKH EURZVHU XQZLWWLQJO\ VHQGLQJ DQ +773
UHTXHVW WR D VLWH WKDW WUXVWV WKH XVHU VXEVHTXHQWO\ WULJJHULQJ DQ XQZDQWHG
DFWLRQ

&RRNLH 0DQLSXODWLRQ $WWDFNV

&RRNLH PDQLSXODWLRQ DWWDFNV DUH RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV VWRUHG '20 EDVHG DWWDFNV
RU YXOQHUDELOLWLHV &RRNLH PDQLSXODWLRQ LV SRVVLEOH ZKHQ YXOQHUDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQV VWRUH XVHU LQSXW DQG WKHQ HPEHG WKDW LQSXW LQ D UHVSRQVH ZLWKLQ D
SDUW RI WKH '20 7KLV LQSXW LV ODWHU SURFHVVHG LQ DQ XQVDIH PDQQHU E\ D FOLHQW
VLGH VFULSW $Q DWWDFNHU FDQ XVH D -DYD6FULSW VWULQJ RU RWKHU VFULSWV WR WULJJHU
WKH '20 EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLW\ 6XFK VFULSWV FDQ ZULWH FRQWUROODEOH GDWD LQWR WKH
YDOXH RI D FRRNLH

$Q DWWDFNHU FDQ WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI VWRUHG '20 EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR FUHDWH D


85/ WKDW VHWV DQ DUELWUDU\ YDOXH LQ D XVHU V FRRNLH 7KH LPSDFW RI D VWRUHG
'20 EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLW\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH UROH WKDW WKH FRRNLH SOD\V ZLWKLQ WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ

5DFH &RQGLWLRQV

$ UDFH FRQGLWLRQ RFFXUV ZKHQ D V\VWHP RU DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ DWWHPSWV WR SHUIRUP


WZR RU PRUH RSHUDWLRQV DW WKH VDPH WLPH +RZHYHU GXH WR WKH QDWXUH RI VXFK D
V\VWHP RU DSSOLFDWLRQ WKH RSHUDWLRQV PXVW EH GRQH LQ WKH SURSHU VHTXHQFH WR EH
GRQH FRUUHFWO\ :KHQ DQ DWWDFNHU H[SORLWV VXFK D YXOQHUDELOLW\ KH KDV D VPDOO
ZLQGRZ RI WLPH EHWZHHQ ZKHQ D VHFXULW\ FRQWURO WDNHV HIIHFW DQG ZKHQ WKH
DWWDFN LV SHUIRUPHG 7KH DWWDFN FRPSOH[LW\ LQ UDFH FRQGLWLRQV LV YHU\ KLJK ,Q
RWKHU ZRUGV UDFH FRQGLWLRQV DUH YHU\ GLIILFXOW WR H[SORLW
5DFH FRQGLWLRQV DUH DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV WLPH RI FKHFN WR WLPH RI XVH 72&728
DWWDFNV $Q H[DPSOH RI D UDFH FRQGLWLRQ LV D VHFXULW\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP
SXVKLQJ D FRQILJXUDWLRQ WR D VHFXULW\ GHYLFH VXFK DV D ILUHZDOO RU DQ LQWUXVLRQ
SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHP VXFK WKDW WKH SURFHVV UHEXLOGV DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV $&/V
DQG UXOHV IURP WKH V\VWHP $Q DWWDFNHU PLJKW KDYH D YHU\ VPDOO WLPH ZLQGRZ LQ
ZKLFK LW FRXOG E\SDVV WKRVH VHFXULW\ FRQWUROV XQWLO WKH\ WDNH HIIHFW RQ WKH
PDQDJHG GHYLFH

8QSURWHFWHG $3,V

$SSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDPPLQJ LQWHUIDFHV $3,V DUH XVHG HYHU\ZKHUH WRGD\ $ ODUJH


QXPEHU RI PRGHUQ DSSOLFDWLRQV XVH VRPH W\SH RI $3, WR DOORZ RWKHU V\VWHPV WR
LQWHUDFW ZLWK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ PDQ\ $3,V ODFN DGHTXDWH FRQWUROV
DQG DUH GLIILFXOW WR PRQLWRU 7KH EUHDGWK DQG FRPSOH[LW\ RI $3,V DOVR PDNH LW
GLIILFXOW WR DXWRPDWH HIIHFWLYH VHFXULW\ WHVWLQJ 7KHUH DUH D IHZ PHWKRGV RU
WHFKQRORJLHV EHKLQG PRGHUQ $3,V

6LPSOH 2EMHFW $FFHVV 3URWRFRO 62$3 7KLV VWDQGDUGV EDVHG ZHE


VHUYLFHV DFFHVV SURWRFRO ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\ 0LFURVRIW DQG KDV
EHHQ XVHG E\ QXPHURXV OHJDF\ DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU PDQ\ \HDUV 62$3
H[FOXVLYHO\ XVHV ;0/ WR SURYLGH $3, VHUYLFHV ;0/ EDVHG VSHFLILFDWLRQV
DUH JRYHUQHG E\ ;0/ 6FKHPD 'HILQLWLRQ ;6' GRFXPHQWV 62$3 ZDV
RULJLQDOO\ FUHDWHG WR UHSODFH ROGHU VROXWLRQV VXFK DV WKH 'LVWULEXWHG
&RPSRQHQW 2EMHFW 0RGHO '&20 DQG &RPPRQ 2EMHFW 5HTXHVW %URNHU
$UFKLWHFWXUH &25%$ <RX FDQ ILQG WKH ODWHVW 62$3 VSHFLILFDWLRQV DW
ZZZ Z RUJ 75 VRDS
5HSUHVHQWDWLRQDO 6WDWH 7UDQVIHU 5(67 7KLV $3, VWDQGDUG LV HDVLHU WR
XVH WKDQ 62$3 ,W XVHV -621 LQVWHDG RI ;0/ DQG LW XVHV VWDQGDUGV VXFK DV
6ZDJJHU DQG WKH 2SHQ$3, 6SHFLILFDWLRQ ZZZ RSHQDSLV RUJ IRU HDVH RI
GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DQG WR HQFRXUDJH DGRSWLRQ
*UDSK4/ *UDSK4/ LV D TXHU\ ODQJXDJH IRU $3,V WKDW SURYLGHV PDQ\
GHYHORSHU WRROV *UDSK4/ LV QRZ XVHG IRU PDQ\ PRELOH DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG
RQOLQH GDVKERDUGV 0DQ\ GLIIHUHQW ODQJXDJHV VXSSRUW *UDSK4/ <RX FDQ
OHDUQ PRUH DERXW *UDSK4/ DW KWWSV JUDSKTO RUJ FRGH

62$3 DQG 5(67 XVH WKH +773 SURWRFRO KRZHYHU 62$3 OLPLWV LWVHOI WR D
PRUH VWULFW VHW RI $3, PHVVDJLQJ SDWWHUQV WKDQ 5(67

$Q $3, RIWHQ SURYLGHV D URDGPDS WKDW GHVFULEHV WKH XQGHUO\LQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ


RI DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KLV URDGPDS FDQ JLYH SHQHWUDWLRQ WHVWHUV YDOXDEOH FOXHV
DERXW DWWDFN YHFWRUV WKH\ PLJKW RWKHUZLVH RYHUORRN $3, GRFXPHQWDWLRQ FDQ
SURYLGH D JUHDW OHYHO RI GHWDLO WKDW FDQ EH YHU\ YDOXDEOH WR D VHFXULW\
SURIHVVLRQDO DV ZHOO WR DWWDFNHUV $3, GRFXPHQWDWLRQ FDQ LQFOXGH WKH
IROORZLQJ

6ZDJJHU 2SHQ$3, 6ZDJJHU LV D PRGHUQ IUDPHZRUN RI $3,


GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW WKDW LV WKH EDVLV RI WKH 2SHQ$3,
6SHFLILFDWLRQ 2$6 $GGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW 6ZDJJHU FDQ EH REWDLQHG
DW KWWSV VZDJJHU LR 7KH 2$6 VSHFLILFDWLRQ LV DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 2$, 2SHQ$3, 6SHFLILFDWLRQ
:HE 6HUYLFHV 'HVFULSWLRQ /DQJXDJH :6'/ GRFXPHQWV :6'/ LV DQ
;0/ EDVHG ODQJXDJH WKDW LV XVHG WR GRFXPHQW WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI D ZHE
VHUYLFH 7KH :6'/ VSHFLILFDWLRQ FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DW
ZZZ Z RUJ 75 ZVGO SULPHU
:HE $SSOLFDWLRQ 'HVFULSWLRQ /DQJXDJH :$'/ GRFXPHQWV :$'/ LV
DQ ;0/ EDVHG ODQJXDJH IRU GHVFULELQJ ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH :$'/
VSHFLILFDWLRQ FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP ZZZ Z RUJ 6XEPLVVLRQ ZDGO

5HWXUQ WR /LE& $WWDFNV DQG %XIIHU 2YHUIORZV

$ UHWXUQ WR OLEF RU UHW OLEF DWWDFN W\SLFDOO\ VWDUWV ZLWK D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ ,Q
WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN D VXEURXWLQH UHWXUQ DGGUHVV RQ D FDOO VWDFN LV UHSODFHG E\ DQ
DGGUHVV RI D VXEURXWLQH WKDW LV DOUHDG\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH H[HFXWDEOH PHPRU\ RI WKH
SURFHVV 7KLV LV GRQH WR SRWHQWLDOO\ E\SDVV WKH QR H[HFXWH 1; ELW IHDWXUH DQG
DOORZ DWWDFNHUV WR LQMHFW WKHLU RZQ FRGH

2SHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV WKDW VXSSRUW QRQH[HFXWDEOH VWDFN KHOS SURWHFW DJDLQVW FRGH
H[HFXWLRQ DIWHU D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV H[SORLWHG +RZHYHU D
QRQH[HFXWDEOH VWDFN FDQQRW SUHYHQW D UHW OLEF DWWDFN EHFDXVH LQ WKLV DWWDFN RQO\
H[LVWLQJ H[HFXWDEOH FRGH LV XVHG $QRWKHU WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG VWDFN VPDVKLQJ
SURWHFWLRQ FDQ SUHYHQW RU REVWUXFW FRGH H[HFXWLRQ H[SORLWDWLRQ EHFDXVH LW FDQ
GHWHFW WKH FRUUXSWLRQ RI WKH VWDFN DQG FDQ SRWHQWLDOO\ IOXVK RXW WKH
FRPSURPLVHG VHJPHQW

7LS

7KH IROORZLQJ YLGHR SURYLGHV D GHWDLOHG H[SODQDWLRQ RI ZKDW


EXIIHU RYHUIORZ DWWDFNV DUH ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"
Y 6 D%9 :DHR
$ WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG $6&,, DUPRULQJ FDQ EH XVHG WR PLWLJDWH UHW OLEF DWWDFNV
:KHQ \RX LPSOHPHQW $6&,, DUPRULQJ WKH DGGUHVV RI HYHU\ V\VWHP OLEUDU\
VXFK DV OLEF FRQWDLQV D 18// E\WH [ WKDW \RX LQVHUW LQ WKH ILUVW
[ E\WHV RI PHPRU\ 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\ D IHZ SDJHV PRUH WKDQ 0%
DQG LV FDOOHG WKH $6&,, DUPRU UHJLRQ EHFDXVH HYHU\ DGGUHVV XS WR EXW QRW
LQFOXGLQJ WKLV YDOXH FRQWDLQV DW OHDVW RQH 18// E\WH :KHQ WKLV PHWKRGRORJ\
LV LPSOHPHQWHG DQ DWWDFNHU FDQQRW SODFH FRGH FRQWDLQLQJ WKRVH DGGUHVVHV XVLQJ
VWULQJ PDQLSXODWLRQ IXQFWLRQV VXFK DV VWUFS\

2I FRXUVH WKLV WHFKQLTXH GRHVQ W SURWHFW WKH V\VWHP LI WKH DWWDFNHU ILQGV D ZD\
WR RYHUIORZ 18// E\WHV LQWR WKH VWDFN $ EHWWHU DSSURDFK LV WR XVH WKH DGGUHVV
VSDFH OD\RXW UDQGRPL]DWLRQ $6/5 WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK PLWLJDWHV WKH DWWDFN RQ
ELW V\VWHPV :KHQ \RX LPSOHPHQW $6/5 WKH PHPRU\ ORFDWLRQV RI
IXQFWLRQV DUH UDQGRP $6/5 LV QRW YHU\ HIIHFWLYH LQ ELW V\VWHPV WKRXJK
EHFDXVH RQO\ ELWV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU UDQGRPL]DWLRQ DQG DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ GHIHDW
VXFK D V\VWHP E\ XVLQJ EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV

2:$63 7RS

7KH 2SHQ :HE $SSOLFDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3URMHFW 2:$63 LV D QRQSURILW FKDULWDEOH


RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW OHDGV VHYHUDO LQGXVWU\ZLGH LQLWLDWLYHV WR SURPRWH WKH VHFXULW\
RI DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG VRIWZDUH 7KH RUJDQL]DWLRQ OLVWV WKH WRS PRVW FRPPRQ
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DJDLQVW DSSOLFDWLRQ DW WKH IROORZLQJ DGGUHVV

ZZZ RZDVS RUJ LQGH[ SKS &DWHJRU\ 2:$63B7RSB7HQB3URMHFW

7LS

,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW \RX EHFRPH IDPLOLDU DQG DOZD\V NHHS XS


ZLWK WKH 2:$63 7RS OLVW 2:$63 QRW RQO\ GHILQHV HDFK RI
WKH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV EXW DOVR SURYLGHV D OLVW RI WHFKQLTXHV WR
SUHYHQW DQG PLWLJDWH WKRVH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 2:$63 DOVR KDV
ORFDO FKDSWHUV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG WKDW DUH IUHH DQG RSHQ WR DQ\RQH
0DQ\ FKDSWHUV DOVR KDYH PHHWLQJV SUHVHQWDWLRQV DQG WUDLQLQJ
WKDW KHOS WKH FRPPXQLW\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH 2:$63 ORFDO
FKDSWHUV FDQ EH REWDLQHG DW
ZZZ RZDVS RUJ LQGH[ SKS 2:$63B&KDSWHU

6HFXULW\ 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ 2SHQ 6RXUFH 6RIWZDUH

6HFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLW\ SDWFKLQJ IRU FRPPHUFLDO DQG RSHQ VRXUFH VRIWZDUH LV RQH
RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SURFHVVHV RI DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ $Q RUJDQL]DWLRQ PLJKW XVH
WKH IROORZLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG V\VWHPV WR PDLQWDLQ DQ DSSURSULDWH YXOQHUDELOLW\
PDQDJHPHQW SURJUDP

9XOQHUDELOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW VRIWZDUH DQG VFDQQHUV VXFK DV 4XDO\V 1H[SRVH


DQG 1HVVXV
6RIWZDUH FRPSRVLWLRQ DQDO\VLV WRROV VXFK DV %ODFN'XFN )OH[1HW &RGH
,QVLJKW IRUPHUO\ NQRZQ DV 3DODPLGD 6RXUFH&OHDU DQG :KLWH6RXUFH
6HFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLW\ IHHGV VXFK DV 0,75( V &9( OLVW 1,67 V 1DWLRQDO
9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH 19' 9XOQ'% DQG 5HFRUGHG )XWXUH

1HWZRUN 6HFXULW\ 6\VWHPV

7KH &LVFR &\EHU2SV $VVRFLDWH &HUWLILFDWLRQ DVVXPHV WKDW \RX KDYH IDPLOLDULW\
ZLWK URXWHUV VZLWFKHV ILUHZDOOV LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV ,'6V DQG
LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV ,36V +RZHYHU KHUH LV D TXLFN UHIUHVK IRU \RXU
UHIHUHQFH 0DQ\ QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ GHYLFHV KDYH EHHQ LQYHQWHG WKURXJKRXW WKH
\HDUV WR HQIRUFH SROLF\ DQG PDLQWDLQ YLVLELOLW\ RI HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW LV KDSSHQLQJ
LQ WKH QHWZRUN 7KHVH QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ GHYLFHV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

7UDGLWLRQDO ILUHZDOOV
1H[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOOV
3HUVRQDO ILUHZDOOV
,QWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV
7UDGLWLRQDO DQG QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV
$QRPDO\ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV
$GYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ $03
:HE VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFHV
(PDLO VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFHV
,GHQWLW\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV

7UDGLWLRQDO )LUHZDOOV
7\SLFDOO\ ILUHZDOOV DUH GHYLFHV WKDW DUH SODFHG RU GHSOR\HG EHWZHHQ D WUXVWHG
DQG DQ XQWUXVWHG QHWZRUN DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH

)LJXUH 7UDGLWLRQDO )LUHZDOO 'HSOR\PHQW

,Q )LJXUH WKH WUXVWHG QHWZRUN LV ODEHOHG DV WKH LQVLGH QHWZRUN DQG WKH
XQWUXVWHG QHWZRUN LV ODEHOHG DV WKH RXWVLGH QHWZRUN 7KH XQWUXVWHG QHWZRUN
LQ WKLV FDVH LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ,QWHUQHW 7KLV LV WKH W\SLFDO QRPHQFODWXUH \RX OO
RIWHQ VHH LQ &LVFR DQG QRQ &LVFR GRFXPHQWDWLRQ :KHQ ILUHZDOOV DUH FRQQHFWHG
WR WKH ,QWHUQHW WKH\ DUH RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV ,QWHUQHW HGJH ILUHZDOOV $ GHWDLOHG
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KRZ ILUHZDOOV DQG WKHLU UHODWHG WHFKQRORJLHV ZRUN LV
H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW IRU DOO QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV 7KLV NQRZOHGJH QRW
RQO\ KHOSV \RX FRQILJXUH DQG PDQDJH WKH VHFXULW\ RI \RXU QHWZRUNV DFFXUDWHO\
DQG HIIHFWLYHO\ EXW DOVR DOORZV \RX WR JDLQ DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KRZ WR HQIRUFH
SROLFLHV DQG DFKLHYH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ VXLWDEOH IRU \RXU HQYLURQPHQW

6HYHUDO ILUHZDOO VROXWLRQV RIIHU XVHU DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ SROLF\ HQIRUFHPHQW WR


VXSSO\ SURWHFWLRQ IRU GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV 7KHVH VROXWLRQV RIWHQ
SURYLGH ORJJLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV WKDW HQDEOH VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR LGHQWLI\
LQYHVWLJDWH YDOLGDWH DQG PLWLJDWH VXFK WKUHDWV
$GGLWLRQDOO\ VHYHUDO VRIWZDUH DSSOLFDWLRQV FDQ UXQ RQ D V\VWHP WR SURWHFW RQO\
WKDW KRVW 7KHVH W\SHV RI DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH NQRZQ DV SHUVRQDO ILUHZDOOV 7KLV
VHFWLRQ LQFOXGHV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI QHWZRUN ILUHZDOOV DQG WKHLU UHODWHG
WHFKQRORJLHV /DWHU LQ WKLV FKDSWHU \RX ZLOO OHDUQ WKH GHWDLOV DERXW SHUVRQDO
ILUHZDOOV

1HWZRUN EDVHG ILUHZDOOV SURYLGH NH\ IHDWXUHV WKDW DUH XVHG IRU SHULPHWHU
VHFXULW\ VXFK DV 1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ 1$7 DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV DQG
DSSOLFDWLRQ LQVSHFWLRQ 7KH SULPDU\ WDVN RI D QHWZRUN ILUHZDOO LV WR GHQ\ RU
SHUPLW WUDIILF WKDW DWWHPSWV WR HQWHU RU OHDYH WKH QHWZRUN EDVHG RQ H[SOLFLW
SUHFRQILJXUHG SROLFLHV DQG UXOHV )LUHZDOOV DUH RIWHQ GHSOR\HG LQ VHYHUDO RWKHU
SDUWV RI WKH QHWZRUN WR SURYLGH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FRUSRUDWH
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG DOVR LQ GDWD FHQWHUV 7KH SURFHVVHV XVHG WR DOORZ RU EORFN
WUDIILF PD\ LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

6LPSOH SDFNHW ILOWHULQJ WHFKQLTXHV


$SSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV
1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ
6WDWHIXO LQVSHFWLRQ ILUHZDOOV
1H[W JHQHUDWLRQ FRQWH[W DZDUH ILUHZDOOV

3DFNHW )LOWHULQJ 7HFKQLTXHV


7KH SXUSRVH RI SDFNHW ILOWHUV LV VLPSO\ WR FRQWURO DFFHVV WR VSHFLILF QHWZRUN
VHJPHQWV E\ GHILQLQJ ZKLFK WUDIILF FDQ SDVV WKURXJK WKHP 7KH\ XVXDOO\ LQVSHFW
LQFRPLQJ WUDIILF DW WKH WUDQVSRUW OD\HU RI WKH 2SHQ 6\VWHPV ,QWHUFRQQHFWLRQ
26, PRGHO )RU H[DPSOH SDFNHW ILOWHUV FDQ DQDO\]H 7UDQVPLVVLRQ &RQWURO
3URWRFRO 7&3 RU 8VHU 'DWDJUDP 3URWRFRO 8'3 SDFNHWV DQG FRPSDUH WKHP
DJDLQVW D VHW RI SUHGHWHUPLQHG UXOHV FDOOHG DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV 7KH\ LQVSHFW WKH
IROORZLQJ HOHPHQWV ZLWKLQ D SDFNHW

6RXUFH DGGUHVV
'HVWLQDWLRQ DGGUHVV
6RXUFH SRUW
'HVWLQDWLRQ SRUW
3URWRFRO

$&/V DUH W\SLFDOO\ FRQILJXUHG LQ ILUHZDOOV EXW WKH\ DOVR FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG LQ
QHWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV VXFK DV URXWHUV VZLWFKHV ZLUHOHVV /$1
FRQWUROOHUV :/&V DQG RWKHUV

(DFK HQWU\ RI DQ $&/ LV UHIHUUHG WR DV DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO HQWU\ $&( 7KHVH


$&(V FDQ FODVVLI\ SDFNHWV E\ LQVSHFWLQJ /D\HU WKURXJK /D\HU KHDGHUV IRU D
QXPEHU RI SDUDPHWHUV LQFOXGLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ

/D\HU SURWRFRO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV (WKHU7\SHV


/D\HU SURWRFRO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV ,&03 7&3 RU 8'3
/D\HU KHDGHU LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVVHV
/D\HU KHDGHU LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ 7&3 RU 8'3
SRUWV

$IWHU DQ $&/ KDV EHHQ SURSHUO\ FRQILJXUHG \RX FDQ DSSO\ LW WR DQ LQWHUIDFH WR
ILOWHU WUDIILF 7KH ILUHZDOO RU QHWZRUNLQJ GHYLFH FDQ ILOWHU SDFNHWV LQ ERWK WKH
LQERXQG DQG RXWERXQG GLUHFWLRQ RQ DQ LQWHUIDFH :KHQ DQ LQERXQG $&/ LV
DSSOLHG WR DQ LQWHUIDFH WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH DQDO\]HV SDFNHWV DJDLQVW WKH
$&(V DIWHU UHFHLYLQJ WKHP ,I D SDFNHW LV SHUPLWWHG E\ WKH $&/ WKH ILUHZDOO
FRQWLQXHV WR SURFHVV WKH SDFNHW DQG HYHQWXDOO\ SDVVHV WKH SDFNHW RXW WKH HJUHVV
LQWHUIDFH

7KH ELJ GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ D URXWHU $&/ DQG D &LVFR $6$ D VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO
$&/ LV WKDW RQO\ WKH ILUVW SDFNHW RI D IORZ LV VXEMHFWHG E\ DQ $&/ LQ WKH
VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO $IWHU WKDW WKH FRQQHFWLRQ LV EXLOW DQG
VXEVHTXHQW SDFNHWV PDWFKLQJ WKDW FRQQHFWLRQ DUH QRW FKHFNHG E\ WKH $&/ ,I D
SDFNHW LV GHQLHG E\ WKH $&/ WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH GLVFDUGV WKH SDFNHW DQG
JHQHUDWHV D V\VORJ PHVVDJH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW VXFK DQ HYHQW KDV RFFXUUHG

,I DQ RXWERXQG $&/ LV DSSOLHG RQ DQ LQWHUIDFH WKH ILUHZDOO SURFHVVHV WKH


SDFNHWV E\ VHQGLQJ WKHP WKURXJK WKH GLIIHUHQW SURFHVVHV 1$7 4R6 DQG 931
DQG WKHQ DSSOLHV WKH FRQILJXUHG $&(V EHIRUH WUDQVPLWWLQJ WKH SDFNHWV RXW RQ
WKH ZLUH 7KH ILUHZDOO WUDQVPLWV WKH SDFNHWV RQO\ LI WKH\ DUH DOORZHG WR JR RXW
E\ WKH RXWERXQG $&/ RQ WKDW LQWHUIDFH ,I WKH SDFNHWV DUH GHQLHG E\ DQ\ RQH RI
WKH $&(V WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH GLVFDUGV WKH SDFNHWV DQG JHQHUDWHV D V\VORJ
PHVVDJH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW VXFK DQ HYHQW KDV RFFXUUHG

)ROORZLQJ DUH VRPH RI WKH LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI DQ $&/ FRQILJXUHG RQ D


&LVFR $6$ RU RQ D &LVFR ,26 ]RQH EDVHG ILUHZDOO

:KHQ D QHZ $&( LV DGGHG WR DQ H[LVWLQJ $&/ LW LV DSSHQGHG WR WKH HQG RI


WKH $&/
:KHQ D SDFNHW HQWHUV WKH ILUHZDOO WKH $&(V DUH HYDOXDWHG LQ VHTXHQWLDO
RUGHU +HQFH WKH RUGHU RI DQ $&( LV FULWLFDO )RU H[DPSOH LI \RX KDYH DQ
$&( WKDW DOORZV DOO ,3 WUDIILF WR SDVV WKURXJK DQG WKHQ \RX FUHDWH DQRWKHU
$&( WR EORFN DOO ,3 WUDIILF WKH SDFNHWV ZLOO QHYHU EH HYDOXDWHG DJDLQVW WKH
VHFRQG $&( EHFDXVH DOO SDFNHWV ZLOO PDWFK WKH ILUVW $&( HQWU\
7KHUH LV DQ LPSOLFLW GHQ\ DW WKH HQG RI DOO $&/V ,I D SDFNHW LV QRW PDWFKHG
DJDLQVW D FRQILJXUHG $&( LW LV GURSSHG DQG D V\VORJ LV JHQHUDWHG
(DFK LQWHUIDFH LV DVVLJQHG D VHFXULW\ OHYHO 7KH KLJKHU WKH VHFXULW\ OHYHO WKH
PRUH VHFXUH ,Q WUDGLWLRQDO &LVFR $6$ ILUHZDOOV WKH VHFXULW\ OHYHOV JR IURP
OHVV VHFXUH WR PRUH VHFXUH %\ GHIDXOW WKH RXWVLGH LQWHUIDFH LV
DVVLJQHG D VHFXULW\ OHYHO RI DQG WKH LQVLGH LQWHUIDFH LV DVVLJQHG D VHFXULW\
OHYHO RI ,Q WKH &LVFR $6$ E\ GHIDXOW \RX GR QRW QHHG WR GHILQH DQ
$&( WR SHUPLW WUDIILF IURP D KLJK VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH WR D ORZ VHFXULW\
OHYHO LQWHUIDFH +RZHYHU LI \RX ZDQW WR UHVWULFW WUDIILF IORZV IURP D KLJK
VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH WR D ORZ VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH \RX FDQ GHILQH DQ
$&/ ,I \RX FRQILJXUH DQ $&/ WR D KLJK VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH WR D ORZ
VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH LW GLVDEOHV WKH LPSOLFLW SHUPLW IURP WKDW LQWHUIDFH
$OO WUDIILF LV QRZ VXEMHFW WR WKH HQWULHV GHILQHG LQ WKDW $&/
$OVR LQ WKH &LVFR $6$ DQ $&/ PXVW H[SOLFLWO\ SHUPLW WUDIILF WUDYHUVLQJ WKH
VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH IURP D ORZHU WR D KLJKHU VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH RI WKH
ILUHZDOO 7KH $&/ PXVW EH DSSOLHG WR WKH ORZHU VHFXULW\ OHYHO LQWHUIDFH
7KH $&/V ([WHQGHG RU ,3Y PXVW EH DSSOLHG WR DQ LQWHUIDFH WR ILOWHU WUDIILF
WKDW LV SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH
<RX FDQ ELQG RQH H[WHQGHG DQG RQH (WKHU7\SH $&/ LQ HDFK GLUHFWLRQ RI DQ
LQWHUIDFH DW WKH VDPH WLPH
<RX FDQ DSSO\ WKH VDPH $&/ WR PXOWLSOH LQWHUIDFHV +RZHYHU WKLV LV QRW
FRQVLGHUHG WR EH D JRRG VHFXULW\ SUDFWLFH EHFDXVH RYHUODSSLQJ DQG UHGXQGDQW
VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV FDQ EH DSSOLHG
<RX FDQ XVH $&/V WR FRQWURO WUDIILF WKURXJK WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH DV ZHOO
DV WR FRQWURO WUDIILF WR WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH 7KH $&/V FRQWUROOLQJ WUDIILF WR
WKH DSSOLDQFH DUH DSSOLHG GLIIHUHQWO\ WKDQ $&/V ILOWHULQJ WUDIILF WKURXJK WKH
ILUHZDOO 7KH $&/V DUH DSSOLHG XVLQJ DFFHVV JURXSV 7KH $&/V FRQWUROOLQJ
WUDIILF WR WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH DUH FDOOHG FRQWUROOHG SODQH $&/V
:KHQ 7&3 RU 8'3 WUDIILF IORZV WKURXJK WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH WKH UHWXUQ
WUDIILF LV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DOORZHG WR SDVV WKURXJK EHFDXVH WKH FRQQHFWLRQV DUH
FRQVLGHUHG HVWDEOLVKHG DQG ELGLUHFWLRQDO
2WKHU SURWRFROV VXFK DV ,&03 DUH FRQVLGHUHG XQLGLUHFWLRQDO FRQQHFWLRQV
WKHUHIRUH \RX QHHG WR DOORZ $&/ HQWULHV LQ ERWK GLUHFWLRQV 7KHUH LV DQ
H[FHSWLRQ IRU WKH ,&03 WUDIILF ZKHQ \RX HQDEOH WKH ,&03 LQVSHFWLRQ
HQJLQH

7KH &LVFR $6$ VXSSRUWV ILYH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI $&/V WR SURYLGH D IOH[LEOH DQG
VFDODEOH VROXWLRQ WR ILOWHU XQDXWKRUL]HG SDFNHWV LQWR WKH QHWZRUN
6WDQGDUG $&/V
([WHQGHG $&/V
,3Y $&/V
(WKHU7\SH $&/V
:HEW\SH $&/V

6WDQGDUG $&/V

6WDQGDUG $&/V DUH XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ SDFNHWV EDVHG RQ WKHLU GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3


DGGUHVVHV 7KHVH $&/V FDQ EH XVHG LQ VFHQDULRV VXFK DV VSOLW WXQQHOLQJ IRU WKH
UHPRWH DFFHVV YLUWXDO SULYDWH QHWZRUN 931 WXQQHOV DQG URXWH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ
ZLWKLQ URXWH PDSV IRU G\QDPLF URXWLQJ GHSOR\PHQWV 263) %*3 DQG VR RQ
7KHVH $&/V KRZHYHU FDQQRW EH DSSOLHG WR DQ LQWHUIDFH IRU ILOWHULQJ WUDIILF $
VWDQGDUG $&/ FDQ EH XVHG RQO\ LI WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH LV UXQQLQJ LQ URXWHG
PRGH ,Q URXWHG PRGH WKH &LVFR $6$ URXWHV SDFNHWV IURP RQH VXEQHW WR
DQRWKHU VXEQHW E\ DFWLQJ DV DQ H[WUD /D\HU KRS LQ WKH QHWZRUN

([WHQGHG $&/V

([WHQGHG $&/V WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ GHSOR\HG $&/V FDQ FODVVLI\ SDFNHWV
EDVHG RQ WKH IROORZLQJ DWWULEXWHV

6RXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVVHV


/D\HU SURWRFROV
6RXUFH DQG RU GHVWLQDWLRQ 7&3 DQG 8'3 SRUWV
'HVWLQDWLRQ ,&03 W\SH IRU ,&03 SDFNHWV

$Q H[WHQGHG $&/ FDQ EH XVHG IRU LQWHUIDFH SDFNHW ILOWHULQJ 4R6 SDFNHW
FODVVLILFDWLRQ SDFNHW LGHQWLILFDWLRQ IRU 1$7 DQG 931 HQFU\SWLRQ DQG D
QXPEHU RI RWKHU IHDWXUHV 7KHVH $&/V FDQ EH VHW XS RQ WKH &LVFR $6$ LQ WKH
URXWHG DQG WKH WUDQVSDUHQW PRGH

(WKHU7\SH $&/V

(WKHU7\SH $&/V FDQ EH XVHG WR ILOWHU ,3 DQG QRQ ,3 EDVHG WUDIILF E\ FKHFNLQJ
WKH (WKHUQHW W\SH FRGH ILHOG LQ WKH /D\HU KHDGHU ,3 EDVHG WUDIILF XVHV DQ
(WKHUQHW W\SH FRGH YDOXH RI [ ZKHUHDV 1RYHOO ,3; XVHV [ RU
[ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH 1HWZDUH YHUVLRQ

$Q (WKHU7\SH $&/ FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG RQO\ LI WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH LV UXQQLQJ


LQ WUDQVSDUHQW PRGH -XVW OLNH DQ\ RWKHU $&/ WKH (WKHU7\SH $&/ KDV DQ
LPSOLFLW GHQ\ DW WKH HQG RI LW +RZHYHU WKLV LPSOLFLW GHQ\ GRHV QRW DIIHFW WKH ,3
WUDIILF SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH $V D UHVXOW \RX FDQ DSSO\ ERWK
(WKHU7\SH DQG H[WHQGHG $&/V WR HDFK GLUHFWLRQ RI DQ LQWHUIDFH ,I \RX
FRQILJXUH DQ H[SOLFLW GHQ\ DW WKH HQG RI DQ (WKHU7\SH $&/ LW EORFNV ,3 WUDIILF
HYHQ LI DQ H[WHQGHG $&/ LV GHILQHG WR SDVV WKRVH SDFNHWV

:HEW\SH $&/V

$ :HEW\SH $&/ DOORZV VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR UHVWULFW WUDIILF


FRPLQJ WKURXJK WKH 66/ 931 WXQQHOV ,Q FDVHV ZKHUH D :HEW\SH $&/ LV
GHILQHG EXW WKHUH LV QR PDWFK IRU D SDFNHW WKH GHIDXOW EHKDYLRU LV WR GURS WKH
SDFNHW EHFDXVH RI WKH LPSOLFLW GHQ\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LI QR $&/ LV GHILQHG
WKH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH DOORZV WUDIILF WR SDVV WKURXJK LW

$Q $&/ ([DPSOH

([DPSOH VKRZV WKH FRPPDQG OLQH LQWHUIDFH &/, FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI DQ


H[WHQGHG $&/ 7KH $&/ LV FDOOHG RXWVLGHBDFFHVVBLQ DQG LW LV FRPSRVHG RI
IRXU $&(V 7KH ILUVW WZR $&(V DOORZ +7736 WUDIILF GHVWLQHG IRU
IURP GHYLFHV LQ WKH RXWVLGH LQWHUIDFH ZKHUHDV WKH ODVW WZR $&(V DOORZ 6073
DFFHVV WR $GGLQJ UHPDUNV WR DQ $&/ LV UHFRPPHQGHG EHFDXVH LW
KHOSV RWKHUV UHFRJQL]H LWV IXQFWLRQ ,Q ([DPSOH WKH V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU
KDV DGGHG WKH $&/ UHPDUN $&/ WR EORFN LQERXQG WUDIILF H[FHSW +7736 DQG
6073

([DPSOH &RQILJXUDWLRQ ([DPSOH RI DQ ([WHQGHG $&/

&OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH LPDJH

$6$ FRQILJXUH WHUPLQDO


$6$ FRQILJ DFFHVV OLVW RXWVLGHBDFFHVVBLQ UHPDUN $
H[FHSW +7736 DQG 6073
$6$ FRQILJ DFFHVV OLVW RXWVLGHBDFFHVVBLQ H[WHQGHG
HT KWWSV
$6$ FRQILJ DFFHVV OLVW RXWVLGHBDFFHVVBLQ H[WHQGHG
HT KWWSV
$6$ FRQILJ DFFHVV OLVW RXWVLGHBDFFHVVBLQ H[WHQGHG
7KH\ FDQ EH GHFHLYHG LQWR SHUPLWWLQJ XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV RI VSRRIHG
SDFNHWV $WWDFNHUV FDQ RUFKHVWUDWH D SDFNHW ZLWK DQ ,3 DGGUHVV WKDW LV
DXWKRUL]HG E\ WKH $&/
1XPHURXV DSSOLFDWLRQV FDQ EXLOG PXOWLSOH FRQQHFWLRQV RQ DUELWUDULO\
QHJRWLDWHG SRUWV 7KLV PDNHV LW GLIILFXOW WR GHWHUPLQH ZKLFK SRUWV DUH
VHOHFWHG DQG XVHG XQWLO DIWHU WKH FRQQHFWLRQ LV FRPSOHWHG ([DPSOHV RI WKHVH
W\SHV RI DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH PXOWLPHGLD DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV VWUHDPLQJ DXGLR
DQG YLGHR DSSOLFDWLRQV 3DFNHW ILOWHUV GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG WKH XQGHUO\LQJ
XSSHU OD\HU SURWRFROV XVHG E\ WKHVH W\SHV RI DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG SURYLGLQJ
VXSSRUW IRU WKHVH W\SHV RI DSSOLFDWLRQV LV GLIILFXOW EHFDXVH WKH $&/V QHHG WR
EH PDQXDOO\ FRQILJXUHG LQ SDFNHW ILOWHULQJ ILUHZDOOV

$SSOLFDWLRQ 3UR[LHV

$SSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV RU SUR[\ VHUYHUV DUH GHYLFHV WKDW RSHUDWH DV LQWHUPHGLDU\


DJHQWV RQ EHKDOI RI FOLHQWV WKDW DUH RQ D SULYDWH RU SURWHFWHG QHWZRUN &OLHQWV RQ
WKH SURWHFWHG QHWZRUN VHQG FRQQHFWLRQ UHTXHVWV WR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ SUR[\ WR
WUDQVIHU GDWD WR WKH XQSURWHFWHG QHWZRUN RU WKH ,QWHUQHW &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ SUR[\ VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DV D ZHE SUR[\ VHQGV WKH UHTXHVW RQ
EHKDOI RI WKH LQWHUQDO FOLHQW 7KH PDMRULW\ RI SUR[\ ILUHZDOOV ZRUN DW WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU RI WKH 26, PRGHO 0RVW SUR[\ ILUHZDOOV FDQ FDFKH LQIRUPDWLRQ
WR DFFHOHUDWH WKHLU WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KLV LV D JUHDW WRRO IRU QHWZRUNV WKDW KDYH
QXPHURXV VHUYHUV WKDW H[SHULHQFH KLJK XVDJH $GGLWLRQDOO\ SUR[\ ILUHZDOOV FDQ
SURWHFW DJDLQVW VRPH ZHEVHUYHU VSHFLILF DWWDFNV KRZHYHU LQ PRVW FDVHV WKH\
GR QRW SURYLGH DQ\ SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ LWVHOI

1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

6HYHUDO /D\HU GHYLFHV FDQ VXSSO\ 1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ 1$7


VHUYLFHV 7KH /D\HU GHYLFH WUDQVODWHV WKH LQWHUQDO KRVW V SULYDWH RU UHDO ,3
DGGUHVVHV WR D SXEOLFO\ URXWDEOH RU PDSSHG DGGUHVV

&LVFR XVHV WKH WHUPLQRORJ\ RI UHDO DQG PDSSHG ,3 DGGUHVVHV ZKHQ


GHVFULELQJ 1$7 7KH UHDO ,3 DGGUHVV LV WKH DGGUHVV WKDW LV FRQILJXUHG RQ WKH
KRVW EHIRUH LW LV WUDQVODWHG 7KH PDSSHG ,3 DGGUHVV LV WKH DGGUHVV WR ZKLFK WKH
UHDO DGGUHVV LV WUDQVODWHG

7LS

6WDWLF 1$7 DOORZV FRQQHFWLRQV WR EH LQLWLDWHG ELGLUHFWLRQDOO\


PHDQLQJ ERWK WR WKH KRVW DQG IURP WKH KRVW

)LJXUH GHPRQVWUDWHV KRZ D KRVW RQ WKH LQVLGH RI D ILUHZDOO ZLWK WKH SULYDWH
DGGUHVV RI LV WUDQVODWHG WR WKH SXEOLF DGGUHVV
)LJXUH 1$7 ([DPSOH

1$7 LV RIWHQ XVHG E\ ILUHZDOOV KRZHYHU RWKHU GHYLFHV VXFK DV URXWHUV DQG
ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV SRLQWV SURYLGH VXSSRUW IRU 1$7 %\ XVLQJ 1$7 WKH ILUHZDOO
KLGHV WKH LQWHUQDO SULYDWH DGGUHVVHV IURP WKH XQSURWHFWHG QHWZRUN DQG H[SRVHV
RQO\ LWV RZQ DGGUHVV RU SXEOLF UDQJH 7KLV HQDEOHV D QHWZRUN SURIHVVLRQDO WR
XVH DQ\ ,3 DGGUHVV VSDFH DV WKH LQWHUQDO QHWZRUN $ EHVW SUDFWLFH LV WR XVH WKH
DGGUHVV VSDFHV WKDW DUH UHVHUYHG IRU SULYDWH XVH VHH 5)& $GGUHVV
$OORFDWLRQ IRU 3ULYDWH ,QWHUQHWV 7DEOH OLVWV WKH SULYDWH DGGUHVV UDQJHV
VSHFLILHG LQ 5)&

7DEOH 5)& 3ULYDWH $GGUHVV 5DQJHV

&ODVV ,3 $GGUHVV 5DQJH 1HWZRUNV 1XPEHU RI


+RVWV

&ODVV WR
$

&ODVV WR
%
&ODVV WR
&

,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR WKLQN DERXW WKH GLIIHUHQW SULYDWH DGGUHVV VSDFHV ZKHQ \RX SODQ
\RXU QHWZRUN IRU H[DPSOH WKH QXPEHU RI KRVWV DQG VXEQHWV WKDW FDQ EH
FRQILJXUHG &DUHIXO SODQQLQJ DQG SUHSDUDWLRQ OHDG WR VXEVWDQWLDO WLPH VDYLQJV
LI FKDQJHV DUH HQFRXQWHUHG GRZQ WKH URDG

7LS

7KH ZKLWH SDSHU WLWOHG $ 6HFXULW\ 2ULHQWHG $SSURDFK WR ,3


$GGUHVVLQJ SURYLGHV QXPHURXV WLSV RQ SODQQLQJ DQG SUHSDULQJ
\RXU QHWZRUN ,3 DGGUHVV VFKHPH <RX FDQ ILQG WKLV ZKLWHSDSHU
KHUH ZZZ FLVFR FRP ZHE DERXW VHFXULW\ LQWHOOLJHQFH VHFXULW\
IRU LS DGGU KWPO

3RUW $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

7\SLFDOO\ ILUHZDOOV SHUIRUP D WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG 3RUW $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ 3$7


7KLV IHDWXUH ZKLFK LV D VXEVHW RI WKH 1$7 IHDWXUH DOORZV PDQ\ GHYLFHV RQ WKH
LQWHUQDO SURWHFWHG QHWZRUN WR VKDUH RQH ,3 DGGUHVV E\ LQVSHFWLQJ WKH /D\HU
LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH SDFNHW 7KLV VKDUHG DGGUHVV LV XVXDOO\ WKH ILUHZDOO V SXEOLF
DGGUHVV KRZHYHU LW FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG WR DQ\ RWKHU DYDLODEOH SXEOLF ,3 DGGUHVV
)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ 3$7 ZRUNV

)LJXUH 3$7 ([DPSOH

$V LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH VHYHUDO KRVWV RQ D WUXVWHG QHWZRUN ODEHOHG LQVLGH


DUH FRQILJXUHG ZLWK DQ DGGUHVV IURP WKH QHWZRUN ZLWK D ELW
VXEQHW PDVN 7KH &LVFR $6$ SHUIRUPV 3$7 IRU WKH LQWHUQDO KRVWV DQG WUDQVODWHV
WKH [ DGGUHVVHV LQWR LWV RZQ DGGUHVV ,Q WKLV
H[DPSOH +RVW $ VHQGV D 7&3 SRUW SDFNHW WR WKH ZHE VHUYHU ORFDWHG LQ WKH
RXWVLGH XQSURWHFWHG QHWZRUN 7KH &LVFR $6$ WUDQVODWHV WKH UHTXHVW IURP WKH
RULJLQDO ,3 DGGUHVV RI +RVW $ WR LWV RZQ DGGUHVV ,W GRHV WKLV E\
UDQGRPO\ VHOHFWLQJ D GLIIHUHQW /D\HU VRXUFH SRUW ZKHQ IRUZDUGLQJ WKH UHTXHVW
WR WKH ZHE VHUYHU 7KH 7&3 VRXUFH SRUW LV PRGLILHG IURP WR LQ WKLV
H[DPSOH

6WDWLF 7UDQVODWLRQ

$ GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGRORJ\ LV XVHG ZKHQ KRVWV LQ WKH XQSURWHFWHG QHWZRUN QHHG WR


LQLWLDWH D QHZ FRQQHFWLRQ WR VSHFLILF KRVWV EHKLQG WKH 1$7 GHYLFH <RX
FRQILJXUH WKH ILUHZDOO WR DOORZ VXFK FRQQHFWLRQV E\ FUHDWLQJ D VWDWLF RQH WR RQH
PDSSLQJ RI WKH SXEOLF PDSSHG ,3 DGGUHVV WR WKH DGGUHVV RI WKH LQWHUQDO UHDO
SURWHFWHG GHYLFH )RU H[DPSOH VWDWLF 1$7 FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG ZKHQ D ZHE
VHUYHU UHVLGHV RQ WKH LQWHUQDO QHWZRUN DQG KDV D SULYDWH ,3 DGGUHVV EXW QHHGV WR
EH FRQWDFWHG E\ KRVWV ORFDWHG LQ WKH XQSURWHFWHG QHWZRUN RU WKH ,QWHUQHW )LJXUH
GHPRQVWUDWHG KRZ VWDWLF WUDQVODWLRQ ZRUNV 7KH KRVW DGGUHVV
LV VWDWLFDOO\ WUDQVODWHG WR DQ DGGUHVV LQ WKH RXWVLGH QHWZRUN LQ
WKLV FDVH 7KLV DOORZV WKH RXWVLGH KRVW WR LQLWLDWH D FRQQHFWLRQ WR WKH ZHE VHUYHU
E\ GLUHFWLQJ WKH WUDIILF WR 7KH GHYLFH SHUIRUPLQJ 1$7 WKHQ
WUDQVODWHV DQG VHQGV WKH UHTXHVW WR WKH ZHE VHUYHU RQ WKH LQVLGH QHWZRUN

)LUHZDOOV OLNH WKH &LVFR $6$ )LUHSRZHU 7KUHDW 'HIHQVH )7' &LVFR ,26
]RQH EDVHG ILUHZDOOV DQG RWKHUV FDQ SHUIRUP DOO WKHVH 1$7 RSHUDWLRQV $GGUHVV
WUDQVODWLRQ LV QRW OLPLWHG WR ILUHZDOOV KRZHYHU 1RZDGD\V DOO VRUWV RI ORZHU
HQG QHWZRUN GHYLFHV VXFK DV VLPSOH VPDOO RIILFH RU KRPH RIILFH 62+2 DQG
ZLUHOHVV URXWHUV FDQ SHUIRUP GLIIHUHQW 1$7 WHFKQLTXHV

6WDWHIXO ,QVSHFWLRQ )LUHZDOOV

6WDWHIXO LQVSHFWLRQ ILUHZDOOV SURYLGH HQKDQFHG EHQHILWV ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR


VLPSOH SDFNHW ILOWHULQJ ILUHZDOOV 7KH\ WUDFN HYHU\ SDFNHW SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKHLU
LQWHUIDFHV E\ HQVXULQJ WKDW WKH\ DUH YDOLG HVWDEOLVKHG FRQQHFWLRQV 7KH\
H[DPLQH QRW RQO\ WKH SDFNHW KHDGHU FRQWHQWV EXW DOVR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU
LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH SD\ORDG 6XEVHTXHQWO\ GLIIHUHQW UXOHV FDQ EH FUHDWHG RQ
WKH ILUHZDOO WR SHUPLW RU GHQ\ WUDIILF EDVHG RQ VSHFLILF SD\ORDG SDWWHUQV $
VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO PRQLWRUV WKH VWDWH RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQ DQG PDLQWDLQV D GDWDEDVH
ZLWK WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ XVXDOO\ FDOOHG WKH VWDWH WDEOH 7KH VWDWH RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQ
GHWDLOV ZKHWKHU VXFK D FRQQHFWLRQ KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG FORVHG UHVHW RU LV
EHLQJ QHJRWLDWHG 7KHVH PHFKDQLVPV RIIHU SURWHFWLRQ IRU GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI
QHWZRUN DWWDFNV

'HPLOLWDUL]HG =RQHV

)LUHZDOOV FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG WR VHSDUDWH PXOWLSOH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWV RU ]RQHV


XVXDOO\ FDOOHG GHPLOLWDUL]HG ]RQHV '0=V 7KHVH ]RQHV SURYLGH VHFXULW\ WR WKH
V\VWHPV WKDW UHVLGH ZLWKLQ WKHP ZLWK GLIIHUHQW VHFXULW\ OHYHOV DQG SROLFLHV
EHWZHHQ WKHP '0=V FDQ KDYH VHYHUDO SXUSRVHV IRU H[DPSOH WKH\ FDQ VHUYH
DV VHJPHQWV RQ ZKLFK D ZHE VHUYHU IDUP UHVLGHV RU DV H[WUDQHW FRQQHFWLRQV WR D
EXVLQHVV SDUWQHU )LJXUH VKRZV D ILUHZDOO ZLWK D '0=

)LJXUH '0= ([DPSOH

'0=V PLQLPL]H WKH H[SRVXUH RI GHYLFHV DQG FOLHQWV RQ \RXU LQWHUQDO QHWZRUN
E\ DOORZLQJ RQO\ UHFRJQL]HG DQG PDQDJHG VHUYLFHV RQ WKRVH KRVWV WR EH
DFFHVVLEOH IURP WKH ,QWHUQHW ,Q )LJXUH WKH '0= KRVWV ZHE VHUYHUV WKDW
DUH DFFHVVLEOH E\ LQWHUQDO DQG ,QWHUQHW KRVWV ,Q ODUJH RUJDQL]DWLRQV \RX FDQ
ILQG PXOWLSOH ILUHZDOOV LQ GLIIHUHQW VHJPHQWV DQG '0=V

)LUHZDOOV 3URYLGH 1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ

)LUHZDOOV FDQ SURYLGH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ ZKLOH HQIRUFLQJ SROLFLHV EHWZHHQ


WKRVH VHJPHQWV ,Q )LJXUH D ILUHZDOO VHJPHQWV DQG HQIRUFHV SROLFLHV
EHWZHHQ WKUHH QHWZRUNV LQ WKH RYHUDOO FRUSRUDWH QHWZRUN 7KH ILUVW QHWZRUN LV
WKH ILQDQFH GHSDUWPHQW WKH VHFRQG LV WKH HQJLQHHULQJ GHSDUWPHQW DQG WKH WKLUG
LV WKH VDOHV GHSDUWPHQW

)LJXUH )LUHZDOO 3URYLGLQJ 1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ

$SSOLFDWLRQ %DVHG 6HJPHQWDWLRQ DQG 0LFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ

$QRWKHU GLOHPPD LV WKH PDFKLQH WR PDFKLQH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW


V\VWHPV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV +RZ GR \RX DOVR VHJPHQW DQG SURWHFW WKDW LQ DQ
HIIHFWLYH PDQQHU"
,Q WRGD\ V YLUWXDOL]HG DQG FRQWDLQHUL]HG HQYLURQPHQWV WUDIILF EHWZHHQ
DSSOLFDWLRQV PD\ QHYHU OHDYH D SK\VLFDO GHYLFH RU VHUYHU DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ
)LJXUH

)LJXUH 9LUWXDO 0DFKLQH 7UDIILF 1HYHU /HDYLQJ WKH 3K\VLFDO 6HUYHU

7KLV LV ZK\ PLFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ LV FXUUHQWO\ VR SRSXODU $ VROXWLRQ RI WKH SDVW


ZDV WR LQFOXGH YLUWXDO ILUHZDOOV EHWZHHQ YLUWXDO PDFKLQHV 90V DV VKRZQ LQ
)LJXUH

)LJXUH 9LUWXDO )LUHZDOOV IRU 6HJPHQWDWLRQ


0DFKLQH WR PDFKLQH RU DSSOLFDWLRQ WR DSSOLFDWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DOVR QHHGV
WR EH VHJPHQWHG ZLWKLQ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ )RU LQVWDQFH GR \RXU $FWLYH 'LUHFWRU\
$' VHUYHUV QHHG WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK 1HWZRUN 7LPH 3URWRFRO 173
VHUYHUV" :KDW LV WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLS DQG GDWD LQWHUDFWLRQ"

0LFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ IHDWXUHV SURYLGHG E\ PRGHUQ VROXWLRQV OLNH &LVFR


$SSOLFDWLRQ &HQWULF ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH $&, RIIHU D QHZ OHYHO RI VHJPHQWDWLRQ
FDSDELOLWLHV &LVFR $&, DOORZV RUJDQL]DWLRQV WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQ HQGSRLQWV
WR ORJLFDO VHFXULW\ ]RQHV FDOOHG HQGSRLQW JURXSV (3*V (3*V DUH XVHG WR
JURXS 90V ZLWKLQ D WHQDQW DQG DSSO\ ILOWHULQJ DQG IRUZDUGLQJ SROLFLHV WR WKHP
7KHVH (3*V DUH EDVHG RQ YDULRXV QHWZRUN EDVHG RU 90 EDVHG DWWULEXWHV

$ PLFUR VHJPHQW LQ $&, LV DOVR RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV ‰6HJ (3*V <RX FDQ JURXS
HQGSRLQWV LQ H[LVWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ (3*V LQWR QHZ PLFUR VHJPHQW ‰6HJ (3*V
DQG FRQILJXUH QHWZRUN RU 90 EDVHG DWWULEXWHV IRU WKRVH ‰6HJ (3*V :LWK WKHVH
‰6HJ (3*V \RX FDQ DSSO\ G\QDPLF SROLFLHV <RX FDQ DOVR DSSO\ SROLFLHV WR DQ\
HQGSRLQWV ZLWKLQ WKH WHQDQW )RU LQVWDQFH OHW V VD\ WKDW \RX ZDQW WR DVVLJQ ZHE
VHUYHUV WR DQ (3* DQG WKHQ DSSO\ VLPLODU SROLFLHV %\ GHIDXOW DOO HQGSRLQWV
ZLWKLQ DQ (3* FDQ FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK HDFK RWKHU <RX DOVR FDQ UHVWULFW DFFHVV LI
WKLV ZHE (3* FRQWDLQV D PL[ RI SURGXFWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW ZHE VHUYHUV 7R
DFFRPSOLVK WKLV \RX FDQ FUHDWH D QHZ (3* DQG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVLJQ HQGSRLQWV
EDVHG RQ WKHLU 90 QDPH DWWULEXWH VXFK DV SURG [[[[ RU GHY [[[

0LFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ LQ &LVFR $&, FDQ EH DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ LQWHJUDWLQJ ZLWK


Y&HQWHU RU 0LFURVRIW 6\VWHP &HQWHU 9LUWXDO 0DFKLQH 0DQDJHU 6&900
&LVFR $&, $3, FRQWUROOHU DQG OHDI VZLWFKHV
$SSO\LQJ DWWULEXWHV WR ‰6HJ (3*V HQDEOHV \RX WR DSSO\ IRUZDUGLQJ DQG VHFXULW\
SROLFLHV ZLWK JUHDWHU JUDQXODULW\ WKDQ \RX FDQ WR (3*V ZLWKRXW DWWULEXWHV
$WWULEXWHV DUH XQLTXH ZLWKLQ WKH WHQDQW

+LJK $YDLODELOLW\

)LUHZDOOV VXFK DV WKH &LVFR $6$ SURYLGH KLJK DYDLODELOLW\ IHDWXUHV VXFK DV WKH
IROORZLQJ

$FWLYH VWDQGE\ IDLORYHU


$FWLYH DFWLYH IDLORYHU
&OXVWHULQJ

$FWLYH 6WDQGE\ )DLORYHU

,Q DQ DFWLYH VWDQGE\ IDLORYHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ WKH SULPDU\ ILUHZDOO ZKHQ


RSHUDWLRQDO LV DOZD\V DFWLYH DQG WKH VHFRQGDU\ LV LQ VWDQGE\ PRGH :KHQ WKH
SULPDU\ ILUHZDOO IDLOV WKH VHFRQGDU\ ILUHZDOO WDNHV RYHU )LJXUH VKRZV D
SDLU RI ILUHZDOOV LQ DQ DFWLYH VWDQGE\ IDLORYHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ
)LJXUH )LUHZDOOV LQ $FWLYH 6WDQGE\ )DLORYHU 0RGH

7KH FRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG VWDWHIXO QHWZRUN LQIRUPDWLRQ LV V\QFKURQL]HG IURP WKH


SULPDU\ ILUHZDOO WR WKH VHFRQGDU\

$FWLYH $FWLYH )DLORYHU

,Q DQ DFWLYH DFWLYH IDLORYHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ ERWK RI WKH ILUHZDOOV DUH DFWLYH ,I RQH
IDLOV WKH RWKHU ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR SDVV WUDIILF LQ WKH QHWZRUN )LJXUH VKRZV D
SDLU RI ILUHZDOOV LQ DQ DFWLYH DFWLYH IDLORYHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ
)LJXUH )LUHZDOOV LQ $FWLYH $FWLYH )DLORYHU 0RGH

&OXVWHULQJ )LUHZDOOV

)LUHZDOOV VXFK DV WKH &LVFR $6$ DQG )LUHSRZHU 7KUHDW 'HIHQVH FDQ DOVR EH
FOXVWHUHG WR SURYLGH QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOO SURWHFWLRQ LQ ODUJH DQG KLJKO\
VFDODEOH HQYLURQPHQWV )LJXUH VKRZV D FOXVWHU RI WKUHH &LVFR $6$V 2QH
RI WKH PDLQ UHDVRQV WR FOXVWHU ILUHZDOOV LV WR LQFUHDVH SDFNHW WKURXJKSXW DQG WR
VFDOH LQ D PRUH HIILFLHQW ZD\
)LJXUH &LVFR $6$V LQ D &OXVWHU

,Q )LJXUH WKH &LVFR $6$V KDYH *LJDELW (WKHUQHW LQWHUIDFHV LQ DQ


(WKHU&KDQQHO FRQILJXUDWLRQ WR VZLWFKHV LQ ERWK LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH QHWZRUNV
$Q (WKHU&KDQQHO LQYROYHV EXQGOLQJ WRJHWKHU WZR RU PRUH LQWHUIDFHV WR VFDOH
DQG DFKLHYH ELJJHU EDQGZLGWK

)LUHZDOOV LQ WKH 'DWD &HQWHU

)LUHZDOOV FDQ DOVR EH GHSOR\HG LQ WKH GDWD FHQWHU 7KH SODFHPHQW RI ILUHZDOOV LQ
WKH GDWD FHQWHU ZLOO GHSHQG RQ PDQ\ IDFWRUV VXFK DV KRZ PXFK ODWHQF\ WKH
ILUHZDOOV ZLOO LQWURGXFH ZKDW W\SH RI WUDIILF \RX ZDQW WR EORFN DQG DOORZ DQG
LQ ZKDW GLUHFWLRQ WKH WUDIILF ZLOO IORZ HLWKHU QRUWK WR VRXWK RU HDVW WR ZHVW
,Q WKH GDWD FHQWHU WUDIILF JRLQJ IURP RQH QHWZRUN VHJPHQW RU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH
GDWD FHQWHU WR DQRWKHU QHWZRUN VHJPHQW RU DSSOLFDWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH GDWD FHQWHU LV
RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV HDVW WR ZHVW RU ZHVW WR HDVW WUDIILF 7KLV LV DOVR NQRZQ DV
ODWHUDO WUDIILF )LJXUH GHPRQVWUDWHV HDVW ZHVW WUDIILF

)LJXUH 'DWD &HQWHU (DVW :HVW 7UDIILF

6LPLODUO\ WUDIILF JRLQJ WR DQG IURP WKH GDWD FHQWHU DQG WKH UHVW RI WKH FRUSRUDWH
QHWZRUN LV RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV QRUWK WR VRXWK RU VRXWK WR QRUWK WUDIILF )LJXUH
GHPRQVWUDWHV QRUWK VRXWK WUDIILF
)LJXUH 'DWD &HQWHU 1RUWK 6RXWK 7UDIILF

$QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI DGYDQFHG VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG PLFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ LQ WKH


GDWD FHQWHU LV WKH VHFXULW\ FDSDELOLWLHV RI WKH &LVFR $&, ZKLFK LV D VRIWZDUH
GHILQHG QHWZRUNLQJ 6'1 VROXWLRQ WKDW KDV D UREXVW SROLF\ PRGHO DFURVV GDWD
FHQWHU QHWZRUNV VHUYHUV VWRUDJH VHFXULW\ DQG VHUYLFHV 7KLV SROLF\ EDVHG
DXWRPDWLRQ KHOSV QHWZRUN DGPLQLVWUDWRUV DFKLHYH PLFUR VHJPHQWDWLRQ WKURXJK
WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI SK\VLFDO DQG YLUWXDO HQYLURQPHQWV XQGHU RQH SROLF\ PRGHO IRU
QHWZRUNV VHUYHUV VWRUDJH VHUYLFHV DQG VHFXULW\ (YHQ LI VHUYHUV DQG
DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH QHWZRUN DGMDFHQW WKDW LV RQ WKH VDPH QHWZRUN VHJPHQW
WKH\ ZLOO QRW FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK HDFK RWKHU XQWLO D SROLF\ LV FRQILJXUHG DQG
SURYLVLRQHG 7KLV LV ZK\ &LVFR $&, LV YHU\ DWWUDFWLYH WR PDQ\ VHFXULW\ PLQGHG
QHWZRUN DGPLQLVWUDWRUV $QRWKHU PDMRU EHQHILW RI &LVFR $&, LV DXWRPDWLRQ
:LWK VXFK DXWRPDWLRQ \RX FDQ UHGXFH DSSOLFDWLRQ GHSOR\PHQW WLPHV IURP
ZHHNV WR PLQXWHV &LVFR $&, SROLFLHV DUH HQIRUFHG DQG GHSOR\HG E\ WKH &LVFR
$SSOLFDWLRQ 3ROLF\ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH &RQWUROOHU $3,&

9LUWXDO )LUHZDOOV

)LUHZDOOV FDQ DOVR EH GHSOR\HG DV 90V $Q H[DPSOH RI D YLUWXDO ILUHZDOO LV WKH


&LVFR )7'Y 7KHVH YLUWXDO ILUHZDOOV DUH RIWHQ GHSOR\HG LQ WKH GDWD FHQWHU WR
SURYLGH VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG QHWZRUN SURWHFWLRQ WR YLUWXDO HQYLURQPHQWV 7KH\ DUH
W\SLFDOO\ XVHG EHFDXVH WUDIILF EHWZHHQ 90V RIWHQ GRHV QRW OHDYH WKH SK\VLFDO
VHUYHU DQG FDQQRW EH LQVSHFWHG RU HQIRUFHG ZLWK SK\VLFDO ILUHZDOOV

7LS

7KH &LVFR $6$ DOVR KDV D IHDWXUHG FDOOHG YLUWXDO FRQWH[WV 7KLV
LV QRW WKH VDPH DV WKH YLUWXDO ILUHZDOOV GHVFULEHG SUHYLRXVO\ ,Q
WKH &LVFR $6$ VHFXULW\ FRQWH[W IHDWXUH RQH SK\VLFDO DSSOLDQFH
FDQ EH YLUWXDOL]HG LQWR VHSDUDWH FRQWH[WV RU YLUWXDO ILUHZDOOV
9LUWXDO ILUHZDOOV VXFK DV WKH &LVFR $6$Y UXQ RQ WRS RI 90ZDUH
RU .90 RQ D SK\VLFDO VHUYHU VXFK DV WKH &LVFR 8&6

)LJXUH VKRZV WZR YLUWXDO ILUHZDOOV SURYLGLQJ QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ


EHWZHHQ VHYHUDO 90V GHSOR\HG LQ D SK\VLFDO VHUYHU
)LJXUH 9LUWXDO )LUHZDOOV ([DPSOH

'HHS 3DFNHW ,QVSHFWLRQ

6HYHUDO DSSOLFDWLRQV UHTXLUH VSHFLDO KDQGOLQJ RI GDWD SDFNHWV ZKHQ WKH\ SDVV
WKURXJK ILUHZDOOV 7KH\ LQFOXGH DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG SURWRFROV WKDW HPEHG ,3
DGGUHVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH GDWD SD\ORDG RI WKH SDFNHW RU RSHQ VHFRQGDU\
FKDQQHOV RQ G\QDPLFDOO\ DVVLJQHG SRUWV 6RSKLVWLFDWHG ILUHZDOOV DQG VHFXULW\
DSSOLDQFHV VXFK DV WKH &LVFR $6$ &LVFR )7' DQG &LVFR ,26 ]RQH EDVHG
ILUHZDOOV RIIHU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQVSHFWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV WR KDQGOH WKH HPEHGGHG
DGGUHVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ WR DOORZ WKH SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG
SURWRFROV WR ZRUN 8VLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LQVSHFWLRQ WKHVH VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFHV FDQ
LGHQWLI\ WKH G\QDPLF SRUW DVVLJQPHQWV DQG DOORZ GDWD H[FKDQJH RQ WKHVH SRUWV
GXULQJ D VSHFLILF FRQQHFWLRQ
:LWK GHHS SDFNHW LQVSHFWLRQ '3, ILUHZDOOV FDQ ORRN DW VSHFLILF /D\HU
SD\ORDGV WR SURWHFW DJDLQVW VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV <RX FDQ DOVR FRQILJXUH WKHVH
GHYLFHV WR GHQ\ VSHFLILF )73 FRPPDQGV +773 FRQWHQW W\SHV DQG RWKHU
DSSOLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV

1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ )LUHZDOOV

7KH SUROLIHUDWLRQ RI PRELOH GHYLFHV DQG WKH QHHG WR FRQQHFW IURP DQ\ SODFH DUH
UDGLFDOO\ FKDQJLQJ WKH HQWHUSULVH VHFXULW\ ODQGVFDSH 6RFLDO QHWZRUNLQJ VLWHV
VXFK DV )DFHERRN DQG 7ZLWWHU ORQJ DJR PRYHG EH\RQG PHUH QRYHOW\ VLWHV IRU
WHHQV DQG JHHNV DQG KDYH EHFRPH YLWDO FKDQQHOV IRU FRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWK
JURXSV DQG SURPRWLQJ EUDQGV

6HFXULW\ FRQFHUQV DQG IHDU RI GDWD ORVV DUH OHDGLQJ UHDVRQV ZK\ VRPH
EXVLQHVVHV GRQ W HPEUDFH VRFLDO PHGLD EXW PDQ\ RWKHUV DUH DGRSWLQJ VRFLDO
PHGLD DV D YLWDO UHVRXUFH ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 6RPH RI WKH ULVNV DVVRFLDWHG
ZLWK VRFLDO PHGLD FDQ EH PLWLJDWHG WKURXJK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WHFKQRORJ\ DQG
XVHU FRQWUROV +RZHYHU WKHUH V QR GRXEW WKDW FULPLQDOV KDYH XVHG VRFLDO PHGLD
QHWZRUNV WR OXUH YLFWLPV LQWR GRZQORDGLQJ PDOZDUH DQG KDQGLQJ RYHU ORJLQ
SDVVZRUGV

%HIRUH WRGD\ V ILUHZDOOV JUDQW QHWZRUN DFFHVV WKH\ QHHG WR EH DZDUH RI QRW
RQO\ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG XVHUV DFFHVVLQJ WKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH EXW DOVR WKH GHYLFH
LQ XVH WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH XVHU DQG WKH WLPH RI GD\ 6XFK FRQWH[W DZDUH
VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHV D UHWKLQNLQJ RI WKH ILUHZDOO DUFKLWHFWXUH &RQWH[W DZDUH
ILUHZDOOV H[WHQG EH\RQG WKH QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOOV RQ WKH PDUNHW WRGD\
7KH\ SURYLGH JUDQXODU FRQWURO RI DSSOLFDWLRQV FRPSUHKHQVLYH XVHU
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG ORFDWLRQ EDVHG FRQWURO 7KH &LVFR )LUHSRZHU 7KUHDW 'HIHQVH
LV DQ H[DPSOH RI D QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOO

7KH &LVFR )LUHSRZHU ILUHZDOOV SURYLGH D FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHW RI IHDWXUHV DQG


QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ VHFXULW\ FDSDELOLWLHV )RU H[DPSOH WKH\ SURYLGH FDSDELOLWLHV
VXFK DV VLPSOH SDFNHW ILOWHULQJ QRUPDOO\ FRQILJXUHG ZLWK DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV
DQG VWDWHIXO LQVSHFWLRQ 7KH &LVFR )7' VRIWZDUH DOVR SURYLGHV VXSSRUW IRU
DSSOLFDWLRQ LQVSHFWLRQ DZDUHQHVV ,W FDQ OLVWHQ LQ RQ FRQYHUVDWLRQV EHWZHHQ
GHYLFHV RQ RQH VLGH DQG GHYLFHV RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH RI WKH ILUHZDOO 7KH EHQHILW RI
OLVWHQLQJ LQ LV VR WKDW WKH ILUHZDOO FDQ SD\ DWWHQWLRQ WR DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU
LQIRUPDWLRQ

7KH &LVFR )7' DOVR VXSSRUWV 1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ WKH FDSDELOLW\ WR
DFW DV D '\QDPLF +RVW &RQILJXUDWLRQ 3URWRFRO '+&3 VHUYHU RU FOLHQW RU
ERWK 7KH &LVFR )7' DOVR FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG DV D WUDGLWLRQDO /D\HU ILUHZDOO
ZKLFK KDV ,3 DGGUHVVHV DVVLJQHG WR HDFK RI LWV URXWDEOH LQWHUIDFHV 7KH RWKHU
RSWLRQ LV WR LPSOHPHQW D ILUHZDOO DV D WUDQVSDUHQW /D\HU ILUHZDOO LQ ZKLFK
WKH DFWXDO SK\VLFDO LQWHUIDFHV UHFHLYH LQGLYLGXDO ,3 DGGUHVVHV EXW D SDLU RI
LQWHUIDFHV RSHUDWHV OLNH D EULGJH 7KH &LVFR $6$ DQG &LVFR )7' ILUHZDOOV DUH
RIWHQ XVHG DV D KHDG HQG RU UHPRWH HQG GHYLFH IRU 931 WXQQHOV IRU ERWK
UHPRWH DFFHVV 931 XVHUV DQG VLWH WR VLWH 931 WXQQHOV 7KH\ VXSSRUW ,3VHF DQG
66/ EDVHG UHPRWH DFFHVV 931V 7KH 66/ 931 FDSDELOLWLHV LQFOXGH VXSSRUW IRU
FOLHQWOHVV 66/ 931 DQG WKH IXOO $Q\&RQQHFW 66/ 931 WXQQHOV

7LS
7KH &LVFR )LUHSRZHU 7KUHDW 'HIHQVH )7' LV XQLILHG VRIWZDUH
WKDW LQFOXGHV &LVFR $6$ IHDWXUHV OHJDF\ )LUH32:(5 6HUYLFHV
DQG QHZ IHDWXUHV &LVFR VSHOOV WKH ZRUG )LUH32:(5 XSSHUFDVH
32:(5 ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH &LVFR $6$ )LUH32:(5
6HUYLFHV PRGXOH 7KH ZRUG )LUHSRZHU ORZHUFDVH SRZHU LV
XVHG ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR DOO RWKHU VRIWZDUH VXFK DV )7'
)LUHSRZHU 0DQDJHPHQW &HQWHU )0& DQG )LUHSRZHU
DSSOLDQFHV &LVFR LV DOZD\V DGGLQJ QHZ PRGHOV WR LWV ILUHZDOO
SRUWIROLR 7R JHW WKH ODWHVW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH &LVFR ILUHZDOO
VROXWLRQV JR WR
ZZZ FLVFR FRP F HQ XV SURGXFWV VHFXULW\ ILUHZDOOV LQGH[ KWPO

,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV

,QWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV ,'6V DUH GHYLFHV WKDW GHWHFW LQ SURPLVFXRXV


PRGH DWWHPSWV IURP DQ DWWDFNHU WR JDLQ XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR D QHWZRUN RU D
KRVW WR FUHDWH SHUIRUPDQFH GHJUDGDWLRQ RU WR VWHDO LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH\ DOVR
GHWHFW ''R6 DWWDFNV ZRUPV DQG YLUXV RXWEUHDNV )LJXUH VKRZV KRZ DQ
,'6 GHYLFH LV FRQILJXUHG WR SURPLVFXRXVO\ GHWHFW VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV
)LJXUH ,'6 ([DPSOH

,Q WKLV ILJXUH D FRPSURPLVHG KRVW VHQGV D PDOLFLRXV SDFNHW WR D VHULHV RI KRVWV


LQ WKH QHWZRUN 7KH ,'6 GHYLFH DQDO\]HV WKH SDFNHW DQG VHQGV DQ
DOHUW WR D PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHP 7KH PDOLFLRXV SDFNHW VWLOO VXFFHVVIXOO\ DUULYHV DW
WKH QHWZRUN

,QWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHP ,36 GHYLFHV RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG DUH FDSDEOH RI QRW
RQO\ GHWHFWLQJ DOO WKHVH VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV EXW DOVR GURSSLQJ PDOLFLRXV SDFNHWV
LQOLQH ,36 GHYLFHV PD\ EH LQLWLDOO\ FRQILJXUHG LQ SURPLVFXRXV PRGH
PRQLWRULQJ PRGH ZKHQ \RX DUH ILUVW GHSOR\LQJ WKHP LQ WKH QHWZRUN 7KLV LV
GRQH WR DQDO\]H WKH LPSDFW WR WKH QHWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH 7KHQ WKH\ DUH
GHSOR\HG LQ LQOLQH PRGH WR EH DEOH WR EORFN DQ\ PDOLFLRXV WUDIILF LQ \RXU
QHWZRUN
)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ DQ ,36 GHYLFH LV SODFHG LQOLQH DQG GURSV WKH
QRQFRPSOLDQW SDFNHW ZKLOH VHQGLQJ DQ DOHUW WR WKH PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHP

)LJXUH ,36 ([DPSOH

$ IHZ GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ,36V H[LVW

7UDGLWLRQDO QHWZRUN EDVHG ,36V 1,36V


1H[W JHQHUDWLRQ ,36 V\VWHPV 1*,36V
+RVW EDVHG ,36V +,36V

([DPSOHV RI OHJDF\ 1,36V DUH WKH &LVFR ,36 VHQVRUV DQG WKH &DWDO\VW
,36 PRGXOH 7KHVH GHYLFHV KDYH EHHQ LQ WKH HQG RI OLIH (R/ VWDJH IRU
TXLWH VRPH WLPH ([DPSOHV RI 1*,36V DUH WKH &LVFR )LUHSRZHU ,36 V\VWHPV
7KH OHJDF\ &LVFR $6$ 6HULHV )LUH32:(5 6HUYLFHV SURYLGH LQWUXVLRQ
SUHYHQWLRQ ILUHZDOO DQG 931 VHUYLFHV LQ D VLQJOH HDV\ WR GHSOR\ SODWIRUP
,QWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ VHUYLFHV HQKDQFH ILUHZDOO SURWHFWLRQ E\ ORRNLQJ PRUH
GHHSO\ LQWR WKH IORZV WR SURYLGH SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW WKUHDWV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV
7KH &LVFR )LUHSRZHU 7KUHDW 'HIHQVH SURYLGHV WKHVH FDSDELOLWLHV LQ D FRPELQHG
VRIWZDUH SDFNDJH

1HWZRUN EDVHG ,'6V DQG ,36V XVH VHYHUDO GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRGRORJLHV VXFK DV WKH
IROORZLQJ

3DWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ DQG VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ


3URWRFRO DQDO\VLV
+HXULVWLF EDVHG DQDO\VLV
$QRPDO\ EDVHG DQDO\VLV
*OREDO WKUHDW FRUUHODWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV

3DWWHUQ 0DWFKLQJ DQG 6WDWHIXO 3DWWHUQ 0DWFKLQJ 5HFRJQLWLRQ

3DWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ LV D PHWKRGRORJ\ LQ ZKLFK WKH LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ GHYLFH


VHDUFKHV IRU D IL[HG VHTXHQFH RI E\WHV ZLWKLQ WKH SDFNHWV WUDYHUVLQJ WKH
QHWZRUN *HQHUDOO\ WKH SDWWHUQ LV DOLJQHG ZLWK D SDFNHW WKDW LV UHODWHG WR D
VSHFLILF VHUYLFH RU LQ SDUWLFXODU DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ SRUW
7KLV DSSURDFK UHGXFHV WKH DPRXQW RI LQVSHFWLRQ PDGH RQ HYHU\ SDFNHW
+RZHYHU LW LV OLPLWHG WR VHUYLFHV DQG SURWRFROV WKDW DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ZHOO
GHILQHG SRUWV 3URWRFROV WKDW GR QRW XVH DQ\ /D\HU SRUW LQIRUPDWLRQ DUH QRW
FDWHJRUL]HG ([DPSOHV RI WKHVH SURWRFROV DUH (QFDSVXODWHG 6HFXULW\ 3D\ORDG
(63 $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ +HDGHU $+ DQG *HQHULF 5RXWLQJ (QFDSVXODWLRQ
*5(

7KLV WDFWLF XVHV WKH FRQFHSW RI VLJQDWXUHV $ VLJQDWXUH LV D VHW RI FRQGLWLRQV WKDW
SRLQWV RXW VRPH W\SH RI LQWUXVLRQ RFFXUUHQFH )RU H[DPSOH LI D VSHFLILF 7&3
SDFNHW KDV D GHVWLQDWLRQ SRUW RI DQG LWV SD\ORDG FRQWDLQV WKH VWULQJ
II II D VLJQDWXUH FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG WR GHWHFW WKDW VWULQJ DQG JHQHUDWH DQ
DOHUW

$OWHUQDWLYHO\ WKH VLJQDWXUH FRXOG LQFOXGH DQ H[SOLFLW VWDUWLQJ SRLQW DQG


HQGSRLQW IRU LQVSHFWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH VSHFLILF SDFNHW

+HUH DUH VRPH RI WKH EHQHILWV RI WKH SODLQ SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ WHFKQLTXH

'LUHFW FRUUHODWLRQ RI DQ H[SORLW


7ULJJHU DOHUWV RQ WKH SDWWHUQ VSHFLILHG
7UDIILF LQVSHFWLRQV DFURVV GLIIHUHQW VHUYLFHV DQG SURWRFROV

2QH RI WKH PDLQ GLVDGYDQWDJHV LV WKDW SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ FDQ OHDG WR D


FRQVLGHUDEO\ KLJK UDWH RI IDOVH SRVLWLYHV ZKLFK DUH DOHUWV WKDW GR QRW UHSUHVHQW D
JHQXLQH PDOLFLRXV DFWLYLW\ ,Q FRQWUDVW DQ\ DOWHUDWLRQV WR WKH DWWDFN FDQ OHDG WR
RYHUORRNHG HYHQWV RI UHDO DWWDFNV ZKLFK DUH QRUPDOO\ UHIHUUHG DV IDOVH
QHJDWLYHV

7R DGGUHVV VRPH RI WKHVH OLPLWDWLRQV D PRUH UHILQHG PHWKRG ZDV FUHDWHG 7KLV
PHWKRGRORJ\ LV FDOOHG VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ 7KLV SURFHVV
GLFWDWHV WKDW V\VWHPV SHUIRUPLQJ WKLV W\SH RI VLJQDWXUH DQDO\VLV PXVW FRQVLGHU
WKH FKURQRORJLFDO RUGHU RI SDFNHWV LQ D 7&3 VWUHDP ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH\ VKRXOG
MXGJH DQG PDLQWDLQ D VWDWHIXO LQVSHFWLRQ RI VXFK SDFNHWV DQG IORZV

+HUH DUH VRPH RI WKH DGYDQWDJHV RI VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ

7KH FDSDELOLW\ WR GLUHFWO\ FRUUHODWH D VSHFLILF H[SORLW ZLWKLQ D JLYHQ SDWWHUQ


6XSSRUW IRU DOO QRQHQFU\SWHG ,3 SURWRFROV

6\VWHPV WKDW SHUIRUP VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ NHHS WUDFN RI WKH DUULYDO RUGHU
RI QRQHQFU\SWHG SDFNHWV DQG KDQGOH PDWFKLQJ SDWWHUQV DFURVV SDFNHW
ERXQGDULHV

+RZHYHU VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ VKDUHV VRPH RI WKH VDPH


UHVWULFWLRQV DV WKH VLPSOH SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ PHWKRGRORJ\ ZKLFK ZDV GLVFXVVHG
SUHYLRXVO\ LQFOXGLQJ DQ XQFHUWDLQ UDWH RI IDOVH SRVLWLYHV DQG WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI
VRPH IDOVH QHJDWLYHV $GGLWLRQDOO\ VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ FRQVXPHV PRUH
UHVRXUFHV LQ WKH ,36 GHYLFH EHFDXVH LW UHTXLUHV PRUH PHPRU\ DQG &38
SURFHVVLQJ

3URWRFRO $QDO\VLV

3URWRFRO DQDO\VLV RU SURWRFRO GHFRGH EDVH VLJQDWXUHV LV RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV DQ


H[WHQVLRQ WR VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ UHFRJQLWLRQ $ QHWZRUN EDVHG LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ
V\VWHP 1,'6 DFFRPSOLVKHV SURWRFRO DQDO\VLV E\ GHFRGLQJ DOO SURWRFRO RU
FOLHQW VHUYHU FRQYHUVDWLRQV 7KH 1,'6 LGHQWLILHV WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH SURWRFRO
DQG DQDO\]HV WKHP ZKLOH ORRNLQJ IRU DQ LQIULQJHPHQW 6RPH LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ
V\VWHPV ORRN DW H[SOLFLW SURWRFRO ILHOGV ZLWKLQ WKH LQVSHFWHG SDFNHWV 2WKHUV
UHTXLUH PRUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH OHQJWK RI D
ILHOG ZLWKLQ WKH SURWRFRO RU WKH QXPEHU RI DUJXPHQWV )RU H[DPSOH LQ 6073
WKH GHYLFH PD\ H[DPLQH VSHFLILF FRPPDQGV DQG ILHOGV VXFK DV +(/2 0$,/
5&37 '$7$ 56(7 1223 DQG 48,7 7KLV WHFKQLTXH GLPLQLVKHV WKH
SRVVLELOLW\ RI HQFRXQWHULQJ IDOVH SRVLWLYHV LI WKH SURWRFRO EHLQJ DQDO\]HG LV
SURSHUO\ GHILQHG DQG HQIRUFHG +RZHYHU WKH V\VWHP FDQ JHQHUDWH QXPHURXV
IDOVH SRVLWLYHV LI WKH SURWRFRO GHILQLWLRQ LV DPELJXRXV RU WROHUDWHV IOH[LELOLW\ LQ
LWV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

+HXULVWLF %DVHG $QDO\VLV

$ GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFK WR QHWZRUN LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ LV WR SHUIRUP KHXULVWLF


EDVHG DQDO\VLV +HXULVWLF VFDQQLQJ XVHV DOJRULWKPLF ORJLF IURP VWDWLVWLFDO
DQDO\VLV RI WKH WUDIILF SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKH QHWZRUN ,WV WDVNV DUH &38 DQG
UHVRXUFH LQWHQVLYH VR LW LV DQ LPSRUWDQW FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZKLOH SODQQLQJ \RXU
GHSOR\PHQW +HXULVWLF EDVHG DOJRULWKPV PD\ UHTXLUH ILQH WXQLQJ WR DGDSW WR
QHWZRUN WUDIILF DQG PLQLPL]H WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI IDOVH SRVLWLYHV )RU H[DPSOH D
V\VWHP VLJQDWXUH FDQ JHQHUDWH DQ DODUP LI D UDQJH RI SRUWV LV VFDQQHG RQ D
SDUWLFXODU KRVW RU QHWZRUN 7KH VLJQDWXUH FDQ DOVR EH RUFKHVWUDWHG WR UHVWULFW
LWVHOI IURP VSHFLILF W\SHV RI SDFNHWV IRU H[DPSOH 7&3 6<1 SDFNHWV
+HXULVWLF EDVHG VLJQDWXUHV FDOO IRU PRUH WXQLQJ DQG PRGLILFDWLRQ WR EHWWHU
UHVSRQG WR WKHLU GLVWLQFWLYH QHWZRUN HQYLURQPHQW

$QRPDO\ %DVHG $QDO\VLV


$ GLIIHUHQW SUDFWLFH NHHSV WUDFN RI QHWZRUN WUDIILF WKDW GLYHUJHV IURP QRUPDO
EHKDYLRUDO SDWWHUQV 7KLV SUDFWLFH LV FDOOHG DQRPDO\ EDVHG DQDO\VLV 7KH
OLPLWDWLRQ LV WKDW ZKDW LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH QRUPDO PXVW EH GHILQHG 6\VWHPV DQG
DSSOLFDWLRQV ZKRVH EHKDYLRU FDQ EH HDVLO\ FRQVLGHUHG DV QRUPDO FRXOG EH
FODVVLILHG DV KHXULVWLF EDVHG V\VWHPV

+RZHYHU VRPHWLPHV LW LV FKDOOHQJLQJ WR FODVVLI\ D VSHFLILF EHKDYLRU DV QRUPDO


RU DEQRUPDO EDVHG RQ GLIIHUHQW IDFWRUV ZKLFK LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

1HJRWLDWHG SURWRFROV DQG SRUWV


6SHFLILF DSSOLFDWLRQ FKDQJHV
&KDQJHV LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH QHWZRUN

$ YDULDWLRQ RI WKLV W\SH RI DQDO\VLV LV SURILOH EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ 7KLV DQDO\VLV


DOORZV V\VWHPV WR RUFKHVWUDWH WKHLU DODUPV RQ DOWHUDWLRQV LQ WKH ZD\ WKDW RWKHU
V\VWHPV RU HQG XVHUV LQWHUUHODWH RQ WKH QHWZRUN

$QRWKHU NLQG RI DQRPDO\ EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ LV SURWRFRO EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ 7KLV


VFKHPH LV UHODWHG WR EXW QRW WR EH FRQIXVHG ZLWK WKH SURWRFRO GHFRGH PHWKRG
7KH SURWRFRO EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH GHSHQGV RQ ZHOO GHILQHG SURWRFROV DV
RSSRVHG WR WKH SURWRFRO GHFRGH PHWKRG ZKLFK FODVVLILHV DV DQ DQRPDO\ DQ\
XQSUHGLFWHG YDOXH RU FRQILJXUDWLRQ ZLWKLQ D ILHOG LQ WKH UHVSHFWLYH SURWRFRO )RU
H[DPSOH D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ FDQ EH GHWHFWHG ZKHQ VSHFLILF VWULQJV DUH LGHQWLILHG
ZLWKLQ WKH SD\ORDG RI WKH LQVSHFWHG ,3 SDFNHWV

7LS
$ EXIIHU RYHUIORZ RFFXUV ZKHQ D SURJUDP DWWHPSWV WR VWRFN
PRUH GDWD LQ D WHPSRUDU\ VWRUDJH DUHD ZLWKLQ PHPRU\ EXIIHU
WKDQ LW ZDV GHVLJQHG WR KROG 7KLV PLJKW FDXVH WKH GDWD WR
LQFRUUHFWO\ RYHUIORZ LQWR DQ DGMDFHQW DUHD RI PHPRU\ $Q
DWWDFNHU FRXOG WKXV FUDIW VSHFLILF GDWD LQVHUWHG LQWR WKH DGMDFHQW
EXIIHU 6XEVHTXHQWO\ ZKHQ WKH FRUUXSWHG GDWD LV UHDG WKH WDUJHW
FRPSXWHU H[HFXWHV QHZ LQVWUXFWLRQV DQG PDOLFLRXV FRPPDQGV

7UDGLWLRQDO ,'6 DQG ,36 SURYLGH H[FHOOHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU DWWDFN GHWHFWLRQ
FDSDELOLWLHV +RZHYHU WKH\ GR KDYH D ZHDNQHVV )RU H[DPSOH WKH\ FDQQRW
GHWHFW ''R6 DWWDFNV ZKHUH WKH DWWDFNHU XVHV YDOLG SDFNHWV ,'6 DQG ,36
GHYLFHV DUH RSWLPL]HG IRU VLJQDWXUH EDVHG DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU DWWDFN GHWHFWLRQ
$QRWKHU ZHDNQHVV LV WKDW WKHVH V\VWHPV XWLOL]H VSHFLILF VLJQDWXUHV WR LGHQWLI\
PDOLFLRXV SDWWHUQV <HW LI D QHZ WKUHDW DSSHDUV RQ WKH QHWZRUN EHIRUH D
VLJQDWXUH LV FUHDWHG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH WUDIILF LW FRXOG OHDG WR IDOVH QHJDWLYHV $Q
DWWDFN IRU ZKLFK WKHUH LV QR VLJQDWXUH LV FDOOHG D ]HUR GD\ DWWDFN

$OWKRXJK VRPH ,36 GHYLFHV GR RIIHU DQRPDO\ EDVHG FDSDELOLWLHV ZKLFK DUH
UHTXLUHG WR GHWHFW VXFK DWWDFNV WKH\ QHHG H[WHQVLYH PDQXDO WXQLQJ DQG KDYH D
PDMRU ULVN RI JHQHUDWLQJ IDOVH SRVLWLYHV

<RX FDQ XVH PRUH HODERUDWH DQRPDO\ EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV WR PLWLJDWH
''R6 DWWDFNV DQG ]HUR GD\ RXWEUHDNV 7\SLFDOO\ DQ DQRPDO\ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHP
PRQLWRUV QHWZRUN WUDIILF DQG DOHUWV RU UHDFWV WR DQ\ VXGGHQ LQFUHDVH LQ WUDIILF
DQG DQ\ RWKHU DQRPDOLHV <RX FDQ DOVR XVH 1HW)ORZ DV DQ DQRPDO\ GHWHFWLRQ
WRRO 1HW)ORZ LV D &LVFR SURSULHWDU\ SURWRFRO WKDW SURYLGHV GHWDLOHG UHSRUWLQJ
DQG PRQLWRULQJ RI ,3 WUDIILF IORZV WKURXJK D QHWZRUN GHYLFH VXFK DV D URXWHU
VZLWFK RU WKH &LVFR $6$

*OREDO 7KUHDW &RUUHODWLRQ &DSDELOLWLHV

&LVFR 1*,36 GHYLFHV LQFOXGH JOREDO FRUUHODWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV WKDW XWLOL]H UHDO
ZRUOG GDWD IURP &LVFR 7DORV &LVFR 7DORV LV D WHDP RI VHFXULW\ UHVHDUFKHUV ZKR
OHYHUDJH ELJ GDWD DQDO\WLFV IRU F\EHUVHFXULW\ DQG SURYLGH WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IRU
PDQ\ &LVFR VHFXULW\ SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV *OREDO FRUUHODWLRQ DOORZV DQ ,36
VHQVRU WR ILOWHU QHWZRUN WUDIILF XVLQJ WKH UHSXWDWLRQ RI D SDFNHW V VRXUFH ,3
DGGUHVV 7KH UHSXWDWLRQ RI DQ ,3 DGGUHVV LV FRPSXWHG E\ &LVFR WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH XVLQJ WKH SDVW DFWLRQV RI WKDW ,3 DGGUHVV ,3 UHSXWDWLRQ KDV EHHQ DQ
HIIHFWLYH PHDQV RI SUHGLFWLQJ WKH WUXVWZRUWKLQHVV RI FXUUHQW DQG IXWXUH
EHKDYLRUV IURP DQ ,3 DGGUHVV

1RWH

<RX FDQ REWDLQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW &LVFR 7DORV DW


KWWSV WDORVLQWHOOLJHQFH FRP

1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ ,QWUXVLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV


$V D UHVXOW RI WKH 6RXUFHILUH DFTXLVLWLRQ &LVFR H[SDQGHG LWV 1*,36 SRUWIROLR
ZLWK KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH ,36 DSSOLDQFHV DQG YLUWXDO DSSOLDQFHV WKDW FDQ EH
GHSOR\HG LQ YLUWXDOL]HG HQYLURQPHQWV %\ GHSOR\LQJ WKHVH YLUWXDO DSSOLDQFHV
VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV FDQ PDLQWDLQ QHWZRUN YLVLELOLW\ WKDW LV RIWHQ ORVW LQ
YLUWXDO HQYLURQPHQWV

)LUHSRZHU 0DQDJHPHQW &HQWHU

&LVFR )LUHSRZHU 0DQDJHPHQW &HQWHU )0& SURYLGHV D FHQWUDOL]HG


PDQDJHPHQW DQG DQDO\VLV SODWIRUP IRU WKH &LVFR 1*,36 DSSOLDQFHV WKH OHJDF\
&LVFR $6$ ZLWK )LUH32:(5 6HUYLFHV DQG &LVFR )7' ,W SURYLGHV VXSSRUW IRU
UROH EDVHG SROLF\ PDQDJHPHQW DQG LQFOXGHV D IXOO\ FXVWRPL]DEOH GDVKERDUG
ZLWK DGYDQFHG UHSRUWV DQG DQDO\WLFV

$GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ

&LVFR SURYLGHV DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV IRU HQGSRLQW DQG


QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ GHYLFHV ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV \RX OHDUQ WKH GHWDLOV DERXW
$03 IRU (QGSRLQWV DQG WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI $03 LQ VHYHUDO &LVFR VHFXULW\
SURGXFWV

$03 IRU (QGSRLQWV


1XPHURXV DQWLYLUXV DQG DQWLPDOZDUH VROXWLRQV RQ WKH PDUNHW DUH GHVLJQHG WR
GHWHFW DQDO\]H DQG SURWHFW DJDLQVW ERWK NQRZQ DQG HPHUJLQJ HQGSRLQW WKUHDWV
%HIRUH GLYLQJ LQWR WKHVH WHFKQRORJLHV \RX VKRXOG XQGHUVWDQG YLUXVHV DQG
PDOLFLRXV VRIWZDUH PDOZDUH

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ W\SHV RI PDOLFLRXV VRIWZDUH

&RPSXWHU YLUXV 7KLV PDOLFLRXV VRIWZDUH LQIHFWV D KRVW ILOH RU V\VWHP DUHD
WR SURGXFH DQ XQGHVLUDEOH RXWFRPH VXFK DV HUDVLQJ GDWD VWHDOLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ RU FRUUXSWLQJ WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH V\VWHP ,Q QXPHURXV FDVHV
WKHVH YLUXVHV PXOWLSO\ DJDLQ WR IRUP QHZ JHQHUDWLRQV RI WKHPVHOYHV
:RUP 7KLV YLUXV UHSOLFDWHV LWVHOI RYHU WKH QHWZRUN LQIHFWLQJ QXPHURXV
YXOQHUDEOH V\VWHPV ,Q PRVW FDVHV D ZRUP H[HFXWHV PDOLFLRXV LQVWUXFWLRQV
RQ D UHPRWH V\VWHP ZLWKRXW XVHU LQWHUDFWLRQ
0DLOHU RU PDVV PDLOHU ZRUP $ W\SH RI ZRUP WKDW VHQGV LWVHOI LQ DQ HPDLO
PHVVDJH ([DPSOHV RI PDVV PDLOHU ZRUPV DUH /RYHOHWWHU $#PP DQG
: 6.$ $#P D N D WKH +DSS\ ZRUP ZKLFK VHQGV D FRS\ RI LWVHOI
HYHU\ WLPH WKH XVHU VHQGV D QHZ PHVVDJH
/RJLF ERPE 7KLV W\SH RI PDOLFLRXV FRGH LV LQMHFWHG LQWR D OHJLWLPDWH
DSSOLFDWLRQ $Q DWWDFNHU FDQ SURJUDP D ORJLF ERPE WR GHOHWH LWVHOI IURP WKH
GLVN DIWHU LW SHUIRUPV WKH PDOLFLRXV WDVNV RQ WKH V\VWHP ([DPSOHV RI WKHVH
PDOLFLRXV WDVNV LQFOXGH GHOHWLQJ RU FRUUXSWLQJ ILOHV RU GDWDEDVHV DQG
H[HFXWLQJ D VSHFLILF LQVWUXFWLRQ DIWHU FHUWDLQ V\VWHP FRQGLWLRQV DUH PHW
7URMDQ KRUVH 7KLV W\SH RI PDOZDUH H[HFXWHV LQVWUXFWLRQV WR GHOHWH ILOHV
VWHDO GDWD RU RWKHUZLVH FRPSURPLVH WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH XQGHUO\LQJ RSHUDWLQJ
V\VWHP 7URMDQ KRUVHV W\SLFDOO\ XVH D IRUP RI VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ WR IRRO
YLFWLPV LQWR LQVWDOOLQJ VXFK VRIWZDUH RQ WKHLU FRPSXWHUV RU PRELOH GHYLFHV
7URMDQV FDQ DOVR DFW DV EDFNGRRUV
%DFNGRRU 7KLV SLHFH RI PDOZDUH RU D FRQILJXUDWLRQ FKDQJH DOORZV DQ
DWWDFNHU WR FRQWURO WKH YLFWLP V V\VWHP UHPRWHO\ )RU H[DPSOH D EDFNGRRU
FDQ RSHQ D QHWZRUN SRUW RQ WKH DIIHFWHG V\VWHP VR WKDW WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ
FRQQHFW WR DQG FRQWURO WKH V\VWHP
([SORLW 7KLV PDOLFLRXV SURJUDP LV GHVLJQHG WR H[SORLW RU WDNH DGYDQWDJH
RI D VLQJOH YXOQHUDELOLW\ RU VHW RI YXOQHUDELOLWLHV
'RZQORDGHU 7KLV SLHFH RI PDOZDUH GRZQORDGV DQG LQVWDOOV RWKHU PDOLFLRXV
FRQWHQW IURP WKH ,QWHUQHW WR SHUIRUP DGGLWLRQDO H[SORLWDWLRQ RQ DQ DIIHFWHG
V\VWHP
6SDPPHU 7KLV PDOZDUH VHQGV VSDP RU XQVROLFLWHG PHVVDJHV VHQW YLD
HPDLO LQVWDQW PHVVDJLQJ QHZVJURXSV RU DQ\ RWKHU NLQG RI FRPSXWHU RU
PRELOH GHYLFH FRPPXQLFDWLRQV 6SDPPHUV VHQG WKHVH XQVROLFLWHG PHVVDJHV
ZLWK WKH SULPDU\ JRDO RI IRROLQJ XVHUV LQWR FOLFNLQJ PDOLFLRXV OLQNV UHSO\LQJ
WR HPDLOV RU RWKHU PHVVDJHV ZLWK VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ RU SHUIRUPLQJ
GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI VFDPV 7KH DWWDFNHU V PDLQ REMHFWLYH LV WR PDNH PRQH\
.H\ ORJJHU 7KLV SLHFH RI PDOZDUH FDSWXUHV WKH XVHU V NH\VWURNHV RQ D
FRPSURPLVHG FRPSXWHU RU PRELOH GHYLFH $ NH\ ORJJHU FROOHFWV VHQVLWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV SDVVZRUGV SHUVRQDO LGHQWLILFDWLRQ QXPEHUV 3,1V
SHUVRQDOO\ LGHQWLILDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ 3,, FUHGLW FDUG QXPEHUV DQG PRUH
5RRWNLW 7KLV VHW RI WRROV LV XVHG E\ DQ DWWDFNHU WR HOHYDWH SULYLOHJH WR REWDLQ
URRW OHYHO DFFHVV WR EH DEOH WR FRPSOHWHO\ WDNH FRQWURO RI WKH DIIHFWHG
V\VWHP
5DQVRPZDUH 7KLV W\SH RI PDOZDUH FRPSURPLVHV D V\VWHP DQG WKHQ
GHPDQGV WKDW WKH YLFWLP SD\ D UDQVRP WR WKH DWWDFNHU IRU WKH PDOLFLRXV
DFWLYLW\ WR FHDVH RU IRU WKH PDOZDUH WR EH UHPRYHG IURP WKH DIIHFWHG V\VWHP
([DPSOHV RI UDQVRPZDUH DUH 1\HWD 1RW3HW\D :DQQD&U\ 6RGLQRNLEL
%DG5DEELW DQG &U\SWR:DOO WKH\ DOO HQFU\SW WKH YLFWLP V GDWD DQG GHPDQG
WKDW WKH XVHU SD\ D UDQVRP IRU WKH GDWD WR EH GHFU\SWHG DQG DFFHVVLEOH DJDLQ

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH MXVW D IHZ H[DPSOHV RI WKH FRPPHUFLDO DQG IUHH DQWLYLUXV
VRIWZDUH RSWLRQV DYDLODEOH WRGD\

$YDVW
$9* $QWLYLUXV IUHH HGLWLRQ
.DVSHUVN\ $QWL 9LUXV
0F$IHH $QWL9LUXV
6RSKRV $QWLYLUXV
1RUWRQ $QWL9LUXV
&ODP$9
,PPXQHW $QWL9LUXV

7KHUH DUH QXPHURXV RWKHU DQWLYLUXV VRIWZDUH FRPSDQLHV DQG SURGXFWV

7LS

&ODP$9 LV DQ RSHQ VRXUFH DQWLYLUXV HQJLQH VSRQVRUHG DQG


PDLQWDLQHG E\ &LVFR DQG QRQ &LVFR HQJLQHHUV <RX FDQ
GRZQORDG &ODP$9 IURP ZZZ FODPDY QHW ,PPXQHW LV D IUHH
FRPPXQLW\ EDVHG DQWLYLUXV VRIWZDUH PDLQWDLQHG E\ &LVFR
6RXUFHILUH <RX FDQ GRZQORDG ,PPXQHW IURP
ZZZ LPPXQHW FRP

3HUVRQDO ILUHZDOOV DQG KRVW EDVHG LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV +,36V DUH
VRIWZDUH DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW \RX FDQ LQVWDOO RQ HQG XVHU PDFKLQHV RU VHUYHUV WR
SURWHFW WKHP IURP H[WHUQDO VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV DQG LQWUXVLRQV 7KH WHUP SHUVRQDO
ILUHZDOO W\SLFDOO\ DSSOLHV WR EDVLF VRIWZDUH WKDW FDQ FRQWURO /D\HU DQG /D\HU
DFFHVV WR FOLHQW PDFKLQHV +,36 SURYLGHV VHYHUDO IHDWXUHV WKDW RIIHU PRUH UREXVW
VHFXULW\ WKDQ D WUDGLWLRQDO SHUVRQDO ILUHZDOO VXFK DV KRVW LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ
DQG SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW VS\ZDUH YLUXVHV ZRUPV 7URMDQV DQG RWKHU W\SHV RI
PDOZDUH

7RGD\ PRUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG VRIWZDUH PDNHV EDVLF SHUVRQDO ILUHZDOOV DQG +,36
REVROHWH )RU H[DPSOH &LVFR $GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ $03 IRU
(QGSRLQWV SURYLGHV JUDQXODU YLVLELOLW\ DQG FRQWURO WR VWRS DGYDQFHG WKUHDWV
PLVVHG E\ RWKHU VHFXULW\ OD\HUV &LVFR $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV WDNHV DGYDQWDJH RI
WHOHPHWU\ IURP ELJ GDWD FRQWLQXRXV DQDO\VLV DQG DGYDQFHG DQDO\WLFV SURYLGHG
E\ &LVFR WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH WR EH DEOH WR GHWHFW DQDO\]H DQG VWRS DGYDQFHG
PDOZDUH DFURVV HQGSRLQWV

&LVFR $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV SURYLGHV DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ IRU PDQ\
RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV LQFOXGLQJ :LQGRZV 0DF 26 ; $QGURLG DQG /LQX[

$WWDFNV DUH JHWWLQJ YHU\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG DQG FDQ HYDGH GHWHFWLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO
V\VWHPV DQG HQGSRLQW SURWHFWLRQ 7RGD\ DWWDFNHUV KDYH WKH UHVRXUFHV
NQRZOHGJH DQG SHUVLVWHQFH WR EHDW SRLQW LQ WLPH GHWHFWLRQ &LVFR $03 IRU
(QGSRLQWV SURYLGHV PLWLJDWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV WKDW JR EH\RQG SRLQW LQ WLPH
GHWHFWLRQ ,W XVHV WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IURP &LVFR WR SHUIRUP UHWURVSHFWLYH
DQDO\VLV DQG SURWHFWLRQ &LVFR $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV DOVR SURYLGHV GHYLFH DQG ILOH
WUDMHFWRU\ FDSDELOLWLHV WR DOORZ D VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU WR DQDO\]H WKH IXOO
VSHFWUXP RI DQ DWWDFN 'HYLFH WUDMHFWRU\ DQG ILOH WUDMHFWRU\ VXSSRUW WKH
IROORZLQJ ILOH W\SHV LQ WKH :LQGRZV DQG PDF26 RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV

06(;(
3')
06&$%
062/(
=,3
(/)
0$&+2
0$&+2B81,%,1
6:)
-$9$

$03 IRU 1HWZRUNV

&LVFR $03 IRU 1HWZRUNV SURYLGHV QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ VHFXULW\ VHUYLFHV WKDW JR
EH\RQG SRLQW LQ WLPH GHWHFWLRQ ,W SURYLGHV FRQWLQXRXV DQDO\VLV DQG WUDFNLQJ RI
ILOHV DQG DOVR UHWURVSHFWLYH VHFXULW\ DOHUWV VR WKDW D VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU FDQ
WDNH DFWLRQ GXULQJ DQG DIWHU DQ DWWDFN 7KH ILOH WUDMHFWRU\ IHDWXUH RI &LVFR $03
IRU 1HWZRUNV WUDFNV ILOH WUDQVPLVVLRQV DFURVV WKH QHWZRUN DQG WKH ILOH FDSWXUH
IHDWXUH HQDEOHV D VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU WR VWRUH DQG UHWULHYH ILOHV IRU IXUWKHU
DQDO\VLV

7KH QHWZRUN SURYLGHV XQSUHFHGHQWHG YLVLELOLW\ LQWR DFWLYLW\ DW D PDFUR


DQDO\WLFDO OHYHO +RZHYHU WR UHPHGLDWH PDOZDUH LQ PRVW FDVHV \RX QHHG WR EH
RQ WKH KRVW 7KLV LV ZK\ $03 KDV WKH IROORZLQJ FRQQHFWRUV $03 IRU
1HWZRUNV $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV DQG $03 IRU &RQWHQW 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFHV

<RX FDQ LQVWDOO $03 IRU 1HWZRUNV RQ DQ\ &LVFR )LUHSRZHU VHFXULW\ DSSOLDQFH
ULJKW DORQJVLGH WKH ILUHZDOO DQG ,36 KRZHYHU WKHUH DUH GHGLFDWHG $03
DSSOLDQFHV DV ZHOO :KHQ LW FRPHV GRZQ WR LW WKRXJK $03 DSSOLDQFHV DQG
)LUHSRZHU DSSOLDQFHV DUH DFWXDOO\ WKH VDPH 7KH\ FDQ DOO UXQ WKH VDPH VHUYLFHV
$UH \RX WKRURXJKO\ FRQIXVHG" 6WDWHG D GLIIHUHQW ZD\ &LVFR $03 IRU 1HWZRUNV
LV WKH $03 VHUYLFH WKDW UXQV RQ WKH DSSOLDQFH H[DPLQLQJ WUDIILF IORZLQJ
WKURXJK D QHWZRUN ,W FDQ EH LQVWDOOHG LQ D VWDQGDORQH IRUP RU DV D VHUYLFH RQ D
)LUHSRZHU ,36 RU HYHQ D &LVFR $6$ ZLWK )LUH32:(5 6HUYLFHV

$03 IRU 1HWZRUNV DQG DOO WKH $03 FRQQHFWRUV DUH GHVLJQHG WR ILQG PDOLFLRXV
ILOHV SURYLGH UHWURVSHFWLYH DQDO\VLV LOOXVWUDWH WUDMHFWRU\ DQG SRLQW RXW KRZ IDU
PDOLFLRXV ILOHV PD\ KDYH VSUHDG

7KH $03 IRU 1HWZRUNV FRQQHFWRU H[DPLQHV UHFRUGV WUDFNV DQG VHQGV ILOHV WR
WKH FORXG ,W FUHDWHV DQ 6+$ KDVK RI WKH ILOH DQG FRPSDUHV LW WR WKH ORFDO
ILOH FDFKH ,I WKH KDVK LV QRW LQ WKH ORFDO FDFKH LW TXHULHV WKH )LUHSRZHU
0DQDJHPHQW &HQWHU 7KH )0& KDV LWV RZQ FDFKH RI DOO WKH KDVKHV LW KDV VHHQ
EHIRUH DQG LI LW KDVQ W SUHYLRXVO\ VHHQ WKLV KDVK WKH )0& TXHULHV WKH FORXG
8QOLNH ZLWK $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV ZKHQ D ILOH LV QHZ LW FDQ EH DQDO\]HG ORFDOO\
DQG GRHVQ W KDYH WR EH VHQW WR WKH FORXG IRU DOO DQDO\VLV $OVR WKH ILOH LV
H[DPLQHG DQG VWRSSHG LQ IOLJKW DV LW LV WUDYHUVLQJ WKH DSSOLDQFH

)LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV WKH PDQ\ $03 IRU 1HWZRUNV FRQQHFWRUV VHQGLQJ WKH ILOH
KDVK WR WKH )0& ZKLFK LQ WXUQ VHQGV LW WR WKH FORXG LI WKH KDVK LV QHZ 7KH
FRQQHFWRUV FRXOG EH UXQQLQJ RQ GHGLFDWHG $03 DSSOLDQFHV DV D VHUYLFH RQ D
&LVFR QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ,36 RQ DQ $6$ ZLWK )LUH32:(5 6HUYLFHV RU RQ WKH
QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOO NQRZQ DV )LUHSRZHU 7KUHDW 'HIHQVH

)LJXUH $03 &RQQHFWRUV &RPPXQLFDWLQJ WR WKH )0& DQG WKH &ORXG


,W V YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW RQO\ WKH 6+$ KDVK LV VHQW XQOHVV \RX
FRQILJXUH WKH SROLF\ WR VHQG ILOHV IRU IXUWKHU DQDO\VLV LQ WKH &LVFR $03 7KUHDW
*ULG

$03 FDQ DOVR SURYLGH UHWURVSHFWLYH DQDO\VLV 7KH $03 IRU 1HWZRUNV
DSSOLDQFH NHHSV GDWD IURP ZKDW RFFXUUHG LQ WKH SDVW :KHQ D ILOH V GLVSRVLWLRQ
LV FKDQJHG $03 SURYLGHV DQ KLVWRULFDO DQDO\VLV RI ZKDW KDSSHQHG WUDFLQJ WKH
LQFLGHQW LQIHFWLRQ :LWK WKH KHOS RI $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV UHWURVSHFWLRQ FDQ
UHDFK RXW WR WKDW KRVW DQG UHPHGLDWH WKH EDG ILOH HYHQ WKRXJK WKDW ILOH ZDV
SHUPLWWHG LQ WKH SDVW

:HE 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

)RU DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ WR EH DEOH WR SURWHFW LWV HQYLURQPHQW DJDLQVW ZHE EDVHG


VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV QHHG WR GHSOR\ WRROV DQG PLWLJDWLRQ
WHFKQRORJLHV WKDW JR IDU EH\RQG WUDGLWLRQDO EORFNLQJ RI NQRZQ EDG ZHEVLWHV
7RGD\ \RX FDQ GRZQORDG PDOZDUH WKURXJK FRPSURPLVHG OHJLWLPDWH ZHEVLWHV
LQFOXGLQJ VRFLDO PHGLD VLWHV DGYHUWLVHPHQWV LQ QHZV DQG FRUSRUDWH VLWHV DQG
JDPLQJ VLWHV &LVFR KDV GHYHORSHG VHYHUDO WRROV DQG PHFKDQLVPV WR KHOS
FXVWRPHUV FRPEDW WKHVH WKUHDWV LQFOXGLQJ &LVFR :HE 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH
:6$ &LVFR 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLDQFH 60$ DQG &LVFR &ORXG :HE
6HFXULW\ &:6 7KHVH VROXWLRQV HQDEOH PDOZDUH GHWHFWLRQ DQG EORFNLQJ
FRQWLQXRXV PRQLWRULQJ DQG UHWURVSHFWLYH DOHUWLQJ
$ &LVFR :6$ XVHV FORXG EDVHG LQWHOOLJHQFH IURP &LVFR WR KHOS SURWHFW DQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ EHIRUH GXULQJ DQG DIWHU DQ DWWDFN 7KLV OLIH F\FOH LV UHIHUUHG WR
DV WKH DWWDFN FRQWLQXXP 7KH FORXG EDVHG LQWHOOLJHQFH LQFOXGHV ZHE 85/
UHSXWDWLRQ DQG ]HUR GD\ WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH IURP WKH 7DORV &LVFR VHFXULW\
LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG UHVHDUFK JURXS 7KLV WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH KHOSV VHFXULW\
SURIHVVLRQDOV VWRS WKUHDWV EHIRUH WKH\ HQWHU WKH FRUSRUDWH QHWZRUN DQG DOVR
HQDEOHV ILOH UHSXWDWLRQ DQG ILOH VDQGER[LQJ WR LGHQWLI\ WKUHDWV GXULQJ DQ DWWDFN
5HWURVSHFWLYH DWWDFN DQDO\VLV DOORZV VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR LQYHVWLJDWH DQG
SURYLGH SURWHFWLRQ DIWHU DQ DWWDFN ZKHQ DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH PLJKW KDYH HYDGHG
RWKHU OD\HUV RI GHIHQVH

$ &LVFR :6$ FDQ EH GHSOR\HG LQ H[SOLFLW SUR[\ PRGH RU DV D WUDQVSDUHQW


SUR[\ XVLQJ WKH :HE &DFKH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 3URWRFRO :&&3 ,Q H[SOLFLW
SUR[LHV FOLHQWV DUH DZDUH RI WKH UHTXHVWV WKDW JR WKURXJK D SUR[\ $OWHUQDWHO\
LQ WUDQVSDUHQW SUR[LHV FOLHQWV DUH QRW DZDUH RI D SUR[\ LQ WKH QHWZRUN WKH
VRXUFH ,3 DGGUHVV LQ D UHTXHVW LV WKDW RI WKH FOLHQW ,Q WUDQVSDUHQW SUR[LHV
FRQILJXUDWLRQ LV QHHGHG RQ WKH FOLHQW :&&3 ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\
&LVFR EXW VHYHUDO RWKHU YHQGRUV KDYH LQWHJUDWHG WKLV SURWRFRO LQWR WKHLU
SURGXFWV WR DOORZ FOXVWHULQJ DQG WUDQVSDUHQW SUR[\ GHSOR\PHQWV RQ QHWZRUNV
XVLQJ &LVFR LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV URXWHUV VZLWFKHV ILUHZDOOV DQG VR RQ

)LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV D &LVFR :6$ GHSOR\HG DV DQ H[SOLFLW SUR[\


)LJXUH :6$ ([SOLFLW 3UR[\ &RQILJXUDWLRQ

7KH IROORZLQJ VWHSV DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH

$Q LQWHUQDO XVHU PDNHV DQ +773 UHTXHVW WR DQ H[WHUQDO ZHEVLWH 7KH FOLHQW


EURZVHU LV FRQILJXUHG WR VHQG WKH UHTXHVW WR WKH &LVFR :6$
7KH &LVFR :6$ FRQQHFWV WR WKH ZHEVLWH RQ EHKDOI RI WKH LQWHUQDO XVHU
7KH ILUHZDOO &LVFR $6$ LV FRQILJXUHG WR DOORZ RQO\ RXWERXQG ZHE WUDIILF
IURP WKH &LVFR :6$ DQG LW IRUZDUGV WKH WUDIILF WR WKH ZHE VHUYHU

)LJXUH VKRZV D &LVFR :6$ GHSOR\HG DV D WUDQVSDUHQW SUR[\

)LJXUH :6$ 7UDQVSDUHQW 3UR[\ &RQILJXUDWLRQ


7KH IROORZLQJ VWHSV DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH

$Q LQWHUQDO XVHU PDNHV DQ +773 UHTXHVW WR DQ H[WHUQDO ZHEVLWH


7KH LQWHUQDO URXWHU 5 UHGLUHFWV WKH ZHE UHTXHVW WR WKH &LVFR :6$ XVLQJ
:&&3
7KH &LVFR :6$ FRQQHFWV WR WKH ZHEVLWH RQ EHKDOI RI WKH LQWHUQDO XVHU
7KH ILUHZDOO &LVFR $6$ LV FRQILJXUHG WR DOORZ RQO\ RXWERXQG ZHE WUDIILF
IURP WKH :6$ 7KH ZHE WUDIILF LV VHQW WR WKH ,QWHUQHW ZHE VHUYHU

)LJXUH GHPRQVWUDWHV KRZ WKH :&&3 UHJLVWUDWLRQ ZRUNV 7KH &LVFR :6$
LV WKH :&&3 FOLHQW DQG WKH &LVFR URXWHU LV WKH :&&3 VHUYHU

)LJXUH :&&3 5HJLVWUDWLRQ

'XULQJ WKH :&&3 UHJLVWUDWLRQ SURFHVV WKH :&&3 FOLHQW VHQGV D UHJLVWUDWLRQ
DQQRXQFHPHQW +HUH , DP HYHU\ VHFRQGV 7KH :&&3 VHUYHU WKH &LVFR
URXWHU LQ WKLV H[DPSOH DFFHSWV WKH UHJLVWUDWLRQ UHTXHVW DQG DFNQRZOHGJHV LW
ZLWK DQ , VHH \RX :&&3 PHVVDJH 7KH :&&3 VHUYHU ZDLWV VHFRQGV
EHIRUH LW GHFODUHV WKH FOLHQW DV LQDFWLYH HQJLQH IDLOHG :&&3 FDQ EH XVHG LQ
ODUJH VFDOH HQYLURQPHQWV )LJXUH VKRZV D FOXVWHU RI &LVFR :6$V ZKHUH
LQWHUQDO /D\HU VZLWFKHV UHGLUHFW ZHE WUDIILF WR WKH FOXVWHU
)LJXUH &LVFR :6$ &OXVWHU

7KH &LVFR :6$ UXQV WKH &LVFR $V\QF26 RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP &LVFR $V\QF26
VXSSRUWV QXPHURXV IHDWXUHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ WKDW KHOS PLWLJDWH ZHE
EDVHG WKUHDWV

5HDO WLPH DQWLPDOZDUH DGDSWLYH VFDQQLQJ 7KH &LVFR :6$ FDQ EH


FRQILJXUHG WR G\QDPLFDOO\ VHOHFW DQ DQWLPDOZDUH VFDQQLQJ HQJLQH EDVHG RQ
85/ UHSXWDWLRQ FRQWHQW W\SH DQG VFDQQHU HIIHFWLYHQHVV $GDSWLYH VFDQQLQJ
LV D IHDWXUH GHVLJQHG WR LQFUHDVH WKH FDWFK UDWH RI PDOZDUH HPEHGGHG LQ
LPDJHV -DYD6FULSW WH[W DQG $GREH )ODVK ILOHV $GDSWLYH VFDQQLQJ LV DQ
DGGLWLRQDO OD\HU RI VHFXULW\ RQ WRS RI &LVFR :6$ ZHE UHSXWDWLRQ ILOWHUV WKDW
LQFOXGH VXSSRUW IRU 6RSKRV :HEURRW DQG 0F$IHH
/D\HU WUDIILF PRQLWRU 7KH &LVFR :6$ LV XVHG WR GHWHFW DQG EORFN
VS\ZDUH ,W G\QDPLFDOO\ DGGV ,3 DGGUHVVHV RI NQRZQ PDOZDUH GRPDLQV WR
GDWDEDVHV RI VLWHV WR EORFN
7KLUG SDUW\ '/3 LQWHJUDWLRQ 7KH &LVFR :6$ UHGLUHFWV DOO RXWERXQG
WUDIILF WR D WKLUG SDUW\ '/3 DSSOLDQFH DOORZLQJ GHHS FRQWHQW LQVSHFWLRQ IRU
UHJXODWRU\ FRPSOLDQFH DQG GDWD H[ILOWUDWLRQ SURWHFWLRQ ,W HQDEOHV DQ
DGPLQLVWUDWRU WR LQVSHFW ZHE FRQWHQW E\ WLWOH PHWDGDWD DQG VL]H DQG WR HYHQ
SUHYHQW XVHUV IURP VWRULQJ ILOHV WR FORXG VHUYLFHV VXFK DV 'URSER[ DQG
*RRJOH 'ULYH
)LOH UHSXWDWLRQ 8VLQJ WKUHDW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP &LVFR 7DORV WKLV ILOH
UHSXWDWLRQ WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH LV XSGDWHG HYHU\ WR PLQXWHV
)LOH VDQGER[LQJ ,I PDOZDUH LV GHWHFWHG WKH &LVFR $03 FDSDELOLWLHV FDQ SXW
ILOHV LQ D VDQGER[ WR LQVSHFW WKH PDOZDUH V EHKDYLRU DQG FRPELQH WKH
LQVSHFWLRQ ZLWK PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DQDO\VLV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH WKUHDW OHYHO
&LVFR &RJQLWLYH 7KUHDW $QDO\WLFV &7$ XVHV PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKPV
WR DGDSW RYHU WLPH
)LOH UHWURVSHFWLRQ $IWHU D PDOLFLRXV DWWHPSW RU PDOZDUH LV GHWHFWHG WKH
&LVFR :6$ FRQWLQXHV WR FURVV H[DPLQH ILOHV RYHU DQ H[WHQGHG SHULRG RI
WLPH
$SSOLFDWLRQ YLVLELOLW\ DQG FRQWURO 7KH &LVFR $6$ FDQ LQVSHFW DQG HYHQ
EORFN DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW DUH QRW DOORZHG E\ WKH FRUSRUDWH VHFXULW\ SROLW\ )RU
H[DPSOH DQ DGPLQLVWUDWRU FDQ DOORZ XVHUV WR XVH VRFLDO PHGLD VLWHV VXFK DV
)DFHERRN EXW EORFN PLFUR DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV )DFHERRN JDPHV
(PDLO 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH

8VHUV DUH QR ORQJHU DFFHVVLQJ HPDLO RQO\ IURP WKH FRUSRUDWH QHWZRUN RU IURP D
VLQJOH GHYLFH &LVFR SURYLGHV FORXG EDVHG K\EULG DQG RQ SUHPLVHV VROXWLRQV
EDVHG RQ WKH (PDLO 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH (6$ WKDW FDQ KHOS SURWHFW DQ\
G\QDPLF HQYLURQPHQW 7KLV VHFWLRQ LQWURGXFHV WKHVH VROXWLRQV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV
DQG H[SODLQV KRZ XVHUV FDQ XVH WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH WR GHWHFW DQDO\]H DQG
SURWHFW DJDLQVW ERWK NQRZQ DQG HPHUJLQJ WKUHDWV

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ HPDLO EDVHG WKUHDWV

6SDP 7KHVH XQVROLFLWHG HPDLO PHVVDJHV DGYHUWLVH D VHUYLFH D VFDP


W\SLFDOO\ RU D PHVVDJH ZLWK PDOLFLRXV LQWHQW (PDLO VSDP FRQWLQXHV WR EH
D PDMRU WKUHDW EHFDXVH LW FDQ EH XVHG WR VSUHDG PDOZDUH
0DOZDUH DWWDFKPHQWV 7KHVH WKUHDWV DUH HPDLO PHVVDJHV FRQWDLQLQJ
PDOLFLRXV VRIWZDUH PDOZDUH
3KLVKLQJ 7KLV WKUHDW LV DQ DWWDFNHU V DWWHPSW WR IRRO D XVHU LQWR WKLQNLQJ WKDW
WKH HPDLO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FRPHV IURP D OHJLWLPDWH HQWLW\ RU VLWH VXFK DV D
EDQN VRFLDO PHGLD ZHEVLWH RQOLQH SD\PHQW SURFHVVRU RU HYHQ WKH FRUSRUDWH
,7 GHSDUWPHQW 7KH JRDO RI D SKLVKLQJ HPDLO LV WR VWHDO D XVHU V VHQVLWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV XVHU FUHGHQWLDOV EDQN DFFRXQW LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VR RQ
6SHDU SKLVKLQJ 7KLV WKUHDW LQYROYHV SKLVKLQJ DWWHPSWV WKDW DUH PRUH
WDUJHWHG 6SHDU SKLVKLQJ HPDLOV DUH GLUHFWHG WR VSHFLILF LQGLYLGXDOV RU
RUJDQL]DWLRQV )RU LQVWDQFH DQ DWWDFNHU PLJKW SHUIRUP D SDVVLYH
UHFRQQDLVVDQFH RQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO RU RUJDQL]DWLRQ E\ JDWKHULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ
IURP VRFLDO PHGLD VLWHV IRU H[DPSOH 7ZLWWHU /LQNHG,Q DQG )DFHERRN DQG
RWKHU RQOLQH UHVRXUFHV 7KHQ WKH DWWDFNHU PLJKW WDLORU D PRUH GLUHFWHG DQG
UHOHYDQW PHVVDJH WR WKH YLFWLP WR LQFUHDVH WKH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WKH XVHU ZLOO
EH IRROHG LQWR IROORZLQJ D PDOLFLRXV OLQN FOLFNLQJ DQ DWWDFKPHQW FRQWDLQLQJ
PDOZDUH RU VLPSO\ UHSO\LQJ WR WKH HPDLO DQG SURYLGLQJ VHQVLWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ $QRWKHU SKLVKLQJ EDVHG DWWDFN FDOOHG ZKDOLQJ VSHFLILFDOO\
WDUJHWV H[HFXWLYHV DQG KLJK SURILOH XVHUV

7KH &LVFR (6$ UXQV WKH &LVFR $V\QF26 RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP &LVFR $V\QF26
VXSSRUWV QXPHURXV IHDWXUHV WKDW KHOS PLWLJDWH HPDLO EDVHG WKUHDWV 7KH
IROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI WKH IHDWXUHV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH &LVFR (6$

$FFHVV FRQWURO 7KLV IHDWXUH FRQWUROV DFFHVV IRU LQERXQG VHQGHUV DFFRUGLQJ
WR D VHQGHU V ,3 DGGUHVV ,3 DGGUHVV UDQJH RU GRPDLQ QDPH
$QWLVSDP 0XOWLOD\HU ILOWHUV DUH EDVHG RQ &LVFR 6HQGHU%DVH UHSXWDWLRQ DQG
&LVFR DQWLVSDP LQWHJUDWLRQ 7KH DQWLVSDP UHSXWDWLRQ DQG ]HUR GD\ WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH DUH IXHOHG E\ WKH &LVFR VHFXULW\ LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG UHVHDUFK JURXS
QDPHG 7DORV
1HWZRUN DQWLYLUXV 1HWZRUN DQWLYLUXV FDSDELOLWLHV DUH SURYLGHG DW WKH
JDWHZD\ &LVFR SDUWQHUHG ZLWK 6RSKRV DQG 0F$IHH VXSSRUWLQJ WKHLU
DQWLYLUXV VFDQQLQJ HQJLQHV
$GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ $03 7KLV WRRO DOORZV VHFXULW\
DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR GHWHFW DQG EORFN PDOZDUH DQG SHUIRUP FRQWLQXRXV DQDO\VLV
DQG UHWURVSHFWLYH DOHUWLQJ
'DWD ORVV SUHYHQWLRQ '/3 7KLV IHDWXUH HQDEOHV DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR GHWHFW
DQ\ VHQVLWLYH HPDLOV DQG GRFXPHQWV OHDYLQJ WKH FRUSRUDWLRQ 7KH &LVFR (6$
LQWHJUDWHV 56$ HPDLO '/3 IRU RXWERXQG WUDIILF
(PDLO HQFU\SWLRQ 7KLV IHDWXUH HQDEOHV DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR HQFU\SW RXWJRLQJ
PDLO WR DGGUHVV UHJXODWRU\ UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH DGPLQLVWUDWRUV FDQ FRQILJXUH
DQ HQFU\SWLRQ SROLF\ RQ WKH &LVFR (6$ DQG XVH D ORFDO NH\ VHUYHU RU KRVWHG
NH\ VHUYLFH WR HQFU\SW WKH PHVVDJH
(PDLO DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ $ IHZ HPDLO DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV LQFOXGH
6HQGHU 3ROLF\ )UDPHZRUN 63) 6HQGHU ,' )UDPHZRUN 6,') DQG
'RPDLQ.H\V ,GHQWLILHG 0DLO '.,0 YHULILFDWLRQ RI LQFRPLQJ PDLO DV ZHOO
DV 'RPDLQ.H\V DQG '.,0 VLJQLQJ RI RXWJRLQJ PDLO
2XWEUHDN ILOWHUV 7KHVH ILOWHUV SURYLGH SUHYHQWLYH SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW QHZ
VHFXULW\ RXWEUHDNV DQG HPDLO EDVHG VFDPV XVLQJ &LVFR 7DORV WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH LQIRUPDWLRQ

7KH &LVFR (6$ DFWV DV WKH HPDLO JDWHZD\ IRU DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ KDQGOLQJ DOO
HPDLO FRQQHFWLRQV DFFHSWLQJ PHVVDJHV DQG UHOD\LQJ PHVVDJHV WR WKH
DSSURSULDWH V\VWHPV 7KH &LVFR (6$ FDQ VHUYLFH HPDLO FRQQHFWLRQV IURP WKH
,QWHUQHW WR XVHUV LQVLGH D QHWZRUN DQG IURP V\VWHPV LQVLGH WKH QHWZRUN WR WKH
,QWHUQHW (PDLO FRQQHFWLRQV XVH 6LPSOH 0DLO 7UDQVIHU 3URWRFRO 6073 7KH
(6$ VHUYLFHV DOO 6073 FRQQHFWLRQV E\ GHIDXOW DFWLQJ DV WKH 6073 JDWHZD\

7LS

0DLO JDWHZD\V DUH DOVR NQRZQ DV PDLO H[FKDQJHUV 0;


7KH &LVFR (6$ XVHV OLVWHQHUV WR KDQGOH LQFRPLQJ 6073 FRQQHFWLRQ UHTXHVWV
$ OLVWHQHU GHILQHV DQ HPDLO SURFHVVLQJ VHUYLFH WKDW LV FRQILJXUHG RQ DQ LQWHUIDFH
LQ WKH &LVFR (6$ /LVWHQHUV DSSO\ WR HPDLO HQWHULQJ WKH DSSOLDQFH IURP HLWKHU
WKH ,QWHUQHW RU LQWHUQDO V\VWHPV

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVWHQHUV FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG

3XEOLF OLVWHQHUV IRU HPDLO FRPLQJ LQ IURP WKH ,QWHUQHW


3ULYDWH OLVWHQHUV IRU HPDLO FRPLQJ IURP KRVWV LQ WKH FRUSRUDWH LQVLGH
QHWZRUN 7KHVH HPDLOV DUH W\SLFDOO\ IURP LQWHUQDO JURXSZDUH ([FKDQJH
323 RU ,0$3 HPDLO VHUYHUV

&LVFR (6$ OLVWHQHUV DUH RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV 6073 GDHPRQV DQG WKH\ UXQ RQ
VSHFLILF &LVFR (6$ LQWHUIDFHV :KHQ D OLVWHQHU LV FRQILJXUHG WKH IROORZLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ PXVW EH SURYLGHG

/LVWHQHU SURSHUWLHV VXFK DV D VSHFLILF LQWHUIDFH LQ WKH &LVFR (6$ DQG WKH
7&3 SRUW WKDW ZLOO EH XVHG 7KH OLVWHQHU SURSHUWLHV PXVW DOVR LQGLFDWH
ZKHWKHU WKH OLVWHQHU LV SXEOLF RU SULYDWH
7KH KRVWV WKDW DUH DOORZHG WR FRQQHFW WR WKH OLVWHQHU XVLQJ D FRPELQDWLRQ RI
DFFHVV FRQWURO UXOHV $Q DGPLQLVWUDWRU FDQ VSHFLI\ ZKLFK UHPRWH KRVWV FDQ
FRQQHFW WR WKH OLVWHQHU
7KH ORFDO GRPDLQV IRU ZKLFK SXEOLF OLVWHQHUV DFFHSW PHVVDJHV

&LVFR 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLDQFH


&LVFR 6HFXULW\ 0DQDJHPHQW $SSOLDQFH 60$ LV D &LVFR SURGXFW WKDW
FHQWUDOL]HV WKH PDQDJHPHQW DQG UHSRUWLQJ IRU RQH RU PRUH &LVFR (6$V DQG
&LVFR :6$V &LVFR 60$ HQDEOHV \RX WR FRQVLVWHQWO\ HQIRUFH SROLF\ DQG
HQKDQFH WKUHDW SURWHFWLRQ )LJXUH VKRZV D &LVFR 60$ WKDW LV FRQWUROOLQJ
&LVFR (6$V DQG &LVFR :6$V LQ GLIIHUHQW JHRJUDSKLF ORFDWLRQV 1HZ <RUN
5DOHLJK 3DULV DQG /RQGRQ

)LJXUH &LVFR 60$

7KH &LVFR 60$ FDQ EH GHSOR\HG ZLWK SK\VLFDO DSSOLDQFHV RU DV YLUWXDO


DSSOLDQFHV
&LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFHV (QJLQH

7KH &LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFHV (QJLQH ,6( LV D FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHFXULW\ LGHQWLW\


PDQDJHPHQW VROXWLRQ GHVLJQHG WR IXQFWLRQ DV D SROLF\ GHFLVLRQ SRLQW IRU
QHWZRUN DFFHVV ,W DOORZV VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR FROOHFW UHDO WLPH FRQWH[WXDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP D QHWZRUN LWV XVHUV DQG GHYLFHV &LVFR ,6( LV WKH FHQWUDO
SROLF\ PDQDJHPHQW SODWIRUP LQ WKH &LVFR 7UXVW6HF VROXWLRQ ,W VXSSRUWV D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHW RI $$$ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ
SRVWXUH DQG QHWZRUN SURILOHU IHDWXUHV LQ D VLQJOH GHYLFH &LVFR ,6( SURYLGHV
WKH $$$ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI OHJDF\ &LVFR SURGXFWV VXFK DV WKH &LVFR $FFHVV
&RQWURO 6HUYHU $&6

&LVFR ,6( DOORZV VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR SURYLGH QHWZRUN JXHVW DFFHVV


PDQDJHPHQW DQG ZLGH UDQJLQJ FOLHQW SURYLVLRQLQJ SROLFLHV LQFOXGLQJ ;
HQYLURQPHQWV 7KH VXSSRUW RI 7UXVW6HF IHDWXUHV VXFK DV VHFXULW\ JURXS WDJV
6*7V DQG VHFXULW\ JURXS DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV 6*$&/V PDNH WKH &LVFR ,6( D
FRPSOHWH LGHQWLW\ VHUYLFHV VROXWLRQ &LVFR ,6( VXSSRUWV SROLF\ VHWV ZKLFK OHW D
VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU FRQILJXUH JURXSV RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
SROLFLHV

&LVFR ,6( SURYLGHV 1HWZRUN $GPLVVLRQ &RQWURO 1$& IHDWXUHV LQFOXGLQJ


SRVWXUH SROLFLHV WR HQIRUFH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI HQG XVHU GHYLFHV ZLWK WKH PRVW XS
WR GDWH VHFXULW\ VHWWLQJV RU DSSOLFDWLRQV EHIRUH WKH\ HQWHU WKH QHWZRUN 7KH
&LVFR ,6( VXSSRUWV WKH IROORZLQJ DJHQW W\SHV IRU SRVWXUH DVVHVVPHQW DQG
FRPSOLDQFH

&LVFR 1$& :HE $JHQW $ WHPSRUDU\ DJHQW WKDW LV LQVWDOOHG LQ HQG XVHU
PDFKLQHV DW WKH WLPH RI ORJLQ 7KH &LVFR 1$& :HE $JHQW LV QRW YLVLEOH RQ
WKH HQG XVHU PDFKLQH DIWHU WKH XVHU WHUPLQDWHV WKH VHVVLRQ
&LVFR 1$& $JHQW $Q DJHQW WKDW LV LQVWDOOHG SHUPDQHQWO\ RQ D :LQGRZV RU
0DF 26 ; FOLHQW V\VWHP
&LVFR $Q\&RQQHFW 6HFXUH 0RELOLW\ &OLHQW $Q DJHQW WKDW LV LQVWDOOHG
SHUPDQHQWO\ RQ D :LQGRZV RU 0DF 26 ; FOLHQW V\VWHP

&LVFR ,6( SURYLGHV D FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHW RI IHDWXUHV WR DOORZ FRUSRUDWH XVHUV WR


FRQQHFW WKHLU SHUVRQDO GHYLFHV VXFK DV PRELOH SKRQHV WDEOHWV ODSWRSV DQG
RWKHU QHWZRUN GHYLFHV WR WKH QHWZRUN 6XFK D EULQJ \RXU RZQ GHYLFH
%<2' V\VWHP LQWURGXFHV PDQ\ FKDOOHQJHV LQ WHUPV RI SURWHFWLQJ QHWZRUN
VHUYLFHV DQG HQWHUSULVH GDWD &LVFR ,6( SURYLGHV VXSSRUW IRU PXOWLSOH PRELOH
GHYLFH PDQDJHPHQW 0'0 VROXWLRQV WR HQIRUFH SROLF\ RQ HQGSRLQWV ,6( FDQ
EH FRQILJXUHG WR UHGLUHFW XVHUV WR 0'0 RQERDUGLQJ SRUWDOV DQG SURPSW WKHP WR
XSGDWH WKHLU GHYLFHV EHIRUH WKH\ FDQ DFFHVV WKH QHWZRUN &LVFR ,6( FDQ DOVR EH
FRQILJXUHG WR SURYLGH ,QWHUQHW RQO\ DFFHVV WR XVHUV ZKR DUH QRW FRPSOLDQW ZLWK
0'0 SROLFLHV

&LVFR ,6( VXSSRUWV WKH &LVFR 3ODWIRUP ([FKDQJH *ULG S[*ULG D PXOWLYHQGRU
FURVV SODWIRUP QHWZRUN V\VWHP WKDW FRPELQHV GLIIHUHQW SDUWV RI DQ ,7
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH VXFK DV WKH IROORZLQJ

6HFXULW\ PRQLWRULQJ
'HWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV
1HWZRUN SROLF\ SODWIRUPV
$VVHW DQG FRQILJXUDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW
,GHQWLW\ DQG DFFHVV PDQDJHPHQW SODWIRUPV

&LVFR S[*ULG KDV D XQLILHG IUDPHZRUN ZLWK DQ RSHQ DSSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDPPLQJ


LQWHUIDFH GHVLJQHG LQ D KXE DQG VSRNH DUFKLWHFWXUH S[*ULG LV XVHG WR HQDEOH WKH
VKDULQJ RI FRQWH[WXDO EDVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP D &LVFR ,6( VHVVLRQ GLUHFWRU\ WR
RWKHU SROLF\ QHWZRUN V\VWHPV VXFK DV &LVFR ,26 GHYLFHV DQG WKH &LVFR $6$

7KH &LVFR ,6( FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG DV D FHUWLILFDWH DXWKRULW\ &$ WR JHQHUDWH DQG
PDQDJH GLJLWDO FHUWLILFDWHV IRU HQGSRLQWV &LVFR ,6( &$ VXSSRUWV VWDQGDORQH
DQG VXERUGLQDWH GHSOR\PHQWV

&LVFR ,6( VRIWZDUH FDQ EH LQVWDOOHG RQ D UDQJH RI SK\VLFDO DSSOLDQFHV RU RQ D


90ZDUH VHUYHU &LVFR ,6( 90 7KH &LVFR ,6( VRIWZDUH LPDJH GRHV QRW
VXSSRUW WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ RI DQ\ RWKHU SDFNDJHV RU DSSOLFDWLRQV RQ WKLV GHGLFDWHG
SODWIRUP

6HFXULW\ &ORXG %DVHG 6ROXWLRQV

6HYHUDO FORXG EDVHG VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV DUH DOVR DYDLODEOH LQ WKH PDUNHW )RU
H[DPSOH &LVFR SURYLGHV WKH IROORZLQJ FORXG EDVHG VHFXULW\ VHUYLFHV
&LVFR &ORXG (PDLO 6HFXULW\ &(6
&LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG
&LVFR 7KUHDW $ZDUHQHVV 6HUYLFH
8PEUHOOD IRUPHUO\ 2SHQ'16
6WHDOWKZDWFK &ORXG
&ORXG/RFN

7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV GHVFULEH WKHVH FORXG EDVHG VHFXULW\ VHUYLFHV

&LVFR &ORXG (PDLO 6HFXULW\

&LVFR &ORXG (PDLO 6HFXULW\ &(6 SURYLGHV D FORXG EDVHG VROXWLRQ WKDW DOORZV
FRPSDQLHV WR RXWVRXUFH WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI WKHLU HPDLO VHFXULW\ 7KH VHUYLFH
SURYLGHV HPDLO VHFXULW\ LQVWDQFHV LQ PXOWLSOH &LVFR GDWD FHQWHUV WR HQDEOH KLJK
DYDLODELOLW\

7KH &LVFR +\EULG (PDLO 6HFXULW\ VROXWLRQ FRPELQHV ERWK FORXG EDVHG DQG RQ
SUHPLVHV (6$V 7KLV K\EULG VROXWLRQ KHOSV &LVFR FXVWRPHUV UHGXFH WKHLU RQVLWH
HPDLO VHFXULW\ IRRWSULQW DQG RXWVRXUFH D SRUWLRQ RI WKHLU HPDLO VHFXULW\ WR &LVFR
ZKLOH VWLOO DOORZLQJ WKHP WR PDLQWDLQ FRQWURO RI FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWKLQ
WKHLU SK\VLFDO ERXQGDULHV 0DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV PXVW FRPSO\ ZLWK UHJXODWLRQV
WKDW UHTXLUH WKHP WR NHHS VHQVLWLYH GDWD SK\VLFDOO\ RQ WKHLU SUHPLVHV 7KH &LVFR
+\EULG (PDLO 6HFXULW\ VROXWLRQ DOORZV QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR
UHPDLQ FRPSOLDQW DQG WR PDLQWDLQ DGYDQFHG FRQWURO ZLWK HQFU\SWLRQ '/3 DQG
RQVLWH LGHQWLW\ EDVHG LQWHJUDWLRQ

&LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG


&LVFR DFTXLUHG D VHFXULW\ FRPSDQ\ FDOOHG 7KUHDW *ULG WKDW SURYLGHV FORXG
EDVHG DQG RQ SUHPLVHV PDOZDUH DQDO\VLV VROXWLRQV &LVFR LQWHJUDWHG &LVFR
$03 DQG 7KUHDW *ULG WR SURYLGH D VROXWLRQ IRU DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH DQDO\VLV
ZLWK GHHS WKUHDW DQDO\WLFV 7KH &LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG LQWHJUDWHG VROXWLRQ
DQDO\]HV PLOOLRQV RI ILOHV DQG FRUUHODWHV WKHP ZLWK KXQGUHGV RI PLOOLRQV RI
PDOZDUH VDPSOHV 7KLV SURYLGHV D ORRN LQWR DWWDFN FDPSDLJQV DQG KRZ PDOZDUH
LV GLVWULEXWHG 7KLV VROXWLRQ SURYLGHV D VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU ZLWK GHWDLOHG
UHSRUWV RI LQGLFDWRUV RI FRPSURPLVH DQG WKUHDW VFRUHV WKDW KHOS SULRULWL]H
PLWLJDWLRQV DQG UHFRYHU IURP DWWDFNV

&LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG FURZGVRXUFHV PDOZDUH IURP D FORVHG FRPPXQLW\ DQG
DQDO\]HV DOO VDPSOHV XVLQJ KLJKO\ VHFXUH SURSULHWDU\ WHFKQLTXHV WKDW LQFOXGH
VWDWLF DQG G\QDPLF DQDO\VLV 7KHVH DUH GLIIHUHQW IURP WUDGLWLRQDO VDQGER[LQJ
WHFKQRORJLHV 7KH &LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG DQDO\VLV H[LVWV RXWVLGH WKH YLUWXDO
HQYLURQPHQW LGHQWLI\LQJ PDOLFLRXV FRGH GHVLJQHG WR HYDGH DQDO\VLV

$ IHDWXUH LQ &LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG FDOOHG *ORYHER[ KHOSV \RX LQWHUDFW ZLWK
WKH PDOZDUH LQ UHDO WLPH UHFRUGLQJ DOO DFWLYLW\ IRU IXWXUH SOD\EDFN DQG
UHSRUWLQJ $GYDQFHG PDOZDUH XVHV QXPHURXV HYDVLRQ WHFKQLTXHV WR GHWHUPLQH
ZKHWKHU LW LV EHLQJ DQDO\]HG LQ D VDQGER[ 6RPH RI WKHVH VDPSOHV UHTXLUH XVHU
LQWHUDFWLRQ *ORYHER[ GLVVHFWV WKHVH VDPSOHV ZLWKRXW LQIHFWLQJ \RXU QHWZRUN
ZKLOH WKH VDPSOHV DUH EHLQJ DQDO\]HG *ORYHER[ LV D SRZHUIXO WRRO DJDLQVW
DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH WKDW DOORZV DQDO\VWV WR RSHQ DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG UHSOLFDWH D
ZRUNIORZ SURFHVV VHH KRZ WKH PDOZDUH EHKDYHV DQG HYHQ UHERRW WKH YLUWXDO
PDFKLQH

8PEUHOOD 2SHQ'16

&LVFR DFTXLUHG D FRPSDQ\ FDOOHG 2SHQ'16 WKDW SURYLGHV '16 VHUYLFHV WKUHDW
LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG WKUHDW HQIRUFHPHQW DW WKH '16 OD\HU 2SHQ'16 KDV D JOREDO
QHWZRUN WKDW GHOLYHUV DGYDQFHG VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV DV D FORXG EDVHG VHUYLFH
UHJDUGOHVV RI ZKHUH &LVFR FXVWRPHU RIILFHV RU HPSOR\HHV DUH ORFDWHG 7KLV
VHUYLFH LV H[WUHPHO\ HDV\ WR GHSOR\ DQG HDV\ WR PDQDJH &LVFR KDV DOVR
LQFRUSRUDWHG WKH LQQRYDWLYH DGYDQFHPHQWV WR WKUHDW UHVHDUFK DQG WKUHDW FHQWULF
VHFXULW\ WKDW 2SHQ'16 KDV GHYHORSHG WR EORFN DGYDQFHG F\EHUVHFXULW\ WKUHDWV
ZLWK RWKHU VHFXULW\ DQG QHWZRUNLQJ SURGXFWV 0LOOLRQV RI SHRSOH XVH 2SHQ'16
LQFOXGLQJ WKRXVDQGV RI FRPSDQLHV IURP )RUWXQH HQWHUSULVHV WR VPDOO
EXVLQHVVHV

2SHQ'16 SURYLGHV D IUHH '16 VHUYLFH IRU LQGLYLGXDOV VWXGHQWV DQG VPDOO
EXVLQHVVHV <RX FDQ MXVW FRQILJXUH \RXU HQGSRLQW ODSWRS GHVNWRS PRELOH
GHYLFH VHUYHU RU \RXU '+&3 VHUYHU WR SRLQW WR 2SHQ'16 VHUYHUV
DQG RU

2SHQ'16 DOVR SURYLGHV WKH IROORZLQJ SUHPLXP VHUYLFHV


&LVFR 8PEUHOOD 7KLV HQWHUSULVH DGYDQFHG QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ VHUYLFH SURWHFWV
DQ\ GHYLFH DQ\ZKHUH 7KLV VHUYLFH EORFNV NQRZQ PDOLFLRXV VLWHV IURP EHLQJ
UHVROYHG LQ '16 ,W SURYLGHV DQ XS WR WKH PLQXWH YLHZ DQG DQDO\VLV RI DW
OHDVW SHUFHQW RI WKH ZRUOG V ,QWHUQHW DFWLYLW\ WR VWD\ DKHDG RI DWWDFNV 7KLV
VHUYLFH SURYLGHV WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH E\ VHHLQJ ZKHUH DWWDFNV DUH EHLQJ VWDJHG
RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW
,QYHVWLJDWH 7KLV SUHPLXP VHUYLFH SURYLGHV LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ZKHUH DWWDFNV
DUH IRUPLQJ DOORZLQJ \RX WR LQYHVWLJDWH LQFLGHQWV IDVWHU DQG SULRULWL]H WKHP
EHWWHU :LWK WKH ,QYHVWLJDWH VHUYLFH \RX FDQ VHH XS WR WKH PLQXWH WKUHDW GDWD
DQG KLVWRULFDO FRQWH[W DERXW DOO GRPDLQV RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW DQG UHVSRQG TXLFNO\
WR FULWLFDO LQFLGHQWV ,W SURYLGHV D G\QDPLF VHDUFK HQJLQH DQG D 5(67IXO $3,
WKDW \RX FDQ XVH WR DXWRPDWLFDOO\ EULQJ FULWLFDO GDWD LQWR WKH VHFXULW\
PDQDJHPHQW DQG WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH V\VWHPV GHSOR\HG LQ \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ
,W DOVR SURYLGHV SUHGLFWLYH WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH XVLQJ VWDWLVWLFDO PRGHOV IRU
UHDO WLPH DQG KLVWRULFDO GDWD WR SUHGLFW GRPDLQV WKDW DUH OLNHO\ PDOLFLRXV DQG
FRXOG EH SDUW RI IXWXUH DWWDFNV

6WHDOWKZDWFK &ORXG

6WHDOWKZDWFK &ORXG LV D 6RIWZDUH DV D 6HUYLFH FORXG VROXWLRQ <RX FDQ XVH


6WHDOWKZDWFK &ORXG WR PRQLWRU PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW SXEOLF FORXG HQYLURQPHQWV VXFK
DV $PD]RQ V $:6 *RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP DQG 0LFURVRIW $]XUH $OO RI WKHVH
FORXG SURYLGHUV VXSSRUW WKHLU RZQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI 1HW)ORZ
,Q $PD]RQ $:6 WKH HTXLYDOHQW RI 1HW)ORZ LV FDOOHG 93& )ORZ /RJV <RX
FDQ REWDLQ GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW 93& )ORZ /RJV LQ $:6 DW
KWWSV GRFV DZV DPD]RQ FRP YSF ODWHVW XVHUJXLGH IORZ ORJV KWPO
*RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP DOVR VXSSRUWV 93& )ORZ /RJV RU *RRJOH EUDQGHG
*3& )ORZ /RJV <RX FDQ REWDLQ GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW 93& )ORZ
/RJV LQ *RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP DW KWWSV FORXG JRRJOH FRP YSF GRFV XVLQJ
IORZ ORJV
,Q 0LFURVRIW V $]XUH WUDIILF IORZV DUH FROOHFWHG LQ 1HWZRUN 6HFXULW\ *URXS
16* IORZ ORJV 16* IORZ ORJV DUH D IHDWXUH RI 1HWZRUN :DWFKHU <RX FDQ
REWDLQ DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW $]XUH V 16* IORZ ORJV DQG 1HWZRUN
:DWFKHU DW KWWSV GRFV PLFURVRIW FRP HQ XV D]XUH QHWZRUN
ZDWFKHU QHWZRUN ZDWFKHU QVJ IORZ ORJJLQJ RYHUYLHZ

&ORXG/RFN

&LVFR DFTXLUHG D FRPSDQ\ FDOOHG &ORXG/RFN WKDW FUHDWHV VROXWLRQV WR SURWHFW


FXVWRPHUV DJDLQVW GDWD EUHDFKHV LQ DQ\ FORXG HQYLURQPHQW DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ
DSS WKURXJK D KLJKO\ FRQILJXUDEOH FORXG EDVHG GDWD ORVV SUHYHQWLRQ '/3
DUFKLWHFWXUH &ORXG/RFN KDV QXPHURXV RXW RI WKH ER[ SROLFLHV DQG D ZLGH
UDQJH RI DXWRPDWHG SROLF\ GULYHQ UHVSRQVH DFWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ

)LOH OHYHO HQFU\SWLRQ


4XDUDQWLQH
(QG XVHU QRWLILFDWLRQV

7KHVH SROLFLHV DUH GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH FRPPRQ GDWD SURWHFWLRQ DQG KHOS ZLWK
FRPSOLDQFH &ORXG/RFN DOVR FDQ PRQLWRU GDWD DW UHVW ZLWKLQ SODWIRUPV YLD DQ
$3, DQG SURYLGH YLVLELOLW\ RI XVHU DFWLYLW\ WKURXJK UHWURDFWLYH PRQLWRULQJ
FDSDELOLWLHV 7KLV VROXWLRQ KHOSV RUJDQL]DWLRQV GHIHQG DJDLQVW DFFRXQW
FRPSURPLVHV ZLWK FURVV SODWIRUP 8VHU DQG (QWLW\ %HKDYLRU $QDO\WLFV 8(%$
IRU 6RIWZDUH DV D 6HUYLFH 6DD6 ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH DV D 6HUYLFH ,DD6 3ODWIRUP DV
D 6HUYLFH 3DD6 DQG ,GHQWLW\ DV D 6HUYLFH ,'DD6 HQYLURQPHQWV &ORXG/RFN
XVHV DGYDQFHG PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ WR EH DEOH WR GHWHFW DQRPDOLHV DQG WR LGHQWLI\
DFWLYLWLHV LQ GLIIHUHQW FRXQWULHV WKDW FDQ EH ZKLWHOLVWHG RU EODFNOLVWHG LQ WKH
SODWIRUP &ORXG/RFN $SSV )LUHZDOO LV D IHDWXUH WKDW GLVFRYHUV DQG FRQWUROV
PDOLFLRXV FORXG DSSV WKDW PD\ EH LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK WKH FRUSRUDWH QHWZRUN

&LVFR 1HW)ORZ

1HW)ORZ LV D &LVFR WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW SURYLGHV FRPSUHKHQVLYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR DOO


QHWZRUN WUDIILF WKDW WUDYHUVHV D &LVFR VXSSRUWHG GHYLFH &LVFR LQYHQWHG
1HW)ORZ DQG LV WKH OHDGHU LQ ,3 WUDIILF IORZ WHFKQRORJ\ 1HW)ORZ ZDV LQLWLDOO\
FUHDWHG IRU ELOOLQJ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ RI QHWZRUN WUDIILF DQG WR PHDVXUH RWKHU ,3
WUDIILF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXFK DV EDQGZLGWK XWLOL]DWLRQ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFH 1HW)ORZ KDV DOVR EHHQ XVHG DV D QHWZRUN FDSDFLW\ SODQQLQJ WRRO
DQG WR PRQLWRU QHWZRUN DYDLODELOLW\ 1RZDGD\V 1HW)ORZ LV XVHG DV D QHWZRUN
VHFXULW\ WRRO EHFDXVH LWV UHSRUWLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV SURYLGH QRQUHSXGLDWLRQ DQRPDO\
GHWHFWLRQ DQG LQYHVWLJDWLYH FDSDELOLWLHV $V QHWZRUN WUDIILF WUDYHUVHV D
1HW)ORZ HQDEOHG GHYLFH WKH GHYLFH FROOHFWV WUDIILF IORZ GDWD DQG SURYLGHV D
QHWZRUN DGPLQLVWUDWRU RU VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDO ZLWK GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
VXFK IORZV

1HW)ORZ SURYLGHV GHWDLOHG QHWZRUN WHOHPHWU\ WKDW FDQ EH XVHG WR VHH ZKDW LV
DFWXDOO\ KDSSHQLQJ DFURVV WKH HQWLUH QHWZRUN <RX FDQ XVH 1HW)ORZ WR LGHQWLI\
'R6 DWWDFNV TXLFNO\ LGHQWLI\ FRPSURPLVHG HQGSRLQWV DQG QHWZRUN
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV DQG PRQLWRU QHWZRUN XVDJH RI HPSOR\HHV FRQWUDFWRUV RU
SDUWQHUV 1HW)ORZ LV DOVR RIWHQ XVHG WR REWDLQ QHWZRUN WHOHPHWU\ GXULQJ
VHFXULW\ LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH DQG IRUHQVLFV <RX FDQ DOVR WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI
1HW)ORZ WR GHWHFW ILUHZDOO PLVFRQILJXUDWLRQV DQG LQDSSURSULDWH DFFHVV WR
FRUSRUDWH UHVRXUFHV

1HW)ORZ VXSSRUWV ERWK ,3 9HUVLRQ ,3Y DQG ,3 9HUVLRQ ,3Y

7KHUH V DOVR WKH ,QWHUQHW 3URWRFRO )ORZ ,QIRUPDWLRQ ([SRUW ,3),; ZKLFK LV D
QHWZRUN IORZ VWDQGDUG OHG E\ WKH ,QWHUQHW (QJLQHHULQJ 7DVN )RUFH ,(7)
,3),; ZDV GHVLJQHG WR FUHDWH D FRPPRQ XQLYHUVDO VWDQGDUG RI H[SRUW IRU IORZ
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP URXWHUV VZLWFKHV ILUHZDOOV DQG RWKHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV
,3),; GHILQHV KRZ IORZ LQIRUPDWLRQ VKRXOG EH IRUPDWWHG DQG WUDQVIHUUHG IURP
DQ H[SRUWHU WR D FROOHFWRU ,3),; LV GRFXPHQWHG LQ 5)& WKURXJK 5)&
DQG 5)& &LVFR 1HW)ORZ 9HUVLRQ LV WKH EDVLV DQG PDLQ SRLQW RI
UHIHUHQFH IRU ,3),; ,3),; FKDQJHV VRPH RI WKH WHUPLQRORJLHV RI 1HW)ORZ EXW
LQ HVVHQFH WKH\ DUH WKH VDPH SULQFLSOHV RI 1HW)ORZ 9HUVLRQ
7UDGLWLRQDO &LVFR 1HW)ORZ UHFRUGV DUH XVXDOO\ H[SRUWHG YLD 8'3 PHVVDJHV
7KH ,3 DGGUHVV RI WKH 1HW)ORZ FROOHFWRU DQG WKH GHVWLQDWLRQ 8'3 SRUW PXVW EH
FRQILJXUHG RQ WKH VHQGLQJ GHYLFH 7KH 1HW)ORZ VWDQGDUG 5)& GRHV QRW
VSHFLI\ D VSHFLILF 1HW)ORZ OLVWHQLQJ SRUW 7KH VWDQGDUG RU PRVW FRPPRQ 8'3
SRUW XVHG E\ 1HW)ORZ LV 8'3 SRUW EXW RWKHU SRUWV VXFK DV
DQG FDQ DOVR EH XVHG 8'3 SRUW LV WKH GHIDXOW SRUW XVHG E\
,3),;

$ IORZ LQ 1HW)ORZ LV D XQLGLUHFWLRQDO VHULHV RI SDFNHWV EHWZHHQ D JLYHQ VRXUFH


DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ ,Q D IORZ WKH VDPH VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ ,3 DGGUHVVHV VRXUFH
DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ SRUWV DQG ,3 SURWRFRO DUH VKDUHG 7KLV LV RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH
WXSOH

1RWH

<RX ZLOO OHDUQ DGGLWLRQDO GHWDLOV DERXW 1HW)ORZ LQ &KDSWHU


1HWZRUN ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 'HYLFH 7HOHPHWU\ DQG $QDO\VLV

'DWD /RVV 3UHYHQWLRQ

'DWD ORVV SUHYHQWLRQ LV WKH DELOLW\ WR GHWHFW DQ\ VHQVLWLYH HPDLOV GRFXPHQWV RU
LQIRUPDWLRQ OHDYLQJ \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ 6HYHUDO SURGXFWV LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ LQVSHFW
IRU WUDIILF WR SUHYHQW GDWD ORVV LQ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ 6HYHUDO &LVFR VHFXULW\
SURGXFWV LQWHJUDWH ZLWK WKLUG SDUW\ SURGXFWV WR SURYLGH WKLV W\SH RI VROXWLRQ )RU
H[DPSOH WKH &LVFR (6$ LQWHJUDWHV 56$ HPDLO '/3 IRU RXWERXQG HPDLO WUDIILF
$OVR WKH &LVFR &ORXG (PDLO 6HUYLFH DQG WKH &LVFR +\EULG (PDLO 6HFXULW\
VROXWLRQ DOORZ QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV WR UHPDLQ FRPSOLDQW DQG WR
PDLQWDLQ DGYDQFHG FRQWURO ZLWK HQFU\SWLRQ '/3 DQG RQVLWH LGHQWLW\ EDVHG
LQWHJUDWLRQ $QRWKHU SURGXFW IDPLO\ WKDW LQWHJUDWHV ZLWK RWKHU '/3 VROXWLRQV LV
WKH &LVFR :6$ ZKLFK UHGLUHFWV DOO RXWERXQG WUDIILF WR D WKLUG SDUW\ '/3
DSSOLDQFH DOORZLQJ GHHS FRQWHQW LQVSHFWLRQ IRU UHJXODWRU\ FRPSOLDQFH DQG GDWD
H[ILOWUDWLRQ SURWHFWLRQ ,W HQDEOHV DQ DGPLQLVWUDWRU WR LQVSHFW ZHE FRQWHQW E\
WLWOH PHWDGDWD DQG VL]H DQG HYHQ WR SUHYHQW XVHUV IURP VWRULQJ ILOHV WR FORXG
VHUYLFHV VXFK DV 'URSER[ DQG *RRJOH 'ULYH

&LVFR &ORXG/RFN LV DOVR DQRWKHU '/3 VROXWLRQ &ORXG/RFN LV GHVLJQHG WR


SURWHFW RUJDQL]DWLRQV RI DQ\ W\SH DJDLQVW GDWD EUHDFKHV LQ DQ\ W\SH RI FORXG
HQYLURQPHQW RU DSSOLFDWLRQ DSS WKURXJK D KLJKO\ FRQILJXUDEOH FORXG EDVHG
'/3 DUFKLWHFWXUH

&ORXG/RFN LV DQ $3, GULYHQ VROXWLRQ WKDW SURYLGHV D GHHS OHYHO RI LQWHJUDWLRQ


ZLWK PRQLWRUHG 6DD6 ,DD6 3DD6 DQG ,'DD6 VROXWLRQV ,W SURYLGHV DGYDQFHG
FORXG '/3 IXQFWLRQDOLW\ WKDW LQFOXGHV RXW RI WKH ER[ SROLFLHV GHVLJQHG WR KHOS
DGPLQLVWUDWRUV PDLQWDLQ FRPSOLDQFH $GGLWLRQDOO\ &ORXG/RFN FDQ PRQLWRU GDWD
DW UHVW ZLWKLQ SODWIRUPV YLD $3,V DQG SURYLGH D FRPSUHKHQVLYH SLFWXUH RI XVHU
DFWLYLW\ WKURXJK UHWURDFWLYH PRQLWRULQJ FDSDELOLWLHV 6HFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV FDQ
PLWLJDWH ULVN HIILFLHQWO\ XVLQJ &ORXG/RFN V FRQILJXUDEOH DXWRPDWHG UHVSRQVH
DFWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ HQFU\SWLRQ TXDUDQWLQH DQG HQG XVHU QRWLILFDWLRQ
'DWD ORVV GRHVQ W DOZD\V WDNH SODFH EHFDXVH RI D FRPSOH[ DWWDFN FDUULHG RXW E\
DQ H[WHUQDO DWWDFNHU PDQ\ GDWD ORVV LQFLGHQWV KDYH EHHQ FDUULHG RXW E\ LQWHUQDO
LQVLGHU DWWDFNV 'DWD ORVV FDQ DOVR KDSSHQ EHFDXVH RI KXPDQ QHJOLJHQFH RU
LJQRUDQFH IRU H[DPSOH DQ LQWHUQDO HPSOR\HH VHQGLQJ VHQVLWLYH FRUSRUDWH
HPDLO WR D SHUVRQDO HPDLO DFFRXQW RU XSORDGLQJ VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ WR DQ
XQDSSURYHG FORXG SURYLGHU 7KLV LV ZK\ PDLQWDLQLQJ YLVLELOLW\ LQWR ZKDW V
FRPLQJ DV ZHOO DV OHDYLQJ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV VR LPSRUWDQW

7KH 3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH 'HIHQVH LQ 'HSWK 6WUDWHJ\

,I \RX DUH D F\EHUVHFXULW\ H[SHUW RU HYHQ DQ DPDWHXU \RX SUREDEO\ DOUHDG\


NQRZ WKDW ZKHQ \RX GHSOR\ D ILUHZDOO RU DQ LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHP RU
LQVWDOO DQWLYLUXV RU DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ RQ \RXU PDFKLQH \RX FDQQRW
DVVXPH \RX DUH QRZ VDIH DQG VHFXUH $ OD\HUHG DQG FURVV ERXQGDU\ GHIHQVH
LQ GHSWK VWUDWHJ\ LV ZKDW LV QHHGHG WR SURWHFW \RXU QHWZRUN DQG FRUSRUDWH
DVVHWV 2QH RI WKH SULPDU\ EHQHILWV RI D GHIHQVH LQ GHSWK VWUDWHJ\ LV WKDW HYHQ LI
D VLQJOH FRQWURO VXFK DV D ILUHZDOO RU ,36 IDLOV RWKHU FRQWUROV FDQ VWLOO SURWHFW
\RXU HQYLURQPHQW DQG DVVHWV )LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV WKLV FRQFHSW
)LJXUH 'HIHQVH LQ 'HSWK

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH OD\HUV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ WKH ILJXUH

1RQWHFKQLFDO DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV DSSURSULDWH VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV DQG SURFHGXUHV


DQG HQG XVHU DQG VWDII WUDLQLQJ
3K\VLFDO VHFXULW\ LQFOXGLQJ FDPHUDV SK\VLFDO DFFHVV FRQWURO VXFK DV EDGJH
UHDGHUV UHWLQD VFDQQHUV DQG ILQJHUSULQW VFDQQHUV DQG ORFNV
1HWZRUN VHFXULW\ EHVW SUDFWLFHV VXFK DV URXWLQJ SURWRFRO DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
FRQWURO SODQH SROLFLQJ &R33 QHWZRUN GHYLFH KDUGHQLQJ DQG VR RQ
+RVW VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV VXFK DV DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ $03 IRU
HQGSRLQWV DQWLYLUXVHV DQG VR RQ
$SSOLFDWLRQ VHFXULW\ EHVW SUDFWLFHV VXFK DV DSSOLFDWLRQ UREXVWQHVV WHVWLQJ
IX]]LQJ GHIHQVHV DJDLQVW FURVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ ;66 FURVV VLWH UHTXHVW
IRUJHU\ &65) DWWDFNV 64/ LQMHFWLRQ DWWDFNV DQG VR RQ
7KH DFWXDO GDWD WUDYHUVLQJ WKH QHWZRUN <RX FDQ HPSOR\ HQFU\SWLRQ DW UHVW
DQG LQ WUDQVLW WR SURWHFW GDWD

7LS

(DFK OD\HU RI VHFXULW\ LQWURGXFHV FRPSOH[LW\ DQG ODWHQF\ ZKLOH


UHTXLULQJ WKDW VRPHRQH PDQDJH LW 7KH PRUH SHRSOH DUH
LQYROYHG HYHQ LQ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ WKH PRUH DWWDFN YHFWRUV \RX
FUHDWH DQG WKH PRUH \RX GLVWUDFW \RXU SHRSOH IURP SRVVLEO\
PRUH LPSRUWDQW WDVNV (PSOR\ PXOWLSOH OD\HUV EXW DYRLG
GXSOLFDWLRQ DQG XVH FRPPRQ VHQVH

7KH ILUVW VWHS LQ WKH SURFHVV RI SUHSDULQJ \RXU QHWZRUN DQG VWDII WR VXFFHVVIXOO\
LGHQWLI\ VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV LV DFKLHYLQJ FRPSOHWH QHWZRUN YLVLELOLW\ <RX FDQQRW
SURWHFW DJDLQVW RU PLWLJDWH ZKDW \RX FDQQRW YLHZ GHWHFW <RX FDQ DFKLHYH WKLV
OHYHO RI QHWZRUN YLVLELOLW\ WKURXJK H[LVWLQJ IHDWXUHV RQ QHWZRUN GHYLFHV \RX
DOUHDG\ KDYH DQG RQ GHYLFHV ZKRVH SRWHQWLDO \RX GR QRW HYHQ UHDOL]H ,Q
DGGLWLRQ \RX VKRXOG FUHDWH VWUDWHJLF QHWZRUN GLDJUDPV WR FOHDUO\ LOOXVWUDWH \RXU
SDFNHW IORZV DQG ZKHUH ZLWKLQ WKH QHWZRUN \RX FRXOG HQDEOH VHFXULW\
PHFKDQLVPV WR LGHQWLI\ FODVVLI\ DQG PLWLJDWH WKH WKUHDWV 5HPHPEHU WKDW
QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ LV D FRQVWDQW ZDU :KHQ GHIHQGLQJ DJDLQVW WKH HQHP\ \RX
PXVW NQRZ \RXU RZQ WHUULWRU\ DQG LPSOHPHQW GHIHQVH PHFKDQLVPV

7LS
'HIHQVH LQ GHSWK LQ WKH FORXG KDV GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV WR EH
FRQVLGHUHG VXFK DV VHFXULW\ DW WKH FRPSXWH OHYHO SK\VLFDO VHUYHU
VHFXULW\ K\SHUYLVRU VHFXULW\ YLUWXDO PDFKLQH VHFXULW\ DQG
FRQWDLQHU VHFXULW\ DW WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ OHYHO DQG SURWHFWLQJ GDWD
DW UHVW 'DWD DW UHVW UHIHUV WR WKH GDWD WKDW LV QRW EHLQJ WUDQVIHUUHG
RYHU D QHWZRUN GDWD WKDW LV QRW PRYLQJ RU LQ WUDQVLW ,W
LQFOXGHV GDWD WKDW UHVLGHV LQ HYHU\ IRUP RI GDWDEDVHV ILOH
V\VWHPV PHPRU\ RI DOO W\SHV QHWZRUNHG VWRUDJH OLNH 6$1
VRIWZDUH GHILQHG VWRUDJH DQG VR RQ

:KHQ DSSO\LQJ GHIHQVH LQ GHSWK VWUDWHJLHV \RX FDQ DOVR ORRN DW D UROHV EDVHG
QHWZRUN VHFXULW\ DSSURDFK IRU VHFXULW\ DVVHVVPHQW LQ D VLPSOH PDQQHU (DFK
GHYLFH RQ WKH QHWZRUN VHUYHV D SXUSRVH DQG KDV D UROH VXEVHTXHQWO\ \RX
VKRXOG FRQILJXUH HDFK GHYLFH DFFRUGLQJO\ <RX FDQ WKLQN DERXW WKH GLIIHUHQW
SODQHV DV IROORZV

0DQDJHPHQW SODQH 7KLV LV WKH GLVWULEXWHG DQG PRGXODU QHWZRUN


PDQDJHPHQW HQYLURQPHQW
&RQWURO SODQH 7KLV SODQH LQFOXGHV URXWLQJ FRQWURO ,W LV RIWHQ D WDUJHW
EHFDXVH WKH FRQWURO SODQH GHSHQGV RQ GLUHFW &38 F\FOHV
8VHU GDWD SODQH 7KLV SODQH UHFHLYHV SURFHVVHV DQG WUDQVPLWV QHWZRUN GDWD
DPRQJ DOO QHWZRUN HOHPHQWV
6HUYLFHV SODQH 7KLV LV WKH /D\HU DSSOLFDWLRQ IORZ EXLOW RQ WKH IRXQGDWLRQ
RI WKH RWKHU OD\HUV
3ROLFLHV 7KH SODQH LQFOXGHV WKH EXVLQHVV UHTXLUHPHQWV &LVFR FDOOV SROLFLHV
WKH EXVLQHVV JOXH IRU WKH QHWZRUN 3ROLFLHV DQG SURFHGXUHV DUH SDUW RI WKLV
VHFWLRQ DQG WKH\ DSSO\ WR DOO WKH SODQHV LQ WKLV OLVW

6RIWZDUH GHILQHG QHWZRUNLQJ LQWURGXFHG WKH QRWLRQ RI D FHQWUDOL]HG FRQWUROOHU


7KH 6'1 FRQWUROOHU KDV D JOREDO YLHZ RI WKH QHWZRUN DQG LW XVHV D FRPPRQ
PDQDJHPHQW SURWRFRO WR FRQILJXUH WKH QHWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV 7KH
6'1 FRQWUROOHU FDQ DOVR FDOFXODWH UHDFKDELOLW\ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP PDQ\ V\VWHPV
LQ WKH QHWZRUN DQG SXVKHV D VHW RI IORZV LQVLGH WKH VZLWFKHV 7KH IORZV DUH
XVHG E\ WKH KDUGZDUH WR GR WKH IRUZDUGLQJ +HUH \RX FDQ VHH D FOHDU WUDQVLWLRQ
IURP D GLVWULEXWHG VHPL LQWHOOLJHQW EUDLQ DSSURDFK WR D FHQWUDO DQG LQWHOOLJHQW
EUDLQ DSSURDFK

7LS

$Q H[DPSOH RI DQ RSHQ VRXUFH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI 6'1


FRQWUROOHUV LV WKH 2SHQ Y6ZLWFK 296 SURMHFW XVLQJ WKH 296
'DWDEDVH 296'% PDQDJHPHQW SURWRFRO DQG WKH 2SHQ)ORZ
SURWRFRO $QRWKHU H[DPSOH LV WKH &LVFR $SSOLFDWLRQ 3ROLF\
,QIUDVWUXFWXUH &RQWUROOHU &LVFR $3,& &LVFR $3,& LV WKH PDLQ
DUFKLWHFWXUDO FRPSRQHQW DQG WKH EUDLQ RI WKH &LVFR $SSOLFDWLRQ
&HQWULF ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH $&, VROXWLRQ $ JUHDW H[DPSOH RI WKLV LV
&LVFR $&, ZKLFK LV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ RI WKH FKDSWHU
6'1 FKDQJHG D IHZ WKLQJV LQ WKH PDQDJHPHQW FRQWURO DQG GDWD SODQHV
+RZHYHU WKH ELJ FKDQJH ZDV LQ WKH FRQWURO DQG GDWD SODQHV LQ VRIWZDUH EDVHG
VZLWFKHV DQG URXWHUV LQFOXGLQJ YLUWXDO VZLWFKHV LQVLGH RI K\SHUYLVRUV )RU
LQVWDQFH WKH 2SHQ Y6ZLWFK SURMHFW VWDUWHG VRPH RI WKHVH FKDQJHV DFURVV WKH
LQGXVWU\

6'1 SURYLGHV QXPHURXV EHQHILWV LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH PDQDJHPHQW SODQH 7KHVH
EHQHILWV DUH LQ ERWK SK\VLFDO VZLWFKHV DQG YLUWXDO VZLWFKHV 6'1 LV QRZ ZLGHO\
DGRSWHG LQ GDWD FHQWHUV $ JUHDW H[DPSOH RI WKLV LV &LVFR $&,

<RX VKRXOG DOVR YLHZ VHFXULW\ LQ WZR GLIIHUHQW SHUVSHFWLYHV DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ


)LJXUH

2SHUDWLRQDO UHDFWLYH VHFXULW\


3URDFWLYH VHFXULW\
)LJXUH 5HDFWLYH YV 3URDFWLYH 6HFXULW\

<RX VKRXOG KDYH D EDODQFH EHWZHHQ SURDFWLYH DQG UHDFWLYH VHFXULW\ DSSURDFKHV
3UHSDUH \RXU QHWZRUN VWDII DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV D ZKROH WR EHWWHU LGHQWLI\
FODVVLI\ WUDFH EDFN DQG UHDFW WR VHFXULW\ LQFLGHQWV ,Q DGGLWLRQ SURDFWLYHO\
SURWHFW \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKLOH OHDUQLQJ DERXW QHZ DWWDFN YHFWRUV DQG PLWLJDWH
WKRVH YHFWRUV ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH KDUGZDUH VRIWZDUH DQG DUFKLWHFWXUH
VROXWLRQV

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ ,QWHJULW\ DQG $YDLODELOLW\ 7KH &,$ 7ULDG


&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ DUH RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH &,$ WULDG
7KLV PRGHO ZDV FUHDWHG WR GHILQH VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV ,Q VRPH FDVHV \RX PLJKW
DOVR VHH WKLV PRGHO UHIHUUHG WR DV WKH $,& WULDG DYDLODELOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG
FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ WR DYRLG FRQIXVLRQ ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH
$JHQF\

7KH LGHD LV WKDW FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ VKRXOG EH JXDUDQWHHG


LQ DQ\ V\VWHP WKDW LV FRQVLGHUHG VHFXUHG

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\

7KH ,62 VWDQGDUG KDV D YHU\ JRRG GHILQLWLRQ FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LV WKH


SURSHUW\ WKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ LV QRW PDGH DYDLODEOH RU GLVFORVHG WR XQDXWKRUL]HG
LQGLYLGXDOV HQWLWLHV RU SURFHVVHV 2QH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ ZD\V WR SURWHFW
WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ RI D V\VWHP RU LWV GDWD LV WR XVH HQFU\SWLRQ 7KH &RPPRQ
9XOQHUDELOLW\ 6FRULQJ 6\VWHP &966 XVHV WKH &,$ WULDG SULQFLSOHV ZLWKLQ WKH
PHWULFV XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH &966 EDVH VFRUH

1RWH

<RX ZLOO OHDUQ PRUH DERXW &966 WKURXJKRXW WKH IROORZLQJ


FKDSWHUV DQG \RX FDQ REWDLQ PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW &966 DW
ZZZ ILUVW RUJ FYVV VSHFLILFDWLRQ GRFXPHQW

,QWHJULW\
,QWHJULW\ LV WKH DELOLW\ WR PDNH VXUH WKDW D V\VWHP DQG LWV GDWD KDYH QRW EHHQ
DOWHUHG RU FRPSURPLVHG ,W HQVXUHV WKDW WKH GDWD LV DQ DFFXUDWH DQG XQFKDQJHG
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH RULJLQDO VHFXUH GDWD ,QWHJULW\ DSSOLHV QRW RQO\ WR GDWD EXW
DOVR WR V\VWHPV )RU LQVWDQFH LI D WKUHDW DFWRU FKDQJHV WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI D
VHUYHU ILUHZDOO URXWHU VZLWFK RU DQ\ RWKHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFH LW LV
FRQVLGHUHG WKDW WKLV SHUVRQ LPSDFWHG WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKH V\VWHP

$YDLODELOLW\

$YDLODELOLW\ PHDQV WKDW D V\VWHP RU DSSOLFDWLRQ PXVW EH DYDLODEOH WR


DXWKRUL]HG XVHUV DW DOO WLPHV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH &966 9HUVLRQ VSHFLILFDWLRQ
WKH DYDLODELOLW\ PHWULF PHDVXUHV WKH LPSDFW WR WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKH LPSDFWHG
FRPSRQHQW UHVXOWLQJ IURP D VXFFHVVIXOO\ H[SORLWHG YXOQHUDELOLW\ :KLOH WKH
&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ DQG ,QWHJULW\ LPSDFW PHWULFV DSSO\ WR WKH ORVV RI FRQILGHQWLDOLW\
RU LQWHJULW\ RI GDWD H J LQIRUPDWLRQ ILOHV XVHG E\ WKH LPSDFWHG FRPSRQHQW
WKLV PHWULF UHIHUV WR WKH ORVV RI DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKH LPSDFWHG FRPSRQHQW LWVHOI
VXFK DV D QHWZRUNHG VHUYLFH H J ZHE GDWDEDVH HPDLO 6LQFH DYDLODELOLW\
UHIHUV WR WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ UHVRXUFHV DWWDFNV WKDW FRQVXPH
QHWZRUN EDQGZLGWK SURFHVVRU F\FOHV RU GLVN VSDFH DOO LPSDFW WKH DYDLODELOLW\
RI DQ LPSDFWHG FRPSRQHQW

$ FRPPRQ H[DPSOH RI DQ DWWDFN WKDW LPSDFWV DYDLODELOLW\ LV D 'R6 DWWDFN


5LVN DQG 5LVN $QDO\VLV

,Q WKH ZRUOG RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVN FDQ EH GHILQHG DV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI D VHFXULW\


LQFLGHQW VRPHWKLQJ EDG KDSSHQLQJ 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ VWDQGDUGV DQG
PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU FODVVLI\LQJ DQG DQDO\]LQJ F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVNV 7KH )HGHUDO
)LQDQFLDO ,QVWLWXWLRQV ([DPLQDWLRQ &RXQFLO )),(& GHYHORSHG WKH
&\EHUVHFXULW\ $VVHVVPHQW 7RRO $VVHVVPHQW WR KHOS ILQDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV
LGHQWLI\ WKHLU ULVNV DQG GHWHUPLQH WKHLU F\EHUVHFXULW\ SUHSDUHGQHVV 7KLV
JXLGDQFH WRRO FDQ EH XVHIXO IRU DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KH )),(& WRRO SURYLGHV D
UHSHDWDEOH DQG PHDVXUDEOH SURFHVV IRU RUJDQL]DWLRQV WR PHDVXUH WKHLU
F\EHUVHFXULW\ UHDGLQHVV

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH )),(& WKH DVVHVVPHQW FRQVLVWV RI WZR SDUWV

,QKHUHQW 5LVN 3URILOH DQG &\EHUVHFXULW\ 0DWXULW\ 7KH ,QKHUHQW 5LVN


3URILOH LGHQWLILHV WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ V LQKHUHQW ULVN EHIRUH LPSOHPHQWLQJ
FRQWUROV &\EHUVHFXULW\ LQFOXGHV GRPDLQV DVVHVVPHQW IDFWRUV FRPSRQHQWV
DQG LQGLYLGXDO GHFODUDWLYH VWDWHPHQWV DFURVV ILYH PDWXULW\ OHYHOV WR LGHQWLI\
VSHFLILF FRQWUROV DQG SUDFWLFHV WKDW DUH LQ SODFH $OWKRXJK PDQDJHPHQW FDQ
GHWHUPLQH WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ V PDWXULW\ OHYHO LQ HDFK GRPDLQ WKH DVVHVVPHQW LV
QRW GHVLJQHG WR LGHQWLI\ DQ RYHUDOO F\EHUVHFXULW\ PDWXULW\ OHYHO
7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ ,62 7KLV LV
WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUG IRU LPSOHPHQWLQJ DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\
PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP ,606 ,62 LV KHDYLO\ IRFXVHG RQ ULVN EDVHG
SODQQLQJ WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH LGHQWLILHG LQIRUPDWLRQ ULVNV LQFOXGLQJ F\EHU
ULVNV DUH DSSURSULDWHO\ PDQDJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH WKUHDWV DQG WKH QDWXUH RI
WKRVH WKUHDWV ,62 LV WKH JHQHUDO ULVN PDQDJHPHQW VWDQGDUG WKDW
LQFOXGHV SULQFLSOHV DQG JXLGHOLQHV IRU PDQDJLQJ ULVN ,W FDQ EH XVHG E\ DQ\
RUJDQL]DWLRQ UHJDUGOHVV RI LWV VL]H DFWLYLW\ RU VHFWRU 8VLQJ ,62 FDQ
KHOS RUJDQL]DWLRQV LQFUHDVH WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI DFKLHYLQJ REMHFWLYHV LPSURYH
WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV DQG WKUHDWV DQG HIIHFWLYHO\ DOORFDWH DQG
XVH UHVRXUFHV IRU ULVN WUHDWPHQW
7KH ,62 ,(& VWDQGDUG LV PRUH IRFXVHG RQ F\EHUVHFXULW\ ULVN
DVVHVVPHQW ,W LV WLWOHG ,QIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ 6HFXULW\ WHFKQLTXHV
,QIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ ULVN PDQDJHPHQW
7KH IROORZLQJ LV DFFRUGLQJ WR ,62 V ZHEVLWH
7KH VWDQGDUG GRHVQ W VSHFLI\ UHFRPPHQG RU HYHQ QDPH DQ\ VSHFLILF ULVN
PDQDJHPHQW PHWKRG ,W GRHV KRZHYHU LPSO\ D FRQWLQXDO SURFHVV FRQVLVWLQJ
RI D VWUXFWXUHG VHTXHQFH RI DFWLYLWLHV VRPH RI ZKLFK DUH LWHUDWLYH
(VWDEOLVK WKH ULVN PDQDJHPHQW FRQWH[W H J WKH VFRSH FRPSOLDQFH
REOLJDWLRQV DSSURDFKHV PHWKRGV WR EH XVHG DQG UHOHYDQW SROLFLHV DQG
FULWHULD VXFK DV WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V ULVN WROHUDQFH RU DSSHWLWH
4XDQWLWDWLYHO\ RU TXDOLWDWLYHO\ DVVHVV L H LGHQWLI\ DQDO\]H DQG HYDOXDWH
UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ ULVNV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DVVHWV
WKUHDWV H[LVWLQJ FRQWUROV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH OLNHOLKRRG
RI LQFLGHQWV RU LQFLGHQW VFHQDULRV DQG WKH SUHGLFWHG EXVLQHVV
FRQVHTXHQFHV LI WKH\ ZHUH WR RFFXU WR GHWHUPLQH D OHYHO RI ULVN
7UHDW L H PRGLI\ >XVH LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ FRQWUROV@ UHWDLQ >DFFHSW@
DYRLG DQG RU VKDUH >ZLWK WKLUG SDUWLHV@ WKH ULVNV DSSURSULDWHO\ XVLQJ
WKRVH OHYHOV RI ULVN WR SULRULWL]H WKHP
.HHS VWDNHKROGHUV LQIRUPHG WKURXJKRXW WKH SURFHVV DQG
0RQLWRU DQG UHYLHZ ULVNV ULVN WUHDWPHQWV REOLJDWLRQV DQG FULWHULD RQ DQ
RQJRLQJ EDVLV LGHQWLI\LQJ DQG UHVSRQGLQJ DSSURSULDWHO\ WR VLJQLILFDQW
FKDQJHV

7KHUH DUH DOVR VWDQGDUGV WR VFRUH WKH RYHUDOO ULVN RI D YXOQHUDELOLW\ 7KH PRVW
FRPPRQO\ XVHG LV WKH &RPPRQ 9XOQHUDELOLW\ 6FRULQJ 6\VWHP GHYHORSHG E\ WKH
)RUXP RI ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH DQG 6HFXULW\ 7HDPV ),567 &966 LV D
VWDQGDUGV EDVHG VFRULQJ PHWKRG WKDW FRQYH\V YXOQHUDELOLW\ VHYHULW\ DQG KHOSV
GHWHUPLQH WKH XUJHQF\ DQG SULRULW\ RI UHVSRQVH &966 LV XVHG E\ PDQ\ 3URGXFW
6HFXULW\ ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 7HDPV 36,57V YXOQHUDELOLW\ FRRUGLQDWLRQ FHQWHUV
VHFXULW\ UHVHDUFKHUV DQG FRQVXPHUV RI VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLW\ LQIRUPDWLRQ

7KHUH DUH DOVR VHYHUDO DGGLWLRQDO VFRULQJ V\VWHPV

&RPPRQ :HDNQHVV 6FRULQJ 6\VWHP &:66 $ PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU VFRULQJ


VRIWZDUH ZHDNQHVVHV &:66 LV SDUW RI WKH &RPPRQ :HDNQHVV (QXPHUDWRU
&:( VWDQGDUG 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW &:66 LV DYDLODEOH DW
KWWS FZH PLWUH RUJ FZVV
&RPPRQ 0LVXVH 6FRULQJ 6\VWHP &066 $ VWDQGDUGL]HG ZD\ WR
PHDVXUH VRIWZDUH IHDWXUH PLVXVH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
&066 LV DYDLODEOH DW KWWS VFDS QLVW JRY HPHUJLQJ VSHFV OLVWLQJ KWPO FPVV
&RPPRQ &RQILJXUDWLRQ 6FRULQJ 6\VWHP &&66 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
&&66 FDQ EH IRXQG DW KWWS FVUF QLVW JRY SXEOLFDWLRQV QLVWLU LU QLVWLU
B&&66 SGI
3HUVRQDOO\ ,GHQWLILDEOH ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWHG +HDOWK
,QIRUPDWLRQ

0DQ\ UHJXODWLRQV DV ZHOO DV WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV JRYHUQPHQW UHTXLUH


RUJDQL]DWLRQV WR LGHQWLI\ SHUVRQDOO\ LGHQWLILDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ 3,, DQG SURWHFWHG
KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ 3+, DQG KDQGOH WKHP LQ D VHFXUH PDQQHU 8QDXWKRUL]HG
UHOHDVH RU ORVV RI VXFK GDWD FRXOG UHVXOW LQ VHYHUH ILQHV DQG SHQDOWLHV IRU WKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ *LYHQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI 3,, DQG 3+, UHJXODWRUV DQG WKH
JRYHUQPHQW ZDQW WR RYHUVHH WKH XVDJH PRUH HIILFLHQWO\ 7KLV VHFWLRQ H[SODLQV
ZKDW 3,, DQG 3+, DUH

3,,

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ([HFXWLYH 2IILFH RI WKH 3UHVLGHQW 2IILFH RI 0DQDJHPHQW DQG


%XGJHW 20% DQG WKH 8 6 'HSDUWPHQW RI &RPPHUFH 2IILFH RI WKH &KLHI
,QIRUPDWLRQ 2IILFHU 3,, UHIHUV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG WR GLVWLQJXLVK
RU WUDFH DQ LQGLYLGXDO V LGHQWLW\ 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ H[DPSOHV

$Q LQGLYLGXDO V QDPH
6RFLDO VHFXULW\ QXPEHU
%LRORJLFDO RU SHUVRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXFK DV DQ LPDJH RI GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ
IHDWXUHV ILQJHUSULQWV ; UD\V YRLFH VLJQDWXUH UHWLQD VFDQ DQG WKH JHRPHWU\
RI WKH IDFH
'DWH DQG SODFH RI ELUWK
0RWKHU V PDLGHQ QDPH
&UHGLW FDUG QXPEHUV
%DQN DFFRXQW QXPEHUV
'ULYHU OLFHQVH QXPEHU
$GGUHVV LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV HPDLO DGGUHVVHV RU VWUHHW DGGUHVVHV DQG
WHOHSKRQH QXPEHUV IRU EXVLQHVVHV RU SHUVRQDO XVH

3+,

7KH +HDOWK ,QVXUDQFH 3RUWDELOLW\ DQG $FFRXQWDELOLW\ $FW +,3$$ UHTXLUHV


KHDOWK FDUH RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG SURYLGHUV WR DGRSW FHUWDLQ VHFXULW\ UHJXODWLRQV IRU
SURWHFWLQJ KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH 3ULYDF\ 5XOH FDOOV WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ
SURWHFWHG KHDOWK LQIRUPDWLRQ RU 3+, 7KLV LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGHV EXW LV QRW
OLPLWHG WR WKH IROORZLQJ

$Q LQGLYLGXDO V QDPH WKDW LV SDWLHQW V QDPH


$OO GDWHV GLUHFWO\ OLQNHG WR DQ LQGLYLGXDO LQFOXGLQJ GDWH RI ELUWK GHDWK
GLVFKDUJH DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
7HOHSKRQH DQG ID[ QXPEHUV
(PDLO DGGUHVVHV DQG JHRJUDSKLF VXEGLYLVLRQV VXFK DV VWUHHW DGGUHVVHV =,3
FRGHV DQG FRXQW\
0HGLFDO UHFRUG QXPEHUV DQG KHDOWK SODQ EHQHILFLDU\ QXPEHUV
&HUWLILFDWH QXPEHUV RU DFFRXQW QXPEHUV
6RFLDO VHFXULW\ QXPEHU
'ULYHU OLFHQVH QXPEHU
%LRPHWULF LGHQWLILHUV LQFOXGLQJ YRLFH RU ILQJHUSULQWV
3KRWRV RI WKH IXOO IDFH RU UHFRJQL]DEOH IHDWXUHV
$Q\ XQLTXH QXPEHU EDVHG FRGH RU FKDUDFWHULVWLF
7KH LQGLYLGXDO V SDVW SUHVHQW DQG IXWXUH SK\VLFDO RU PHQWDO KHDOWK RU
FRQGLWLRQ
7KH SURYLVLRQ RI KHDOWK FDUH WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO RU WKH SDVW SUHVHQW RU IXWXUH
SD\PHQW IRU WKH SURYLVLRQ RI KHDOWK FDUH WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO

3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH DQG 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

7ZR DGGLWLRQDO NH\ FRQFHSWV LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ DUH WKH SULQFLSOH RI OHDVW
SULYLOHJH DQG VHSDUDWLRQ RI GXWLHV 7KLV VHFWLRQ GHILQHV WKHVH WZR NH\ FRQFHSWV

3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH

7KH SULQFLSOH RI OHDVW SULYLOHJH VWDWHV WKDW DOO XVHUV ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH
LQGLYLGXDO FRQWULEXWRUV PDQDJHUV GLUHFWRUV RU H[HFXWLYHV VKRXOG EH JUDQWHG
RQO\ WKH OHYHO RI SULYLOHJH WKH\ QHHG WR GR WKHLU MREV DQG QR PRUH )RU
H[DPSOH D VDOHV DFFRXQW PDQDJHU UHDOO\ KDV QR EXVLQHVV KDYLQJ DGPLQLVWUDWRU
SULYLOHJHV RYHU WKH QHWZRUN RU D FDOO FHQWHU VWDII PHPEHU RYHU FULWLFDO
FRUSRUDWH ILQDQFLDO GDWD
7KH VDPH FRQFHSW RI SULQFLSOH RI OHDVW SULYLOHJH FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR VRIWZDUH )RU
H[DPSOH SURJUDPV RU SURFHVVHV UXQQLQJ RQ D V\VWHP VKRXOG KDYH WKH
FDSDELOLWLHV WKH\ QHHG WR JHW WKHLU MRE GRQH EXW QR URRW DFFHVV WR WKH V\VWHP
,I D YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV H[SORLWHG RQ D V\VWHP WKDW UXQV HYHU\WKLQJ DV URRW WKH
GDPDJH FRXOG H[WHQG WR D FRPSOHWH FRPSURPLVH RI WKH V\VWHP 7KLV LV ZK\ \RX
VKRXOG DOZD\V OLPLW XVHUV DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG SURFHVVHV WR DFFHVV DQG UXQ DV WKH
OHDVW SULYLOHJH WKH\ QHHG

7LS

6RPHZKDW UHODWHG WR WKH SULQFLSOH RI OHDVW SULYLOHJH LV WKH


FRQFHSW RI QHHG WR NQRZ ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW XVHUV VKRXOG JHW
DFFHVV RQO\ WR GDWD DQG V\VWHPV WKDW WKH\ QHHG WR GR WKHLU MRE
DQG QR RWKHU

6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

6HSDUDWLRQ RI GXWLHV LV DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FRQWURO GLFWDWLQJ WKDW D VLQJOH


LQGLYLGXDO VKRXOG QRW SHUIRUP DOO FULWLFDO RU SULYLOHJHG OHYHO GXWLHV
$GGLWLRQDOO\ LPSRUWDQW GXWLHV PXVW EH VHSDUDWHG RU GLYLGHG DPRQJ VHYHUDO
LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KH JRDO LV WR VDIHJXDUG DJDLQVW D VLQJOH
LQGLYLGXDO SHUIRUPLQJ VXIILFLHQWO\ FULWLFDO RU SULYLOHJHG DFWLRQV WKDW FRXOG
VHULRXVO\ GDPDJH D V\VWHP RU WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DV D ZKROH )RU LQVWDQFH
VHFXULW\ DXGLWRUV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU UHYLHZLQJ VHFXULW\ ORJV VKRXOG QRW QHFHVVDULO\
KDYH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH ULJKWV RYHU WKH V\VWHPV $QRWKHU H[DPSOH LV WKDW D QHWZRUN
DGPLQLVWUDWRU VKRXOG QRW KDYH WKH DELOLW\ WR DOWHU ORJV RQ WKH V\VWHP 7KLV LV WR
SUHYHQW VXFK LQGLYLGXDOV IURP FDUU\LQJ RXW XQDXWKRUL]HG DFWLRQV DQG WKHQ
GHOHWLQJ HYLGHQFH RI VXFK DFWLRQ IURP WKH ORJV LQ RWKHU ZRUGV FRYHULQJ WKHLU
WUDFNV

7KLQN DERXW WZR XVHUV KDYLQJ WZR VHSDUDWH NH\V WR RSHQ D VDIHW\ GHSRVLW ER[
6HSDUDWLRQ RI GXWLHV LV VLPLODU WR WKDW FRQFHSW ZKHUH WKH VDIHW\ GHSRVLW ER[
FDQQRW EH RSHQHG E\ D XVHU ZLWKRXW WKH RWKHU NH\

6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHUV

6HFXULW\ RSHUDWLRQV FHQWHUV 62&V DUH IDFLOLWLHV ZKHUH DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ V DVVHWV


LQFOXGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV GDWDEDVHV VHUYHUV QHWZRUNV GHVNWRSV DQG RWKHU
HQGSRLQWV DUH PRQLWRUHG DVVHVVHG DQG SURWHFWHG

7LS

&RPSXWHU 6HFXULW\ ,QFLGHQW 5HVSRQVH 7HDP &6,57 DQDO\VWV


W\SLFDOO\ ZRUN LQ 62&V XWLOL]LQJ PDQ\ WRROV WR PRQLWRU HYHQWV
IURP QXPHURXV V\VWHPV ILUHZDOOV DSSOLFDWLRQV ,36V '/3V
HQGSRLQW VHFXULW\ VROXWLRQV DQG VR RQ 7\SLFDOO\ WKHVH ORJV DUH
DJJUHJDWHG LQ D 6HFXULW\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG (YHQW 0DQDJHU
6,(0 V\VWHP 0RGHUQ 62&V DOVR XVH 6HFXULW\ 2UFKHVWUDWLRQ
$XWRPDWLRQ DQG 5HVSRQVH 62$5 V\VWHPV WKDW H[WHQG EH\RQG
WUDGLWLRQDO 6,(0V <RX OHDUQ PRUH GHWDLOV DERXW KRZ 62&
DQDO\VWV XVH 6,(0 DQG 62$5 LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV LQ &KDSWHU
,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW &KDSWHU
)XQGDPHQWDOV RI ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV &KDSWHU &KDOOHQJHV
LQ WKH 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHU 62& &KDSWHU 7KH $UW
RI 'DWD DQG (YHQW $QDO\VLV DQG &KDSWHU &ODVVLI\LQJ
,QWUXVLRQ (YHQWV LQWR &DWHJRULHV

(VWDEOLVKLQJ 62& FDSDELOLWLHV UHTXLUHV FDUHIXO SODQQLQJ 7KH SODQQLQJ SKDVH


KHOSV \RX GHFLGH RQ DQG IRUPDOL]H \RXUVHOI ZLWK WKH REMHFWLYHV WKDW MXVWLI\
KDYLQJ DQ 62& DQG WR GHYHORS D URDGPDS \RX FDQ XVH WR WUDFN \RXU SURJUHVV
DJDLQVW WKRVH SUHGHILQHG REMHFWLYHV 7KH VXFFHVV RI DQ\ VHFXULW\ SURJUDP
LQFOXGLQJ WKH 62& GHSHQGV RQ SURSHU SODQQLQJ 7KHUH DUH DOZD\V FKDOOHQJHV
WKDW DUH VSHFLILF WR DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG WKHVH FKDOOHQJHV DUH LQWURGXFHG EHFDXVH
RI LVVXHV UHODWHG WR JRYHUQDQFH FROODERUDWLRQ ODFN RI WRROV ODFN RI DXWRPDWLRQ
ODFN RI WKUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH VNLOO VHWV DQG VR RQ 6XFK FKDOOHQJHV PXVW EH
LGHQWLILHG DQG WUHDWHG RU DW OHDVW DFNQRZOHGJHG DW DQ HDUO\ VWDJH RI DQ 62&
HVWDEOLVKPHQW SURJUDP 62&V DUH FUHDWHG WR EH DEOH WR DGGUHVV WKH IROORZLQJ
FKDOOHQJHV

+RZ FDQ \RX GHWHFW D FRPSURPLVH LQ D WLPHO\ PDQQHU"


+RZ GR \RX WULDJH D FRPSURPLVH WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VHYHULW\ DQG WKH VFRSH"
:KDW LV WKH LPSDFW RI WKH FRPSURPLVH WR \RXU EXVLQHVV"
:KR LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU GHWHFWLQJ DQG PLWLJDWLQJ D FRPSURPLVH"
:KR VKRXOG EH LQIRUPHG RU LQYROYHG DQG ZKHQ GR \RX GHDO ZLWK WKH
FRPSURPLVH RQFH GHWHFWHG"
+RZ DQG ZKHQ VKRXOG \RX FRPPXQLFDWH D FRPSURPLVH LQWHUQDOO\ RU
H[WHUQDOO\ DQG LV WKDW QHHGHG LQ WKH ILUVW SODFH"

7R EXLOG DQG RSHUDWH DQ HIIHFWLYH 62& \RX PXVW KDYH WKH IROORZLQJ

([HFXWLYH VSRQVRUVKLS
62& RSHUDWLQJ DV D SURJUDP 2UJDQL]DWLRQV VKRXOG RSHUDWH WKH 62& DV D
SURJUDP UDWKHU WKDQ D VLQJOH SURMHFW 'RLQJ VR GHSHQGV RQ WKH FULWLFDOLW\ DQG
WKH QXPEHU RI UHVRXUFHV UHTXLUHG WR GHVLJQ EXLOG DQG RSHUDWH WKH YDULRXV
VHUYLFHV RIIHUHG E\ WKH 62& +DYLQJ D FOHDU 62& VHUYLFH VWUDWHJ\ ZLWK FOHDU
JRDOV DQG SULRULWLHV ZLOO VKDSH WKH VL]H RI WKH 62& SURJUDP WLPHOLQH DQG
WKH QXPEHU RI UHVRXUFHV UHTXLUHG WR GHOLYHU WKH SURJUDP REMHFWLYHV
$ JRYHUQDQFH VWUXFWXUH 0HWULFV PXVW EH HVWDEOLVKHG WR PHDVXUH WKH
HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH 62& FDSDELOLWLHV 7KHVH PHWULFV VKRXOG SURYLGH
VXIILFLHQW DQG UHOHYDQW YLVLELOLW\ WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V PDQDJHPHQW WHDP RQ
WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH 62& DQG VKRXOG LGHQWLI\ DUHDV ZKHUH LPSURYHPHQWV
DQG LQYHVWPHQWV DUH QHHGHG
(IIHFWLYH WHDP FROODERUDWLRQ
$FFHVV WR GDWD DQG V\VWHPV
$SSOLFDEOH SURFHVVHV DQG SURFHGXUHV
7HDP VNLOO VHWV DQG H[SHULHQFH
%XGJHW IRU H[DPSOH ZLOO LW EH KDQGOHG LQ KRXVH RU RXWVRXUFHG"
3OD\ERRNV 5XQERRNV DQG 5XQERRN $XWRPDWLRQ

2UJDQL]DWLRQV QHHG WR KDYH FDSDELOLWLHV WR GHILQH EXLOG RUFKHVWUDWH PDQDJH


DQG PRQLWRU WKH GLIIHUHQW RSHUDWLRQDO SURFHVVHV DQG ZRUNIORZV 7KLV LV
DFKLHYHG E\ LPSOHPHQWLQJ SOD\ERRNV UXQERRNV DQG UXQERRN DXWRPDWLRQ
5%$ $ UXQERRN LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI SURFHGXUHV DQG RSHUDWLRQV SHUIRUPHG E\
V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRUV VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV RU QHWZRUN RSHUDWRUV $FFRUGLQJ
WR *DUWQHU WKH JURZWK RI 5%$ KDV FRLQFLGHG ZLWK WKH QHHG IRU ,7 RSHUDWLRQV
H[HFXWLYHV WR HQKDQFH ,7 RSHUDWLRQV HIILFLHQF\ PHDVXUHV *DUWQHU ,QF LV DQ
$PHULFDQ UHVHDUFK DQG DGYLVRU\ ILUP SURYLGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ UHODWHG
LQVLJKW IRU ,7 DQG RWKHU EXVLQHVV OHDGHUV

+HUH DUH VRPH RI WKH PHWULFV WR PHDVXUH HIIHFWLYHQHVV

0HDQ WLPH WR UHSDLU 0775


0HDQ WLPH EHWZHHQ IDLOXUHV 07%)
0HDQ WLPH WR GLVFRYHU D VHFXULW\ LQFLGHQW
0HDQ WLPH WR FRQWDLQ RU PLWLJDWH D VHFXULW\ LQFLGHQW
$XWRPDWLRQ RI WKH SURYLVLRQLQJ RI ,7 UHVRXUFHV

0DQ\ GLIIHUHQW FRPPHUFLDO DQG RSHQ VRXUFH 5%$ VROXWLRQV DUH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH
LQGXVWU\ $Q H[DPSOH RI D SRSXODU RSHQ VRXUFH 5%$ VROXWLRQ LV 5XQGHFN
KWWS UXQGHFN RUJ 5XQGHFN FDQ EH LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK FRQILJXUDWLRQ
PDQDJHPHQW SODWIRUPV VXFK DV &KHI 3XSSHW DQG $QVLEOH
7LS

3OD\ERRNV DUH DOVR H[WUHPHO\ EHQHILFLDO IRU DOO 62&V <RX FDQ
QDYLJDWH DQG EHFRPH IDPLOLDU ZLWK VHYHUDO RSHQ VRXUFH
H[DPSOHV RI SOD\ERRNV WKDW DUH GHULYHG IURP VWDQGDUG LQFLGHQW
UHVSRQVH SROLFLHV DQG LQGXVWU\ EHVW SUDFWLFHV DW
ZZZ LQFLGHQWUHVSRQVH FRP SOD\ERRNV

'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV

7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV &RPSXWHU (PHUJHQF\ 5HVSRQVH 7HDP &(57 GHILQHV F\EHU
IRUHQVLFV DV IROORZV

,I \RX PDQDJH RU DGPLQLVWHU LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG QHWZRUNV \RX VKRXOG


XQGHUVWDQG F\EHU IRUHQVLFV )RUHQVLFV LV WKH SURFHVV RI XVLQJ VFLHQWLILF
NQRZOHGJH IRU FROOHFWLQJ DQDO\]LQJ DQG SUHVHQWLQJ HYLGHQFH WR WKH FRXUWV
7KH ZRUG IRUHQVLFV PHDQV WR EULQJ WR WKH FRXUW )RUHQVLFV GHDOV SULPDULO\
ZLWK WKH UHFRYHU\ DQG DQDO\VLV RI ODWHQW HYLGHQFH /DWHQW HYLGHQFH FDQ WDNH
PDQ\ IRUPV IURP ILQJHUSULQWV OHIW RQ D ZLQGRZ WR '1$ HYLGHQFH UHFRYHUHG
IURP EORRG VWDLQV WR WKH ILOHV RQ D KDUG GULYH

&\EHU IRUHQVLFV LV RIWHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV RU FRPSXWHU IRUHQVLFV


7KH WZR SULPDU\ REMHFWLYHV LQ GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV DUH WR ILQG RXW ZKDW KDSSHQHG
DQG WR FROOHFW GDWD LQ D PDQQHU WKDW LV DFFHSWDEOH WR WKH FRXUW

1RWH

0DQ\ LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ DOVR FRPELQH WKH WHUPV GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV


DQG LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH '),5 ,I \RX VHH WKH WHUP RU DFURQ\P
'),5 XVHG LQ GRFXPHQWV VWDQGDUGV DQG DUWLFOHV \RX NQRZ WKDW
WKH SUDFWLFHV RI LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH DQG GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV ZKLFK
JR KDQG LQ KDQG DUH FRPELQHG

$Q\ GHYLFH WKDW FDQ VWRUH GDWD LV SRWHQWLDOO\ WKH REMHFW RI GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV
LQFOXGLQJ EXW QRW OLPLWHG WR WKH IROORZLQJ

&RPSXWHUV VHUYHUV GHVNWRS PDFKLQHV DQG VR RQ


6PDUWSKRQHV
7DEOHWV
1HWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV URXWHUV VZLWFKHV ILUHZDOOV LQWUXVLRQ
SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV
1HWZRUN PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHPV
3ULQWHUV
,R7 GHYLFHV
&KDLQ RI FXVWRG\ LV FULWLFDO WR IRUHQVLFV LQYHVWLJDWLRQV &KDLQ RI FXVWRG\ LV WKH
ZD\ \RX GRFXPHQW DQG SUHVHUYH HYLGHQFH IURP WKH WLPH WKDW \RX VWDUWHG D
F\EHU IRUHQVLFV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WR WKH WLPH WKH HYLGHQFH LV SUHVHQWHG DW FRXUW RU WR
\RXU H[HFXWLYHV LQ WKH FDVH RI DQ LQWHUQDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ ,W LV H[WUHPHO\
LPSRUWDQW WR EH DEOH WR VKRZ FOHDU GRFXPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH IROORZLQJ

+RZ WKH HYLGHQFH ZDV FROOHFWHG


:KHQ LW ZDV FROOHFWHG
+RZ LW ZDV WUDQVSRUWHG
+RZ LW ZDV WUDFNHG
+RZ LW ZDV VWRUHG
:KR KDG DFFHVV WR WKH HYLGHQFH DQG KRZ LW ZDV DFFHVVHG

7LS

,I \RX IDLO WR PDLQWDLQ SURSHU FKDLQ RI FXVWRG\ LW LV OLNHO\ \RX


FDQQRW XVH WKDW HYLGHQFH LQ FRXUW ,W LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW WR NQRZ
KRZ WR GLVSRVH RI HYLGHQFH DIWHU DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ

:KHQ \RX FROOHFW HYLGHQFH \RX PXVW SURWHFW LWV LQWHJULW\ 7KLV LQYROYHV
PDNLQJ VXUH WKDW QRWKLQJ LV DGGHG WR WKH HYLGHQFH DQG WKDW QRWKLQJ LV GHOHWHG RU
GHVWUR\HG WKLV LV NQRZQ DV HYLGHQFH SUHVHUYDWLRQ

7LS

$ PHWKRG RIWHQ XVHG IRU HYLGHQFH SUHVHUYDWLRQ LV WR ZRUN RQO\


ZLWK D FRS\ RI WKH HYLGHQFH LQ RWKHU ZRUGV QRW ZRUN GLUHFWO\
ZLWK WKH HYLGHQFH LWVHOI 7KLV LQYROYHV FUHDWLQJ DQ LPDJH RI DQ\
KDUG GULYH RU DQ\ VWRUDJH GHYLFH

6HYHUDO IRUHQVLFV WRROV DUH DYDLODEOH RQ WKH PDUNHW 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WZR RI
WKH PRVW SRSXODU

*XLGDQFH 6RIWZDUH V (Q&DVH ZZZ JXLGDQFHVRIWZDUH FRP


$FFHVV'DWD V )RUHQVLF 7RRONLW KWWS DFFHVVGDWD FRP

7LS

6HYHUDO RSHQ VRXUFH WRROV DQG /LQX[ GLVWULEXWLRQV FDQ EH XVHG


IRU GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV ([DPSOHV LQFOXGH 6HFXULW\ 2QLRQ &$,1(
DQG 6,)7 , KDYH LQFOXGHG QXPHURXV H[DPSOHV RI WRROV IRU
HYLGHQFH FROOHFWLRQ ORJ DQDO\VLV PHPRU\ DQDO\VLV DQG RWKHU
GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV WDVNV DW WKH IROORZLQJ *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 7KH $UW RI +DFNLQJ K FNHU WUHH PDVWHU GILU

$QRWKHU PHWKRGRORJ\ XVHG LQ HYLGHQFH SUHVHUYDWLRQ LV WR XVH ZULWH SURWHFWHG


VWRUDJH GHYLFHV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH VWRUDJH GHYLFH \RX DUH LQYHVWLJDWLQJ VKRXOG
LPPHGLDWHO\ EH ZULWH SURWHFWHG EHIRUH LW LV LPDJHG DQG VKRXOG EH ODEHOHG WR
LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

,QYHVWLJDWRU V QDPH
'DWH ZKHQ WKH LPDJH ZDV FUHDWHG
&DVH QDPH DQG QXPEHU LI DSSOLFDEOH
$GGLWLRQDOO\ \RX PXVW SUHYHQW HOHFWURQLF VWDWLF RU RWKHU GLVFKDUJH IURP
GDPDJLQJ RU HUDVLQJ HYLGHQWLDU\ GDWD 6SHFLDO HYLGHQFH EDJV WKDW DUH DQWLVWDWLF
VKRXOG EH XVHG WR VWRUH GLJLWDO GHYLFHV ,W LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WKDW \RX SUHYHQW
HOHFWURVWDWLF GLVFKDUJH (6' DQG RWKHU HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJHV IURP GDPDJLQJ
\RXU HYLGHQFH 6RPH RUJDQL]DWLRQV HYHQ KDYH F\EHU IRUHQVLF ODEV WKDW FRQWURO
DFFHVV WR RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG XVHUV DQG LQYHVWLJDWRUV 2QH PHWKRG RIWHQ XVHG
LQYROYHV FRQVWUXFWLQJ ZKDW LV FDOOHG D )DUDGD\ FDJH 7KLV FDJH LV RIWHQ EXLOW
RXW RI D PHVK RI FRQGXFWLQJ PDWHULDO WKDW SUHYHQWV HOHFWURPDJQHWLF HQHUJ\ IURP
HQWHULQJ LQWR RU HVFDSLQJ IURP WKH FDJH $OVR WKLV SUHYHQWV GHYLFHV IURP
FRPPXQLFDWLQJ YLD :L )L RU FHOOXODU VLJQDOV

:KDW V PRUH WUDQVSRUWLQJ WKH HYLGHQFH WR WKH IRUHQVLFV ODE RU DQ\ RWKHU SODFH
LQFOXGLQJ WKH FRXUWKRXVH KDV WR EH GRQH YHU\ FDUHIXOO\ ,W LV FULWLFDO WKDW WKH
FKDLQ RI FXVWRG\ EH PDLQWDLQHG GXULQJ WKLV WUDQVSRUW :KHQ \RX WUDQVSRUW WKH
HYLGHQFH \RX VKRXOG VWULYH WR VHFXUH LW LQ D ORFNDEOH FRQWDLQHU ,W LV DOVR
UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW WKH UHVSRQVLEOH SHUVRQ VWD\ ZLWK WKH HYLGHQFH DW DOO WLPHV
GXULQJ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ

1RWH

&KDSWHU )XQGDPHQWDOV RI ,QWUXVLRQ $QDO\VLV FRYHUV WKH


GHWDLOV RI WKH LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH SURFHVV WKH RSHUDWLRQV RI D
62& DQG SRVW EUHDFK LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH &KDSWHU
,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV FRYHUV WKH GHWDLOV DERXW WKH
VFLHQFH RI GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV
([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

5HYLHZ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WRSLFV LQ WKH FKDSWHU QRWHG ZLWK WKH .H\ 7RSLF LFRQ
LQ WKH RXWHU PDUJLQ RI WKH SDJH 7DEOH OLVWV D UHIHUHQFH RI WKHVH NH\ WRSLFV
DQG WKH SDJH QXPEHUV RQ ZKLFK HDFK LV IRXQG

7DEOH .H\ 7RSLFV IRU &KDSWHU

.H\ 7RSLF
'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

6HFWLRQ &\EHUVHFXULW\ YV ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\


,QIRVHF

3DUDJUDSK :KDW LV D WKUHDW"

3DUDJUDSK :KDW LV D YXOQHUDELOLW\"

3DUDJUDSK :KDW LV DQ H[SORLW"


.H\ 7RSLF
'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

)LJXUH :KLWH %ODFN DQG *UD\ +DW +DFNHUV

6HFWLRQ 7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH

/LVW 7KUHDW LQWHOOLJHQFH VWDQGDUGV 67,; 7$;,,


&\E2; 2SHQ,2& HWF

6HFWLRQ 7KUHDW ,QWHOOLJHQFH 3ODWIRUP

6HFWLRQ 64/ ,QMHFWLRQ

6HFWLRQ &RPPDQG ,QMHFWLRQ

/LVW ,GHQWLI\LQJ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

6HFWLRQ &URVV 6LWH 6FULSWLQJ

6HFWLRQ &URVV 6LWH 5HTXHVW )RUJHU\

6HFWLRQ 2:$63 7RS

3DUDJUDSK 1HWZRUN ILUHZDOOV


.H\ 7RSLF
'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

3DUDJUDSK $FFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV $&/V

6HFWLRQ ([WHQGHG $&/V

3DUDJUDSK $SSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV

6HFWLRQ 1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

6HFWLRQ 3RUW $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

3DUDJUDSK 6WDWLF WUDQVODWLRQ

6HFWLRQ 'HPLOLWDUL]HG ]RQHV

6HFWLRQ $SSOLFDWLRQ %DVHG VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG 0LFUR


VHJPHQWDWLRQ

3DUDJUDSK 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ JOREDO WKUHDW FRUUHODWLRQ


FDSDELOLWLHV

3DUDJUDSK $GYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ $03


.H\ 7RSLF
'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

3DUDJUDSK &LVFR :6$

3DUDJUDSK &LVFR (6$

3DUDJUDSK &LVFR ,6(

3DUDJUDSK 6HFXULW\ FORXG EDVHG VROXWLRQV

3DUDJUDSK &LVFR $03 7KUHDW *ULG

3DUDJUDSK 8PEUHOOD 2SHQ'16

3DUDJUDSK 6WHDOWKZDWFK &ORXG

3DUDJUDSK &ORXG/RFN

3DUDJUDSK &LVFR 1HW)ORZ

3DUDJUDSK 'DWD ORVV SUHYHQWLRQ

6HFWLRQ 7KH 3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH 'HIHQVH LQ 'HSWK


6WUDWHJ\
.H\ 7RSLF
'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

3DUDJUDSK 6'1 DQG WKH WUDGLWLRQDO PDQDJHPHQW FRQWURO


DQG GDWD SODQH

6HFWLRQ &RQILGHQWLDOLW\ ,QWHJULW\ DQG $YDLODELOLW\ 7KH


&,$ 7ULDG

6HFWLRQ 5LVN DQG 5LVN $QDO\VLV

3DUDJUDSK 'HILQLQJ 3,,

3DUDJUDSK 'HILQLQJ 3+,

6HFWLRQ 3ULQFLSOH RI /HDVW 3ULYLOHJH

6HFWLRQ 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XWLHV

6HFWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV &HQWHUV

6HFWLRQ 3OD\ERRNV 5XQERRNV DQG 5XQERRN


$XWRPDWLRQ

6HFWLRQ 'LJLWDO )RUHQVLFV


.H\ 7RSLF
'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

3DUDJUDSK 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ FKDLQ RI FXVWRG\

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

'HILQH WKH IROORZLQJ NH\ WHUPV IURP WKLV FKDSWHU DQG FKHFN \RXU DQVZHUV LQ
WKH JORVVDU\

QHWZRUN ILUHZDOOV

$&/V

1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

'/3

$03

,36

1HW)ORZ

6HFXULW\ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG (YHQW 0DQDJHU 6,(0

6HFXULW\ 2UFKHVWUDWLRQ $XWRPDWLRQ DQG 5HVSRQVH 62$5


&9(

&966

&:(

&:66

67,;

7$;,,

&\E2;

,R&

VFULSW NLGGLHV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7KH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV DSSHDU LQ $SSHQGL[ $ $QVZHUV WR WKH 'R ,


.QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV )RU PRUH SUDFWLFH ZLWK
H[DP IRUPDW TXHVWLRQV XVH WKH H[DP HQJLQH RQ WKH ZHEVLWH

([SODLQ WKH IHDWXUHV RI D WUDGLWLRQDO VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO

/LVW D FRPPHUFLDO WRRO XVHG LQ GLJLWDO IRUHQVLFV

'HVFULEH VRPH RI WKH EHQHILWV RI 1HW)ORZ


:KDW LV '/3"

6WDWHIXO DQG WUDGLWLRQDO ILUHZDOOV FDQ DQDO\]H SDFNHWV DQG MXGJH WKHP DJDLQVW
D VHW RI SUHGHWHUPLQHG UXOHV FDOOHG DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV :KLFK HOHPHQWV ZLWKLQ
D SDFNHW GR WKH\ LQVSHFW"

:KDW LV D VSHFLILFDWLRQ WKDW SURYLGHV D PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU VFRULQJ VRIWZDUH


ZHDNQHVVHV"

/LVW DQ RSHQ VRXUFH 6'1 VROXWLRQ

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV WUXH DERXW KHXULVWLF EDVHG DOJRULWKPV"

+HXULVWLF EDVHG DOJRULWKPV PD\ UHTXLUH ILQH WXQLQJ WR DGDSW WR QHWZRUN


WUDIILF DQG PLQLPL]H WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI IDOVH SRVLWLYHV
+HXULVWLF EDVHG DOJRULWKPV GR QRW UHTXLUH ILQH WXQLQJ
+HXULVWLF EDVHG DOJRULWKPV VXSSRUW DGYDQFHG PDOZDUH SURWHFWLRQ
+HXULVWLF EDVHG DOJRULWKPV SURYLGH FDSDELOLWLHV IRU WKH DXWRPDWLRQ RI ,36
VLJQDWXUH FUHDWLRQ DQG WXQLQJ

'HVFULEH WKH XVH RI '0=V

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ KDV WKH PRVW VWRUDJH UHTXLUHPHQWV"

1HW)ORZ
6\VORJ
)XOO SDFNHW FDSWXUHV
,36 VLJQDWXUHV
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHPHQWV DUH WUXH DERXW DSSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV"
&KRRVH WZR

$SSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV RU SUR[\ VHUYHUV DUH GHYLFHV WKDW RSHUDWH DV


LQWHUPHGLDU\ DJHQWV RQ EHKDOI RI FOLHQWV WKDW DUH RQ D SULYDWH RU SURWHFWHG
QHWZRUN
&OLHQWV RQ WKH SURWHFWHG QHWZRUN VHQG FRQQHFWLRQ UHTXHVWV WR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ
SUR[\ WR WUDQVIHU GDWD WR WKH XQSURWHFWHG QHWZRUN RU WKH ,QWHUQHW
$SSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG DV QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOOV
$SSOLFDWLRQ SUR[LHV DOZD\V SHUIRUP 1HWZRUN $GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ VWDWHPHQWV DUH WUXH ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR 1HWZRUN


$GGUHVV 7UDQVODWLRQ" &KRRVH WZR

1$7 FDQ RQO\ EH XVHG LQ ILUHZDOOV


6WDWLF 1$7 GRHV QRW DOORZ FRQQHFWLRQV WR EH LQLWLDWHG ELGLUHFWLRQDOO\
6WDWLF 1$7 DOORZV FRQQHFWLRQV WR EH LQLWLDWHG ELGLUHFWLRQDOO\
1$7 LV RIWHQ XVHG E\ ILUHZDOOV KRZHYHU RWKHU GHYLFHV VXFK DV URXWHUV DQG
ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV SRLQWV SURYLGH VXSSRUW IRU 1$7
&KDSWHU

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG &ORXG 6HFXULW\

7KLV FKDSWHU FRYHUV WKH IROORZLQJ WRSLFV

&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG WKH &ORXG 6HUYLFH 0RGHOV

&ORXG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHOV

'HY2SV &RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &, &RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\ &' DQG


'HY6HF2SV

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 'LIIHUHQW &ORXG 6HFXULW\ 7KUHDWV

(YHU\RQH XVHV FORXG FRPSXWLQJ WRGD\ 0DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV KDYH PRYHG


QXPHURXV DSSOLFDWLRQV WR WKH FORXG DQG WKHLU HPSOR\HHV XVH VHUYLFHV RIIHUHG
E\ PDQ\ FORXG SURYLGHUV VXFK DV *RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP $PD]RQ :HE
6HUYLFHV $:6 0LFURVRIW $]XUH DQG RWKHUV ,Q WKLV FKDSWHU \RX OHDUQ WKH
GLIIHUHQW FORXG FRPSXWLQJ VHUYLFH PRGHOV DQG WKH VHFXULW\ UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI
WKH FORXG SURYLGHU DQG FRQVXPHU RI HDFK PRGHO <RX DOVR OHDUQ DERXW 'HY2SV
&RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &, &RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\ &' DQG 'HY6HF2SV $W
WKH HQG RI WKH FKDSWHU \RX JDLQ DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH GLIIHUHQW FORXG VHFXULW\
WKUHDWV LQ WRGD\ V HQYLURQPHQW

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]


7KH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] DOORZV \RX WR DVVHVV ZKHWKHU \RX VKRXOG
UHDG WKLV HQWLUH FKDSWHU WKRURXJKO\ RU MXPS WR WKH ([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV
VHFWLRQ ,I \RX DUH LQ GRXEW DERXW \RXU DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV RU \RXU RZQ
DVVHVVPHQW RI \RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH WRSLFV UHDG WKH HQWLUH FKDSWHU 7DEOH
OLVWV WKH PDMRU KHDGLQJV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU DQG WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 'R , .QRZ
7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ ILQG WKH DQVZHUV LQ $SSHQGL[ $
$QVZHUV WR WKH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7DEOH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" )RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ WR 4XHVWLRQ 0DSSLQJ

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ 4XHVWLRQV

&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG WKH &ORXG 6HUYLFH 0RGHOV

&ORXG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHOV

'HY2SV &RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &, &RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\


&' DQG 'HY6HF2SV

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 'LIIHUHQW &ORXG 6HFXULW\ 7KUHDWV

&DXWLRQ
7KH JRDO RI VHOI DVVHVVPHQW LV WR JDXJH \RXU PDVWHU\ RI WKH
WRSLFV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU ,I \RX GR QRW NQRZ WKH DQVZHU WR D
TXHVWLRQ RU DUH RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ VXUH RI WKH DQVZHU \RX VKRXOG
PDUN WKDW TXHVWLRQ DV ZURQJ IRU SXUSRVHV RI WKH VHOI DVVHVVPHQW
*LYLQJ \RXUVHOI FUHGLW IRU DQ DQVZHU \RX FRUUHFWO\ JXHVV VNHZV
\RXU VHOI DVVHVVPHQW UHVXOWV DQG PLJKW SURYLGH \RX ZLWK D IDOVH
VHQVH RI VHFXULW\

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D UHDVRQ ZK\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DUH PRYLQJ WR WKH


FORXG"

7R WUDQVLWLRQ IURP RSHUDWLRQDO H[SHQGLWXUH 2S([ WR FDSLWDO H[SHQGLWXUH


&DS([
7R WUDQVLWLRQ IURP FDSLWDO H[SHQGLWXUH &DS([ WR RSHUDWLRQDO H[SHQGLWXUH
2S([
%HFDXVH RI WKH PDQ\ LQFRPSDWLELOLW\ LVVXHV LQ VHFXULW\ WHFKQRORJLHV
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D W\SH RI FORXG PRGHO FRPSRVHG RI WZR RU PRUH


FORXGV RU FORXG VHUYLFHV LQFOXGLQJ RQ SUHPLVHV VHUYLFHV RU SULYDWH FORXGV DQG
SXEOLF FORXGV "

,DD6
+\EULG FORXG
&RPPXQLW\ FORXG
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV WKH FORXG VHUYLFH PRGHO RI &LVFR :HE([ DQG
2IILFH "

6DD6
3DD6
6HUYHUOHVV FRPSXWLQJ
,DD6

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGRORJLHV XVHV 6FUXP"

$JLOH
:DWHUIDOO
6HUYLFH ,WHUDWLRQ
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGRORJLHV LQFOXGHV D IHHGEDFN


ORRS WR SUHYHQW SUREOHPV IURP KDSSHQLQJ DJDLQ HQDEOLQJ IDVWHU GHWHFWLRQ DQG
UHFRYHU\ E\ VHHLQJ SUREOHPV DV WKH\ RFFXU DQG PD[LPL]LQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR
OHDUQ DQG LPSURYH DV ZHOO DV FRQWLQXRXV H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQG OHDUQLQJ"

3LSHOLQHV
:DWHUIDOO
'HY2SV
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

$:6 /DPEGD LV DQ H[DPSOH RI VHUYHUOHVV FRPSXWLQJ 6HUYHUOHVV GRHV QRW


PHDQ WKDW \RX GR QRW QHHG D VHUYHU VRPHZKHUH ,QVWHDG LW PHDQV WKDW \RX ZLOO
EH XVLQJ ZKLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ WR KRVW DQG GHYHORS \RXU FRGH"

$JLOH
)X]]HUV
(FOLSVH
&ORXG SODWIRUPV

7KH FORXG VHFXULW\ VKDUHG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH W\SH RI FORXG PRGHO
6DD6 3DD6 RU ,DD6 ,Q ZKLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ FORXG VHUYLFH PRGHOV LV WKH
FORXG FRQVXPHU FXVWRPHU UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH VHFXULW\ DQG SDWFKLQJ RI WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQV EXW QRW WKH XQGHUO\LQJ RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP YLUWXDO PDFKLQHV
VWRUDJH DQG YLUWXDO QHWZRUNV"

3DD6
6DD6
,DD6
1RQH RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW

,QVXIILFLHQW GXH GLOLJHQFH LV RQH RI WKH ELJJHVW LVVXHV ZKHQ PRYLQJ WR WKH
FORXG 6HFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV PXVW YHULI\ WKDW ZKLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LVVXHV DUH
LQ SODFH DQG GLVFXVVHG ZLWK WKH FORXG SURYLGHU"

(QFU\SWLRQ
'DWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ
,QFLGHQW UHVSRQVH
$OO RI WKHVH DQVZHUV DUH FRUUHFW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV DQ LQSXW YDOLGDWLRQ DWWDFN WKDW KDV EHHQ XVHG E\
DGYHUVDULHV WR VWHDO XVHU FRRNLHV WKDW FDQ EH H[SORLWHG WR JDLQ DFFHVV DV DQ
DXWKHQWLFDWHG XVHU WR D FORXG EDVHG VHUYLFH" $WWDFNHUV DOVR KDYH XVHG WKHVH
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR UHGLUHFW XVHUV WR PDOLFLRXV VLWHV

'16 DWWDFNV
+70/ LQMHFWLRQ
64/ LQMHFWLRQ
;66

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV D W\SH RI DWWDFN ZKHUH WKH DWWDFNHU FRXOG DWWHPSW
WR FRPSURPLVH WKH FORXG E\ SODFLQJ D PDOLFLRXV YLUWXDO PDFKLQH LQ FORVH
SUR[LPLW\ WR D WDUJHW FORXG VHUYHU"

6LGH FKDQQHO
6HVVLRQ ULGLQJ
&65)
0DQ LQ WKH EURZVHU DWWDFN

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ DQG WKH &ORXG 6HUYLFH 0RGHOV

(YHU\RQH LV XVLQJ WKH FORXG RU GHSOR\LQJ K\EULG VROXWLRQV WR KRVW WKHLU


DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH UHDVRQ LV WKDW PDQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DUH ORRNLQJ WR WUDQVLWLRQ
IURP FDSLWDO H[SHQGLWXUH &DS([ WR RSHUDWLRQDO H[SHQGLWXUH 2S([ 7KH
PDMRULW\ RI WRGD\ V HQWHUSULVHV RSHUDWH LQ D PXOWLFORXG HQYLURQPHQW ,W LV
REYLRXV WKDW FORXG FRPSXWLQJ VHFXULW\ LV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ HYHU

1RWH

&ORXG FRPSXWLQJ VHFXULW\ LQFOXGHV PDQ\ RI WKH VDPH


IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV DV WUDGLWLRQDO ,7 VHFXULW\ 7KLV LQFOXGHV SURWHFWLQJ
FULWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKHIW GDWD H[ILOWUDWLRQ DQG GHOHWLRQ DV
ZHOO DV SULYDF\

7KH DGYDQWDJHV RI XVLQJ D FORXG EDVHG VHUYLFH LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

'LVWULEXWHG VWRUDJH
6FDODELOLW\
5HVRXUFH SRROLQJ
$FFHVV IURP DQ\ ORFDWLRQ
0HDVXUHG VHUYLFH
$XWRPDWHG PDQDJHPHQW

7KH 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1,67 DXWKRUHG 6SHFLDO


3XEOLFDWLRQ 63 7KH 1,67 'HILQLWLRQ RI &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ WR
SURYLGH D VWDQGDUG VHW RI GHILQLWLRQV IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV RI FORXG
FRPSXWLQJ 7KH 63 GRFXPHQW DOVR FRPSDUHV WKH GLIIHUHQW FORXG
VHUYLFHV DQG GHSOR\PHQW VWUDWHJLHV

$FFRUGLQJ WR 1,67 WKH HVVHQWLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI FORXG FRPSXWLQJ LQFOXGH WKH


IROORZLQJ

2Q GHPDQG VHOI VHUYLFH


%URDG QHWZRUN DFFHVV
5HVRXUFH SRROLQJ
5DSLG HODVWLFLW\
0HDVXUHG VHUYLFH

&ORXG GHSOR\PHQW PRGHOV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

3XEOLF FORXG 2SHQ IRU SXEOLF XVH ([DPSOHV LQFOXGH $PD]RQ :HE 6HUYLFHV
$:6 0LFURVRIW $]XUH *RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP *&3 DQG 'LJLWDO 2FHDQ
3ULYDWH FORXG 8VHG MXVW E\ WKH FOLHQW RUJDQL]DWLRQ RQ WKH SUHPLVHV RQ
SUHP RU DW D GHGLFDWHG DUHD LQ D FORXG SURYLGHU
&RPPXQLW\ FORXG 6KDUHG EHWZHHQ PXOWLSOH RUJDQL]DWLRQV
+\EULG FORXG &RPSRVHG RI WZR RU PRUH FORXGV RU FORXG VHUYLFHV
LQFOXGLQJ RQ SUHP VHUYLFHV

&ORXG FRPSXWLQJ FDQ EH EURNHQ LQWR WKH IROORZLQJ WKUHH EDVLF PRGHOV
,QIUDVWUXFWXUH DV D 6HUYLFH ,DD6 ,DD6 GHVFULEHV D FORXG VROXWLRQ ZKHUH
\RX UHQW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH <RX SXUFKDVH YLUWXDO SRZHU WR H[HFXWH \RXU VRIWZDUH
DV QHHGHG 7KLV LV PXFK OLNH UXQQLQJ D YLUWXDO VHUYHU RQ \RXU RZQ
HTXLSPHQW H[FHSW \RX DUH QRZ UXQQLQJ D YLUWXDO VHUYHU RQ D YLUWXDO GLVN
7KLV PRGHO LV VLPLODU WR D XWLOLW\ FRPSDQ\ PRGHO EHFDXVH \RX SD\ IRU ZKDW
\RX XVH $PD]RQ :HE 6HUYLFHV $:6 0LFURVRIW $]XUH *RRJOH &ORXG
3ODWIRUP *&3 DQG 'LJLWDO 2FHDQ DOO SURYLGH ,DD6 VROXWLRQV
3ODWIRUP DV D 6HUYLFH 3DD6 3DD6 SURYLGHV HYHU\WKLQJ H[FHSW
DSSOLFDWLRQV 6HUYLFHV SURYLGHG E\ WKLV PRGHO LQFOXGH DOO SKDVHV RI WKH
V\VWHP GHYHORSPHQW OLIH F\FOH 6'/& DQG FDQ XVH DSSOLFDWLRQ
SURJUDPPLQJ LQWHUIDFHV $3,V ZHEVLWH SRUWDOV RU JDWHZD\ VRIWZDUH 7KHVH
VROXWLRQV WHQG WR EH SURSULHWDU\ ZKLFK FDQ FDXVH SUREOHPV LI WKH FXVWRPHU
PRYHV DZD\ IURP WKH SURYLGHU V SODWIRUP
6RIWZDUH DV D 6HUYLFH 6DD6 6DD6 LV GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH D FRPSOHWH
SDFNDJHG VROXWLRQ 7KH VRIWZDUH LV UHQWHG RXW WR WKH XVHU 7KH VHUYLFH LV
XVXDOO\ SURYLGHG WKURXJK VRPH W\SH RI IURQW HQG RU ZHE SRUWDO :KLOH WKH
HQG XVHU LV IUHH WR XVH WKH VHUYLFH IURP DQ\ZKHUH WKH FRPSDQ\ SD\V D SHU
XVH IHH ([DPSOHV RI 6DD6 RIIHULQJV LQFOXGH &LVFR :HE([ 2IILFH DQG
*RRJOH * 6XLWH

1RWH

1,67 6SHFLDO 3XEOLFDWLRQ 1,67 &ORXG &RPSXWLQJ


5HIHUHQFH $UFKLWHFWXUH LV DQRWKHU UHVRXUFH IRU OHDUQLQJ PRUH
DERXW FORXG DUFKLWHFWXUH
&ORXG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHOV

&ORXG VHUYLFH SURYLGHUV &63V VXFK DV $]XUH $:6 DQG *&3 KDYH QR FKRLFH
EXW WR WDNH WKHLU VHFXULW\ DQG FRPSOLDQFH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV YHU\ VHULRXVO\ )RU
LQVWDQFH $PD]RQ FUHDWHG D 6KDUHG 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHO WR GHVFULEH WKH
UHVSHFWLYH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI WKH $:6 FXVWRPHUV DQG $PD]RQ V UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV
LQ GHWDLO 7KH $PD]RQ 6KDUHG 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHO FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DW
KWWSV DZV DPD]RQ FRP FRPSOLDQFH VKDUHG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ PRGHO

7KH VKDUHG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH W\SH RI FORXG PRGHO 6DD6 3DD6 RU
,DD6 )LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI D &63 DQG LWV FXVWRPHUV LQ D
6DD6 HQYLURQPHQW
)LJXUH 6DD6 6KDUHG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\

)LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI D &63 DQG LWV FXVWRPHUV LQ D 3DD6


HQYLURQPHQW
)LJXUH 3DD6 6KDUHG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\

)LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI D &63 DQG LWV FXVWRPHUV LQ DQ ,DD6


HQYLURQPHQW
)LJXUH ,DD6 6KDUHG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\

5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH PRGHO XVHG FORXG VHFXULW\ LV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI ERWK WKH
FOLHQW DQG WKH FORXG SURYLGHU 7KHVH GHWDLOV ZLOO QHHG WR EH ZRUNHG RXW EHIRUH D
FORXG FRPSXWLQJ FRQWUDFW LV VLJQHG 7KH FRQWUDFWV ZLOO YDU\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH
JLYHQ VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH FOLHQW &RQVLGHUDWLRQV LQFOXGH GLVDVWHU
UHFRYHU\ VHUYLFH OHYHO DJUHHPHQWV 6/$V GDWD LQWHJULW\ DQG HQFU\SWLRQ )RU
H[DPSOH LV HQFU\SWLRQ SURYLGHG HQG WR HQG RU MXVW DW WKH FORXG SURYLGHU" $OVR
ZKR PDQDJHV WKH HQFU\SWLRQ NH\V WKH FORXG SURYLGHU RU WKH FOLHQW" 2YHUDOO
\RX ZDQW WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH FORXG SURYLGHU KDV WKH VDPH OD\HUV RI VHFXULW\
ORJLFDO SK\VLFDO DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH LQ SODFH WKDW \RX ZRXOG KDYH IRU VHUYLFHV
\RX FRQWURO

3DWFK 0DQDJHPHQW LQ WKH &ORXG


3DWFK PDQDJHPHQW LQ WKH FORXG LV DOVR D VKDUHG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ LQ ,DD6 DQG 3DD6
HQYLURQPHQWV EXW QRW LQ D 6DD6 HQYLURQPHQW )RU H[DPSOH LQ D 6DD6
HQYLURQPHQW WKH &63 LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU SDWFKLQJ DOO VRIWZDUH DQG KDUGZDUH
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV +RZHYHU LQ DQ ,DD6 HQYLURQPHQW WKH &63 LV UHVSRQVLEOH RQO\
IRU SDWFKLQJ WKH K\SHUYLVRUV SK\VLFDO FRPSXWH DQG VWRUDJH VHUYHUV DQG WKH
SK\VLFDO QHWZRUN <RX DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU SDWFKLQJ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQV RSHUDWLQJ
V\VWHPV 90V DQG DQ\ YLUWXDO QHWZRUNV \RX GHSOR\

6HFXULW\ $VVHVVPHQW LQ WKH &ORXG

:KHQ SHUIRUPLQJ SHQHWUDWLRQ WHVWLQJ LQ WKH FORXG \RX PXVW ILUVW XQGHUVWDQG
ZKDW \RX FDQ GR DQG ZKDW \RX FDQQRW GR 0RVW &63V KDYH GHWDLOHG JXLGHOLQHV
RQ KRZ WR SHUIRUP VHFXULW\ DVVHVVPHQWV DQG SHQHWUDWLRQ WHVWLQJ LQ WKH FORXG
5HJDUGOHVV WKHUH DUH PDQ\ SRWHQWLDO WKUHDWV ZKHQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV PRYH WR D
FORXG PRGHO )RU H[DPSOH DOWKRXJK \RXU GDWD LV LQ WKH FORXG LW PXVW UHVLGH LQ
D SK\VLFDO ORFDWLRQ VRPHZKHUH <RXU FORXG SURYLGHU VKRXOG DJUHH LQ ZULWLQJ WR
SURYLGH WKH OHYHO RI VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHG IRU \RXU FXVWRPHUV

'HY2SV &RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &, &RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\ &'


DQG 'HY6HF2SV

'HY2SV LV FRPSRVHG RI PDQ\ WHFKQLFDO SURMHFW PDQDJHPHQW DQG PDQDJHPHQW


PRYHPHQWV %HIRUH 'HY2SV WKHUH ZHUH D IHZ GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGRORJLHV
2QH RI WKH RULJLQDO GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGRORJLHV LV FDOOHG WKH ZDWHUIDOO PRGHO
7KH ZDWHUIDOO PRGHO LV D VRIWZDUH DQG KDUGZDUH GHYHORSPHQW DQG SURMHFW
PDQDJHPHQW PHWKRGRORJ\ WKDW KDV DW OHDVW ILYH WR VHYHQ SKDVHV WKDW IROORZ LQ
VWULFW OLQHDU RUGHU (DFK SKDVH FDQQRW VWDUW XQWLO WKH SUHYLRXV SKDVH KDV EHHQ
FRPSOHWHG

)LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV WKH W\SLFDO SKDVHV RI WKH ZDWHUIDOO GHYHORSPHQW


PHWKRGRORJ\

)LJXUH 7KH 7\SLFDO 3KDVHV RI WKH :DWHUIDOO 'HYHORSPHQW 0HWKRGRORJ\

2QH RI WKH PDLQ UHDVRQV WKDW RUJDQL]DWLRQV KDYH XVHG WKH ZDWHUIDOO PRGHO LV
WKDW SURMHFW UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH DJUHHG XSRQ IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ VXEVHTXHQWO\
SODQQLQJ DQG VFKHGXOLQJ DUH VLPSOH DQG FOHDU :LWK D IXOO\ ODLG RXW SURMHFW
VFKHGXOH DQ DFFXUDWH HVWLPDWH FDQ EH JLYHQ LQFOXGLQJ GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFW
FRVW UHVRXUFHV DQG GHDGOLQHV $QRWKHU UHDVRQ LV WKDW PHDVXULQJ SURJUHVV LV
HDV\ DV \RX PRYH WKURXJK WKH SKDVHV DQG KLW WKH GLIIHUHQW PLOHVWRQHV <RXU HQG
FXVWRPHU LV QRW SHUSHWXDOO\ DGGLQJ QHZ UHTXLUHPHQWV WR WKH SURMHFW WKXV
GHOD\LQJ SURGXFWLRQ
7KHUH DOVR DUH VHYHUDO GLVDGYDQWDJHV LQ WKH ZDWHUIDOO PHWKRGRORJ\ 2QH RI WKH
GLVDGYDQWDJHV LV WKDW LW FDQ EH GLIILFXOW IRU FXVWRPHUV WR HQXPHUDWH DQG
FRPPXQLFDWH DOO RI WKHLU QHHGV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH SURMHFW ,I \RXU HQG
FXVWRPHU LV GLVVDWLVILHG ZLWK WKH SURGXFW LQ WKH YHULILFDWLRQ SKDVH JRLQJ EDFN
DQG GHVLJQLQJ WKH FRGH DJDLQ FDQ EH YHU\ FRVWO\ ,Q WKH ZDWHUIDOO PHWKRGRORJ\
D OLQHDU SURMHFW SODQ LV ULJLG DQG ODFNV IOH[LELOLW\ IRU DGDSWLQJ WR XQH[SHFWHG
HYHQWV

7KH $JLOH 0HWKRGRORJ\

$JLOH LV D VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW DQG SURMHFW PDQDJHPHQW SURFHVV ZKHUH D


SURMHFW LV PDQDJHG E\ EUHDNLQJ LW XS LQWR VHYHUDO VWDJHV DQG LQYROYLQJ FRQVWDQW
FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK VWDNHKROGHUV DQG FRQWLQXRXV LPSURYHPHQW DQG LWHUDWLRQ DW
HYHU\ VWDJH 7KH $JLOH PHWKRGRORJ\ EHJLQV ZLWK HQG FXVWRPHUV GHVFULELQJ KRZ
WKH ILQDO SURGXFW ZLOO EH XVHG DQG FOHDUO\ DUWLFXODWLQJ ZKDW SUREOHP LW ZLOO
VROYH 2QFH WKH FRGLQJ EHJLQV WKH UHVSHFWLYH WHDPV F\FOH WKURXJK D SURFHVV RI
SODQQLQJ H[HFXWLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLQJ 7KLV SURFHVV PD\ DOORZ WKH ILQDO
GHOLYHUDEOH WR FKDQJH WR EHWWHU ILW WKH FXVWRPHU V QHHGV ,Q DQ $JLOH
HQYLURQPHQW FRQWLQXRXV FROODERUDWLRQ LV NH\ &OHDU DQG RQJRLQJ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DPRQJ WHDP PHPEHUV DQG SURMHFW VWDNHKROGHUV DOORZV IRU IXOO\
LQIRUPHG GHFLVLRQV WR EH PDGH

1RWH
7KH $JLOH PHWKRGRORJ\ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\ SHRSOH
LQ LQ ZULWWHQ IRUP DQG LW LV GRFXPHQWHG DW 7KH 0DQLIHVWR
IRU $JLOH 6RIWZDUH 'HYHORSPHQW KWWSV DJLOHPDQLIHVWR RUJ

,Q $JLOH WKH LQSXW WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVV LV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D EXVLQHVV


REMHFWLYH FRQFHSW LGHD RU K\SRWKHVLV 7KHQ WKH ZRUN LV DGGHG WR D FRPPLWWHG
EDFNORJ )URP WKHUH VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW WHDPV WKDW IROORZ WKH VWDQGDUG
$JLOH RU LWHUDWLYH SURFHVV ZLOO WUDQVIRUP WKDW LGHD LQWR XVHU VWRULHV DQG VRPH
VRUW RI IHDWXUH VSHFLILFDWLRQ 7KLV VSHFLILFDWLRQ LV WKHQ LPSOHPHQWHG LQ FRGH
7KH FRGH LV WKHQ FKHFNHG LQ WR D YHUVLRQ FRQWURO UHSRVLWRU\ IRU H[DPSOH
*LW/DE RU *LW+XE ZKHUH HDFK FKDQJH LV LQWHJUDWHG DQG WHVWHG ZLWK WKH UHVW RI
WKH VRIWZDUH V\VWHP

,Q $JLOH YDOXH LV FUHDWHG RQO\ ZKHQ VHUYLFHV DUH UXQQLQJ LQ SURGXFWLRQ


VXEVHTXHQWO\ \RX PXVW HQVXUH WKDW \RX DUH QRW RQO\ GHOLYHULQJ IDVW IORZ EXW
DOVR WKDW \RXU GHSOR\PHQWV FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG ZLWKRXW FDXVLQJ FKDRV DQG
GLVUXSWLRQV VXFK DV VHUYLFH RXWDJHV VHUYLFH LPSDLUPHQWV RU VHFXULW\ RU
FRPSOLDQFH IDLOXUHV

$ FRQFHSW DGRSWHG E\ PDQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV UHODWHG WR $JLOH LV FDOOHG 6FUXP


6FUXP LV D IUDPHZRUN WKDW KHOSV RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZRUN WRJHWKHU EHFDXVH LW
HQFRXUDJHV WHDPV WR OHDUQ WKURXJK H[SHULHQFHV VHOI RUJDQL]H ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ RQ
D VROXWLRQ DQG UHIOHFW RQ WKHLU ZLQV DQG ORVVHV WR FRQWLQXRXVO\ LPSURYH 6FUXP
LV XVHG E\ VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW WHDPV KRZHYHU LWV SULQFLSOHV DQG OHVVRQV FDQ
EH DSSOLHG WR DOO NLQGV RI WHDPZRUN 6FUXP GHVFULEHV D VHW RI PHHWLQJV WRROV
DQG UROHV WKDW ZRUN LQ FRQFHUW WR KHOS WHDPV VWUXFWXUH DQG PDQDJH WKHLU ZRUN
7LS

6FUXP RUJ KDV D VHW RI UHVRXUFHV FHUWLILFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ


PDWHULDOV UHODWHG WR 6FUXP

7KH 6FUXP IUDPHZRUN XVHV WKH FRQFHSW RI VSULQWV D VKRUW WLPH ER[HG SHULRG
ZKHQ D 6FUXP WHDP ZRUNV WR FRPSOHWH D SUHGHILQHG DPRXQW RI ZRUN 6SULQWV
DUH RQH RI WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV RI WKH 6FUXP DQG $JLOH PHWKRGRORJLHV

7LS

7KH IROORZLQJ YLGHR SURYLGHV D JRRG RYHUYLHZ RI WKH $JLOH


PHWKRGRORJ\ ZZZ \RXWXEH FRP ZDWFK"Y = 4E<=K <;<
7KH IROORZLQJ *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\ LQFOXGHV D GHWDLOHG OLVW RI
UHVRXUFHV UHODWHG WR WKH $JLOH PHWKRGRORJ\
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP ORUDEY DZHVRPH DJLOH

$JLOH DOVR XVHV WKH .DQEDQ SURFHVV .DQEDQ LV D VFKHGXOLQJ V\VWHP IRU /HDQ
GHYHORSPHQW DQG MXVW LQ WLPH -,7 PDQXIDFWXULQJ RULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\
7DLLFKL 2KQR IURP 7R\RWD

'HY2SV
'HY2SV LV WKH RXWFRPH RI PDQ\ WUXVWHG SULQFLSOHV IURP VRIWZDUH
GHYHORSPHQW PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG OHDGHUVKLS WR WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\
YDOXH VWUHDP 'HY2SV UHOLHV RQ ERGLHV RI NQRZOHGJH IURP /HDQ 7KHRU\ RI
&RQVWUDLQWV UHVLOLHQFH HQJLQHHULQJ OHDUQLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQV VDIHW\ FXOWXUH
KXPDQ IDFWRUV DQG PDQ\ RWKHUV 7RGD\ V WHFKQRORJ\ 'HY2SV YDOXH VWUHDP
LQFOXGHV WKH IROORZLQJ DUHDV

3URGXFW PDQDJHPHQW
6RIWZDUH RU KDUGZDUH GHYHORSPHQW
4XDOLW\ DVVXUDQFH 4$
,7 RSHUDWLRQV
,QIRVHF DQG F\EHUVHFXULW\ SUDFWLFHV

7KHUH DUH WKUHH JHQHUDO ZD\V RU PHWKRGV WR 'HY2SV

7KH ILUVW ZD\ LQFOXGHV V\VWHPV DQG IORZ ,Q WKLV ZD\ RU PHWKRG \RX PDNH
ZRUN YLVLEOH E\ UHGXFLQJ WKH ZRUN EDWFK VL]HV UHGXFLQJ LQWHUYDOV RI ZRUN
DQG SUHYHQWLQJ GHIHFWV IURP EHLQJ LQWURGXFHG E\ EXLOGLQJ LQ TXDOLW\ DQG
FRQWURO
7KH VHFRQG ZD\ LQFOXGHV D IHHGEDFN ORRS WR SUHYHQW SUREOHPV IURP
KDSSHQLQJ DJDLQ HQDEOLQJ IDVWHU GHWHFWLRQ DQG UHFRYHU\ E\ VHHLQJ SUREOHPV
DV WKH\ RFFXU DQG PD[LPL]LQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR OHDUQ DQG LPSURYH
7KH WKLUG ZD\ LV FRQWLQXRXV H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQG OHDUQLQJ ,Q D WUXH 'HY2SV
HQYLURQPHQW \RX FRQGXFW G\QDPLF GLVFLSOLQHG H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQG WDNH
ULVNV <RX DOVR GHILQH WKH WLPH WR IL[ LVVXHV DQG PDNH V\VWHPV EHWWHU 7KH
FUHDWLRQ RI VKDUHG FRGH UHSRVLWRULHV KHOSV WUHPHQGRXVO\ LQ DFKLHYLQJ WKLV
FRQWLQXRXV H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQG OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV

&, &' 3LSHOLQHV

&RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &, LV D VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW SUDFWLFH ZKHUH


SURJUDPPHUV PHUJH FRGH FKDQJHV LQ D FHQWUDO UHSRVLWRU\ PXOWLSOH WLPHV D GD\
&RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\ &' VLWV RQ WRS RI &, DQG SURYLGHV D ZD\ IRU DXWRPDWLQJ
WKH HQWLUH VRIWZDUH UHOHDVH SURFHVV :KHQ \RX DGRSW &, &' PHWKRGRORJLHV
HDFK FKDQJH LQ FRGH VKRXOG WULJJHU DQ DXWRPDWHG EXLOG DQG WHVW VHTXHQFH 7KLV
DXWRPDWLRQ VKRXOG DOVR SURYLGH IHHGEDFN WR WKH SURJUDPPHUV ZKR PDGH WKH
FKDQJH

1RWH

&, &' KDV EHHQ DGRSWHG E\ PDQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW SURYLGH


FORXG VHUYLFHV WKDW LV 6DD6 3DD6 DQG VR RQ )RU LQVWDQFH &'
FDQ LQFOXGH FORXG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH SURYLVLRQLQJ DQG GHSOR\PHQW
ZKLFK WUDGLWLRQDOO\ KDYH EHHQ GRQH PDQXDOO\ DQG FRQVLVW RI
PXOWLSOH VWDJHV 7KH PDLQ JRDO RI WKH &, &' SURFHVVHV LV WR EH
IXOO\ DXWRPDWHG ZLWK HDFK UXQ IXOO\ ORJJHG DQG YLVLEOH WR WKH
HQWLUH WHDP
:LWK &, &' PRVW VRIWZDUH UHOHDVHV JR WKURXJK WKH VHW RI VWDJHV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ
)LJXUH $ IDLOXUH DW DQ\ VWDJH W\SLFDOO\ WULJJHUV D QRWLILFDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH
\RX FDQ XVH &LVFR :HE([ 7HDPV RU 6ODFN WR OHW WKH UHVSRQVLEOH GHYHORSHUV
NQRZ DERXW WKH FDXVH RI D JLYHQ IDLOXUH RU WR VHQG QRWLILFDWLRQV WR WKH ZKROH
WHDP DIWHU HDFK VXFFHVVIXO GHSOR\PHQW WR SURGXFWLRQ

)LJXUH &, &' 3LSHOLQH 6WDJHV

,Q )LJXUH WKH SLSHOLQH UXQ LV WULJJHUHG E\ D VRXUFH FRGH UHSRVLWRU\ *LW LQ


WKLV H[DPSOH 7KH FRGH FKDQJH W\SLFDOO\ VHQGV D QRWLILFDWLRQ WR D &, &' WRRO
ZKLFK UXQV WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SLSHOLQH 2WKHU QRWLILFDWLRQV LQFOXGH
DXWRPDWLFDOO\ VFKHGXOHG RU XVHU LQLWLDWHG ZRUNIORZV DV ZHOO DV UHVXOWV RI RWKHU
SLSHOLQHV

1RWH
7KH %XLOG VWDJH LQFOXGHV WKH FRPSLODWLRQ RI SURJUDPV ZULWWHQ LQ
ODQJXDJHV VXFK DV -DYD & & DQG *R ,Q FRQWUDVW 5XE\
3\WKRQ DQG -DYD6FULSW SURJUDPV ZRUN ZLWKRXW WKLV VWHS
KRZHYHU WKH\ FRXOG EH GHSOR\HG XVLQJ 'RFNHU DQG RWKHU
FRQWDLQHU WHFKQRORJLHV 5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH ODQJXDJH FORXG QDWLYH
VRIWZDUH LV W\SLFDOO\ GHSOR\HG ZLWK FRQWDLQHUV LQ D PLFURVHUYLFH
HQYLURQPHQW

,Q WKH 7HVW VWDJH DXWRPDWHG WHVWV DUH UXQ WR YDOLGDWH WKH FRGH DQG WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ EHKDYLRU 7KH 7HVW VWDJH LV LPSRUWDQW EHFDXVH LW DFWV DV D VDIHW\ QHW
WR SUHYHQW HDVLO\ UHSURGXFLEOH EXJV IURP EHLQJ LQWURGXFHG 7KLV FRQFHSW FDQ EH
DSSOLHG WR SUHYHQWLQJ VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV VLQFH DW WKH HQG RI WKH GD\ D
VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV W\SLFDOO\ D VRIWZDUH RU KDUGZDUH EXJ 7KH
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI ZULWLQJ WHVWV VFULSWV FDQ IDOO WR D GHYHORSHU RU D GHGLFDWHG 4$
HQJLQHHU +RZHYHU LW LV EHVW GRQH ZKLOH QHZ FRGH LV EHLQJ ZULWWHQ

$IWHU \RX KDYH D EXLOW \RXU FRGH DQG SDVVHG DOO SUHGHILQHG WHVWV \RX DUH UHDG\
WR GHSOR\ LW WKH 'HSOR\ VWDJH 7UDGLWLRQDOO\ HQJLQHHUV KDYH XVHG PXOWLSOH
GHSOR\ HQYLURQPHQWV IRU H[DPSOH D EHWD RU VWDJLQJ HQYLURQPHQW XVHG
LQWHUQDOO\ E\ WKH SURGXFW WHDP DQG D SURGXFWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW

1RWH

2UJDQL]DWLRQV WKDW KDYH DGRSWHG WKH $JLOH PHWKRGRORJ\ XVXDOO\


GHSOR\ ZRUN LQ SURJUHVV PDQXDOO\ WR D VWDJLQJ HQYLURQPHQW IRU
DGGLWLRQDO PDQXDO WHVWLQJ DQG UHYLHZ DQG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ GHSOR\
DSSURYHG FKDQJHV IURP WKH PDVWHU EUDQFK WR SURGXFWLRQ

7KH 6HUYHUOHVV %X]]ZRUG

6HUYHUOHVV GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW \RX GR QRW QHHG D VHUYHU VRPHZKHUH ,QVWHDG LW
PHDQV WKDW \RX ZLOO EH XVLQJ FORXG SODWIRUPV WR KRVW DQG RU WR GHYHORS \RXU
FRGH )RU H[DPSOH \RX PLJKW KDYH D VHUYHUOHVV DSS WKDW LV GLVWULEXWHG LQ D
FORXG SURYLGHU OLNH $:6 $]XUH RU *RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP

6HUYHUOHVV LV D FORXG FRPSXWLQJ H[HFXWLRQ PRGHO ZKHUH WKH FORXG SURYLGHU


$:6 $]XUH *RRJOH &ORXG DQG VR RQ G\QDPLFDOO\ PDQDJHV WKH DOORFDWLRQ
DQG SURYLVLRQLQJ RI VHUYHUV 6HUYHUOHVV DSSOLFDWLRQV UXQ LQ VWDWHOHVV FRQWDLQHUV
WKDW DUH HSKHPHUDO DQG HYHQW WULJJHUHG IXOO\ PDQDJHG E\ WKH FORXG SURYLGHU

$:6 /DPEGD LV RQH RI WKH PRVW SRSXODU VHUYHUOHVV DUFKLWHFWXUHV LQ WKH


LQGXVWU\

1RWH

,Q $:6 /DPEGD \RX UXQ FRGH ZLWKRXW SURYLVLRQLQJ RU


PDQDJLQJ VHUYHUV DQG \RX SD\ RQO\ IRU WKH FRPSXWH WLPH \RX
FRQVXPH :KHQ \RX XSORDG \RXU FRGH /DPEGD WDNHV FDUH RI
HYHU\WKLQJ UHTXLUHG WR UXQ DQG VFDOH \RXU DSSOLFDWLRQ RIIHULQJ
KLJK DYDLODELOLW\ DQG UHGXQGDQF\

$V GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH FRPSXWLQJ KDV HYROYHG IURP WUDGLWLRQDO


SK\VLFDO EDUH PHWDO VHUYHUV WR YLUWXDO PDFKLQHV 90V FRQWDLQHUV DQG
VHUYHUOHVV DUFKLWHFWXUHV

)LJXUH 7KH (YROXWLRQ RI &RPSXWLQJ

$ 4XLFN ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &RQWDLQHUV DQG 'RFNHU

%HIRUH \RX FDQ HYHQ WKLQN RI EXLOGLQJ D GLVWULEXWHG V\VWHP \RX PXVW ILUVW
XQGHUVWDQG KRZ WKH FRQWDLQHU LPDJHV WKDW FRQWDLQ \RXU DSSOLFDWLRQV PDNH XS DOO
WKH XQGHUO\LQJ SLHFHV RI VXFK D GLVWULEXWHG V\VWHP $SSOLFDWLRQV DUH QRUPDOO\
FRPSRVHG RI D ODQJXDJH UXQWLPH OLEUDULHV DQG VRXUFH FRGH )RU LQVWDQFH \RXU
DSSOLFDWLRQ PD\ XVH WKLUG SDUW\ RU RSHQ VRXUFH VKDUHG OLEUDULHV VXFK DV OLEF DQG
2SHQ66/ 7KHVH VKDUHG OLEUDULHV DUH W\SLFDOO\ VKLSSHG DV VKDUHG FRPSRQHQWV LQ
WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP WKDW \RX LQVWDOOHG RQ D V\VWHP 7KH GHSHQGHQF\ RQ WKHVH
OLEUDULHV LQWURGXFHV GLIILFXOWLHV ZKHQ DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ GHYHORSHG RQ \RXU GHVNWRS
ODSWRS RU DQ\ RWKHU GHYHORSPHQW PDFKLQH GHY V\VWHP KDV D GHSHQGHQF\ RQ D
VKDUHG OLEUDU\ WKDW LVQ W DYDLODEOH ZKHQ WKH SURJUDP LV GHSOR\HG RXW WR WKH
SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHP (YHQ ZKHQ WKH GHY DQG SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV VKDUH WKH H[DFW
VDPH YHUVLRQ RI WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP EXJV FDQ RFFXU ZKHQ SURJUDPPHUV
IRUJHW WR LQFOXGH GHSHQGHQW DVVHW ILOHV LQVLGH D SDFNDJH WKDW WKH\ GHSOR\ WR
SURGXFWLRQ

7KH JRRG QHZV LV WKDW \RX FDQ SDFNDJH DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ D ZD\ WKDW PDNHV LW HDV\
WR VKDUH WKHP ZLWK RWKHUV 7KLV LV DQ H[DPSOH ZKHUH FRQWDLQHUV EHFRPH YHU\
XVHIXO 'RFNHU RQH RI WKH PRVW SRSXODU FRQWDLQHU UXQWLPH HQJLQHV PDNHV LW
HDV\ WR SDFNDJH DQ H[HFXWDEOH DQG SXVK LW WR D UHPRWH UHJLVWU\ ZKHUH LW FDQ ODWHU
EH SXOOHG E\ RWKHUV

1RWH

&RQWDLQHU UHJLVWULHV DUH DYDLODEOH LQ DOO RI WKH PDMRU SXEOLF FORXG


SURYLGHUV IRU H[DPSOH $:6 *RRJOH &ORXG 3ODWIRUP DQG
0LFURVRIW $]XUH DV ZHOO DV VHUYLFHV WR EXLOG LPDJHV <RX FDQ
DOVR UXQ \RXU RZQ UHJLVWU\ XVLQJ RSHQ VRXUFH RU FRPPHUFLDO
V\VWHPV 7KHVH UHJLVWULHV PDNH LW HDV\ IRU GHYHORSHUV WR PDQDJH
DQG GHSOR\ SULYDWH LPDJHV ZKLOH LPDJH EXLOGHU VHUYLFHV SURYLGH
HDV\ LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLWK FRQWLQXRXV GHOLYHU\ V\VWHPV

&RQWDLQHU LPDJHV EXQGOH D SURJUDP DQG LWV GHSHQGHQFLHV LQWR D VLQJOH DUWLIDFW
XQGHU D URRW ILOH V\VWHP &RQWDLQHUV DUH PDGH XS RI D VHULHV RI ILOH V\VWHP
OD\HUV (DFK OD\HU DGGV UHPRYHV RU PRGLILHV ILOHV IURP WKH SUHFHGLQJ OD\HU LQ
WKH ILOH V\VWHP 7KH RYHUOD\ V\VWHP LV XVHG ERWK ZKHQ SDFNDJLQJ WKH LPDJH DQG
ZKHQ WKH LPDJH LV DFWXDOO\ EHLQJ XVHG 'XULQJ UXQWLPH WKHUH DUH D YDULHW\ RI
GLIIHUHQW FRQFUHWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV RI VXFK ILOH V\VWHPV LQFOXGLQJ DXIV
RYHUOD\ DQG RYHUOD\

7LS

7KH PRVW SRSXODU FRQWDLQHU LPDJH IRUPDW LV WKH 'RFNHU LPDJH


IRUPDW ZKLFK KDV EHHQ VWDQGDUGL]HG E\ WKH 2SHQ &RQWDLQHU
,QLWLDWLYH 2&, WR WKH 2&, LPDJH IRUPDW .XEHUQHWHV VXSSRUWV
ERWK 'RFNHU DQG 2&, LPDJHV 'RFNHU LPDJHV DOVR LQFOXGH
DGGLWLRQDO PHWDGDWD XVHG E\ D FRQWDLQHU UXQWLPH WR VWDUW D
UXQQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LQVWDQFH EDVHG RQ WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH
FRQWDLQHU LPDJH

/HW V ORRN DW DQ H[DPSOH RI KRZ FRQWDLQHU LPDJHV ZRUN )LJXUH VKRZV


WKUHH FRQWDLQHU LPDJHV $ % DQG & &RQWDLQHU ,PDJH % LV IRUNHG IURP
&RQWDLQHU ,PDJH $ 7KHQ LQ &RQWDLQHU ,PDJH % 3\WKRQ YHUVLRQ LV DGGHG
)XUWKHUPRUH &RQWDLQHU ,PDJH & LV EXLOW RQ &RQWDLQHU ,PDJH % DQG WKH
SURJUDPPHU DGGV 2SHQ66/ DQG QJLQ[ WR GHYHORS D ZHE VHUYHU DQG HQDEOH
7/6

)LJXUH +RZ &RQWDLQHU ,PDJHV :RUN

$EVWUDFWO\ HDFK FRQWDLQHU LPDJH OD\HU EXLOGV RQ WKH SUHYLRXV RQH (DFK SDUHQW
UHIHUHQFH LV D SRLQWHU 7KH H[DPSOH LQ )LJXUH LQFOXGHV D VLPSOH VHW RI
FRQWDLQHUV LQ PDQ\ HQYLURQPHQWV \RX ZLOO HQFRXQWHU D PXFK ODUJHU GLUHFWHG
DF\FOLF JUDSK

&RQWDLQHU 0DQDJHPHQW DQG 2UFKHVWUDWLRQ

0XOWLSOH WHFKQRORJLHV DQG VROXWLRQV KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR PDQDJH GHSOR\ DQG
RUFKHVWUDWH FRQWDLQHUV LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH PRVW SRSXODU

.XEHUQHWHV 2QH RI WKH PRVW SRSXODU FRQWDLQHU RUFKHVWUDWLRQ DQG


PDQDJHPHQW IUDPHZRUNV 2ULJLQDOO\ GHYHORSHG E\ *RRJOH .XEHUQHWHV LV D
SODWIRUP IRU FUHDWLQJ GHSOR\LQJ DQG PDQDJLQJ GLVWULEXWHG DSSOLFDWLRQV <RX
FDQ GRZQORDG .XEHUQHWHV DQG DFFHVV LWV GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DW
KWWSV NXEHUQHWHV LR
1RPDG $ FRQWDLQHU PDQDJHPHQW DQG RUFKHVWUDWLRQ SODWIRUP E\ +DVK&RUS
<RX FDQ GRZQORDG DQG REWDLQ GHWDLOHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW 1RPDG DW
ZZZ QRPDGSURMHFW LR
$SDFKH 0HVRV $ GLVWULEXWHG /LQX[ NHUQHO WKDW SURYLGHV QDWLYH VXSSRUW IRU
ODXQFKLQJ FRQWDLQHUV ZLWK 'RFNHU DQG $SS& LPDJHV <RX FDQ GRZQORDG
$SDFKH 0HVRV DQG DFFHVV LWV GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DW KWWSV PHVRV DSDFKH RUJ
'RFNHU 6ZDUP $ FRQWDLQHU FOXVWHU PDQDJHPHQW DQG RUFKHVWUDWLRQ V\VWHP
LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK WKH 'RFNHU (QJLQH <RX FDQ DFFHVV WKH 'RFNHU 6ZDUP
GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DW KWWSV GRFV GRFNHU FRP HQJLQH VZDUP

7LS

<RX FDQ SUDFWLFH DQG GHSOR\ \RXU ILUVW FRQWDLQHU E\ XVLQJ


.DWDFRGD ZKLFK LV DQ LQWHUDFWLYH V\VWHP WKDW DOORZV \RX WR
OHDUQ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW WHFKQRORJLHV LQFOXGLQJ 'RFNHU
.XEHUQHWHV *LW DQG 7HQVRUIORZ <RX FDQ DFFHVV .DWDFRGD DW
ZZZ NDWDFRGD FRP .DWDFRGD SURYLGHV QXPHURXV LQWHUDFWLYH
VFHQDULRV )RU LQVWDQFH \RX FDQ XVH WKH 'HSOR\LQJ \RXU ILUVW
FRQWDLQHU VFHQDULR WR OHDUQ KDQGV RQ 'RFNHU
ZZZ NDWDFRGD FRP FRXUVHV GRFNHU GHSOR\LQJ ILUVW FRQWDLQHU

<RX FDQ DFFHVV WKH 'RFNHU GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DW


KWWSV GRFV GRFNHU FRP <RX FDQ DOVR FRPSOHWH D IUHH DQG TXLFN
KDQGV RQ WXWRULDO WR OHDUQ PRUH DERXW 'RFNHU FRQWDLQHUV DW
ZZZ NDWDFRGD FRP FRXUVHV FRQWDLQHU UXQWLPHV ZKDW LV D
FRQWDLQHU LPDJH

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 'LIIHUHQW &ORXG 6HFXULW\ 7KUHDWV

2UJDQL]DWLRQV IDFH PDQ\ SRWHQWLDO WKUHDWV ZKHQ PRYLQJ WR D FORXG PRGHO )RU
H[DPSOH DOWKRXJK \RXU GDWD LV LQ WKH FORXG LW PXVW UHVLGH LQ D SK\VLFDO
ORFDWLRQ VRPHZKHUH <RXU FORXG SURYLGHU VKRXOG DJUHH LQ ZULWLQJ WR SURYLGH WKH
OHYHO RI VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHG IRU \RXU FXVWRPHUV

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH TXHVWLRQV WR DVN D FORXG SURYLGHU EHIRUH VLJQLQJ D FRQWUDFW
IRU LWV VHUYLFHV

:KR KDV DFFHVV" $FFHVV FRQWURO LV D NH\ FRQFHUQ EHFDXVH LQVLGHU DWWDFNV
DUH D KXJH ULVN $Q\RQH ZKR KDV EHHQ DSSURYHG WR DFFHVV WKH FORXG KDV WKH
SRWHQWLDO RI PLVKDQGOLQJ RU H[SRVLQJ GDWD WR XQDXWKRUL]HG XVHUV VR \RX
ZDQW WR NQRZ ZKR KDV DFFHVV DQG KRZ WKH\ ZHUH VFUHHQHG $QRWKHU
H[DPSOH ZKHUH \RX ZDQW WR PRQLWRU ZKR KDV DFFHVV WR ZKDW FORXG VHUYLFH LV
ZKHQ DQ HPSOR\HH OHDYHV \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG KH RU VKH ZDV WKH RQO\
DGPLQLVWUDWRU DQG WKHQ \RX ILQG RXW WKDW \RX GRQ W KDYH WKH SDVVZRUG WR
WKH FORXG VHUYLFH RU WKH FORXG VHUYLFH JHWV FDQFHOHG EHFDXVH PD\EH WKH ELOO
GLGQ W JHW SDLG 7KLV H[DPSOH VHHPV OLNH DQ LPPDWXUH ZD\ RI KDQGOLQJ D
SURGXFWLRQ VHUYLFH EXW WKLV VWLOO KDSSHQV LQ WRGD\ V HQYLURQPHQW
:KDW DUH \RXU UHJXODWRU\ UHTXLUHPHQWV" 2UJDQL]DWLRQV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH
8QLWHG 6WDWHV &DQDGD RU WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ KDYH PDQ\ UHJXODWRU\
UHTXLUHPHQWV WKDW WKH\ PXVW DELGH E\ IRU H[DPSOH ,62 ,(& (8
8 6 3ULYDF\ 6KLHOG )UDPHZRUN ,7,/ )HG5$03 DQG &2%,7 <RX PXVW
HQVXUH WKDW \RXU FORXG SURYLGHU FDQ PHHW WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG LV ZLOOLQJ
WR XQGHUJR FHUWLILFDWLRQ DFFUHGLWDWLRQ DQG UHYLHZ

1RWH

)HGHUDO 5LVN DQG $XWKRUL]DWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW 3URJUDP


)HG5$03 LV D 8QLWHG 6WDWHV JRYHUQPHQW SURJUDP DQG
FHUWLILFDWLRQ WKDW SURYLGHV D VWDQGDUGL]HG DSSURDFK WR VHFXULW\
DVVHVVPHQW DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG FRQWLQXRXV PRQLWRULQJ IRU FORXG
SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV )HG5$03 LV PDQGDWRU\ IRU 8QLWHG 6WDWHV
)HGHUDO $JHQF\ FORXG GHSOR\PHQWV DQG VHUYLFH PRGHOV DW WKH
ORZ PRGHUDWH DQG KLJK ULVN LPSDFW OHYHOV &ORXG RIIHULQJV
VXFK DV &LVFR :HE([ 'XR 6HFXULW\ &ORXGORFN DQG RWKHUV DUH
)HG5$03 FHUWLILHG $GGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW )HG5$03
FDQ EH REWDLQHG IURP ZZZ IHGUDPS JRY DQG
ZZZ FLVFR FRP F HQ XV VROXWLRQV LQGXVWULHV JRYHUQPHQW IHGHUDO
JRYHUQPHQW VROXWLRQV IHGUDPS KWPO

'R \RX KDYH WKH ULJKW WR DXGLW" 7KLV SDUWLFXODU LWHP LV QR VPDOO PDWWHU LQ
WKDW WKH FORXG SURYLGHU VKRXOG DJUHH LQ ZULWLQJ WR WKH WHUPV RI WKH DXGLW
:LWK FORXG FRPSXWLQJ PDLQWDLQLQJ FRPSOLDQFH FRXOG EHFRPH PRUH GLIILFXOW
WR DFKLHYH DQG HYHQ KDUGHU WR GHPRQVWUDWH WR DXGLWRUV DQG DVVHVVRUV 2I WKH
PDQ\ UHJXODWLRQV WRXFKLQJ RQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ IHZ ZHUH ZULWWHQ
ZLWK FORXG FRPSXWLQJ LQ PLQG $XGLWRUV DQG DVVHVVRUV PLJKW QRW EH IDPLOLDU
ZLWK FORXG FRPSXWLQJ JHQHUDOO\ RU ZLWK D JLYHQ FORXG VHUYLFH LQ SDUWLFXODU

1RWH

'LYLVLRQ RI FRPSOLDQFH UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV EHWZHHQ FORXG SURYLGHU


DQG FORXG FXVWRPHU PXVW EH GHWHUPLQHG EHIRUH DQ\ FRQWUDFWV DUH
VLJQHG RU VHUYLFH LV VWDUWHG

:KDW W\SH RI WUDLQLQJ GRHV WKH SURYLGHU RIIHU LWV HPSOR\HHV" 7KLV LV D
UDWKHU LPSRUWDQW LWHP WR FRQVLGHU EHFDXVH SHRSOH ZLOO DOZD\V EH WKH ZHDNHVW
OLQN LQ VHFXULW\ .QRZLQJ KRZ \RXU SURYLGHU WUDLQV LWV HPSOR\HHV LV DQ
LPSRUWDQW LWHP WR UHYLHZ
:KDW W\SH RI GDWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ V\VWHP GRHV WKH SURYLGHU XVH" 4XHVWLRQV
\RX VKRXOG EH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK KHUH LQFOXGH ZKDW GDWD FODVVLILHG VWDQGDUG LV
EHLQJ XVHG DQG ZKHWKHU WKH SURYLGHU HYHQ XVHV GDWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ
+RZ LV \RXU GDWD VHSDUDWHG IURP RWKHU XVHUV GDWD" ,V WKH GDWD RQ D
VKDUHG VHUYHU RU D GHGLFDWHG V\VWHP" $ GHGLFDWHG VHUYHU PHDQV WKDW \RXU
LQIRUPDWLRQ LV WKH RQO\ WKLQJ RQ WKH VHUYHU :LWK D VKDUHG VHUYHU WKH DPRXQW
RI GLVN VSDFH SURFHVVLQJ SRZHU EDQGZLGWK DQG VR RQ LV OLPLWHG EHFDXVH
RWKHUV DUH VKDULQJ WKLV GHYLFH ,I WKH VHUYHU LV VKDUHG WKH GDWD FRXOG
SRWHQWLDOO\ EHFRPH FRPLQJOHG LQ VRPH ZD\
,V HQFU\SWLRQ EHLQJ XVHG" (QFU\SWLRQ VKRXOG EH GLVFXVVHG ,V LW EHLQJ XVHG
ZKLOH WKH GDWD LV DW UHVW DQG LQ WUDQVLW" <RX ZLOO DOVR ZDQW WR NQRZ ZKDW W\SH
RI HQFU\SWLRQ LV EHLQJ XVHG )RU H[DPSOH WKHUH DUH ELJ WHFKQLFDO GLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQ '(6 DQG $(6 )RU ERWK RI WKHVH DOJRULWKPV KRZHYHU WKH EDVLF
TXHVWLRQV DUH WKH VDPH :KR PDLQWDLQV FRQWURO RI WKH HQFU\SWLRQ NH\V" ,V
WKH GDWD HQFU\SWHG DW UHVW LQ WKH FORXG" ,V WKH GDWD HQFU\SWHG LQ WUDQVLW RU LV
LW HQFU\SWHG DW UHVW DQG LQ WUDQVLW" $GGLWLRQDOO\ DUH \RX SHUIRUPLQJ HQG WR
HQG HQFU\SWLRQ RU GRHV WKH HQFU\SWLRQ VWRS VRPHZKHUH LQ EHWZHHQ WKH XVHU
DQG WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ SHUKDSV VRPH PLG OD\HU LQ WKH FORXG SURYLGHU "
:KDW DUH WKH VHUYLFH OHYHO DJUHHPHQW 6/$ WHUPV" 7KH 6/$ VHUYHV DV D
FRQWUDFWHG OHYHO RI JXDUDQWHHG VHUYLFH EHWZHHQ WKH FORXG SURYLGHU DQG WKH
FXVWRPHU WKDW VSHFLILHV ZKDW OHYHO RI VHUYLFHV ZLOO EH SURYLGHG
:KDW LV WKH ORQJ WHUP YLDELOLW\ RI WKH SURYLGHU" +RZ ORQJ KDV WKH FORXG
SURYLGHU EHHQ LQ EXVLQHVV DQG ZKDW LV LWV WUDFN UHFRUG" ,I LW JRHV RXW RI
EXVLQHVV ZKDW KDSSHQV WR \RXU GDWD" :LOO \RXU GDWD EH UHWXUQHG DQG LI VR
LQ ZKDW IRUPDW"
:LOO WKH SURYLGHU DVVXPH OLDELOLW\ LQ WKH FDVH RI D EUHDFK" ,I D VHFXULW\
LQFLGHQW RFFXUV ZKDW VXSSRUW ZLOO \RX UHFHLYH IURP WKH FORXG SURYLGHU"
:KLOH PDQ\ SURYLGHUV SURPRWH WKHLU VHUYLFHV DV EHLQJ XQKDFNDEOH FORXG
EDVHG VHUYLFHV DUH DQ DWWUDFWLYH WDUJHW WR KDFNHUV
:KDW LV WKH GLVDVWHU UHFRYHU\ EXVLQHVV FRQWLQXLW\ SODQ '5 %&3 "
$OWKRXJK \RX PLJKW QRW NQRZ WKH SK\VLFDO ORFDWLRQ RI \RXU VHUYLFHV LW LV
SK\VLFDOO\ ORFDWHG VRPHZKHUH $OO SK\VLFDO ORFDWLRQV IDFH WKUHDWV VXFK DV
ILUH VWRUPV QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV DQG ORVV RI SRZHU ,Q FDVH RI DQ\ RI WKHVH
HYHQWV KRZ ZLOO WKH FORXG SURYLGHU UHVSRQG DQG ZKDW JXDUDQWHH RI
FRQWLQXHG VHUYLFHV GRHV LW SURPLVH"

(YHQ ZKHQ \RX HQG D FRQWUDFW \RX PXVW DVN ZKDW KDSSHQV WR WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ
DIWHU \RXU FRQWUDFW ZLWK WKH FORXG VHUYLFH SURYLGHU HQGV

1RWH

,QVXIILFLHQW GXH GLOLJHQFH LV RQH RI WKH ELJJHVW LVVXHV ZKHQ


PRYLQJ WR WKH FORXG 6HFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV PXVW YHULI\ WKDW
LVVXHV VXFK DV HQFU\SWLRQ FRPSOLDQFH LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVH DQG VR
IRUWK DUH DOO ZRUNHG RXW EHIRUH D FRQWUDFW LV VLJQHG

&ORXG &RPSXWLQJ $WWDFNV

%HFDXVH FORXG EDVHG VHUYLFHV DUH DFFHVVLEOH YLD WKH ,QWHUQHW WKH\ DUH RSHQ WR
DQ\ QXPEHU RI DWWDFNV $V PRUH FRPSDQLHV PRYH WR FORXG FRPSXWLQJ ORRN IRU
KDFNHUV WR IROORZ 6RPH RI WKH SRWHQWLDO DWWDFN YHFWRUV WKDW FULPLQDOV PLJKW
DWWHPSW LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ

'HQLDO RI VHUYLFH 'R6 'R6 DQG GLVWULEXWHG GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH DWWDFNV


''R6 DUH VWLOO WKUHDWV QRZDGD\V ,Q &KDSWHU &\EHUVHFXULW\
)XQGDPHQWDOV \RX OHDUQHG KRZ DGYHUVDULHV KDYH XVHG PDQ\ WHFKQLTXHV
LQFOXGLQJ GLUHFWHG UHIOHFWHG DQG DPSOLILHG 'R6 DQG ''R6 DWWDFNV WR FDXVH
VHUYLFH GLVUXSWLRQ
6HVVLRQ KLMDFNLQJ 7KLV W\SH RI DWWDFN RFFXUV ZKHQ WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ VQLII
WUDIILF DQG LQWHUFHSW WUDIILF WR WDNH RYHU D OHJLWLPDWH FRQQHFWLRQ WR D FORXG
VHUYLFH
'16 DWWDFNV 7KHVH DUH DWWDFNV DJDLQVW WKH '16 LQIUDVWUXFWXUH '16
SRLVRQLQJ DWWDFNV DQG '16 =RQH 7UDQVIHU DWWDFNV
&URVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ ;66 $GYHUVDULHV KDYH XVHG WKLV LQSXW YDOLGDWLRQ
DWWDFN WR VWHDO XVHU FRRNLHV WKDW FDQ EH H[SORLWHG WR JDLQ DFFHVV DV
DXWKHQWLFDWHG XVHUV WR D FORXG EDVHG VHUYLFH $WWDFNHUV DOVR KDYH XVHG WKHVH
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR UHGLUHFW XVHUV WR PDOLFLRXV VLWHV
6KDUHG WHFKQRORJ\ DQG PXOWLWHQDQF\ FRQFHUQV &ORXG SURYLGHUV W\SLFDOO\
VXSSRUW D ODUJH QXPEHU RI WHQDQWV WKHLU FXVWRPHUV E\ OHYHUDJLQJ D FRPPRQ
DQG VKDUHG XQGHUO\LQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH 7KLV UHTXLUHV D VSHFLILF OHYHO RI
GLOLJHQFH ZLWK FRQILJXUDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW SDWFKLQJ DQG DXGLWLQJ HVSHFLDOO\
ZLWK WHFKQRORJLHV VXFK DV YLUWXDO PDFKLQH K\SHUYLVRUV FRQWDLQHU
PDQDJHPHQW DQG RUFKHVWUDWLRQ
+\SHUYLVRU DWWDFNV ,I WKH K\SHUYLVRU LV FRPSURPLVHG DOO KRVWHG YLUWXDO
PDFKLQHV FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ EH FRPSURPLVHG DV ZHOO 7KLV W\SH RI DWWDFN
FRXOG DOVR FRPSURPLVH V\VWHPV DQG OLNHO\ PXOWLSOH FORXG FRQVXPHUV
WHQDQWV
9LUWXDO PDFKLQH 90 DWWDFNV 9LUWXDO PDFKLQHV DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR VHYHUDO
RI WKH VDPH WUDGLWLRQDO VHFXULW\ DWWDFNV DV D SK\VLFDO VHUYHU +RZHYHU LI D
YLUWXDO PDFKLQH LV VXVFHSWLEOH WR D 90 HVFDSH DWWDFN WKLV UDLVHV WKH
SRVVLELOLW\ RI DWWDFNV DFURVV WKH YLUWXDO PDFKLQHV $ 90 HVFDSH DWWDFN LV D
W\SH RI DWWDFN ZKHUH WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ PDQLSXODWH WKH JXHVW OHYHO 90 WR
DWWDFN LWV XQGHUO\LQJ K\SHUYLVRU RWKHU 90V DQG RU WKH SK\VLFDO KRVW
&URVV VLWH UHTXHVW IRUJHU\ &65) 7KLV LV DQRWKHU FDWHJRU\ RI ZHE
DSSOLFDWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG UHODWHG DWWDFNV WKDW KDYH DOVR EHHQ XVHG WR VWHDO
FRRNLHV DQG IRU XVHU UHGLUHFWLRQ &65) LQ SDUWLFXODU OHYHUDJHV WKH WUXVW WKDW
WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ KDV LQ WKH XVHU )RU LQVWDQFH LI DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ OHYHUDJH WKLV
W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ WR PDQLSXODWH DQ DGPLQLVWUDWRU RU D SULYLOHJHG XVHU WKLV
DWWDFN FRXOG EH PRUH VHYHUH WKDQ ;66
64/ LQMHFWLRQ 7KLV W\SH RI DWWDFN H[SORLWV YXOQHUDEOH FORXG EDVHG
DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW DOORZ DWWDFNHUV WR SDVV 64/ FRPPDQGV WR D GDWDEDVH IRU
H[HFXWLRQ
6HVVLRQ ULGLQJ 0DQ\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV XVH WKLV WHUP WR GHVFULEH D FURVV VLWH
UHTXHVW IRUJHU\ DWWDFN $WWDFNHUV XVH WKLV WHFKQLTXH WR WUDQVPLW XQDXWKRUL]HG
FRPPDQGV E\ ULGLQJ DQ DFWLYH VHVVLRQ XVLQJ DQ HPDLO RU PDOLFLRXV OLQN WR
WULFN XVHUV ZKLOH WKH\ DUH FXUUHQWO\ ORJJHG LQ WR D FORXG VHUYLFH
'LVWULEXWHG GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH ''R6 DWWDFNV 6RPH VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDOV
KDYH DUJXHG WKDW WKH FORXG LV PRUH YXOQHUDEOH WR ''R6 DWWDFNV EHFDXVH LW LV
VKDUHG E\ PDQ\ XVHUV DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZKLFK DOVR PDNHV DQ\ ''R6 DWWDFN
PXFK PRUH GDPDJLQJ
0DQ LQ WKH PLGGOH FU\SWRJUDSKLF DWWDFNV 7KLV W\SH RI DWWDFN LV FDUULHG
RXW ZKHQ DQ DWWDFNHU SODFHV KLPVHOI LQ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQV SDWK EHWZHHQ
WZR XVHUV $Q\WLPH WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ GR WKLV WKHUH LV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW KH
FDQ LQWHUFHSW DQG PRGLI\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
6LGH FKDQQHO DWWDFNV $Q DWWDFNHU FRXOG DWWHPSW WR FRPSURPLVH WKH FORXG
E\ SODFLQJ D PDOLFLRXV YLUWXDO PDFKLQH LQ FORVH SUR[LPLW\ WR D WDUJHW FORXG
VHUYHU DQG WKHQ ODXQFKLQJ D VLGH FKDQQHO DWWDFN
$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ DWWDFNV LQVXIILFLHQW LGHQWLW\ FUHGHQWLDOV DQG DFFHVV
PDQDJHPHQW $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV D ZHDN SRLQW LQ KRVWHG DQG YLUWXDO VHUYLFHV
DQG LV IUHTXHQWO\ WDUJHWHG 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ ZD\V WR DXWKHQWLFDWH XVHUV VXFK
DV EDVHG RQ ZKDW D SHUVRQ NQRZV KDV RU LV 7KH PHFKDQLVPV XVHG WR VHFXUH
WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SURFHVV DQG WKH PHWKRG RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ XVHG DUH
IUHTXHQW WDUJHWV RI DWWDFNHUV
$3, DWWDFNV 2IWHQ $3,V DUH FRQILJXUHG LQVHFXUHO\ $Q DWWDFNHU FDQ WDNH
DGYDQWDJH RI $3, PLVFRQILJXUDWLRQV WR PRGLI\ GHOHWH RU DSSHQG GDWD LQ
DSSOLFDWLRQV RU V\VWHPV LQ FORXG HQYLURQPHQWV
.QRZQ H[SORLWV OHYHUDJLQJ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DJDLQVW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
FRPSRQHQWV $V \RX DOUHDG\ NQRZ QR VRIWZDUH RU KDUGZDUH LV LPPXQH WR
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV $WWDFNHUV FDQ OHYHUDJH NQRZQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DJDLQVW
YLUWXDOL]DWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWV .XEHUQHWHV FRQWDLQHUV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
PHWKRGV DQG VR RQ

7LS

7KH &ORXG 6HFXULW\ $OOLDQFH KDV D ZRUNLQJ JURXS WDVNHG WR


GHILQH WKH WRS FORXG VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV 'HWDLOV DUH DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSV FORXGVHFXULW\DOOLDQFH RUJ UHVHDUFK ZRUNLQJ JURXSV WRS
WKUHDWV 7KH &ORXG 6HFXULW\ $OOLDQFH 7RS 7KUHDWV 'HHS 'LYH
ZKLWH SDSHU LV SRVWHG DW WKH IROORZLQJ *LW+XE 5HSRVLWRU\
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 7KH $UW RI
+DFNLQJ K FNHU EORE PDVWHU 6&25 WRS WKUHDWV WR FORXG
FRPSXWLQJ GHHS GLYH SGI
$GGLWLRQDO EHVW SUDFWLFHV DQG FORXG VHFXULW\ UHVHDUFK DUWLFOHV
FDQ EH IRXQG DW WKH IROORZLQJ VLWH
KWWSV FORXGVHFXULW\DOOLDQFH RUJ UHVHDUFK DUWLIDFWV

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

5HYLHZ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WRSLFV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU QRWHG ZLWK WKH .H\ 7RSLF
LFRQ LQ WKH RXWHU PDUJLQ RI WKH SDJH 7DEOH OLVWV WKHVH NH\ WRSLFV DQG WKH
SDJH QXPEHUV RQ ZKLFK HDFK LV IRXQG

7DEOH .H\ 7RSLFV IRU &KDSWHU

.H\ 7RSLF 'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH


(OHPHQW 1XPEHU

3DUDJUDSK 1,67 GHILQLWLRQ RI SXEOLF SULYDWH


FRPPXQLW\ DQG K\EULG FORXGV

/LVW 'HILQLQJ ,DD6 3DD6 DQG 6DD6


6HFWLRQ &ORXG 6HFXULW\ 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ 0RGHOV

6HFWLRQ 7KH $JLOH 0HWKRGRORJ\

3DUDJUDSK 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ZKDW 'HY2SV LV

6HFWLRQ &, &' 3LSHOLQHV

3DUDJUDSK 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ ZKDW VHUYHUOHVV FRPSXWLQJ


LV

/LVW 6HFXULW\ TXHVWLRQV WR DVN FORXG VHUYLFH


SURYLGHUV

/LVW &RPPRQ FORXG VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

'HILQH WKH IROORZLQJ NH\ WHUPV IURP WKLV FKDSWHU DQG FKHFN \RXU DQVZHUV LQ WKH
JORVVDU\

90 HVFDSH DWWDFN

VHVVLRQ KLMDFNLQJ

.XEHUQHWHV
1RPDG

$SDFKH 0HVRV

'RFNHU 6ZDUP

&RQWLQXRXV ,QWHJUDWLRQ &,

&RQWLQXRXV 'HOLYHU\ &'

,QIUDVWUXFWXUH DV D 6HUYLFH ,DD6

3ODWIRUP DV D 6HUYLFH 3DD6

6RIWZDUH DV D 6HUYLFH 6DD6

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7KH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV DSSHDU LQ $SSHQGL[ $ $QVZHUV WR WKH 'R ,


.QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV )RU PRUH SUDFWLFH ZLWK
H[DP IRUPDW TXHVWLRQV XVH WKH H[DP HQJLQH RQ WKH ZHEVLWH

$ 3DD6 FORXG W\SLFDOO\ SURYLGHV ZKDW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH"

:KDW LV WKH GLVDGYDQWDJH RI WKH ZDWHUIDOO GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGRORJ\"

:KDW LV DQ HOHPHQW RI WKH 6FUXP IUDPHZRUN"

:KDW DUH H[DPSOHV RI WKH 'HY2SV YDOXH VWUHDP"


:KDW LV D VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW SUDFWLFH ZKHUH SURJUDPPHUV PHUJH FRGH
FKDQJHV LQ D FHQWUDO UHSRVLWRU\ PXOWLSOH WLPHV D GD\"

:KDW LV D WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW EXQGOHV D SURJUDP DQG LWV GHSHQGHQFLHV LQWR D


VLQJOH DUWLIDFW XQGHU D URRW ILOH V\VWHP" 7KHVH LWHPV DUH PDGH XS RI D VHULHV RI
ILOH V\VWHP OD\HUV (DFK OD\HU DGGV UHPRYHV RU PRGLILHV ILOHV IURP WKH
SUHFHGLQJ OD\HU LQ WKH ILOH V\VWHP

/LVW FRQWDLQHU PDQDJHPHQW DQG RUFKHVWUDWLRQ SODWIRUPV

:KDW LV D W\SH RI FORXG GHSOR\PHQW PRGHO ZKHUH WKH FORXG HQYLURQPHQW LV


VKDUHG DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW RUJDQL]DWLRQV"

:KDW LV D 8QLWHG 6WDWHV JRYHUQPHQW SURJUDP DQG FHUWLILFDWLRQ WKDW SURYLGHV


D VWDQGDUGL]HG DSSURDFK WR VHFXULW\ DVVHVVPHQW DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG FRQWLQXRXV
PRQLWRULQJ IRU FORXG SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV"

:KDW DUH H[DPSOHV RI FORXG VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV"


&KDSWHU

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

7KLV FKDSWHU FRYHUV WKH IROORZLQJ WRSLFV

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3ULQFLSOHV

6XEMHFW DQG 2EMHFW 'HILQLWLRQ

$FFHVV &RQWURO )XQGDPHQWDOV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 3URFHVV

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 5ROHV DQG 5HVSRQVLELOLWLHV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 7\SHV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0HFKDQLVPV

,GHQWLW\ DQG $FFHVV &RQWURO ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

2QH RI WKH IRXQGDWLRQDO WRSLFV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ LV DFFHVV FRQWUROV


$FFHVV FRQWUROV LV D EURDG WHUP XVHG WR GHILQH WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SK\VLFDO DQG
WHFKQLFDO FRQWUROV WKDW UHJXODWH WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ D VXEMHFW DQG DQ REMHFW
0RUH VLPSO\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV KHOS ZLWK GHILQLQJ DQG HQIRUFLQJ SROLF\ IRU ZKR
LV DXWKRUL]HG WR DFFHVV ZKDW DQG LQ ZKLFK ZD\
'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

7KH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] DOORZV \RX WR DVVHVV ZKHWKHU \RX VKRXOG
UHDG WKLV HQWLUH FKDSWHU WKRURXJKO\ RU MXPS WR WKH ([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV
VHFWLRQ ,I \RX DUH LQ GRXEW DERXW \RXU DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV RU \RXU RZQ
DVVHVVPHQW RI \RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH WRSLFV UHDG WKH HQWLUH FKDSWHU 7DEOH
OLVWV WKH PDMRU KHDGLQJV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU DQG WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 'R , .QRZ
7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ ILQG WKH DQVZHUV LQ $SSHQGL[ $
$QVZHUV WR WKH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7DEOH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" )RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ WR 4XHVWLRQ 0DSSLQJ

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ 4XHVWLRQV

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3ULQFLSOHV

6XEMHFW DQG 2EMHFW 'HILQLWLRQ

$FFHVV &RQWURO )XQGDPHQWDOV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 3URFHVV

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 5ROHV DQG 5HVSRQVLELOLWLHV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 7\SHV


)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ 4XHVWLRQV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0HFKDQLVPV

,GHQWLW\ DQG $FFHVV &RQWURO ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

&DXWLRQ

7KH JRDO RI VHOI DVVHVVPHQW LV WR JDXJH \RXU PDVWHU\ RI WKH


WRSLFV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU ,I \RX GR QRW NQRZ WKH DQVZHU WR D
TXHVWLRQ RU DUH RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ VXUH RI WKH DQVZHU \RX VKRXOG
PDUN WKDW TXHVWLRQ DV ZURQJ IRU SXUSRVHV RI WKH VHOI DVVHVVPHQW
*LYLQJ \RXUVHOI FUHGLW IRU DQ DQVZHU \RX FRUUHFWO\ JXHVV VNHZV
\RXU VHOI DVVHVVPHQW UHVXOWV DQG PLJKW SURYLGH \RX ZLWK D IDOVH
VHQVH RI VHFXULW\

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ HQVXUHV WKDW RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG XVHUV FDQ PRGLI\ WKH
VWDWH RI D UHVRXUFH"

,QWHJULW\
$YDLODELOLW\
&RQILGHQWLDOLW\
1RQ UHSXGLDWLRQ

:KDW HQWLW\ UHTXHVWV DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH"

2EMHFW
6XEMHFW
)LOH
'DWDEDVH

,Q ZKLFK SKDVH RI DFFHVV FRQWURO GRHV D XVHU QHHG WR SURYH KLV RU KHU
LGHQWLW\"

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ
$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ
$XWKRUL]DWLRQ
$FFRXQWLQJ

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRGV FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG H[DPSOHV


RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ NQRZOHGJH" 6HOHFW DOO WKDW DSSO\

3DVVZRUG
7RNHQ
3,1
)LQJHUSULQW

:KHQ D ELRPHWULF DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHP UHMHFWV D YDOLG XVHU ZKLFK W\SH RI


HUURU LV JHQHUDWHG"
7UXH SRVLWLYH
)DOVH SRVLWLYH
)DOVH UHMHFWLRQ
&URVVRYHU HUURU

,Q PLOLWDU\ DQG JRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZKDW LV WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU DQ


DVVHW WKDW LI FRPSURPLVHG ZRXOG FDXVH VHYHUH GDPDJH WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ"

7RS 6HFUHW
6HFUHW
&RQILGHQWLDO
8QFODVVLILHG

:KDW LV D FRPPRQ ZD\ WR SURWHFW GDWD DW UHVW "

(QFU\SWLRQ
7UDQVSRUW /D\HU 6HFXULW\
)LQJHUSULQW
,3VHF

:KR LV XOWLPDWHO\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU VHFXULW\ FRQWURO RI DQ DVVHW"

6HQLRU PDQDJHPHQW
'DWD FXVWRGLDQ
8VHU
6\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU
:KLFK W\SHV RI DFFHVV FRQWUROV DUH XVHG WR SURWHFW DQ DVVHW EHIRUH D EUHDFK
RFFXUV" 6HOHFW DOO WKDW DSSO\

3UHYHQWLYH
'HWHUUHQW
&RUUHFWLYH
5HFRYHU\

:KLFK DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO XVHV HQYLURQPHQWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WR PDNH DQ


DFFHVV GHFLVLRQ"

'LVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO


$WWULEXWH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO
5ROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO
0DQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

:KDW LV WKH PDLQ DGYDQWDJH RI XVLQJ D PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO 0$&


PRGHO LQVWHDG RI D GLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO '$& PRGHO"

0$& LV PRUH VHFXUH EHFDXVH WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP HQVXUHV VHFXULW\ SROLF\
FRPSOLDQFH
0$& LV PRUH VHFXUH EHFDXVH WKH GDWD RZQHU FDQ GHFLGH ZKLFK XVHU FDQ JHW
DFFHVV WKXV SURYLGLQJ PRUH JUDQXODU DFFHVV
0$& LV PRUH VHFXUH EHFDXVH SHUPLVVLRQV DUH DVVLJQHG EDVHG RQ UROHV
0$& LV EHWWHU EHFDXVH LW LV HDVLHU WR LPSOHPHQW
:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DUH SDUW RI D VHFXULW\ ODEHO XVHG LQ WKH PDQGDWRU\
DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO" 6HOHFW DOO WKDW DSSO\

&ODVVLILFDWLRQ
&DWHJRU\
5ROH
/RFDWLRQ

:KLFK DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO XVHV WKH IXQFWLRQ RI D VXEMHFW LQ DQ


RUJDQL]DWLRQ"

'LVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO


$WWULEXWH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO
5ROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO
0DQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV WKH HDVLHVW ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW D '$& EDVHG


V\VWHP"

'HSOR\LQJ DQ ,36
'HSOR\LQJ D '/3 V\VWHP
'HSOR\LQJ D FORXG DFFHVV EURNHU
$Q DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW

:KLFK ,'6 V\VWHP FDQ GHWHFW DWWDFNV XVLQJ HQFU\SWLRQ"

1HWZRUN ,'6 GHSOR\HG LQ LQOLQH PRGH


1HWZRUN ,'6 GHSOR\HG LQ SURPLVFXRXV PRGH
+RVW EDVHG ,'6
1HWZRUN ,36 GHSOR\HG LQ LQOLQH PRGH

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV QRW D GLVDGYDQWDJH RI KRVW EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH"

,W UHTXLUHV XSGDWLQJ PXOWLSOH HQGSRLQWV


,W GRHV QRW KDYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR HQFU\SWHG WUDIILF
,W GRHV QRW KDYH YLVLELOLW\ RI DOO HYHQWV KDSSHQLQJ LQ WKH QHWZRUN
,W PD\ UHTXLUH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV

:KLFK W\SH RI DFFHVV OLVW ZRUNV EHWWHU ZKHQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ 5%$&"

/D\HU DFFHVV OLVW


0$& DFFHVV OLVW
9/$1 PDS
6HFXULW\ JURXS DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ LV QRW D WUXH VWDWHPHQW DERXW 7$&$&6 "

,W RIIHUV FRPPDQG OHYHO DXWKRUL]DWLRQ


,W LV SURSULHWDU\ WR &LVFR
,W HQFU\SWV WKH 7$&$&6 KHDGHU
,W ZRUNV RYHU 7&3

:KDW LV XVHG LQ WKH &LVFR 7UXVW6HF DUFKLWHFWXUH WR SURYLGH OLQN OHYHO


HQFU\SWLRQ"
0$&VHF
,3VHF
7/6
($3

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3ULQFLSOHV

%HIRUH ZH GHOYH LQWR DFFHVV FRQWURO IXQGDPHQWDOV SURFHVVHV DQG PHFKDQLVPV


LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR UHYLVLW WKH FRQFHSWV RI FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG
DYDLODELOLW\ ZKLFK ZHUH H[SORUHG LQ &KDSWHU &\EHUVHFXULW\ )XQGDPHQWDOV
DQG XQGHUVWDQG WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK DFFHVV FRQWUROV

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ $FFHVV FRQWUROV DUH XVHG WR HQVXUH WKDW RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG


XVHUV FDQ DFFHVV UHVRXUFHV $Q H[DPSOH RI VXFK FRQWURO ZRXOG EH D SURFHVV
WKDW HQVXUHV WKDW RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG SHRSOH LQ DQ HQJLQHHULQJ GHSDUWPHQW DUH
DEOH WR UHDG WKH VRXUFH FRGH RI D SURGXFW XQGHU GHYHORSPHQW $WWDFNV WR
DFFHVV FRQWUROV WKDW SURWHFW WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ RI D UHVRXUFH ZRXOG W\SLFDOO\
DLP DW VWHDOLQJ VHQVLWLYH RU FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ
,QWHJULW\ $FFHVV FRQWUROV DUH XVHG WR HQVXUH WKDW RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG XVHUV FDQ
PRGLI\ WKH VWDWH RI D UHVRXUFH $Q H[DPSOH RI WKLV FRQWURO ZRXOG EH D
SURFHVV WKDW DOORZV RQO\ DXWKRUL]HG SHRSOH LQ DQ HQJLQHHULQJ GHSDUWPHQW WR
FKDQJH WKH VRXUFH FRGH RI D SURGXFW XQGHU GHYHORSPHQW $WWDFNV WR DFFHVV
FRQWUROV WKDW SURWHFW WKH LQWHJULW\ RI D UHVRXUFH ZRXOG W\SLFDOO\ DLP DW
FKDQJLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ ,Q VRPH FDVHV ZKHQ WKH FKDQJHV DUH GLVUXSWLYH WKH
VDPH DWWDFN ZRXOG DOVR KDYH DQ LPSDFW RQ WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKH UHVRXUFH
)RU H[DPSOH DQ DWWDFN WKDW FDXVHV WKH GHOHWLRQ RI D XVHU IURP D GDWDEDVH
ZRXOG KDYH DQ LPSDFW RQ WKH LQWHJULW\ EXW DOVR D VHFRQGDU\ LPSDFW RQ WKH
DYDLODELOLW\ EHFDXVH WKDW XVHU ZRXOG QRW EH DEOH WR DFFHVV WKH V\VWHP
$YDLODELOLW\ $FFHVV FRQWUROV ZRXOG W\SLFDOO\ HQVXUH WKDW WKH UHVRXUFH LV
DYDLODEOH WR XVHUV ZKR DUH DXWKRUL]HG WR DFFHVV LW LQ D UHDVRQDEOH DPRXQW RI
WLPH $WWDFNV WKDW ZRXOG DIIHFW WKH DYDLODELOLW\ W\SLFDOO\ DLP DW GLVDEOLQJ
DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH 'HQLDO RI VHUYLFH 'R6 DWWDFNV DUH VLPSOH H[DPSOHV RI
DWWDFNV DJDLQVW WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI D UHVRXUFH

6XEMHFW DQG 2EMHFW 'HILQLWLRQ

$V VWDWHG HDUOLHU DFFHVV FRQWUROV LV D EURDG WHUP XVHG WR GHILQH WKH


DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SK\VLFDO DQG WHFKQLFDO FRQWUROV WKDW UHJXODWH WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ D VXEMHFW DQG DQ REMHFW $ VXEMHFW LV GHILQHG DV DQ\ DFWLYH HQWLW\ WKDW
UHTXHVWV DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH DOVR FDOOHG DQ REMHFW 7KH VXEMHFW XVXDOO\
SHUIRUPV WKH UHTXHVW RQ EHKDOI RI D SULQFLSDO $Q REMHFW LV GHILQHG DV WKH
SDVVLYH HQWLW\ WKDW LV RU FRQWDLQV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGHG E\ WKH VXEMHFW

7KH UROH RI WKH VXEMHFW RU REMHFW LV SXUHO\ GHWHUPLQHG RQ WKH HQWLW\ WKDW UHTXHVWV
WKH DFFHVV 7KH VDPH HQWLW\ FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG D VXEMHFW RU DQ REMHFW
GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH D ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG
D VXEMHFW ZKHQ D XVHU WKH SULQFLSDO UXQV WKH EURZVHU SURJUDP WKH VXEMHFW
UHTXHVWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ KRZHYHU ZRXOG QHHG WR TXHU\ DQ
LQWHUQDO GDWDEDVH EHIRUH EHLQJ DEOH WR SURYLGH WKH UHTXHVWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ ,Q WKLV
ODWWHU FDVH WKH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ ZRXOG EH WKH VXEMHFW DQG WKH GDWDEDVH ZRXOG EH
FRQVLGHUHG WKH REMHFW LQ WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ

$FFHVV FRQWUROV DUH DQ\ W\SHV RI FRQWUROV WKDW UHJXODWH DQG PDNH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
GHFLVLRQV EDVHG RQ WKH DFFHVV ULJKWV DVVLJQHG WR D VXEMHFW IRU D VSHFLILF REMHFW
7KH JRDO RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO LV WR JUDQW SUHYHQW RU UHYRNH DFFHVV WR D JLYHQ
REMHFW

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV DERXW VXEMHFW DQG REMHFW
GHILQLWLRQ

$ VXEMHFW LV WKH DFWLYH HQWLW\ WKDW UHTXHVWV DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH

$Q REMHFW LV WKH SDVVLYH HQWLW\ WKDW LV RU FRQWDLQV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGHG E\


WKH VXEMHFW DQG IRU ZKLFK DFFHVV LV UHTXHVWHG
$FFHVV FRQWUROV DUH XVHG LQ WKH SURFHVV RI JUDQWLQJ SUHYHQWLQJ RU UHYRNLQJ
DFFHVV WR DQ REMHFW

)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ WKH VXEMHFW REMHFW DQG DFFHVV FRQWURO LQWHUDFW
)LJXUH ,QWHUDFWLRQ %HWZHHQ D 6XEMHFW 2EMHFW DQG $FFHVV &RQWURO

$FFHVV &RQWURO )XQGDPHQWDOV

7LS

,GHQWLW\ VKRXOG QRW EH FRQVLGHUHG VHFUHW

$FFHVV FRQWUROV KHOS LQ GHILQLQJ DQG HQIRUFLQJ SROLFLHV WKDW UHJXODWH ZKR FDQ
DFFHVV D UHVRXUFH DQG ZKDW FDQ EH GRQH ZLWK WKDW UHVRXUFH RQFH DFFHVVHG )RXU
EXLOGLQJ EORFNV RU SURFHVVHV FKDUDFWHUL]H DFFHVV FRQWUROV LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ $OWKRXJK WKHVH KDYH VLPLODU
GHILQLWLRQV DQG DSSOLFDELOLW\ HDFK XQLTXHO\ GHILQHV D VSHFLILF UHTXLUHPHQW RI DQ
DFFHVV FRQWURO V\VWHP

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURYLGLQJ WKH LGHQWLW\ RI D VXEMHFW RU XVHU 7KLV


LV WKH ILUVW VWHS LQ WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ SURFHVV
3URYLGLQJ D XVHUQDPH D SDVVSRUW DQ ,3 DGGUHVV RU HYHQ SURQRXQFLQJ \RXU
QDPH LV D IRUP RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ $ VHFXUH LGHQWLW\ VKRXOG EH XQLTXH LQ WKH
VHQVH WKDW WZR XVHUV VKRXOG EH DEOH WR LGHQWLI\ WKHPVHOYHV XQHTXLYRFDOO\ 7KLV
LV SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI DFFRXQWLQJ DQG PRQLWRULQJ
'XSOLFDWLRQ RI LGHQWLW\ LV SRVVLEOH LI WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV DUH QRW
FRQQHFWHG )RU H[DPSOH D XVHU FDQ XVH WKH VDPH XVHU ,' IRU D FRUSRUDWH
DFFRXQW DQG IRU D SHUVRQDO HPDLO DFFRXQW $ VHFXUH LGHQWLW\ VKRXOG DOVR EH
QRQGHVFULSWLYH VR WKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH XVHU V LGHQWLW\ FDQQRW EH LQIHUUHG
)RU H[DPSOH XVLQJ $GPLQLVWUDWRU DV WKH XVHU ,' LV JHQHUDOO\ QRW
UHFRPPHQGHG $Q LGHQWLW\ VKRXOG DOVR EH LVVXHG LQ D VHFXUH ZD\ 7KLV LQFOXGHV
DOO SURFHVVHV DQG VWHSV LQ UHTXHVWLQJ DQG DSSURYLQJ DQ LGHQWLW\ UHTXHVW 7KLV
SURSHUW\ LV XVXDOO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV VHFXUH LVVXDQFH

7LS

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DUH RIWHQ SHUIRUPHG WRJHWKHU


KRZHYHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH\ DUH WZR GLIIHUHQW
RSHUDWLRQV ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ LV DERXW HVWDEOLVKLQJ ZKR \RX DUH
ZKHUHDV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV DERXW SURYLQJ \RX DUH WKH HQWLW\ \RX
FODLP WR EH

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ

6HFXUH LGHQWLWLHV VKRXOG EH XQLTXH 7ZR XVHUV ZLWK WKH VDPH LGHQWLW\ VKRXOG
QRW EH DOORZHG
6HFXUH LGHQWLWLHV VKRXOG EH QRQGHVFULSWLYH ,W VKRXOG QRW EH SRVVLEOH WR LQIHU
WKH UROH RU IXQFWLRQ RI WKH XVHU )RU H[DPSOH D XVHU FDOOHG DGPLQ RU RPDU
UHSUHVHQWV D GHVFULSWLYH LGHQWLW\ ZKHUHDV D XVHU FDOOHG F UHSUHVHQWV
D QRQGHVFULSWLYH LGHQWLW\
6HFXUH LGHQWLWLHV VKRXOG EH VHFXUHO\ LVVXHG $ VHFXUH SURFHVV IRU LVVXLQJ DQ
LGHQWLW\ WR D XVHU QHHGV WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURYLQJ WKH LGHQWLW\ RI D VXEMHFW RU XVHU 2QFH D


VXEMHFW KDV LGHQWLILHG LWVHOI LQ WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ VWHS WKH HQIRUFHU KDV WR
YDOLGDWH WKH LGHQWLW\ WKDW LV EH VXUH WKDW WKH VXEMHFW RU XVHU LV WKH RQH LW LV
FODLPLQJ WR EH 7KLV LV GRQH E\ UHTXHVWLQJ WKDW WKH VXEMHFW RU XVHU SURYLGH
VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV XQLTXH WR WKH UHTXHVWRU 7KLV FRXOG EH VRPHWKLQJ NQRZQ RQO\
E\ WKH XVHU XVXDOO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ NQRZOHGJH RU RZQHG RQO\
E\ WKH XVHU XVXDOO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ RZQHUVKLS RU LW FRXOG EH
VRPHWKLQJ VSHFLILF WR WKH XVHU XVXDOO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\
FKDUDFWHULVWLF

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ .QRZOHGJH

,Q DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ NQRZOHGJH WKH XVHU SURYLGHV D VHFUHW WKDW LV NQRZQ RQO\


E\ KLP RU KHU $Q H[DPSOH RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ NQRZOHGJH ZRXOG EH D XVHU
SURYLGLQJ D SDVVZRUG HQWHULQJ D SHUVRQDO LGHQWLILFDWLRQ QXPEHU 3,1 FRGH RU
DQVZHULQJ VHFXULW\ TXHVWLRQV

7KH GLVDGYDQWDJH RI XVLQJ WKLV PHWKRG LV WKDW RQFH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV ORVW RU
VWROHQ IRU H[DPSOH LI D XVHU V SDVVZRUG LV VWROHQ DQ DWWDFNHU ZRXOG EH DEOH WR
VXFFHVVIXOO\ DXWKHQWLFDWH

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ 2ZQHUVKLS

:LWK DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ RZQHUVKLS WKH XVHU LV DVNHG WR SURYLGH SURRI WKDW KH RU


VKH RZQV VRPHWKLQJ VSHFLILF IRU H[DPSOH D V\VWHP PLJKW UHTXLUH DQ
HPSOR\HH WR XVH D EDGJH WR DFFHVV D IDFLOLW\ $QRWKHU H[DPSOH RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
E\ RZQHUVKLS LV WKH XVH RI D WRNHQ RU VPDUW FDUG

6LPLODU WR WKH SUHYLRXV PHWKRG LI DQ DWWDFNHU LV DEOH WR VWHDO WKH REMHFW XVHG IRU
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ IURP WKH XVHU WKH DWWDFNHU ZRXOG EH DEOH WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ DFFHVV
WKH V\VWHP

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ &KDUDFWHULVWLF

$ V\VWHP WKDW XVHV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF DXWKHQWLFDWHV WKH XVHU EDVHG


RQ VRPH SK\VLFDO RU EHKDYLRUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLF VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DV D
ELRPHWULF DWWULEXWH +HUH DUH WKH PRVW XVHG SK\VLFDO RU SK\VLRORJLFDO
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

)LQJHUSULQWV
)DFLDO UHFRJQLWLRQ
5HWLQD DQG LULV
3DOP DQG KDQG JHRPHWU\
%ORRG DQG YDVFXODU LQIRUPDWLRQ
9RLFH

+HUH DUH H[DPSOHV RI EHKDYLRUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

6LJQDWXUH G\QDPLF
.H\VWURNH G\QDPLF SDWWHUQ

7KH GUDZEDFN RI D V\VWHP EDVHG RQ WKLV W\SH RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV WKDW LW V SURQH


WR DFFXUDF\ HUURUV )RU H[DPSOH D VLJQDWXUH G\QDPLF EDVHG V\VWHP ZRXOG
DXWKHQWLFDWH D XVHU E\ UHTXHVWLQJ WKH XVHU WR ZULWH KLV RU KHU VLJQDWXUH DQG WKHQ
FRPSDULQJ WKH VLJQDWXUH SDWWHUQ WR D UHFRUG LQ WKH V\VWHP *LYHQ WKDW WKH ZD\ D
SHUVRQ VLJQV KLV RU KHU QDPH GLIIHUV VOLJKWO\ HYHU\ WLPH WKH V\VWHP VKRXOG EH
GHVLJQHG VR WKDW WKH XVHU FDQ VWLOO DXWKHQWLFDWH HYHQ LI WKH VLJQDWXUH DQG SDWWHUQ
DUH QRW H[DFWO\ WKH RQH LQ WKH V\VWHP +RZHYHU WKH V\VWHP VKRXOG DOVR QRW EH
WRR ORRVH DQG WKXV DXWKHQWLFDWH DQ XQDXWKRUL]HG XVHU DWWHPSWLQJ WR PLPLF WKH
SDWWHUQ

7ZR W\SHV RI HUURUV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH DFFXUDF\ RI D ELRPHWULF V\VWHP

$ 7\SH , HUURU DOVR FDOOHG IDOVH UHMHFWLRQ UDWH )55 KDSSHQV ZKHQ WKH
V\VWHP UHMHFWV D YDOLG XVHU ZKR VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ DXWKHQWLFDWHG
$ 7\SH ,, HUURU DOVR FDOOHG IDOVH DFFHSWDQFH UDWH )$5 KDSSHQV ZKHQ WKH
V\VWHP DFFHSWV D XVHU ZKR VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ UHMHFWHG IRU H[DPSOH DQ
DWWDFNHU WU\LQJ WR LPSHUVRQDWH D YDOLG XVHU
7KH FURVVRYHU HUURU UDWH &(5 DOVR FDOOHG WKH HTXDO HUURU UDWH ((5 LV WKH
SRLQW ZKHUH ))5 DQG )$5 DUH HTXDO 7KLV LV JHQHUDOO\ DFFHSWHG DV DQ LQGLFDWRU
RI WKH DFFXUDF\ DQG KHQFH WKH TXDOLW\ RI D ELRPHWULF V\VWHP

7DEOH OLVWV WKH WKUHH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRGV GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ DQG
SURYLGHV D VKRUW GHVFULSWLRQ DQG H[DPSOHV RI HDFK

7DEOH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 0HWKRGV

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 'HVFULSWLRQ ([DPSOHV


0HWKRG

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ 6RPHWKLQJ WKH 3DVVZRUG 3,1


NQRZOHGJH XVHU NQRZV

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ 6RPHWKLQJ WKH 6PDUW FDUG EDGJH WRNHQ


RZQHUVKLS XVHU RZQV

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ 6RPHWKLQJ WKH )LQJHUSULQW KDQG JHRPHWU\


FKDUDFWHULVWLF XVHU LV RU GRHV NH\VWURNH G\QDPLF

0XOWLIDFWRU $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ
$Q DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHP PD\ XVH PRUH WKDQ RQH RI WKH PHWKRGV RXWOLQHG LQ
7DEOH IRU H[DPSOH D SDVVZRUG DQG D EDGJH 7KH V\VWHP LV VDLG WR XVH
RQH WZR RU WKUHH IDFWRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ KRZ PDQ\
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRGV DUH UHTXHVWHG 7KH KLJKHU WKH QXPEHU RI IDFWRUV WKH
VWURQJHU WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHP LV $Q DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHP LV FRQVLGHUHG
VWURQJ LI LW XVHV DW OHDVW WZR GLIIHUHQW DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRGV

$XWKRUL]DWLRQ

$XWKRUL]DWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI JUDQWLQJ D VXEMHFW DFFHVV WR DQ REMHFW RU


UHVRXUFH 7KLV W\SLFDOO\ KDSSHQV DIWHU WKH VXEMHFW KDV FRPSOHWHG WKH
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SURFHVV $ SROLF\ RU UXOH QHHGV WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG WR GHVFULEH LQ
ZKLFK FDVHV D VXEMHFW VKRXOG EH DEOH WR DFFHVV WKH UHVRXUFH

$GGLWLRQDOO\ ZKHQ JUDQWLQJ DFFHVV WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SURFHVV ZRXOG FKHFN WKH
SHUPLVVLRQV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW REMHFW SDLU VR WKDW WKH FRUUHFW DFFHVV
ULJKW LV SURYLGHG 7KH REMHFW RZQHU DQG PDQDJHPHQW XVXDOO\ GHFLGH RU JLYH
LQSXW RQ WKH SHUPLVVLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLF\ WKDW JRYHUQV WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
SURFHVV

7KH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLF\ DQG UXOH VKRXOG WDNH YDULRXV DWWULEXWHV LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ VXFK DV WKH LGHQWLW\ RI WKH VXEMHFW WKH ORFDWLRQ IURP ZKHUH WKH
VXEMHFW LV UHTXHVWLQJ DFFHVV WKH VXEMHFW V UROH ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG VR
RQ $FFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV ZKLFK DUH GHVFULEHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO ODWHU LQ WKLV
FKDSWHU SURYLGH WKH IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLF\ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

$Q DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLF\ VKRXOG LPSOHPHQW WZR FRQFHSWV

,PSOLFLW GHQ\ ,I QR UXOH LV VSHFLILHG IRU WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ RI WKH


VXEMHFW REMHFW WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLF\ VKRXOG GHQ\ WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ
1HHG WR NQRZ $ VXEMHFW VKRXOG EH JUDQWHG DFFHVV WR DQ REMHFW RQO\ LI WKH
DFFHVV LV QHHGHG WR FDUU\ RXW WKH MRE RI WKH VXEMHFW

7KH SHUPLVVLRQ FRXOG EH DEVWUDFW VXFK DV RSHQ WKH GRRU RU PRUH IRUPDO
VXFK DV UHDG ZULWH RU H[HFXWH D VSHFLILF UHVRXUFH

$FFRXQWLQJ

$FFRXQWLQJ LV WKH SURFHVV RI DXGLWLQJ DQG PRQLWRULQJ ZKDW D XVHU GRHV RQFH D
VSHFLILF UHVRXUFH LV DFFHVVHG 7KLV SURFHVV LV VRPHWLPHV RYHUORRNHG KRZHYHU
DV D VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDO \RX QHHG WR EH DZDUH RI DFFRXQWLQJ DQG WR DGYRFDWH
WKDW LW EH LPSOHPHQWHG GXH WR WKH JUHDW KHOS LW SURYLGHV GXULQJ GHWHFWLRQ DQG
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ EUHDFKHV

:KHQ DFFRXQWLQJ LV LPSOHPHQWHG DQ DXGLW WUDLO ORJ LV FUHDWHG DQG VWRUHG WKDW
GHWDLOV ZKHQ WKH XVHU KDV DFFHVVHG WKH UHVRXUFH ZKDW WKH XVHU GLG ZLWK WKDW
UHVRXUFH DQG ZKHQ WKH XVHU VWRSSHG XVLQJ WKH UHVRXUFH *LYHQ WKH SRWHQWLDO
VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGHG LQ WKH DXGLWLQJ ORJV VSHFLDO FDUH VKRXOG EH WDNHQ
LQ SURWHFWLQJ WKHP IURP XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV
$FFHVV &RQWURO )XQGDPHQWDOV 6XPPDU\

7KH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH IRXU VWHS SURFHVV GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV
VHFWLRQ ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH D XVHU ZDQWV WR ZLWKGUDZ VRPH PRQH\ IURP DQ
DXWRPDWHG WHOOHU PDFKLQH $70

6WHS :KHQ WKH XVHU DSSURDFKHV WKH PDFKLQH DQG LQVHUWV KHU EDQN FDUG VKH LV
LGHQWLI\LQJ KHUVHOI WR WKH V\VWHP

6WHS 2QFH WKH XVHU LV LGHQWLILHG WKH V\VWHP ZLOO DVN KHU WR FRQILUP KHU
LGHQWLW\ XVXDOO\ UHTXHVWLQJ D 3,1 FRGH 7KLV LV WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VWHS DQG LW V
SHUIRUPHG E\ XVLQJ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ E\ NQRZOHGJH

6WHS 2QFH WKH XVHU LV DXWKHQWLFDWHG VKH LV DOORZHG WR ZLWKGUDZ PRQH\ IURP
KHU DFFRXQW 6KH GRHV QRW KDYH WKH ULJKW KRZHYHU WR ZLWKGUDZ PRUH WKDQ
7KLV LV FRQWUROOHG E\ WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SURFHVV ZKLFK ZLOO QRW DXWKRUL]H
WUDQVDFWLRQV ODUJHU WKDQ

6WHS $IWHU WKH XVHU KDV ZLWKGUDZQ WKH PRQH\ WKH $70 V\VWHP ZLOO ORJ WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ ZKLFK LQFOXGHV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH XVHU
WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH $70 DQG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ QXPEHU WKH XVHU V DFFRXQW QXPEHU
WKH DPRXQW ZLWKGUDZQ WKH GDWH DQG WLPH DQG VR RQ

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH IRXU SKDVHV RI DFFHVV FRQWURO DQG LQFOXGHV H[DPSOHV
RI HDFK SKDVH

7DEOH $FFHVV &RQWURO 3URFHVV 3KDVHV


3KDVH 4XHVWLRQV ,W $QVZHUV ([DPSOHV

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ :KR DUH \RX" 8VHU ,' ,3 DGGUHVV

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ &DQ \RX SURYH \RX DUH ZKR 3DVVZRUG EDGJH


\RX FODLP WR EH" ILQJHUSULQW

$XWKRUL]DWLRQ &DQ \RX DFFHVV D UHVRXUFH" 8VHU $ FDQ DFFHVV


:KDW FDQ \RX GR ZLWK WKDW 5HVRXUFH % LQ UHDG DQG
UHVRXUFH" ZULWH PRGH

$FFRXQWLQJ :KDW KDYH \RX GRQH ZLWK 8VHU $ KDV PRGLILHG


WKDW UHVRXUFH" 5HVRXUFH % RQ -XO\

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ


DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ

,GHQWLILFDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURYLGLQJ LGHQWLW\


$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURYLQJ WKH LGHQWLW\
$XWKRUL]DWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI SURYLGLQJ DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH ZLWK VSHFLILF
DFFHVV ULJKWV
$FFRXQWLQJ LV WKH SURFHVV RI DXGLWLQJ DQG PRQLWRULQJ XVHU RSHUDWLRQV RQ D
UHVRXUFH

$FFHVV &RQWURO 3URFHVV

$V GHVFULEHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV WKH DFFHVV FRQWURO SURFHVV JRYHUQV WKH
JUDQWLQJ SUHYHQWLQJ RU UHYRNLQJ RI DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH 7KH FRUH RI DQ DFFHVV
FRQWURO SURFHVV LV WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO SROLF\ RU UXOH WKDW
GHWHUPLQHV ZKLFK W\SH RI DFFHVV WR DVVLJQ DQG ZKHQ

7R GHWHUPLQH DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO SROLF\ WKH SROLF\ RZQHU QHHGV DQ HYDOXDWLRQ RI


WKH DVVHW RU GDWD WKDW LV WKH RZQHU QHHGV WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI DQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ V DVVHW VR WKDW DGHTXDWH FRQWUROV FDQ EH HVWDEOLVKHG 7KHQ WKH
DVVHW VKRXOG EH SURSHUO\ PDUNHG VR WKDW LWV FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV FOHDU WR HYHU\RQH
DQG D GLVSRVDO SROLF\ QHHGV WR EH HVWDEOLVKHG IRU D WLPH ZKHQ WKH DFFHVV LV QRW
QHHGHG DQ\PRUH

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ WHUPLQRORJ\ UHODWHG WR WKH DFFHVV FRQWURO
SURFHVV

$VVHW RU GDWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI FODVVLI\LQJ GDWD EDVHG RQ WKH


ULVN IRU WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ UHODWHG WR D EUHDFK RQ WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\
DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKH GDWD
$VVHW PDUNLQJ LV WKH SURFHVV RI PDUNLQJ RU ODEHOLQJ DVVHWV RU GDWD VR WKDW LWV
FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV FOHDU WR WKH XVHU
$FFHVV SROLF\ GHILQLWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI GHILQLQJ SROLFLHV DQG UXOHV WR
JRYHUQ DFFHVV WR DQ DVVHW
'DWD GLVSRVDO LV WKH SURFHVV RI GLVSRVLQJ RU HOLPLQDWLQJ DQ DVVHW RU GDWD

$VVHW &ODVVLILFDWLRQ

7R SURWHFW DQ DVVHW DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ ILUVW QHHGV WR XQGHUVWDQG KRZ LPSRUWDQW


WKDW DVVHW LV )RU H[DPSOH WKH XQDXWKRUL]HG GLVFORVXUH RI WKH VRXUFH FRGH RI D
SURGXFW PLJKW EH PRUH LPSDFWIXO RQ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDQ WKH GLVFORVXUH RI D
SXEOLF FRQILJXUDWLRQ JXLGH 7KH ILUVW VWHS LQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO
SURFHVV LV WR FODVVLI\ DVVHWV RU GDWD EDVHG RQ WKH SRWHQWLDO GDPDJH D EUHDFK WR
WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ RU DYDLODELOLW\ RI WKDW DVVHW RU GDWD FRXOG FDXVH

7KLV SURFHVV LV FDOOHG DVVHW RU GDWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO ZD\V WR
FODVVLI\ DVVHWV )RU H[DPSOH PLOLWDU\ DQG JRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV
FRPPRQO\ XVH WKH IROORZLQJ FODVVLILFDWLRQ GHILQLWLRQV

7RS 6HFUHW 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR WRS VHFUHW LQIRUPDWLRQ ZRXOG FDXVH


JUDYH GDPDJH WR QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\
6HFUHW 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR VHFUHW LQIRUPDWLRQ ZRXOG FDXVH VHYHUH
GDPDJH WR QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\
&RQILGHQWLDO 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZRXOG FDXVH
GDPDJH WR QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\
8QFODVVLILHG 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR XQFODVVLILHG LQIRUPDWLRQ ZRXOG FDXVH
QR GDPDJH WR QDWLRQDO VHFXULW\

7KH FRPPHUFLDO VHFWRU KDV PRUH YDULHW\ LQ WKH ZD\ GDWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV GRQH
PRUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WR WKH ODEHO XVHG LQ WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ +HUH DUH VRPH
FRPPRQO\ XVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ ODEHOV LQ WKH FRPPHUFLDO VHFWRU

&RQILGHQWLDO RU 3URSULHWDU\ 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR FRQILGHQWLDO RU


SURSULHWDU\ LQIRUPDWLRQ FRXOG FDXVH JUDYH GDPDJH WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ
([DPSOHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RU DVVHWV WKDW FRXOG UHFHLYH WKLV W\SH RI
FODVVLILFDWLRQ LQFOXGH VRXUFH FRGH DQG WUDGH VHFUHWV
3ULYDWH 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ FRXOG FDXVH VHYHUH
GDPDJH WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ([DPSOHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RU DVVHWV WKDW FRXOG
UHFHLYH WKLV W\SH RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ DUH KXPDQ UHVRXUFH LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU
H[DPSOH HPSOR\HH VDODULHV PHGLFDO UHFRUGV DQG VR RQ
6HQVLWLYH 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ FRXOG FDXVH VRPH
GDPDJH WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ([DPSOHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RU DVVHWV WKDW FRXOG
UHFHLYH WKLV W\SH RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ DUH LQWHUQDO WHDP HPDLO ILQDQFLDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VR RQ
3XEOLF 8QDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR SXEOLF LQIRUPDWLRQ GRHV QRW FDXVH DQ\
VLJQLILFDQW GDPDJH

$OWKRXJK WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ VFKHPD ZLOO GLIIHU IURP RQH FRPSDQ\ WR DQRWKHU LW
LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW DOO GHSDUWPHQWV ZLWKLQ D FRPSDQ\ XVH WKH VFKHPD FRQVLVWHQWO\
)RU HDFK ODEHO WKHUH VKRXOG EH D FOHDU GHILQLWLRQ RI ZKHQ WKDW ODEHO VKRXOG EH
DSSOLHG DQG ZKDW GDPDJH ZRXOG EH FDXVHG E\ XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV %HFDXVH WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI GDWD PD\ DOVR EH UHODWHG WR VSHFLILF WLPHV RU RWKHU FRQWH[WXDO
IDFWRUV WKH DVVHW FODVVLILFDWLRQ SURFHVV VKRXOG LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ KRZ WR
FKDQJH GDWD FODVVLILFDWLRQ

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH W\SLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ VFKHPDV IRU WKH WZR W\SHV RI
RUJDQL]DWLRQV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ

7DEOH &ODVVLILFDWLRQ 6FKHPD

0LOLWDU\ *RYHUQPHQW &RPPHUFLDO 'DPDJH 'HJUHH


&ODVVLILFDWLRQ &ODVVLILFDWLRQ

7RS 6HFUHW &RQILGHQWLDO *UDYH GDPDJH

6HFUHW 3ULYDWH 6HYHUH GDPDJH

&RQILGHQWLDO 6HQVLWLYH 'DPDJH

8QFODVVLILHG 3XEOLF 1RQVLJQLILFDQW


GDPDJH

$VVHW 0DUNLQJ
2QFH DQ DVVHW KDV EHHQ FODVVLILHG ZLWK D VSHFLILF FDWHJRU\ D PDUN RU ODEHO
QHHGV WR EH DSSOLHG WR WKH DVVHW LWVHOI VR WKDW WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ OHYHO LV FOHDU WR
WKH XVHU DFFHVVLQJ WKH DVVHW 3XWWLQJ D VWDPS RQ D GRFXPHQW ZLWK WKH ODEHO 7RS
6HFUHW DQG ZDWHUPDUNLQJ D GLJLWDO GRFXPHQW ZLWK WKH ODEHO &RQILGHQWLDO DUH
H[DPSOHV RI WKH PDUNLQJ SURFHVV

(DFK DVVHW VKRXOG KDYH D XQLTXH LGHQWLILHU 7KH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW LGHQWLILHU LV WKH
GHYLFH RU SURJUDP QDPH $OWKRXJK \RX PD\ DVVXPH WKDW WKH QDPH LV REYLRXV
\RX OO RIWHQ ILQG WKDW GLIIHUHQW XVHUV GHSDUWPHQWV DQG DXGLHQFHV UHIHU WR WKH
VDPH LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP RU GHYLFH GLIIHUHQWO\ %HVW SUDFWLFHV GLFWDWH WKDW WKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQ FKRRVHV D QDPLQJ FRQYHQWLRQ IRU LWV DVVHWV DQG DSSO\ WKH VWDQGDUG
FRQVLVWHQWO\ 7KH QDPLQJ FRQYHQWLRQ PD\ LQFOXGH WKH ORFDWLRQ YHQGRU
LQVWDQFH DQG GDWH RI VHUYLFH )RU H[DPSOH D 0LFURVRIW ([FKDQJH VHUYHU
ORFDWHG LQ 1HZ <RUN &LW\ DQG FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ,QWHUQHW PD\ EH QDPHG
06B(;B1<&B $ 64/ GDWDEDVH FRQWDLQLQJ LQYHQWRU\ UHFRUGV RI ZRPHQ V
VKRHV PLJKW EH QDPHG 64/B6+2(6B: 7KH QDPH VKRXOG DOVR EH FOHDUO\
ODEHOHG SK\VLFDOO\ RQ WKH GHYLFH 7KH NH\ LV WR EH FRQVLVWHQW VR WKDW WKH QDPHV
WKHPVHOYHV EHFRPH SLHFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV LV KRZHYHU D GRXEOH HGJHG
VZRUG :H ULVN H[SRVLQJ DVVHW LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKH SXEOLF LI RXU GHYLFHV DUH
DFFHVVLEOH RU DGYHUWLVH WKHP LQ DQ\ ZD\ :H QHHG WR SURWHFW WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ
FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK DOO RWKHU YDOXDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ DVVHWV

$Q DVVHW GHVFULSWLRQ VKRXOG LQGLFDWH ZKDW WKH DVVHW LV XVHG IRU )RU H[DPSOH
GHYLFHV PD\ EH LGHQWLILHG DV FRPSXWHUV FRQQHFWLYLW\ RU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH
&DWHJRULHV FDQ DQG VKRXOG EH VXEGLYLGHG &RPSXWHUV FDQ EH EURNHQ GRZQ
LQWR GRPDLQ FRQWUROOHUV DSSOLFDWLRQ VHUYHUV GDWDEDVH VHUYHUV ZHE VHUYHUV
SUR[\ VHUYHUV ZRUNVWDWLRQV ODSWRSV WDEOHWV VPDUWSKRQHV DQG VPDUW GHYLFHV
&RQQHFWLYLW\ HTXLSPHQW PLJKW LQFOXGH ,'6 ,36V ILUHZDOOV URXWHUV VDWHOOLWHV
DQG VZLWFKHV ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH PLJKW LQFOXGH +9$& XWLOLW\ DQG SK\VLFDO VHFXULW\
HTXLSPHQW

)RU KDUGZDUH GHYLFHV WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU QDPH PRGHO QXPEHU SDUW QXPEHU
VHULDO QXPEHU DQG KRVW QDPH RU DOLDV FDQ EH UHFRUGHG 7KH SK\VLFDO DQG ORJLFDO
DGGUHVVHV VKRXOG DOVR EH GRFXPHQWHG 7KH SK\VLFDO DGGUHVV UHIHUV WR WKH
JHRJUDSKLF ORFDWLRQ RI WKH GHYLFH LWVHOI RU WKH GHYLFH WKDW KRXVHV WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ

6RIWZDUH VKRXOG EH UHFRUGHG E\ SXEOLVKHU RU GHYHORSHU YHUVLRQ QXPEHU


UHYLVLRQ WKH GHSDUWPHQW RU EXVLQHVV WKDW SXUFKDVHG RU SDLG IRU WKH DVVHW
QXPEHU DQG LI DSSOLFDEOH SDWFK OHYHO 6RIWZDUH YHQGRUV RIWHQ DVVLJQ D VHULDO
QXPEHU RU VRIWZDUH NH\ ZKLFK VKRXOG EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH UHFRUG

/DVW EXW QRW OHDVW WKH FRQWUROOLQJ HQWLW\ VKRXOG EH UHFRUGHG 7KH FRQWUROOLQJ
HQWLW\ LV WKH GHSDUWPHQW RU EXVLQHVV WKDW SXUFKDVHG RU SDLG IRU WKH DVVHW DQG RU
LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH RQJRLQJ PDLQWHQDQFH DQG XSNHHS H[SHQVH 7KH
FRQWUROOLQJ HQWLW\ V FDSLWDO H[SHQGLWXUHV DQG H[SHQVHV DUH UHIOHFWHG LQ LWV
EXGJHWV EDODQFH VKHHWV DQG SURILW DQG ORVV VWDWHPHQWV

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ WRROV LQ WKH PDUNHW WKDW FDQ DFFHOHUDWH DQG DXWRPDWH DVVHW
LQYHQWRU\ 6RPH RI WKHVH WRROV DQG VROXWLRQV FDQ EH FORXG EDVHG RU LQVWDOOHG RQ
SUHPLVH $VVHW PDQDJHPHQW VRIWZDUH DQG VROXWLRQV KHOS \RX PRQLWRU WKH
FRPSOHWH DVVHW OLIH F\FOH IURP SURFXUHPHQW WR GLVSRVDO 6RPH RI WKHVH VROXWLRQV
VXSSRUW WKH DXWRPDWHG GLVFRYHU\ DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI DOO KDUGZDUH DQG VRIWZDUH
LQYHQWRU\ GHSOR\HG LQ \RXU QHWZRUN 6RPH DOVR DOORZ \RX WR FDWHJRUL]H DQG
JURXS \RXU DVVHWV VR WKDW \RX FDQ XQGHUVWDQG WKH FRQWH[W HDVLO\ 7KHVH DVVHW
PDQDJHPHQW VROXWLRQV FDQ DOVR KHOS \RX NHHS WUDFN RI DOO \RXU VRIWZDUH DVVHWV
DQG OLFHQVHV VR \RX FDQ UHPDLQ FRPSOLDQW 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ H[DPSOHV RI
DVVHW PDQDJHPHQW VROXWLRQV

6HUYLFH12:
6RODU:LQGV :HE +HOS 'HVN
,QY*DWH $VVHWV
0DQDJH(QJLQH $VVHW([SORUHU

$FFHVV &RQWURO 3ROLF\

7KH QH[W VWHS RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO SURFHVV LV WR HVWDEOLVK WKH DFFHVV FRQWURO
SROLF\ IRU HDFK DVVHW RU GDWD 7KLV LV EDVHG RQ WKH ODEHO WKH DVVHW UHFHLYHG LQ WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG PDUNLQJ VWHSV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH SUHFHGLQJ VHFWLRQV 7KH DFFHVV
FRQWURO SROLF\ VKRXOG LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ZKR FDQ DFFHVV WKH DVVHW RU GDWD
ZKHQ DQG LQ ZKLFK PRGH 7KH DFFHVV FRQWURO SROLF\ DOVR GHVFULEHV KRZ WKH
DFFHVV VKRXOG EH SURWHFWHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ LWV VWDWH ZKLFK FRXOG EH DQ\ RI WKH
IROORZLQJ

'DWD DW UHVW UHIHUV WR GDWD WKDW UHVLGHV LQ D VWRUDJH GHYLFH VXFK DV D KDUG
GULYH &' RU '9' RU PDJQHWLF GULYH 'DWD LV LQ WKLV VWDWH PRVW RI LWV
OLIHWLPH 'DWD DW UHVW LV XVXDOO\ SURWHFWHG E\ XVLQJ VWURQJ DFFHVV FRQWUROV DQG
HQFU\SWLRQ
'DWD LQ PRWLRQ UHIHUV WR GDWD PRYLQJ EHWZHHQ WZR SDUWLHV PHDQLQJ LW LV LQ
WUDQVLW :KHQ LQ WKLV VWDWH WKH GDWD LV VXEMHFW WR KLJKHU ULVN EHFDXVH LW JRHV
RXWVLGH RI WKH VHFXULW\ SHULPHWHU ZKHUH WKH GDWD RZQHU PLJKW QRW KDYH
FRQWURO (QG WR HQG HQFU\SWLRQ DQG 931 WHFKQRORJLHV DUH XVXDOO\ XVHG WR
SURWHFW GDWD LQ PRWLRQ
'DWD LQ XVH UHIHUV WR GDWD EHLQJ SURFHVVHG E\ DSSOLFDWLRQV RU SURJUDPV DQG
VWRUHG LQ D WHPSRUDU\ RU YRODWLOH PHPRU\ VXFK DV UDQGRP DFFHVV PHPRU\
5$0 D &38 UHJLVWHU DQG VR RQ

'DWD 'LVSRVDO

$Q DFFHVV FRQWURO SURFHVV VKRXOG LQFOXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ KRZ WR GLVSRVH RI DQ


DVVHW RU GDWD ZKHQ LW LV QRW QHHGHG DQ\PRUH DV GHILQHG E\ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V
GDWD UHWHQWLRQ SROLF\

'DWD GLVSRVDO PD\ WDNH VHYHUDO VWHSV DQG XVH GLIIHUHQW WHFKQRORJ\ ,Q IDFW
KDYLQJ D VWURQJ SURFHVV IRU GLVSRVLQJ GDWD LV HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW DV VHWWLQJ XS D
SURFHVV WR SURWHFW WKH GDWD ZKHQ VWLOO LQ XVH )RU H[DPSOH RQH W\SH RI WHFKQLTXH
PDOLFLRXV DFWRUV XVH LV FDOOHG GXPSVWHU GLYLQJ ,Q VLPSOH WHUPV GXPSVWHU
GLYHUV WU\ WR ILQG XVHIXO LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU DQ DWWDFN E\ ORRNLQJ LQ WKH WUDVK
KRSLQJ WR ILQG XVHIXO GRFXPHQWV QHWZRUN GLDJUDPV DQG HYHQ SDVVZRUGV WR
DFFHVV V\VWHPV

'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ OHYHO GDWD PD\ EH VXEMHFW WR VDQLWL]DWLRQ EHIRUH


LW FDQ EH GLVSRVHG 6DQLWL]DWLRQ PHWKRGV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ
&OHDULQJ 7KLV WHFKQLTXH VKRXOG HQVXUH SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW VLPSOH DQG
QRQLQYDVLYH GDWD UHFRYHU\ WHFKQLTXHV
3XUJLQJ 7KLV WHFKQLTXH VKRXOG HQVXUH SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW UHFRYHU\ DWWHPSWV
XVLQJ VWDWH RI WKH DUW ODERUDWRU\ WHFKQLTXHV
'HVWUR\LQJ 7KLV WHFKQLTXH VKRXOG HQVXUH SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW UHFRYHU\
DWWHPSWV XVLQJ VWDWH RI WKH DUW ODERUDWRU\ WHFKQLTXHV DQG VKRXOG DOVR PDNH
WKH VWRUDJH PHGLD XQXVDEOH

,QIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 5ROHV DQG 5HVSRQVLELOLWLHV

7KH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHG WKH SLOODUV RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO SURFHVV DQG
HPSKDVL]HG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\LQJ GDWD DQG DVVHWV :KR
GHFLGHV ZKHWKHU D VHW RI GDWD VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG FRQILGHQWLDO" :KR LV
XOWLPDWHO\ UHVSRQVLEOH LQ WKH FDVH RI XQDXWKRUL]HG GLVFORVXUH RI VXFK GDWD"

%HFDXVH GDWD LV KDQGOHG E\ VHYHUDO SHRSOH DW GLIIHUHQW VWDJHV LW LV LPSRUWDQW


WKDW DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ EXLOG D FOHDU UROH DQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ SODQ %\ GRLQJ VR
DFFRXQWDELOLW\ DQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DUH PDLQWDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ
UHGXFLQJ FRQIXVLRQ DQG HQVXULQJ WKDW VHFXULW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH EDODQFHG ZLWK
WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI EXVLQHVV REMHFWLYHV

5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH XVHU V UROH RQH RI WKH IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHV LQ VHFXULW\ LV


WKDW PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH VDIHNHHSLQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI
HYHU\RQH

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV UHODWHG WR VHFXULW\ UROHV DQG
UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV
7KH GHILQLWLRQ RI UROHV LV QHHGHG WR PDLQWDLQ FOHDU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQG
DFFRXQWDELOLW\
3URWHFWLQJ WKH VHFXULW\ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG DVVHWV LV HYHU\RQH V UHVSRQVLELOLW\

7KH IROORZLQJ UROHV DUH FRPPRQO\ XVHG ZLWKLQ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ DOWKRXJK WKH\
PLJKW EH FDOOHG VRPHWKLQJ GLIIHUHQW GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ
$GGLWLRQDOO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH VL]H RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO PLJKW EH
DVVLJQHG PRUH WKDQ RQH UROH

([HFXWLYHV DQG VHQLRU PDQDJHPHQW 7KH\ KDYH WKH XOWLPDWH UHVSRQVLELOLW\


RYHU WKH VHFXULW\ RI GDWD DQG DVVHW 7KH\ VKRXOG EH LQYROYHG LQ DQG DSSURYH
DFFHVV FRQWURO SROLFLHV
'DWD RZQHU 7KH GDWD RZQHU DOVR FDOOHG WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RZQHU LV XVXDOO\
SDUW RI WKH PDQDJHPHQW WHDP DQG PDLQWDLQV RZQHUVKLS RI DQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\
RYHU D VSHFLILF SLHFH RU VXEVHW RI GDWD 3DUW RI WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKLV UROH
LV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH DSSURSULDWH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ HQVXUH WKDW
WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV SURWHFWHG ZLWK FRQWUROV WR SHULRGLFDOO\ UHYLHZ
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG DFFHVV ULJKWV DQG WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH ULVN DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ
'DWD FXVWRGLDQ 7KH GDWD FXVWRGLDQ LV WKH LQGLYLGXDO ZKR SHUIRUPV GD\ WR
GD\ WDVNV RQ EHKDOI RI WKH GDWD RZQHU 7KH PDLQ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKLV UROH LV
WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV DYDLODEOH WR WKH HQG XVHU DQG WKDW VHFXULW\
SROLFLHV VWDQGDUGV DQG JXLGHOLQHV DUH IROORZHG
6\VWHP RZQHU 7KH V\VWHP RZQHU LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH VHFXULW\ RI WKH
V\VWHPV WKDW KDQGOH DQG SURFHVV LQIRUPDWLRQ RZQHG E\ GLIIHUHQW GDWD
RZQHUV 7KH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKLV UROH LV WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH GDWD LV VHFXUH
ZKLOH LW LV EHLQJ SURFHVVHG E\ WKH V\VWHP WKDW LV RZQHG 7KH V\VWHP RZQHU
ZRUNV FORVHO\ ZLWK WKH GDWD RZQHU WR GHWHUPLQH WKH DSSURSULDWH FRQWUROV WR
DSSO\ WR GDWD
6HFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU 7KH VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU PDQDJHV WKH SURFHVV IRU
JUDQWLQJ DFFHVV ULJKWV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLV LQFOXGHV DVVLJQLQJ SULYLOHJHV
JUDQWLQJ DFFHVV DQG PRQLWRULQJ DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ UHFRUGV RI DFFHVV
(QG XVHU 7KLV UROH LV IRU WKH ILQDO XVHUV RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH\ FRQWULEXWH
WR WKH VHFXULW\ RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ DGKHULQJ WR WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V VHFXULW\
SROLF\

%HVLGHV WKHVH UROHV VHYHUDO RWKHUV FRXOG EH VHHQ LQ ODUJHU RUJDQL]DWLRQ


LQFOXGLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ

6HFXULW\ RIILFHU 7KLV UROH LV LQ FKDUJH RI WKH GHVLJQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ


PDQDJHPHQW DQG UHYLHZ RI VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV DQG RUJDQL]LQJ DQG
FRRUGLQDWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHFXULW\ DFWLYLWLHV
,QIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDO 7KLV UROH LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU
GUDIWLQJ SROLFLHV FUHDWLQJ VWDQGDUGV DQG JXLGHOLQHV UHODWHG WR LQIRUPDWLRQ
VHFXULW\ DQG SURYLGLQJ JXLGDQFH RQ QHZ DQG H[LVWLQJ WKUHDWV
$XGLWRU 7KLV UROH LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ ZKHWKHU RZQHUV
FXVWRGLDQV DQG V\VWHPV DUH FRPSOLDQW ZLWK WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V VHFXULW\
SROLFLHV DQG SURYLGLQJ LQGHSHQGHQW DVVXUDQFH WR VHQLRU PDQDJHPHQW
7LS

7KH 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WDQGDUGV DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1,67


FUHDWHG D IUDPHZRUN FDOOHG WKH 1,&( &\EHUVHFXULW\ :RUNIRUFH
)UDPHZRUN 7KH 1,&( )UDPHZRUN RULJLQDOO\ GRFXPHQWHG LQ
1,67 6SHFLDO 3XEOLFDWLRQ LV D QDWLRQDO IRFXVHG
UHVRXUFH WKDW FDWHJRUL]HV DQG GHVFULEHV F\EHUVHFXULW\ ZRUN 7KH
1,&( )UDPHZRUN LV GHVLJQHG WR SURYLGH JXLGDQFH RQ KRZ WR
LGHQWLI\ UHFUXLW GHYHORS DQG UHWDLQ F\EHUVHFXULW\ WDOHQW
$FFRUGLQJ WR 1,67 LW LV D UHVRXUFH IURP ZKLFK RUJDQL]DWLRQV
RU VHFWRUV FDQ GHYHORS DGGLWLRQDO SXEOLFDWLRQV RU WRROV WKDW PHHW
WKHLU QHHGV WR GHILQH RU SURYLGH JXLGDQFH RQ GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV RI
ZRUNIRUFH GHYHORSPHQW SODQQLQJ WUDLQLQJ DQG HGXFDWLRQ
'HWDLOV DERXW WKH 1,&( &\EHUVHFXULW\ :RUNIRUFH )UDPHZRUN
FDQ EH REWDLQHG DW WKH 1,67 6SHFLDO 3XEOLFDWLRQ
KWWSV QYOSXEV QLVW JRY QLVWSXEV 6SHFLDO3XEOLFDWLRQV 1,67 63
SGI DQG DW WKH 1,&( )UDPHZRUN ZHEVLWH DW
ZZZ QLVW JRY LWO DSSOLHG F\EHUVHFXULW\ QLFH

$FFHVV &RQWURO 7\SHV

7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO W\SHV RI DFFHVV FRQWUROV )RU H[DPSOH D SROLF\ WKDW SURYLGHV
LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ZKR LV DXWKRUL]HG WR DFFHVV D UHVRXUFH DQG DQ DFFHVV OLVW
LPSOHPHQWHG RQ D ILUHZDOO WR OLPLW DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH DUH WZR W\SHV RI DFFHVV
FRQWUROV ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH SROLF\ ZRXOG EH DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DFFHVV FRQWURO
ZKHUHDV WKH DFFHVV OLVW ZRXOG EH D WHFKQLFDO RU ORJLFDO DFFHVV FRQWURO

&RQWUROV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG LQWR WKUHH PDLQ FDWHJRULHV

$GPLQLVWUDWLYH FRQWUROV 6RPHWLPHV FDOOHG PDQDJHPHQW FRQWUROV WKHVH


LQFOXGH WKH SROLFLHV SURFHGXUHV DURXQG WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI DFFHVV FRQWUROV
GHILQLWLRQV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQV UROHV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DQG LQ
JHQHUDO DQ\WKLQJ WKDW LV QHHGHG WR PDQDJH DFFHVV FRQWURO IURP WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SRLQW RI YLHZ $GPLQLVWUDWLYH FRQWUROV DUH XVXDOO\ GLUHFWO\
RYHUVHHQ E\ VHQLRU PDQDJHPHQW $GPLQLVWUDWLYH FRQWUROV LQFOXGH WKH
IROORZLQJ VXEFDWHJRULHV
2SHUDWLRQDO DQG VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV DQG SURFHGXUHV 7KHVH FRXOG LQFOXGH
SROLFLHV DERXW FKDQJH FRQWURO YXOQHUDELOLW\ PDQDJHPHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ
FODVVLILFDWLRQ SURGXFW OLIH F\FOH PDQDJHPHQW DQG VR RQ
3ROLFLHV DURXQG SHUVRQQHO RU HPSOR\HH VHFXULW\ 7KHVH FRXOG LQFOXGH
WKH OHYHO RI FOHDUDQFH QHHGHG WR DFFHVV VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ EDFNJURXQG
FKHFNV RQ QHZ KLUHV DQG VR RQ *HQHUDOO\ WKLV FDWHJRU\ LQFOXGHV SROLFLHV
RQ DOO WKH FRQWUROV WKDW QHHG WR EH LQ SODFH EHIRUH DFFHVV LV JUDQWHG WR D
UHVRXUFH
6HFXULW\ HGXFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ 7KLV VXEFDWHJRU\ LQFOXGHV DOO WKH
SROLFLHV DQG HIIRUWV QHHGHG WR LPSOHPHQW HQG XVHU WUDLQLQJ DQG HGXFDWLRQ
$XGLWLQJ DQG PRQLWRULQJ SROLFLHV 7KHVH PLJKW LQFOXGH SROLF\ RQ KRZ
WR SHUIRUP HPSOR\HH PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHP DQG FRPSOLDQFH DXGLWLQJ DQG VR
RQ
3K\VLFDO FRQWUROV 7KLV W\SH RI FRQWURO LV DLPHG DW SURWHFWLQJ WKH SK\VLFDO
ERXQGDULHV DQG HQVXULQJ HPSOR\HH VDIHW\ 7KHVH W\SHV RI FRQWUROV DUH
XVXDOO\ GHSOR\HG LQ YDULRXV OD\HUV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH FRQFHSW RI GHIHQVH
LQ GHSWK ([DPSOHV RI WKHVH FRQWUROV DUH WKH IHQFH DW WKH HQWUDQFH RI WKH
EXLOGLQJ ILUH DODUPV VXUYHLOODQFH V\VWHPV DQG VHFXULW\ JXDUGV 3K\VLFDO
DFFHVV FRQWUROV DUH XVXDOO\ GHVLJQHG E\ GHILQLQJ VHFXULW\ ]RQHV IRU
H[DPSOH GDWD FHQWHU DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ SK\VLFDO FRQWUROV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI WKH DVVHWV )RU H[DPSOH HQWHULQJ WKH GDWD FHQWHU DUHD PD\
UHTXLUH DGGLWLRQDO SULYLOHJHV YHUVXV HQWHULQJ WKH EXLOGLQJ IDFLOLWLHV
7HFKQLFDO FRQWUROV 7KHVH FRQWUROV DOVR FDOOHG ORJLFDO FRQWUROV DUH DOO WKH
ORJLFDO DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO V\VWHPV LQ SODFH WR LPSOHPHQW DQG HQIRUFH WKH
FRQWUROV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH VHFXULW\ SROLF\ DQG LQ JHQHUDO GLFWDWHG E\ WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FRQWUROV $ ILUHZDOO DQ LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHP D UHPRWH
DFFHVV VHUYHU DQ LGHQWLW\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP DQG HQFU\SWLRQ DUH DOO
H[DPSOHV RI WHFKQLFDO FRQWUROV

%HVLGHV WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH SK\VLFDO DQG WHFKQLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQV DFFHVV


FRQWUROV FDQ DOVR EH FODVVLILHG EDVHG RQ WKHLU SXUSRVH $FFHVV FRQWUROV FDQ EH
FDWHJRUL]HG DV KDYLQJ SUHYHQWLYH GHWHFWLYH FRUUHFWLYH GHWHUUHQW UHFRYHU\ DQG
FRPSHQVDWLQJ FDSDFLWLHV DV GHWDLOHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ OLVW %RWK FODVVLILFDWLRQ
DSSURDFKHV FDQ ZRUN DW WKH VDPH WLPH )RU H[DPSOH HQFU\SWLQJ GDWD ZKHQ LW LV
DW UHVW LV D WHFKQLFDO FRQWURO DLPHG DW SUHYHQWLQJ XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR WKH GDWD
LWVHOI
3UHYHQWLYH FRQWUROV HQIRUFH VHFXULW\ SROLF\ DQG VKRXOG SUHYHQW LQFLGHQWV
IURP KDSSHQLQJ 7KH RQO\ ZD\ WR E\SDVV D SUHYHQWLYH FRQWURO LV WR ILQG D
IODZ LQ LWV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RU ORJLF 7KHVH FRQWUROV DUH XVXDOO\ QRW RSWLRQDO
([DPSOHV RI SUHYHQWLYH FRQWUROV DUH DFFHVV OLVWV SDVVZRUGV DQG IHQFHV
'HWHUUHQW FRQWUROV DUH VLPLODU WR SUHYHQWLYH FRQWUROV LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW WKH
SULPDU\ REMHFWLYH LV WR SUHYHQW DQ LQFLGHQW IURP RFFXUULQJ 8QOLNH
SUHYHQWLYH FRQWUROV KRZHYHU WKH UDWLRQDOH EHKLQG GHWHUUHQW FRQWUROV LV WR
GLVFRXUDJH DQ DWWDFNHU IURP SURFHHGLQJ MXVW EHFDXVH D FRQWURO LV LQ SODFH
)RU H[DPSOH D V\VWHP EDQQHU ZDUQLQJ WKDW DQ\ XQDXWKRUL]HG DWWHPSW WR ORJ
LQ ZLOO EH PRQLWRUHG DQG SXQLVKHG LV D W\SH RI GHWHUUHQW FRQWURO ,Q IDFW LW
ZRXOG SUREDEO\ GLVFRXUDJH D FDVXDO XVHU IURP DWWHPSWLQJ WR DFFHVV WKH
V\VWHP KRZHYHU LW PLJKW QRW EORFN D GHWHUPLQHG DWWDFNHU IURP WU\LQJ WR ORJ
LQ WR WKH V\VWHP
'HWHFWLYH FRQWUROV DLP DW PRQLWRULQJ DQG GHWHFWLQJ DQ\ XQDXWKRUL]HG
EHKDYLRU RU KD]DUG 7KHVH W\SHV RI FRQWUROV DUH JHQHUDOO\ XVHG WR DOHUW D
IDLOXUH LQ RWKHU W\SHV RI FRQWUROV VXFK DV SUHYHQWLYH GHWHUUHQW DQG
FRPSHQVDWLQJ FRQWUROV 'HWHFWLYH FRQWUROV DUH YHU\ SRZHUIXO ZKLOH DQ DWWDFN
LV WDNLQJ SODFH DQG WKH\ DUH XVHIXO LQ WKH SRVWPRUWHP DQDO\VLV WR XQGHUVWDQG
ZKDW KDV KDSSHQHG $XGLW ORJV LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV PRWLRQ
GHWHFWLRQ DQG VHFXULW\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG HYHQW PDQDJHPHQW DUH H[DPSOHV RI
GHWHFWLYH FRQWUROV
&RUUHFWLYH FRQWUROV LQFOXGH DOO WKH FRQWUROV XVHG GXULQJ DQ LQFLGHQW WR FRUUHFW
WKH SUREOHP 4XDUDQWLQLQJ DQ LQIHFWHG FRPSXWHU VHQGLQJ D JXDUG WR EORFN
DQ LQWUXGHU DQG WHUPLQDWLQJ DQ HPSOR\HH IRU QRW KDYLQJ IROORZHG WKH
VHFXULW\ SROLF\ DUH DOO H[DPSOHV RI FRUUHFWLYH FRQWUROV
5HFRYHU\ FRQWUROV DUH XVHG DIWHU WKH HQYLURQPHQW RU V\VWHP KDV EHHQ
PRGLILHG EHFDXVH RI DQ XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV RU GXH WR RWKHU UHDVRQV WKH\ UH
DLPHG DW UHVWRULQJ WKH LQLWLDO EHKDYLRU 3HUIRUPLQJ D EDFNXS LPSOHPHQWLQJ D
UHGXQGDQW V\VWHP DQG FUHDWLQJ D GLVDVWHU UHFRYHU\ SODQ DUH DOO H[DPSOHV RI
UHFRYHU\ FRQWUROV
&RPSHQVDWLQJ FRQWUROV FRPSOHPHQW RU RIIHU DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR WKH SULPDU\
FRQWURO 7KHVH W\SHV RI FRQWUROV DUH JHQHUDOO\ XVHG DV WHPSRUDU\ PHDVXUHV
XQWLO WKH SULPDU\ FRQWURO LV LPSOHPHQWHG RU WR LQFUHDVH WKH HIILFDF\ RI WKH
SULPDU\ FRQWURO 2YHUDOO WKH JRDO RI FRPSHQVDWLQJ FRQWUROV LV WR UHGXFH WKH
ULVN WR DQ DFFHSWDEOH OHYHO )RU H[DPSOH D VHFXULW\ JXDUG FKHFNLQJ \RXU
EDGJH EHFDXVH WKH EDGJH UHDGHU LV WHPSRUDULO\ RXW RI RUGHU ZRXOG EH DQ
H[DPSOH RI D FRPSHQVDWLQJ FRQWURO

,W LV VRPHWLPHV KDUG WR SURSHUO\ FODVVLI\ D FRQWURO )RU H[DPSOH DQ DFFHVV OLVW


FRXOG EH FODVVLILHG DV SUHYHQWLYH KRZHYHU LW PLJKW DOVR EH D GHWHUUHQW EHFDXVH
LI \RX NQRZ WKDW \RXU DFFHVV LV EORFNHG \RX ZRXOG SUREDEO\ QRW DWWHPSW WR
DFFHVV D UHVRXUFH $Q DFFHVV OLVW FRXOG DOVR EH XVHG DV D GHWHFWLYH FRQWURO LI LW LV
LPSOHPHQWHG LQ D ZD\ WKDW SHUPLWV WUDIILF DQG ORJV ZKHQ VRPHRQH KDV DFWXDOO\
DFFHVVHG D UHVRXUFH

*HQHUDOO\ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR JHW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFK WKH


FRQWURO LV XVHG EXW \RX VKRXOG DOVR WKLQN RI WKH PDLQ SXUSRVH RI WKH FRQWURO
LWVHOI )RU H[DPSOH DQ DFFHVV OLVW VKRXOG SUREDEO\ EH FODVVLILHG DV SUHYHQWLYH
UDWKHU WKDQ DV D GHWHUUHQW

)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ HDFK W\SH RI FRQWURO PDSV WR WKH &LVFR $WWDFN
&RQWLQXXP 3UHYHQWLYH DQG GHWHUUHQW FRQWUROV FDQ EH XVHG EHIRUH DQ DWWDFN
RFFXUV WR KDUGHQ DQG DYRLG DQ DWWDFN 'HWHFWLYH DQG FRUUHFWLYH FRQWUROV DUH XVHG
GXULQJ DQ DWWDFN WR GHWHFW WKH DWWDFN DQG PLWLJDWH LWV LPSDFW 5HFRYHU\ FRQWUROV
DUH XVHG DIWHU WKH DWWDFN WR UHWXUQ WR D QRUPDO VLWXDWLRQ &RPSHQVDWLQJ FRQWUROV
VSDQ WKH DWWDFN FRQWLQXXP DQG FDQ EH XVHG EHIRUH GXULQJ DQG DIWHU DQ DWWDFN

)LJXUH 0DSSLQJ $FFHVV &RQWUROV WR WKH &LVFR $WWDFN &RQWLQXXP

$FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

$Q DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO LV D FRQFHSWXDO IUDPHZRUN WKDW GHVFULEHV KRZ WKH


DFFHVV FRQWURO VKRXOG EH GHVLJQHG WKDW LV KRZ D VXEMHFW LQWHUDFWV ZLWK DQ
REMHFW 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV IRU H[DPSOH DFFHVV FRQWUROV
WKDW DXWKRUL]H DFFHVV WR UHVRXUFHV EDVHG RQ WKH LGHQWLW\ RI WKH VXEMHFW DUH FDOOHG
LGHQWLW\ EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV ,%$&V

+RZHYHU DQ\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV FDQ XVXDOO\ EH FDWHJRUL]HG DV GLVFUHWLRQDU\


DFFHVV FRQWUROV DQG QRQGLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV 7KH NH\ GLIIHUHQWLDWRU
EHWZHHQ WKH WZR LV EDVHG RQ WKH HQWLW\ WKDW GHFLGHV KRZ WR HQIRUFH D SROLF\
:LWK GLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV WKH REMHFW RZQHU KDV WKH ULJKW WR GHFLGH ZKR
FDQ DFFHVV DQ REMHFW 1RQGLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO LV D EURDG FDWHJRU\ WKDW
LQFOXGHV DOO W\SHV RI DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV ZKHUH WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ LV GHFLGHG
E\ D FHQWUDO DGPLQLVWUDWRU QRW E\ WKH REMHFW RZQHU

$FFHVV FRQWUROV DUH FRQILJXUHG DQG PDQDJHG E\ XVHUV ZLWK DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RU


HOHYDWHG SULYLOHJHV $OWKRXJK WKLV LV QHFHVVDU\ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI SRZHU FDQ
EH GDQJHURXV 0LWLJDWLQJ FRQWUROV LQFOXGH VHJUHJDWLRQ RI GXWLHV DQG GXDO
FRQWUROV 6HJUHJDWLRQ RI GXWLHV UHTXLUHV WKDW WDVNV EH DVVLJQHG WR LQGLYLGXDOV LQ
VXFK D PDQQHU WKDW QR RQH LQGLYLGXDO FDQ FRQWURO D SURFHVV IURP VWDUW WR ILQLVK
'XDO FRQWURO UHTXLUHV WKDW WZR LQGLYLGXDOV PXVW ERWK FRPSOHWH WKHLU KDOI RI D
VSHFLILF WDVN

2YHUVLJKW RI XVHU DQG DGPLQLVWUDWRU DFFHVV UHIOHFWV EHVW SUDFWLFHV DQG LQ PDQ\
FDVHV D UHJXODWRU\ UHTXLUHPHQW $W D PLQLPXP WKUHH FDWHJRULHV RI XVHU DFFHVV
VKRXOG EH ORJJHG DQG DQDO\]HG VXFFHVVIXO DFFHVV IDLOHG DFFHVV DQG SULYLOHJHG
DFFHVV ,W LV LQFXPEHQW RQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ WR LQVWLWXWH D ORJ UHYLHZ SURFHVV DV
ZHOO DV LQFLGHQW UHVSRQVLYH SURFHGXUHV IRU DW ULVN RU VXVSLFLRXV DFWLYLW\

$FFHVV FRQWURO PDQDJHPHQW SROLFLHV LQFOXGH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 3ROLF\ $FFHVV


&RQWURO $XWKRUL]DWLRQ 3ROLF\ 1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 3ROLF\ %RUGHU 'HYLFH
6HFXULW\ 3ROLF\ 5HPRWH $FFHVV 6HFXULW\ 3ROLF\ 7HOHZRUNLQJ 3ROLF\ 8VHU
$FFHVV &RQWURO DQG $XWKRUL]DWLRQ 3ROLF\ $GPLQLVWUDWLYH DQG 3ULYLOHJHG
$FFRXQW 3ROLF\ DQG 0RQLWRULQJ 6\VWHP $FFHVV DQG 8VH 3ROLF\

,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH GLVFXVV LQ GHWDLO WKH IROORZLQJ DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV

'LVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO '$&


0DQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO 0$&
5ROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO 5%$&
$WWULEXWH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO $%$&

7DEOH SURYLGHV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV


VHFWLRQ

7DEOH 2YHUYLHZ RI $FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

$FFHVV $FFHVV 'HFLVLRQ 5HIHUHQFH


&RQWURO
0RGHO

'$& $FFHVV GHFLVLRQV DQG SHUPLVVLRQV DUH 'R' 7UXVWHG


GHFLGHG E\ WKH REMHFW RZQHU &RPSXWHU
6\VWHP
(YDOXDWLRQ
&ULWHULD

0$& $FFHVV GHFLVLRQV DUH HQIRUFHG E\ WKH 'R' 7UXVWHG


DFFHVV SROLF\ HQIRUFHU IRU H[DPSOH WKH &RPSXWHU
RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP ,W XVHV VHFXULW\ ODEHOV 6\VWHP
(YDOXDWLRQ
&ULWHULD

5%$& $FFHVV GHFLVLRQV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH UROH ,1&,76


RU IXQFWLRQ RI WKH VXEMHFW

$%$& $FFHVV GHFLVLRQV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH 1,67 63


DWWULEXWHV RU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH
VXEMHFW REMHFW DQG HQYLURQPHQW

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH SURV DQG FRQV RI HDFK DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO

7DEOH 3URV DQG &RQV RI $FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

$FFHVV 3URV &RQV


&RQWURO
0RGHO

'$& 6LPSOHU WKDQ WKH 6HFXULW\ SROLF\ FDQ EH E\SDVVHG


RWKHU PRGHOV 1R FHQWUDOL]HG FRQWURO

0$& 6WULFW FRQWURO RYHU &RPSOH[ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ


LQIRUPDWLRQ IORZ

5%$& 6FDODEOH DQG HDV\ ,QFUHDVH LQ UROH GHILQLWLRQ


WR PDQDJH

$%$& )OH[LEOH 0RUH FRPSOH[ FRPSDUHG WR


'$& RU 5%$&

'LVFUHWLRQDU\ $FFHVV &RQWURO

,Q D '$& PRGHO HDFK UHVRXUFH KDV D FOHDUO\ LGHQWLILHG RZQHU )RU H[DPSOH D
XVHU FUHDWLQJ D ILOH EHFRPHV WKH RZQHU RI WKDW ILOH 7KH RZQHU RI D UHVRXUFH FDQ
GHFLGH DW KLV GLVFUHWLRQ WR DOORZ RWKHU XVHUV RU VXEMHFWV DFFHVV WR WKDW UHVRXUFH
7KH RZQHU GLVFUHWLRQ LV WKH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI '$& ,Q IDFW ZKHQ DVVLJQLQJ
SHUPLVVLRQ WKH RZQHU VKRXOG FRPSO\ ZLWK WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V VHFXULW\ SROLF\
KRZHYHU VHFXULW\ SROLF\ FRPSOLDQFH LV QRW HQIRUFHG E\ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP
:KHQ WKH RZQHU DOORZV DFFHVV WR D GLIIHUHQW XVHU KH ZRXOG DOVR VHW DFFHVV
SHUPLVVLRQ IRU H[DPSOH UHDG ZULWH RU H[HFXWH IRU WKH UHVRXUFH VSHFLILF WR WKH
XVHU

7LS

'LVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV DUH GHILQHG E\ WKH RZQHU RI WKH


REMHFW 5ROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV DOVR FDOOHG QRQGLVFUHWLRQDU\
DUH DFFHVV SHUPLVVLRQV EDVHG RQ D VSHFLILF UROH RU IXQFWLRQ ,Q D
UXOH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV HQYLURQPHQW DFFHVV LV EDVHG RQ
FULWHULD WKDW DUH LQGHSHQGHQW RI WKH XVHU RU JURXS DFFRXQW VXFK
DV WLPH RI GD\ RU ORFDWLRQ

,Q D '$& PRGHO XVHUV FDQ DOVR EH RUJDQL]HG LQ JURXSV 7KH RZQHU FDQ JUDQW
DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH WR WKH HQWLUH JURXS LQVWHDG RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO XVHU $OVR
SHUPLVVLRQ DWWULEXWHV DUH DVVLJQHG WR D UHVRXUFH IRU WKH VSHFLILF JURXS $ VLPSOH
ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW WKH '$& PRGHO LV WR XVH DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW $&/ WKDW LV
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HDFK REMHFW 0RVW RI WKH FRPPHUFLDO RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV LQ XVH
WRGD\ LPSOHPHQW D IRUP RI WKH '$& PRGHO

2QH RI WKH GUDZEDFNV RI XVLQJ D '$& PRGHO LV WKDW WKH VHFXULW\ SROLF\ LV OHIW WR
WKH GLVFUHWLRQ RI WKH GDWD RZQHU DQG WKH VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRU KDV OLPLWHG
FRQWURO RYHU LW $GGLWLRQDOO\ ZLWK WKH QXPEHU RI VXEMHFWV XVHUV SURFHVVHV
SURJUDPV DQG VR RQ DFFHVVLQJ D ODUJH QXPEHU RI REMHFWV PDLQWDLQLQJ
SHUPLVVLRQV E\ UHVSHFWLQJ WKH QHHG WR NQRZ DQG OHDVW SULYLOHJHV FRQFHSWV
EHFRPHV D FRPSOH[ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH WDVN $XWKRUL]DWLRQ FUHHS RU SULYLOHJH FUHHS
GHVFULEHV DQ LVVXH WKDW V FRPPRQ LQ ODUJH RUJDQL]DWLRQV RI SULYLOHJHV EHLQJ
DVVLJQHG WR D XVHU DQG QHYHU EHLQJ UHYRNHG ZKHQ WKH XVHU GRHV QRW QHHG WKHP
DQ\PRUH ZKLFK JRHV DJDLQVW WKH QHHG WR NQRZ DQG OHDVW SULYLOHJHV SULQFLSOHV

7LS

3ULYLOHJH FUHHS ZKLFK KDSSHQV PRUH RIWHQ LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV


XVLQJ GLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV LV QRW VSHFLILF WR WKLV FRQWURO
PRGHO DQG PD\ YHU\ ZHOO KDSSHQ LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV XVLQJ
QRQGLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV 7KH EHVW ZD\ WR DYRLG
SULYLOHJH FUHHS LV WR DGRSW VWURQJ DFFRXQW OLIH F\FOH DQG
PDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFHV 7KHVH DUH H[SORUHG PRUH LQ GHSWK LQ
&KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 6HFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV 0DQDJHPHQW

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV UHODWHG WR WKH '$& PRGHO

:LWK GLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV DXWKRUL]DWLRQ LV GHFLGHG E\ WKH RZQHU RI


WKH REMHFW
,Q D '$& V\VWHP DFFHVV SHUPLVVLRQV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH REMHFW
$FFHVV FRQWURO LV XVXDOO\ HQIRUFHG ZLWK DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI '$& LPSOHPHQWHG YLD DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW


DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D UHVRXUFH ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH WKH XVHU 'HUHN WULHV WR ERWK UHDG
DQG ZULWH WKH ILOH QDPHG ILOHBD W[W WKH UHVRXUFH
)LJXUH '$& ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

0DQGDWRU\ $FFHVV &RQWURO

,Q D 0$& PRGHO WKH DFFHVV DXWKRUL]DWLRQ LV SURYLGHG E\ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP


LWVHOI DQG WKH RZQHU KDV QR FRQWURO RYHU ZKR FDQ DFFHVV WKH UHVRXUFH (DFK
UHVRXUFH UHFHLYHV D VHQVLWLYLW\ RU VHFXULW\ ODEHO WKDW LV GHWHUPLQHG GXULQJ WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ VWHSV RXWOLQHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV DQG LQFOXGHV WZR
FRPSRQHQWV WKH VHFXULW\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI WKH REMHFW DQG WKH FRPSDUWPHQW RU
FDWHJRU\ WR ZKLFK WKH REMHFW EHORQJV )RU H[DPSOH D ILOH FDQ EH JLYHQ WKH
VHFXULW\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ 7RS 6HFUHW DQG EH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH FDWHJRULHV
(QJLQHHULQJ 3URMHFW$ DQG 7RSLF%

$ ODEHO LV DOVR DWWDFKHG WR HDFK VXEMHFW DQG LQGLFDWHV WKH FOHDUDQFH OHYHO RI WKDW
VXEMHFW

$V QRWHG SUHYLRXVO\ H[DPSOHV RI VHFXULW\ FODVVLILFDWLRQV DUH 7RS 6HFUHW


6HFUHW &RQILGHQWLDO DQG 8QFODVVLILHG IRU PLOLWDU\ DQG JRYHUQPHQWDO
HQYLURQPHQW DQG &RQILGHQWLDO 3ULYDWH 6HQVLWLYH DQG 3XEOLF IRU WKH
FRPPHUFLDO VHFWRU &DWHJRULHV RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG FDQ EH DQ\WKLQJ WKDW LV
PHDQLQJIXO IRU WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KHVH FDQ EH ZRUNJURXSV SURMHFWV EXVLQHVV
XQLWV DQG VR RQ

7KH V\VWHP XVLQJ D 0$& PRGHO ZRXOG DXWKRUL]H DFFHVV WR DQ REMHFW RQO\ LI D
VXEMHFW KDV D ODEHO WKDW LV HTXDO WR RU IRU KLHUDUFKLFDO V\VWHPV VXSHULRU WR WKH
ODEHO DWWDFKHG WR WKH REMHFW ,Q D KLHUDUFKLFDO V\VWHP D ODEHO LV VXSHULRU LI LW KDV
WKH VDPH RU KLJKHU FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG LQFOXGHV DOO FDWHJRULHV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH
REMHFW V VHFXULW\ ODEHO

6\VWHPV EDVHG RQ D 0$& PRGHO DUH FRQVLGHUHG PRUH VHFXUH WKDQ V\VWHPV
EDVHG RQ D '$& PRGHO EHFDXVH WKH SROLF\ LV HQIRUFHG DW WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP
WKXV UHGXFLQJ WKH ULVN RI PLVKDQGOHG SHUPLVVLRQV 7KH GUDZEDFN RI D 0$&
EDVHG V\VWHP KRZHYHU LV WKDW LW GRHV QRW RIIHU WKH VDPH GHJUHH RI IOH[LELOLW\
RIIHUHG E\ D '$& EDVHG V\VWHP

'XH WR WKH LVVXHV RI OHVV IOH[LELOLW\ DQG PRUH FRPSOLFDWHG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ 0$&
V\VWHPV KDYH KLVWRULFDOO\ EHHQ XVHG LQ HQYLURQPHQWV ZKHUH KLJK VHFXULW\ LV
QHHGHG VXFK DV LQ D PLOLWDU\ HQYLURQPHQW 5HJDUGOHVV 0$& EDVHG V\VWHPV DUH
EHLQJ XVHG LQFUHDVLQJO\ LQ WKH FRPPHUFLDO VHFWRU 6(/LQX[ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI DQ
RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP WKDW LPSOHPHQWV WKH 0$& PRGHO (QIRUFHPHQW UXOHV LQ
6(/LQX[ DQG $SS$UPRU PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO IUDPHZRUNV UHVWULFW FRQWURO
RYHU ZKDW SURFHVVHV DUH VWDUWHG VSDZQHG E\ RWKHU DSSOLFDWLRQV RU DOORZHG WR
LQMHFW FRGH LQWR WKH V\VWHP 7KHVH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV FDQ FRQWURO ZKDW SURJUDPV
FDQ UHDG DQG ZULWH WR WKH ILOH V\VWHP
7LS

$GGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH 6(/LQX[ SURMHFW DQG UHODWHG


WRROV FDQ EH IRXQG DW WKH 6(/LQX[ 3URMHFW *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\ DW
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 6(/LQX[3URMHFW

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV UHODWHG WR WKH PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV
FRQWURO PRGHO

:LWK PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWUROV WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP RU SROLF\ HQIRUFHU


GHFLGHV RQ ZKHWKHU WR JUDQW DFFHVV
7KH RZQHU GRHV QRW KDYH FRQWURO DQG FDQQRW GHFLGH WR JUDQW DFFHVV WR D
UHVRXUFH
7KH VHFXULW\ SROLF\ LV HQIRUFHG E\ XVLQJ VHFXULW\ ODEHOV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D 0$& EDVHG V\VWHP 6HFXULW\ ODEHOV DUH


DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH XVHUV 'HUHN DQG +DQQDK DQG ZLWK ILOHBD W[W ZKLFK LV WKH
UHVRXUFH WKH XVHUV DUH DWWHPSWLQJ WR DFFHVV ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH 'HUHN KDV WKH
FOHDUDQFH OHYHO DQG FDWHJRU\ PDWFKLQJ WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG FDWHJRU\ RI
ILOHBD W[W VR DFFHVV LV JUDQWHG 7KH VHFRQG XVHU +DQQDK GRHV QRW KDYH WKH
FOHDUDQFH QHFHVVDU\ WR DFFHVV ILOHBD W[W VR DFFHVV LV GHQLHG
)LJXUH 0$& ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

5ROH %DVHG $FFHVV &RQWURO

7KH 5%$& PRGHO XVHV D VXEMHFW UROH WR PDNH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ GHFLVLRQV (DFK
VXEMHFW QHHGV WR EH DVVLJQHG WR D UROH KRZHYHU WKH DVVLJQPHQW LV GRQH E\ WKH
V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU 7KLV LV FDOOHG XVHU DVVLJQPHQW 8$ (DFK UROH LV WKHQ
DVVLJQHG SHUPLVVLRQ RYHU DQ REMHFW 7KLV LV FDOOHG SHUPLVVLRQ DVVLJQPHQW 3$

7KH 5%$& PRGHO JUHDWO\ LPSURYHV VFDODELOLW\ DQG VLPSOLILHV DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ


EHFDXVH D VXEMHFW FDQ MXVW EH DVVLJQHG WR D UROH ZLWKRXW WKH SHUPLVVLRQ RYHU DQ
REMHFW QHHGLQJ WR EH FKDQJHG )RU H[DPSOH ZKHQ D XVHU FKDQJHV MREV RU UROHV
WKDW XVHU LV VLPSO\ UHPRYHG IURP WKDW UROH LQVWHDG RI KDYLQJ SHUPLVVLRQV
UHPRYHG IRU DOO WKH REMHFWV WKDW WKH XVHU ZDV LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK EHIRUH WKH FKDQJH
$ VXEMHFW FDQ EH DVVLJQHG WR VHYHUDO UROHV DQG D UROH FDQ LQFOXGH PXOWLSOH
VXEMHFWV ,Q WKH VDPH ZD\ D UROH FDQ KDYH PXOWLSOH SHUPLVVLRQV DQG WKH VDPH
SHUPLVVLRQV FDQ EH DVVLJQHG WR PXOWLSOH UROHV 7KLV FUHDWHV D PDQ\ WR PDQ\
UHODWLRQVKLS 7KH 5%$& PRGHO VXSSRUWV WKH SULQFLSOHV RI OHDVW SULYLOHJHV
VHSDUDWLRQ RI GXWLHV DQG GDWD DEVWUDFWLRQ

7KH OHDVW SULYLOHJHV SULQFLSOH LV SURYLGHG E\ FRQILJXULQJ WKH 5%$& V\VWHP WR


DVVLJQ RQO\ WKH SULYLOHJHV WKDW DUH QHHGHG WR H[HFXWH D VSHFLILF WDVN WR D UROH
6HSDUDWLRQ RI GXWLHV LV REWDLQHG E\ FRQILJXULQJ WKH V\VWHP VR WKDW WZR UROHV WKDW
DUH PXWXDOO\ H[FOXVLYH DUH QHHGHG WR ILQLVK D WDVN 'DWD DEVWUDFWLRQ LV DFKLHYHG
E\ XVLQJ DEVWUDFW SHUPLVVLRQV IRU H[DPSOH RSHQ DQG FORVH LI WKH REMHFW LV D
ORFN LQVWHDG RI WKH W\SLFDO UHDG ZULWH DQG H[HFXWH

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 5%$& VWDQGDUG SURSRVHG E\ 1,67 WKH 5%$& PRGHO KDV
WKUHH FRPSRQHQWV

&RUH 5%$& 7KLV LV WKH IXQGDPHQWDO FRPSRQHQW RI WKH 5%$& PRGHO DQG
LW LPSOHPHQWV WKH EDVLF DXWKRUL]DWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH XVHU UROHV $ VHVVLRQ LQ
WKH FRQWH[W RI 5%$& LV WKH ZD\ D VXEMHFW RU XVHU DFWLYDWHV D VXEVHW RI UROHV
)RU H[DPSOH LI D XVHU LV DVVLJQHG WR WZR UROHV JXHVW DQG DGPLQLVWUDWRU
WKHQ XVLQJ D VHVVLRQ DV JXHVW ZLOO DFWLYDWH RQO\ WKH SHUPLVVLRQ JLYHQ WR WKH
JXHVW UROH 8VLQJ D VHVVLRQ DV DGPLQLVWUDWRU ZLOO JLYH WKH XVHU SHUPLVVLRQ
EDVHG RQ WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU UROH
+LHUDUFKLFDO 5%$& 7KLV FRPSRQHQW LQWURGXFHV KLHUDUFK\ ZLWKLQ WKH
5%$& PRGHO DQG LV DGGHG RQ WRS RI WKH FRUH 5%$& 7KLV FRPSRQHQW
IDFLOLWDWHV WKH PDSSLQJ WR DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKLFK LV XVXDOO\ VWUXFWXUHG LQ D
KLHUDUFKLFDO ZD\ ,Q VLPSOH WHUPV KLHUDUFKLFDO 5%$& DOORZV SHUPLVVLRQ
LQKHULWDQFH IURP RQH UROH WR WKH RWKHU )RU H[DPSOH WKH KHDG RI PXOWLSOH
EXVLQHVV XQLWV PD\ LQKHULW DOO WKH SHUPLVVLRQV DVVLJQHG WR HDFK EXVLQHVV XQLW
SOXV KDYH WKH SHUPLVVLRQ DVVLJQHG WR WKH KHDG RI EXVLQHVV XQLWV UROH LWVHOI
&RQVWUDLQW 5%$& 7KLV FRPSRQHQW LQWURGXFHV WKH FRQFHSW RI VHSDUDWLRQ RI
GXWLHV 7KH PDLQ JRDO RI WKLV FRPSRQHQW LV WR DYRLG FROOXVLRQ DQG IUDXG E\
PDNLQJ VXUH WKDW PRUH WKDQ RQH UROH LV QHHGHG WR FRPSOHWH D VSHFLILF WDVN ,W
FRPHV LQ WZR VXEFRPSRQHQWV
6WDWLF 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XW\ 66R' 7KLV VXEFRPSRQHQW SXWV FRQVWUDLQWV
RQ WKH DVVLJQPHQW RI D XVHU WR D UROH )RU H[DPSOH WKH VDPH XVHU ZKRVH
UROH LV WR LPSOHPHQW WKH FRGH RI D SURGXFW VKRXOG QRW DOVR EH SDUW RI WKH
DXGLWRU RU DVVXUDQFH UROH ,I WKLV FRPSRQHQW LV EXLOW RQ WRS RI D
KLHUDUFKLFDO 5%$& LW ZLOO WDNH SHUPLVVLRQ LQKHULWDQFH LQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ
ZKHQ WKH FRQVWUDLQW LV IRUPXODWHG
'\QDPLF 6HSDUDWLRQ RI 'XW\ '6R' 7KLV VXEFRPSRQHQW DOVR OLPLWV
WKH VXEMHFW RU XVHU DFFHVV WR FHUWDLQ SHUPLVVLRQV KRZHYHU LW GRHV VR LQ D
G\QDPLF ZD\ GXULQJ D XVHU VHVVLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ IRUELGGLQJ D XVHU UROH
UHODWLRQVKLS 7KDW LV LW XVHV D VHVVLRQ WR UHJXODWH ZKLFK SHUPLVVLRQV DUH
DYDLODEOH WR D XVHU )RU H[DPSOH D XVHU FRXOG EH LQ WKH UROH RI FRGH
LPSOHPHQWHU DQG WKH UROH RI FRGH DXGLWRU EXW ZLOO QRW EH DEOH WR JHW
SHUPLVVLRQ DV FRGH DXGLWRU IRU FRGH WKDW WKH XVHU LPSOHPHQWHG KHUVHOI

$OWKRXJK WKH 5%$& PRGHO RIIHUV KLJKHU VFDODELOLW\ WKDQ D '$& EDVHG V\VWHP
LQ FRPSOH[ RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKH 5%$& PRGHO ZRXOG OHDG WR D JUHDW H[SDQVLRQ RI
UROHV ZKLFK ZRXOG LQFUHDVH WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG PDQDJHPHQW EXUGHQ 7KLV
LV RQH RI WKH GUDZEDFNV RI WKLV PRGHO
7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV UHODWHG WR WKH UROH EDVHG DFFHVV
FRQWURO PRGHO

:LWK UROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV WKH DFFHVV GHFLVLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH UROH RU
IXQFWLRQ RI WKH VXEMHFW
7KH UROH DVVLJQPHQW LV QRW GLVFUHWLRQDU\ VR XVHUV JHW DVVLJQHG WR D UROH
EDVHG RQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ V SROLFLHV
3HUPLVVLRQV DUH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH UROHV QRW GLUHFWO\ WR WKH XVHUV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI DQ 5%$& V\VWHP 8VHUV FDQ PDS WR PXOWLSOH


UROHV DQG YLFH YHUVD (DFK UROH KDV SHUPLVVLRQV DVVLJQHG ZKLFK DUH VHWV RI
RSHUDWLRQV WKDW FDQ EH H[HFXWHG RQ UHVRXUFHV REMHFWV
)LJXUH 5%$& ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

$WWULEXWH %DVHG $FFHVV &RQWURO

$%$& LV D IXUWKHU HYROXWLRQ LQ DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV WKDW WDNHV LQWR


FRQVLGHUDWLRQ IDFWRUV EHVLGHV LGHQWLW\ RU UROH 7KHVH IDFWRUV FRXOG LQFOXGH WKH
ORFDWLRQ RI DFFHVV WLPH RU WHPSRUDO FRQVWUDLQWV WKH OHYHO RI ULVN RU WKUHDW DQG
VR RQ

:LWK WKH $%$& PRGHO WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ GHFLVLRQ LV EDVHG RQ DWWULEXWHV


DVVLJQHG WR VXEMHFWV DQG REMHFWV HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG D VHW RI SROLFLHV
OLQNHG WR WKHVH DWWULEXWHV DQG FRQGLWLRQ $WWULEXWHV DUH GHILQHG DV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
WKDW EHORQJ WR D VXEMHFW XVHU REMHFW UHVRXUFH RU HQYLURQPHQW )RU H[DPSOH
D VXEMHFW DWWULEXWH FRXOG EH QDPH QDWLRQDOLW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQ UROH ,' VHFXULW\
FOHDUDQFH DQG VR RQ ([DPSOHV RI REMHFW DWWULEXWHV DUH QDPH RZQHU GDWD
FUHDWLRQ DQG VR RQ

(QYLURQPHQW FRQGLWLRQV DUH FRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH DFFHVV


UHTXHVW /RFDWLRQ RI WKH DFFHVV WLPH RI WKH DFFHVV DQG WKH WKUHDW OHYHO DUH DOO
H[DPSOHV RI HQYLURQPHQW DWWULEXWHV (YHU\ REMHFW VKRXOG DOVR EH DVVRFLDWHG
ZLWK DW OHDVW RQH SROLF\ WKDW UHJXODWHV ZKLFK RSHUDWLRQV D VXEMHFW ZLWK FHUWDLQ
DWWULEXWHV JLYHQ VRPH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVWUDLQWV FDQ SHUIRUP RQ WKH REMHFW
)RU H[DPSOH D SROLF\ FRXOG EH IRUPXODWHG DV DOO (QJLQHHUV ZKR ZRUN LQ WKH
6HFXULW\ %XVLQHVV 8QLW DQG DUH DVVLJQHG WR WKH 1H[W *HQ )LUHZDOO 3URMHFW DUH
DOORZHG WR 5HDG DQG :ULWH DOO WKH 'HVLJQ 'RFXPHQWV LQ WKH 1H[W *HQ )LUHZDOO
3URMHFW IROGHU ZKHQ FRQQHFWLQJ IURP %XLOGLQJ $

,Q WKLV H[DPSOH EHLQJ DQ HQJLQHHU EHORQJLQJ WR WKH VHFXULW\ EXVLQHVV XQLW DQG
EHLQJ DVVLJQHG WR WKH QH[W JHQ ILUHZDOO SURMHFW DUH DOO DWWULEXWHV WKDW FRXOG EH
DVVLJQHG WR D VXEMHFW %HLQJ D GHVLJQ GRFXPHQW ZLWKLQ WKH QH[W JHQ ILUHZDOO
SURMHFW IROGHU LV DQ DWWULEXWH WKDW FRXOG EH DVVLJQHG WR WKH REMHFW WKH
GRFXPHQW 5HDG DQG ZULWH DUH WKH RSHUDWLRQV DOORZHG E\ WKH VXEMHFW RYHU WKH
REMHFW %XLOGLQJ $ LV DQ HQYLURQPHQW FRQGLWLRQ

%HFDXVH UROHV DQG LGHQWLWLHV FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG DWWULEXWHV 5%$& DQG ,%$&
V\VWHPV FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG LQVWDQFHV RI DQ $%$& V\VWHP 2QH RI WKH EHVW
NQRZQ VWDQGDUGV WKDW LPSOHPHQW WKH $%$& PRGHO LV WKH ([WHQVLEOH $FFHVV
&RQWURO 0DUNXS /DQJXDJH ;$&0/

$QRWKHU PRGHO WKDW FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG D VSHFLDO FDVH RI $%$& LV FDOOHG UXOH
EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO ,Q UHDOLW\ WKLV LV QRW D ZHOO GHILQHG PRGHO DQG LQFOXGHV
DQ\ DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO WKDW LPSOHPHQWV VRPH VRUW RI UXOH WKDW JRYHUQV WKH
DFFHVV WR D UHVRXUFH 8VXDOO\ UXOH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV DUH XVHG LQ WKH FRQWH[W
RI DFFHVV OLVW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WR DFFHVV QHWZRUN UHVRXUFHV IRU H[DPSOH ZKHUH
WKH UXOH LV WR SURYLGH DFFHVV RQO\ WR FHUWDLQ ,3 DGGUHVVHV RU RQO\ DW FHUWDLQ KRXUV
RI WKH GD\ ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH ,3 DGGUHVVHV DUH DWWULEXWHV RI WKH VXEMHFW DQG REMHFW
DQG WKH WLPH RI GD\ LV SDUW RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW DWWULEXWH HYDOXDWLRQ

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW KLJKOLJKWV WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV UHODWHG WR WKH $%$& PRGHO

:LWK DWWULEXWH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV WKH DFFHVV GHFLVLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH
DWWULEXWHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VXEMHFWV REMHFWV RU WKH HQYLURQPHQW
$WWULEXWHV DUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW EHORQJ WR D VXEMHFW XVHU REMHFW
UHVRXUFH RU HQYLURQPHQW
8VHU UROH LGHQWLW\ DQG VHFXULW\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DWWULEXWHV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI $%$& 8VHU $ KDV VHYHUDO DWWULEXWHV


LQFOXGLQJ D UROH D EXVLQHVV XQLW DQG DVVLJQHG SURMHFWV )LOH $ DOVR KDV VHYHUDO
DWWULEXWHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH ILOH FDWHJRU\ DQG WKH SURMHFW IROGHU $Q HQYLURQPHQWDO
DWWULEXWH WKH XVHU ORFDWLRQ LV DOVR FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLV VFHQDULR
)LJXUH $%$& ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

7KH DFFHVV FRQWURO UXOH LV GHILQHG DV IROORZV

$OO (QJLQHHUV ZKR ZRUN LQ WKH 6HFXULW\ %XVLQHVV 8QLW DQG DUH DVVLJQHG WR WKH
1H[W *HQ )LUHZDOO 3URMHFW DUH DOORZHG WR 5HDG DQG :ULWH DOO WKH 'HVLJQ
'RFXPHQWV LQ WKH 1H[W *HQ )LUHZDOO 3URMHFW IROGHU ZKHQ FRQQHFWLQJ IURP
%XLOGLQJ $

,Q WKLV H[DPSOH WKH FRQGLWLRQV DUH VDWLVILHG DQG DFFHVV LV JUDQWHG ,Q )LJXUH
DQG )LJXUH KRZHYHU DFFHVV LV GHQLHG EHFDXVH 8VHU % V DWWULEXWHV DQG WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\ GR QRW VDWLVI\ WKH DFFHVV UXOH
)LJXUH $%$& ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ $FFHVV 'HQLHG 'XH WR 8VHU $WWULEXWHV

)LJXUH $%$& ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ $FFHVV 'HQLHG 'XH WR 8VHU (QYLURQPHQWDO &RQGLWLRQ


$FFHVV &RQWURO 0HFKDQLVPV

$Q DFFHVV FRQWURO PHFKDQLVP LV LQ VLPSOH WHUPV D PHWKRG IRU LPSOHPHQWLQJ


YDULRXV DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV $ V\VWHP PD\ LPSOHPHQW PXOWLSOH DFFHVV
FRQWURO PHFKDQLVPV ,Q VRPH PRGHUQ V\VWHPV WKLV QRWLRQ RI DFFHVV FRQWURO
PHFKDQLVP PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG REVROHWH EHFDXVH WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKH V\VWHP
FDOOV IRU PRUH DGYDQFHG PHFKDQLVPV 1HYHUWKHOHVV KHUH DUH VRPH RI WKH EHVW
NQRZQ PHWKRGV

$FFHVV FRQWURO OLVW 7KLV LV WKH VLPSOHVW ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW D '$& EDVHG
V\VWHP 7KH NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW LV WKDW LW LV DVVLJQHG
WR WKH REMHFW WKDW LW LV SURWHFWLQJ $Q DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW ZKHQ DSSOLHG WR DQ
REMHFW ZLOO LQFOXGH DOO WKH VXEMHFWV WKDW FDQ DFFHVV WKH REMHFW DQG WKHLU
VSHFLILF SHUPLVVLRQV )LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI DQ $&/ DSSOLHG WR D
ILOH

)LJXUH $&/ $SSOLHG WR D )LOH


&DSDELOLW\ WDEOH 7KLV LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI REMHFWV WKDW D VXEMHFW FDQ DFFHVV
WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH JUDQWHG SHUPLVVLRQV 7KH NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI D FDSDELOLW\
WDEOH LV WKDW LW V VXEMHFW FHQWULF LQVWHDG RI EHLQJ REMHFW FHQWULF OLNH LQ WKH
FDVH RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW )LJXUH VKRZV D XVHU FDSDELOLW\ WDEOH

)LJXUH 8VHU &DSDELOLW\ 7DEOH

$FFHVV FRQWURO PDWUL[ $&0 7KLV LV DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO PHFKDQLVP WKDW LV


XVXDOO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D '$& EDVHG V\VWHP $Q $&0 LQFOXGHV WKUHH
HOHPHQWV WKH VXEMHFW WKH REMHFW DQG WKH VHW RI SHUPLVVLRQV (DFK URZ RI DQ
$&0 LV DVVLJQHG WR D VXEMHFW ZKLOH HDFK FROXPQ UHSUHVHQWV DQ REMHFW 7KH
FHOO WKDW LGHQWLILHV D VXEMHFW REMHFW SDLU LQFOXGHV WKH SHUPLVVLRQ WKDW VXEMHFW
KDV RQ WKH REMHFW $Q $&0 FRXOG EH VHHQ DV D FROOHFWLRQ RI DFFHVV FRQWURO
OLVWV RU D FROOHFWLRQ RI FDSDELOLWLHV WDEOHV GHSHQGLQJ RQ KRZ \RX ZDQW WR
UHDG LW )LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI DFFHVV FRQWUROV XVLQJ DQ $&0
)LJXUH $FFHVV &RQWUROV 8VLQJ DQ $&0

7LS

$ GDWDEDVH YLHZ FRXOG DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG D W\SH RI UHVWULFWHG


LQWHUIDFH EHFDXVH WKH DYDLODEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV UHVWULFWHG
GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH LGHQWLW\ RI WKH XVHU

5HVWULFWHG LQWHUIDFH 7KLV W\SH RI FRQWURO OLPLWV WKH RSHUDWLRQV D VXEMHFW FDQ
SHUIRUP RQ DQ REMHFW E\ QRW SURYLGLQJ WKDW RSWLRQ RQ WKH LQWHUIDFH WKDW WKH
VXEMHFW XVHV WR DFFHVV WKH REMHFW 7\SLFDO H[DPSOHV RI WKLV W\SH RI FRQWURO DUH
PHQXV VKHOOV SK\VLFDO FRQVWUDLQW LQWHUIDFHV DQG VR RQ )RU H[DPSOH D
PHQX FRXOG RIIHU PRUH RSWLRQV LI D XVHU LV D V\VWHP DGPLQLVWUDWRU DQG IHZHU
RSWLRQV LI WKH XVHU LV D JXHVW
&RQWHQW GHSHQGHQW DFFHVV FRQWURO 7KLV W\SH RI FRQWURO XVHV WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQWHQW ZLWKLQ D UHVRXUFH WR PDNH DQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ GHFLVLRQ
7KLV W\SH RI FRQWURO LV JHQHUDOO\ XVHG LQ GDWDEDVH DFFHVV FRQWUROV $ W\SLFDO
H[DPSOH LV D GDWDEDVH YLHZ
&RQWH[W GHSHQGHQW DFFHVV FRQWURO 7KLV W\SH RI FRQWURO XVHV FRQWH[WXDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ WR PDNH DQ DFFHVV GHFLVLRQ WRJHWKHU ZLWK RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ
VXFK DV WKH LGHQWLW\ RI WKH VXEMHFW )RU H[DPSOH D V\VWHP LPSOHPHQWLQJ D
FRQWH[W GHSHQGHQW FRQWURO PD\ ORRN DW HYHQWV SUHFHGLQJ DQ DFFHVV UHTXHVW WR
PDNH DQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ GHFLVLRQ $ W\SLFDO V\VWHP WKDW XVHV WKLV W\SH RI
FRQWURO LV D VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO VXFK DV &LVFR $6$ RU &LVFR ,26 FRQILJXUHG
ZLWK WKH ]RQH EDVHG ILUHZDOO IHDWXUH ZKHUH D SDFNHW LV DOORZHG RU GHQLHG
EDVHG RQ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ UHODWHG WR WKH VHVVLRQ WKH SDFNHW EHORQJV WR

,GHQWLW\ DQG $FFHVV &RQWURO ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

6HYHUDO PHWKRGV WHFKQRORJLHV DQG SURWRFROV FDQ EH XVHG WR LPSOHPHQW LGHQWLW\


DQG DFFHVV WHFKQLFDO FRQWUROV 7KLV VHFWLRQ H[SORUHV VRPH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ
RQHV WKDW DUH UHOHYDQW WR WKH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ &LVFR &\EHUVHFXULW\ 2SHUDWLRQV
)XQGDPHQWDOV &%5236 H[DP

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ $XWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG $FFRXQWLQJ 3URWRFROV


6HYHUDO SURWRFROV DUH XVHG WR JUDQW DFFHVV WR QHWZRUNV RU V\VWHPV SURYLGH
LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW DFFHVV ULJKWV DQG SURYLGH FDSDELOLWLHV XVHG WR PRQLWRU DXGLW
DQG DFFRXQW IRU XVHU DFWLRQV RQFH DXWKHQWLFDWHG DQG DXWKRUL]HG 7KHVH
SURWRFROV DUH FDOOHG DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ $$$
SURWRFROV

7KH PRVW ZHOO NQRZQ $$$ SURWRFROV DUH 5$',86 7$&$&6 DQG 'LDPHWHU
7KH VHFWLRQV WKDW IROORZ SURYLGH VRPH EDFNJURXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW HDFK

5$',86

7KH 5HPRWH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 'LDO ,Q 8VHU 6HUYLFH 5$',86 LV DQ $$$


SURWRFRO PDLQO\ XVHG WR SURYLGH QHWZRUN DFFHVV VHUYLFHV 'XH WR LWV IOH[LELOLW\
LW KDV EHHQ DGRSWHG LQ RWKHU VFHQDULRV DV ZHOO 7KH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SDUWV DUH VSHFLILHG LQ 5)& ZKLOH WKH DFFRXQWLQJ SDUW LV
VSHFLILHG LQ 5)&

5$',86 LV D FOLHQW VHUYHU SURWRFRO ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI 5$',86 WKH FOLHQW LV WKH
DFFHVV VHUYHU ZKLFK LV WKH HQWLW\ WR ZKLFK D XVHU VHQGV WKH DFFHVV UHTXHVW 7KH
VHUYHU LV XVXDOO\ D PDFKLQH UXQQLQJ 5$',86 WKDW SURYLGHV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ UHVSRQVHV FRQWDLQLQJ DOO WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ XVHG E\ WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU
WR SURYLGH VHUYLFH WR WKH XVHU

7KH 5$',86 VHUYHU FDQ DFW DV SUR[\ IRU RWKHU 5$',86 VHUYHUV RU RWKHU
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV $OVR 5$',86 FDQ VXSSRUW VHYHUDO W\SHV RI
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV VXFK DV 333 3$3 &+$3 DQG ($3 ,W DOVR DOORZV
SURWRFRO H[WHQVLRQ YLD WKH DWWULEXWH ILHOG )RU H[DPSOH YHQGRUV FDQ XVH WKH
DWWULEXWH YHQGRU VSHFLILF W\SH WR SDVV YHQGRU VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ

)LJXUH VKRZV D W\SLFDO GHSOR\PHQW RI D 5$',86 VHUYHU

)LJXUH 5$',86 6HUYHU ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

5$',86 RSHUDWHV LQ PRVW FDVHV RYHU 8'3 SURWRFRO SRUW IRU


DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG SRUW IRU DFFRXQWLQJ ZKLFK DUH WKH
RIILFLDOO\ DVVLJQHG SRUWV IRU WKLV VHUYLFH ,Q HDUOLHU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV 5$',86
RSHUDWHG RYHU 8'3 SRUW IRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG SRUW
IRU DFFRXQWLQJ 7KH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SKDVH FRQVLVWV RI
WZR PHVVDJHV

$ ZLUHOHVV XVHU -HDQQHWWH WULHV WR MRLQ WKH ZLUHOHVV QHWZRUN 7KH ZLUHOHVV
URXWHU 5$',86 FOLHQW LV FRQILJXUHG ZLWK [
7KH ZLUHOHVV URXWHU VHQGV DQ $&&(66 5(48(67 WR WKH 5$',86 VHUYHU
WKDW LQFOXGHV WKH XVHU LGHQWLW\ WKH SDVVZRUG DQG RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH
UHTXHVWRU RI WKH DFFHVV IRU H[DPSOH WKH ,3 DGGUHVV
7KH 5$',86 VHUYHU PD\ UHSO\ ZLWK RQH RI WKUHH GLIIHUHQW PHVVDJHV
$&&(66 $&&(37 LI WKH XVHU LV DXWKHQWLFDWHG 7KLV PHVVDJH ZLOO DOVR
LQFOXGH LQ WKH $WWULEXWH ILHOG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VSHFLILF
YHQGRU LQIRUPDWLRQ XVHG E\ WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU WR SURYLGH VHUYLFHV
$&&(66 5(-(&7 LI DFFHVV IRU WKH XVHU LV UHMHFWHG
$&&(66 &+$//(1*( LI WKH 5$',86 VHUYHU QHHGV WR VHQG DQ
DGGLWLRQDO FKDOOHQJH WR WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU EHIRUH DXWKHQWLFDWLQJ WKH XVHU
7KH $&&(66 &+$//(1*( ZLOO EH IROORZHG E\ D QHZ $&&(66
5(48(67 PHVVDJH

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D 5$',86 H[FKDQJH IRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG


DXWKRUL]DWLRQ

)LJXUH 5$',86 ([FKDQJH IRU $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ $XWKRUL]DWLRQ

7KH DFFRXQWLQJ H[FKDQJH FRQVLVWV RI WZR PHVVDJHV $&&2817,1*


5(48(67 DQG $&&2817,1* 5(63216( $FFRXQWLQJ FDQ EH XVHG IRU
H[DPSOH WR VSHFLI\ KRZ ORQJ D XVHU KDV EHHQ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH QHWZRUN WKH
VWDUW DQG VWRS RI D VHVVLRQ
7KH 5$',86 H[FKDQJH LV DXWKHQWLFDWHG E\ XVLQJ D VKDUHG VHFUHW NH\ EHWZHHQ
WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU DQG WKH 5$',86 VHUYHU 2QO\ WKH XVHU SDVVZRUG LQIRUPDWLRQ
LQ WKH $&&(66 5(48(67 LV HQFU\SWHG WKH UHVW RI WKH SDFNHWV DUH VHQW LQ
SODLQWH[W

7$&$&6

7HUPLQDO $FFHVV &RQWUROOHU $FFHVV &RQWURO 6\VWHP 3OXV 7$&$&6 LV D


SURSULHWDU\ SURWRFRO GHYHORSHG E\ &LVFR ,W DOVR XVHV D FOLHQW VHUYHU PRGHO
ZKHUH WKH 7$&$&6 FOLHQW LV WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU DQG WKH 7$&$&6 VHUYHU LV WKH
PDFKLQH SURYLGLQJ 7$&$&6 VHUYLFHV WKDW LV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
DQG DFFRXQWLQJ

6LPLODU WR 5$',86 7$&$&6 DOVR VXSSRUWV SURWRFRO H[WHQVLRQ E\ DOORZLQJ


YHQGRU VSHFLILF DWWULEXWHV DQG VHYHUDO W\SHV RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV
7$&$&6 XVHV 7&3 DV WKH WUDQVSRUW SURWRFRO DQG WKH 7$&$&6 VHUYHU
OLVWHQV RQ SRUW 8VLQJ 7&3 HQVXUHV D PRUH UHOLDEOH FRQQHFWLRQ DQG IDXOW
WROHUDQFH

7$&$&6 KDV WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ SURFHVVHV DV


WKUHH VHSDUDWH VWHSV 7KLV DOORZV WKH XVHU RI D GLIIHUHQW SURWRFRO IRU H[DPSOH
5$',86 IRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ RU DFFRXQWLQJ $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG
DFFRXQWLQJ FDSDELOLWLHV DUH PRUH JUDQXODU WKDQ LQ 5$',86 IRU H[DPSOH
DOORZLQJ VSHFLILF DXWKRUL]DWLRQ RI FRPPDQGV 7KLV PDNHV 7$&$&6 WKH
SUHIHUUHG SURWRFRO IRU DXWKRUL]DWLRQ VHUYLFHV IRU UHPRWH GHYLFH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
7KH 7$&$&6 H[FKDQJH UHTXLUHV VHYHUDO SDFNHWV KRZHYHU PDLQO\ WZR W\SHV
RI SDFNHWV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW FRGHV DUH H[FKDQJHG

5(48(67 SDFNHWV ZKLFK DUH VHQW IURP WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU WR WKH 7$&$&6
VHUYHU
5(63216( SDFNHWV ZKLFK DUH VHQW IURP WKH 7$&$&6 VHUYHU WR WKH
DFFHVV VHUYHU

7KH IROORZLQJ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI DQ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ H[FKDQJH

7KH DFFHVV VHUYHU VHQGV D 5(48(67 SDFNHW LQFOXGLQJ WKH 67$57


VWDWHPHQW
7KH 7$&$&6 VHUYHU VHQGV DQ DFNQRZOHGJPHQW WR WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU
7KH DFFHVV VHUYHU VHQGV D &217,18( ZLWK WKH XVHUQDPH
7KH 7$&$&6 VHUYHU VHQGV D UHSO\ WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH PHVVDJH DQG DVN IRU
WKH SDVVZRUG
7KH DFFHVV VHUYHU VHQGV D &217,18( ZLWK WKH SDVVZRUG
7KH 7$&$&6 VHUYHU VHQGV D UHSO\ ZLWK DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ UHVSRQVH SDVV RU
IDLO

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D 7$&$&6 PHVVDJH H[FKDQJH IRU


DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
)LJXUH 7$&$&6 0HVVDJH ([FKDQJH IRU $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ

7$&$&6 RIIHUV EHWWHU VHFXULW\ SURWHFWLRQ FRPSDUHG WR 5$',86 )RU


H[DPSOH WKH IXOO ERG\ RI WKH SDFNHW PD\ EH HQFU\SWHG

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ 5$',86 DQG 7$&$&6


7DEOH 5$',86 YV 7$&$&6 &RPSDULVRQ

5$',86 7$&$&6

7UDQVSRUW 8'3 7&3


SURWRFRO

6HFXULW\ (QFU\SWV XVHU SDVVZRUG LQ &DQ RSWLRQDOO\


$&&(66 5(48(67 SDFNHWV HQFU\SW WKH IXOO
SD\ORDG

$$$ SKDVHV $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ


DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DUH SHUIRUPHG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG
ZLWK WKH VDPH H[FKDQJH DFFRXQWLQJ DUH
$FFRXQWLQJ LV GRQH ZLWK D SHUIRUPHG ZLWK
VHSDUDWH H[FKDQJH VHSDUDWH H[FKDQJHV

&RPPDQG 7KHUH LV QR VXSSRUW IRU $OORZV FRPPDQG


DXWKRUL]DWLRQ JUDQXODU FRPPDQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ

$FFRXQWLQJ ,PSOHPHQWV VWURQJ DFFRXQWLQJ 3URYLGHV EDVLF


FDSDELOLWLHV DFFRXQWLQJ
FDSDELOLWLHV

6WDQGDUG 5)& DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG &LVFR SURSULHWDU\


DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG 5)&
DFFRXQWLQJ

'LDPHWHU

5$',86 DQG 7$&$&6 ZHUH FUHDWHG ZLWK WKH DLP RI SURYLGLQJ $$$ VHUYLFHV
WR QHWZRUN DFFHVV YLD GLDO XS SURWRFROV RU WHUPLQDO DFFHVV 'XH WR WKHLU VXFFHVV
DQG IOH[LELOLW\ WKH\ KDYH EHHQ XVHG LQ VHYHUDO RWKHU VFRSHV 7R UHVSRQG WR
QHZHU DFFHVV UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG SURWRFROV WKH ,(7) LQWURGXFHG D QHZ SURWRFRO
FDOOHG 'LDPHWHU GHILQHG LQ 5)& DQG WKHQ XSGDWHG LQ 5)& DQG 5)&

'LDPHWHU KDV EHHQ EXLOW ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQ PLQG

)DLORYHU 'LDPHWHU LPSOHPHQWV DSSOLFDWLRQ OHYHO DFNQRZOHGJPHQW DQG


IDLORYHU DOJRULWKPV
7UDQVPLVVLRQ OHYHO VHFXULW\ 'LDPHWHU SURWHFWV WKH H[FKDQJH RI PHVVDJHV
E\ XVLQJ 7/6 RU '7/6
5HOLDEOH WUDQVSRUW 'LDPHWHU XVHV 7&3 RU 67&3 DV WKH WUDQVSRUW SURWRFRO
$JHQW VXSSRUW 'LDPHWHU VSHFLILHV WKH UROHV RI GLIIHUHQW DJHQWV VXFK DV
SUR[\ UHOD\ UHGLUHFW DQG WUDQVODWLRQ DJHQWV
6HUYHU LQLWLDWHG PHVVDJHV 'LDPHWHU PDNHV PDQGDWRU\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
RI VHUYHU LQLWLDWHG PHVVDJHV 7KLV HQDEOHV FDSDELOLWLHV VXFK DV RQ GHPDQG
UHDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG UHDXWKRUL]DWLRQ
7UDQVLWLRQ VXSSRUW 'LDPHWHU DOORZV FRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK V\VWHPV XVLQJ
5$',86
&DSDELOLW\ QHJRWLDWLRQ 'LDPHWHU LQFOXGHV FDSDELOLW\ QHJRWLDWLRQV VXFK DV
HUURU KDQGOLQJ DV ZHOO DV PDQGDWRU\ DQG QRQPDQGDWRU\ DWWULEXWH YDOXH SDLUV
$93
3HHU GLVFRYHU\ 'LDPHWHU HQDEOHV G\QDPLF SHHU GLVFRYHU\ YLD '16

7KH PDLQ UHDVRQ IRU WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH 'LDPHWHU SURWRFRO LV WKH FDSDELOLW\
WR ZRUN ZLWK DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW HQDEOH SURWRFRO H[WHQVLRQ 7KH PDLQ 'LDPHWHU
DSSOLFDWLRQ LV FDOOHG 'LDPHWHU EDVH DQG LW LPSOHPHQWV WKH FRUH RI WKH 'LDPHWHU
SURWRFRO 2WKHU DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH 0RELOH ,3Y $SSOLFDWLRQ 1HWZRUN $FFHVV
6HUYHU $SSOLFDWLRQ 'LDPHWHU &UHGLW &RQWURO $SSOLFDWLRQ DQG VR RQ (DFK
DSSOLFDWLRQ VSHFLILHV WKH FRQWHQW RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ H[FKDQJH LQ 'LDPHWHU
SDFNHWV )RU H[DPSOH WR XVH 'LDPHWHU DV DQ $$$ SURWRFRO IRU QHWZRUN DFFHVV
WKH 'LDPHWHU SHHUV ZLOO XVH WKH 'LDPHWHU %DVH $SSOLFDWLRQ DQG WKH 'LDPHWHU
1HWZRUN $FFHVV 6HUYHU $SSOLFDWLRQ

7KH 'LDPHWHU KHDGHU ILHOG $SSOLFDWLRQ ,' LQGLFDWHV WKH ,' RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ
(DFK DSSOLFDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH 'LDPHWHU %DVH DSSOLFDWLRQ XVHV FRPPDQG FRGH
WR LGHQWLI\ VSHFLILF DSSOLFDWLRQ DFWLRQV 'LDPHWHU LV D SHHU WR SHHU SURWRFRO DQG
HQWLWLHV LQ D 'LDPHWHU FRQWH[W DUH FDOOHG 'LDPHWHU QRGHV $ 'LDPHWHU QRGH LV
GHILQHG DV D KRVW WKDW LPSOHPHQWV WKH 'LDPHWHU SURWRFRO
7KH SURWRFRO LV EDVHG RQ WZR PDLQ PHVVDJHV D 5(48(67 ZKLFK LV LGHQWLILHG
E\ VHWWLQJ WKH 5 ELW LQ WKH KHDGHU DQG DQ $16:(5 ZKLFK LV LGHQWLILHG E\
XQVHWWLQJ WKH 5 ELW (DFK PHVVDJH ZLOO LQFOXGH D VHULHV RI DWWULEXWH YDOXH SDLUV
$93V WKDW LQFOXGH DSSOLFDWLRQ VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ

,Q LWV EDVLF SURWRFRO IORZ DIWHU WKH WUDQVSRUW OD\HU FRQQHFWLRQ LV FUHDWHG WKH
'LDPHWHU LQLWLDWRU SHHU VHQGV D &DSDELOLW\ ([FKDQJH 5HTXHVW &(5 WR WKH
RWKHU SHHU WKDW ZLOO UHVSRQG ZLWK D &DSDELOLW\ ([FKDQJH $QVZHU &($ 7KH
&(5 FDQ LQFOXGH VHYHUDO $93V GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKHWKHU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ LV
UHTXHVWLQJ D FRQQHFWLRQ 2QFH WKH FDSDELOLWLHV DUH H[FKDQJHG WKH 'LDPHWHU
DSSOLFDWLRQV FDQ VWDUW VHQGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ

'LDPHWHU DOVR LPSOHPHQWV D NHHS DOLYH PHFKDQLVP E\ XVLQJ D 'HYLFH


:DWFKGRJ 5HTXHVW ':5 ZKLFK QHHGV WR EH DFNQRZOHGJHG ZLWK D 'HYLFH
:DWFKGRJ $QVZHU ':$ 7KH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LV WHUPLQDWHG E\ XVLQJ D
'LVFRQQHFW 3HHU 5HTXHVW '35 DQG 'LVFRQQHFW 3HHU $QVZHU '3$ %RWK WKH
'HYLFH :DWFKGRJ DQG 'LVFRQQHFW 3HHU FDQ EH LQLWLDWHG E\ ERWK SDUWLHV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D 'LDPHWHU FDSDELOLW\ H[FKDQJH DQG


FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHUPLQDWLRQ
)LJXUH 'LDPHWHU &DSDELOLW\ ([FKDQJH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 7HUPLQDWLRQ

7KH IROORZLQJ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI SURWRFRO IORZV ZKHUH 'LDPHWHU LV XVHG WR


SURYLGH XVHU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYLFH IRU QHWZRUN DFFHVV DV GHILQHG LQ WKH
1HWZRUN $FFHVV 6HUYHU $SSOLFDWLRQ 5)&

7KH LQLWLDWRU SHHU WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU VHQGV D &(5 PHVVDJH ZLWK WKH $XWK
$SSOLFDWLRQ ,G $93 VHW WR PHDQLQJ WKDW LW VXSSRUWV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
FDSDELOLWLHV
7KH 'LDPHWHU VHUYHU VHQGV D &($ EDFN WR WKH DFFHVV VHUYHU ZLWK $XWK
$SSOLFDWLRQ ,G $93 VHW WR
7KH DFFHVV VHUYHU VHQGV DQ $$ 5HTXHVW $$5 WR WKH 'LDPHWHU VHUYHU WKDW
LQFOXGHV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH XVHU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VXFK DV XVHUQDPH DQG
SDVVZRUG
7KH DFFHVV VHUYHU ZLOO UHSO\ ZLWK DQ $$ $QVZHU $$$ PHVVDJH LQFOXGLQJ
WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ UHVXOWV

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D 'LDPHWHU H[FKDQJH IRU QHWZRUN DFFHVV


VHUYLFHV

)LJXUH 'LDPHWHU ([FKDQJH IRU 1HWZRUN $FFHVV 6HUYLFHV

'LDPHWHU LV D PXFK PRUH FRPSOH[ SURWRFRO DQG LV XVHG PDLQO\ LQ D PRELOH


VHUYLFH SURYLGHU HQYLURQPHQW

3RUW %DVHG $FFHVV &RQWURO

3RUW EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWUROV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D VSHFLILF DFFHVV SRUW VXFK DV DQ
DFFHVV OD\HU VZLWFK SRUW IRU H[DPSOH 7KH LGHD EHKLQG WKLV W\SH RI FRQWURO LV WR
DOORZ RU GHQ\ D GHYLFH WKDW LV SK\VLFDOO\ FRQQHFWHG WR D QHWZRUN SRUW ZLWK
DFFHVV WR D VSHFLILF UHVRXUFH ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH GLVFXVV WZR W\SHV RI SRUW EDVHG
DFFHVV FRQWURO LPSOHPHQWHG LQ &LVFR GHYLFHV SRUW VHFXULW\ DQG [ %RWK
W\SHV RI DFFHVV FRQWUROV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH $%$& PRGHO VRPHWLPHV DOVR
GHVFULEHG DV LGHQWLW\ EDVHG RU UXOH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

3RUW 6HFXULW\

3RUW VHFXULW\ LV D VHFXULW\ IHDWXUH SUHVHQW LQ PRVW RI &LVFR URXWHUV DQG VZLWFKHV
DQG LW LV XVHG WR SURYLGH DFFHVV FRQWURO E\ UHVWULFWLQJ WKH 0HGLD $FFHVV &RQWURO
0$& DGGUHVVHV WKDW FDQ EH FRQQHFWHG WR D JLYHQ SRUW 7KLV GLIIHUV IURP D
0$& DFFHVV OLVW EHFDXVH LW ZRUNV RQO\ RQ WKH VRXUFH 0$& DGGUHVV ZLWKRXW
PDWFKLQJ WKH 0$& GHVWLQDWLRQ

7LS

7KH 0HGLD $FFHVV &RQWURO 0$& DGGUHVV VKRXOG QRW EH


FRQIXVHG ZLWK WKH PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO 0$& PRGHO 7KH
IRUPHU LV WKH DGGUHVV RI WKH (WKHUQHW FDUG 7KH ODWWHU LV D W\SH RI
DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHO DQG LV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH 0DQGDWRU\ $FFHVV
&RQWURO VHFWLRQ HDUOLHU LQ WKLV FKDSWHU

3RUW VHFXULW\ ZRUNV E\ GHILQLQJ D SRRO RI 0$& DGGUHVVHV WKDW DUH DOORZHG WR
WUDQVPLW RQ D GHYLFH SRUW 7KH SRRO FDQ EH VWDWLFDOO\ GHILQHG RU G\QDPLFDOO\
OHDUQHG &RPSDUHG WR D 0$& DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW ZKLFK ZRXOG QHHG WR EH
LPSOHPHQWHG RQ HDFK SRUW DQG KDYH VWDWLF HQWULHV WKH G\QDPLFDOO\ OHDUQHG
PHWKRG UHGXFHV WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RYHUKHDG UHODWHG WR WKH SRUW DFFHVV FRQWURO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

:KHQ D IUDPH LV UHFHLYHG RQ WKH SRUW WKH SRUW VHFXULW\ IHDWXUH FKHFNV WKH
VRXUFH 0$& DGGUHVV RI WKH IUDPH ,I LW PDWFKHV DQ DOORZHG 0$& DGGUHVV WKH
IUDPH ZLOO EH IRUZDUGHG RWKHUZLVH WKH IUDPH ZLOO EH GURSSHG

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH GURS IUDPH FRPLQJ IURP DQ XQDXWKRUL]HG 0$& DGGUHVV SRUW
VHFXULW\ ZLOO UDLVH D VHFXULW\ YLRODWLRQ $ VHFXULW\ YLRODWLRQ LV UDLVHG XQGHU WKH
IROORZLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV

,I D 0$& DGGUHVV WKDW LV FRQILJXUHG RU G\QDPLFDOO\ OHDUQHG RQ RQH SRUW LV


VHHQ RQ D GLIIHUHQW SRUW LQ WKH VDPH YLUWXDO ORFDO DUHD QHWZRUN 9/$1 7KLV
LV UHIHUUHG DV D 0$& PRYH
,I WKH PD[LPXP QXPEHU RI 0$& DGGUHVVHV DOORZHG IRU D SRUW LV UHDFKHG DQG
WKH LQFRPLQJ 0$& LV GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH RQH DOUHDG\ OHDUQHG

[ LV DQ ,((( VWDQGDUG WKDW LV XVHG WR LPSOHPHQW SRUW EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO


,Q VLPSOH WHUPV DQ [ DFFHVV GHYLFH ZLOO DOORZ WUDIILF RQ WKH SRUW RQO\
DIWHU WKH GHYLFH KDV EHHQ DXWKHQWLFDWHG DQG DXWKRUL]HG

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI WUDIILF DOORZHG EHIRUH DQG DIWHU [


DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
)LJXUH 7UDIILF $OORZHG %HIRUH DQG $IWHU [ $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG $XWKRUL]DWLRQ

,Q DQ [ HQDEOHG QHWZRUN WKUHH PDLQ UROHV DUH GHILQHG

$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU 7KLV HQWLW\ SURYLGHV DQ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYLFH WR DQ


DXWKHQWLFDWRU 7KH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU GHWHUPLQHV ZKHWKHU WKH VXSSOLFDQW LV
DXWKRUL]HG WR DFFHVV WKH VHUYLFH 7KLV LV VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG DV WKH 3ROLF\
'HFLVLRQ 3RLQW 3G3 &LVFR $&6 DQG &LVFR ,6( DUH H[DPSOHV RI DQ
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU
6XSSOLFDQW 7KLV HQWLW\ VHHNV WR EH DXWKHQWLFDWHG E\ DQ DXWKHQWLFDWRU )RU
H[DPSOH WKLV FRXOG EH D FOLHQW ODSWRS FRQQHFWHG WR D VZLWFK SRUW
$XWKHQWLFDWRU 7KLV HQWLW\ IDFLOLWDWHV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ RI RWKHU HQWLWLHV
DWWDFKHG WR WKH VDPH /$1 7KLV LV VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG DV WKH 3ROLF\
(QIRUFHPHQW 3RLQW 3H3 &LVFR VZLWFKHV DQG DFFHVV SRLQWV DUH H[DPSOH RI
DXWKHQWLFDWRUV

2WKHU FRPSRQHQWV VXFK DV DQ LGHQWLW\ GDWDEDVH RU D 3., LQIUDVWUXFWXUH PD\ EH


UHTXLUHG IRU D FRUUHFW GHSOR\PHQW
)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI DQ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU VXSSOLFDQW DQG
DXWKHQWLFDWRU 7KH VXSSOLFDQW LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH VZLWFK SRUW YLD D ZLUHG
FRQQHFWLRQ

)LJXUH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 6HUYHU 6XSSOLFDQW DQG $XWKHQWLFDWRU 7RSRORJ\

[ XVHV WKH IROORZLQJ SURWRFROV

($3 RYHU /$1 ($3R/ 7KLV HQFDSVXODWLRQ GHILQHG LQ ; LV XVHG WR


HQFDSVXODWH ($3 SDFNHWV WR EH WUDQVPLWWHG IURP WKH VXSSOLFDQW WR WKH
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU
([WHQVLEOH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 3URWRFRO ($3 7KLV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SURWRFRO LV
XVHG EHWZHHQ WKH VXSSOLFDQW DQG WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU WR WUDQVPLW
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ
5$',86 RU 'LDPHWHU 7KLV $$$ SURWRFRO LV XVHG IRU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU DQG DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU

7KH [ SRUW EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO LQFOXGHV IRXU SKDVHV LQ WKLV H[DPSOH
5$',86 LV XVHG DV WKH SURWRFRO DQG D &LVFR VZLWFK DV WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU

6HVVLRQ LQLWLDWLRQ 7KH VHVVLRQ FDQ EH LQLWLDWHG HLWKHU E\ WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU


ZLWK DQ ($3 5HTXHVW ,GHQWLW\ PHVVDJH RU E\ WKH VXSSOLFDQW ZLWK DQ ($3R/
6WDUW PHVVDJH %HIRUH WKH VXSSOLFDQW LV DXWKHQWLFDWHG DQG WKH VHVVLRQ
DXWKRUL]HG RQO\ ($3R/ &LVFR 'LVFRYHU\ 3URWRFRO &'3 DQG 6SDQQLQJ
7UHH 3URWRFRO 673 WUDIILF LV DOORZHG RQ WKH SRUW IURP WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU
6HVVLRQ DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ 7KH DXWKHQWLFDWRU H[WUDFWV WKH ($3 PHVVDJH IURP
WKH ($3R/ IUDPH DQG VHQGV D 5$',86 $FFHVV 5HTXHVW WR WKH
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU DGGLQJ WKH ($3 LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH $9 SDLU RI WKH
5$',86 UHTXHVW 7KH DXWKHQWLFDWRU DQG WKH VXSSOLFDQW ZLOO XVH ($3 WR
DJUHH RQ WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRG IRU H[DPSOH ($3 7/6
'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRG QHJRWLDWHG WKH VXSSOLFDQW PD\
SURYLGH D SDVVZRUG D FHUWLILFDWH D WRNHQ DQG VR RQ
6HVVLRQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ ,I WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU FDQ DXWKHQWLFDWH WKH
VXSSOLFDQW LW ZLOO VHQG D 5$',86 $FFHVV $FFHSW WR WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU WKDW
LQFOXGHV DGGLWLRQDO DXWKRUL]DWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV 9/$1 GRZQORDGDEOH
DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW G$&/ DQG VR RQ
7KH DXWKHQWLFDWRU ZLOO VHQG DQ ($3 6XFFHVV PHVVDJH WR WKH VXSSOLFDQW DQG
WKH VXSSOLFDQW FDQ VWDUW VHQGLQJ WUDIILF
6HVVLRQ DFFRXQWLQJ 7KLV UHSUHVHQWV WKH H[FKDQJH RI DFFRXQWLQJ 5$',86
SDFNHWV EHWZHHQ WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU DQG WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI [ SRUW DFFHVV FRQWURO H[FKDQJH


)LJXUH [ 3RUW $FFHVV &RQWURO ([FKDQJH

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKHVH IRXU SKDVHV LW LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW WKDW WKH VHVVLRQ LV FRUUHFWO\
WHUPLQDWHG 7KH VXSSOLFDQW VHQGV DQ ($3R/ /RJRII PHVVDJH ZKHQ LW
WHUPLQDWHV WKH FRQQHFWLRQ

1HWZRUN $FFHVV &RQWURO /LVW DQG )LUHZDOOLQJ

7KH PRVW EDVLF LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO LV DQ DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW


:KHQ DQ $&/ LV DSSOLHG WR QHWZRUN WUDIILF LW LV FDOOHG D QHWZRUN $&/ &LVFR
QHWZRUNLQJ GHYLFHV VXFK DV URXWHUV VZLWFKHV DQG ILUHZDOOV LQFOXGH QHWZRUN
$&/ FDSDELOLWLHV WR FRQWURO DFFHVV WR QHWZRUN UHVRXUFHV $V IRU SRUW EDVHG
DFFHVV FRQWUROV QHWZRUN $&/V DQG ILUHZDOOLQJ DUH XVXDOO\ VHHQ DV VSHFLDO FDVHV
RI WKH $%$& PRGHO DQG DOVR VRPHWLPHV FODVVLILHG DV LGHQWLI\ EDVHG RU UXOH
EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO EHFDXVH WKH\ EDVH WKH FRQWURO GHFLVLRQ RQ DWWULEXWHV VXFK
DV ,3 RU 0$& DGGUHVVHV RU /D\HU LQIRUPDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ JURXS $&/V RQ WKH
RWKHU KDQG DUH DFFHVV OLVWV EDVHG RQ WKH UROH RI WKH VXEMHFW WU\LQJ WR DFFHVV D
UHVRXUFH DQG WKH\ LPSOHPHQW UROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

1HWZRUN $&/V FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG DW YDULRXV OHYHOV RI WKH 26, PRGHO

$ /D\HU $&/ RSHUDWHV DW WKH GDWD OLQN OD\HU DQG LPSOHPHQWV ILOWHUV EDVHG
RQ /D\HU LQIRUPDWLRQ $Q H[DPSOH RI WKLV W\SH RI DFFHVV OLVW LV D 0$&
DFFHVV OLVW ZKLFK XVHV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH 0$& DGGUHVV WR FUHDWH WKH
ILOWHU
$ /D\HU $&/ RSHUDWHV DW WKH QHWZRUNLQJ OD\HU &LVFR GHYLFHV XVXDOO\
DOORZ /D\HU $&/V IRU GLIIHUHQW /D\HU SURWRFROV LQFOXGLQJ WKH PRVW XVHG
RQHV QRZDGD\V ,3Y DQG ,3Y ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR VHOHFWLQJ WKH /D\HU
SURWRFRO D /D\HU $&/ DOORZV WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI ILOWHULQJ IRU D SURWRFRO
XVLQJ UDZ ,3 VXFK DV 263) RU (63
$ /D\HU $&/ RSHUDWHV DW WKH WUDQVSRUW OD\HU $Q H[DPSOH RI D /D\HU
$&/ LV D 7&3 RU 8'3 EDVHG $&/ 7\SLFDOO\ D /D\HU $&/ LQFOXGHV WKH
VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ 7KLV DOORZV ILOWHULQJ RI VSHFLILF XSSHU OD\HU SDFNHWV

9/$1 0DS

9/$1 $&/V DOVR FDOOHG 9/$1 PDSV DUH QRW VSHFLILFDOO\ /D\HU $&/V
KRZHYHU WKH\ DUH XVHG WR OLPLW WKH WUDIILF ZLWKLQ D VSHFLILF 9/$1 $ 9/$1
PDS FDQ DSSO\ D 0$& DFFHVV OLVW D /D\HU $&/ DQG D /D\HU $&/ WR WKH
LQERXQG GLUHFWLRQ RI D 9/$1 WR SURYLGH DFFHVV FRQWURO

6HFXULW\ *URXS %DVHG $&/

$ VHFXULW\ JURXS EDVHG $&/ 6*$&/ LV DQ $&/ WKDW LPSOHPHQWV DFFHVV


FRQWURO EDVHG RQ WKH VHFXULW\ JURXS DVVLJQHG WR D XVHU IRU H[DPSOH EDVHG RQ
WKDW XVHU V UROH ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG WKH GHVWLQDWLRQ UHVRXUFHV 6*$&/V
DUH LPSOHPHQWHG DV SDUW RI &LVFR 7UXVW6HF SROLF\ HQIRUFHPHQW &LVFR 7UXVW6HF
LV GHVFULEHG LQ D ELW PRUH GHWDLO LQ WKH VHFWLRQV WKDW IROORZ 7KH HQIRUFHG $&/
PD\ LQFOXGH ERWK /D\HU DQG /D\HU DFFHVV FRQWURO HQWULHV $&(V

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI 6*$&/

)LJXUH 6*$&/ 'HSOR\PHQW


'RZQORDGDEOH $&/

$ GRZQORDGDEOH $&/ G$&/ DOVR FDOOHG D SHU XVHU $&/ LV DQ $&/ WKDW FDQ
EH DSSOLHG G\QDPLFDOO\ WR D SRUW 7KH WHUP GRZQORDGDEOH VWHPV IURP WKH IDFW
WKDW WKHVH $&/V DUH SXVKHG IURP WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU VHUYHU IRU H[DPSOH IURP D
&LVFR ,6( GXULQJ WKH DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SKDVH

:KHQ D FOLHQW DXWKHQWLFDWHV WR WKH SRUW IRU H[DPSOH E\ XVLQJ [ WKH


DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU FDQ VHQG D G$&/ WKDW ZLOO EH DSSOLHG WR WKH SRUW DQG WKDW
ZLOO OLPLW WKH UHVRXUFHV WKH FOLHQW FDQ DFFHVV RYHU WKH QHWZRUN

)LUHZDOOLQJ

$&/V DUH VWDWHOHVV DFFHVV FRQWUROV EHFDXVH WKH\ GR QRW PDLQWDLQ WKH VWDWH RI D
VHVVLRQ RU D FRQQHFWLRQ $ PRUH DGYDQFHG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DFFHVV FRQWURO LV
SURYLGHG E\ VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOOV ZKLFK DUH DEOH WR LPSOHPHQW DFFHVV FRQWURO
EDVHG RQ WKH VWDWH RI D FRQQHFWLRQ &LVFR RIIHUV VHYHUDO ILUHZDOOLQJ VROXWLRQV
LQFOXGLQJ WKH &LVFR $GDSWLYH 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH $6$ WKH &LVFR )LUHSRZHU
7KUHDW 'HIHQVH )7' DQG WKH &LVFR =RQH EDVHG )LUHZDOO WKDW FDQ EH GHSOR\HG
LQ &LVFR URXWHUV

)LUHZDOOV RIWHQ LPSOHPHQW LQVSHFWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV WKDW HQIRUFH DSSOLFDWLRQ OD\HU


SURWRFRO FRQIRUPDQFH DQG G\QDPLF DFFHVV FRQWURO EDVHG RQ WKH VWDWH RI WKH
XSSHU OD\HU SURWRFRO

1H[W JHQHUDWLRQ ILUHZDOOV JR RQH VWHS IXUWKHU DQG LPSOHPHQW FRQWH[W DZDUH
FRQWUROV ZKHUH QRW RQO\ WKH ,3 DGGUHVV RU VSHFLILF DSSOLFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ LV
WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW EXW DOVR RWKHU FRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV WKH ORFDWLRQ
WKH W\SH RI GHYLFH UHTXHVWLQJ DFFHVV DQG WKH VHTXHQFH RI HYHQWV LV WDNHQ LQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZKHQ DOORZLQJ RU GHQ\LQJ D SDFNHW

,GHQWLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW DQG 3URILOLQJ

&LVFR RIIHUV D QXPEHU RI PDQDJHPHQW SURGXFWV WKDW KHOS VHFXULW\


DGPLQLVWUDWRUV LPSOHPHQW LGHQWLW\ PDQDJHPHQW DQG DFFHVV FRQWURO
HQIRUFHPHQW

&LVFR 6HFXUH $FFHVV &RQWURO 6HUYHU &LVFR 6HFXUH $FFHVV &RQWURO 6HUYHU
$&6 LV $$$ DQG SROLF\ HQIRUFHPHQW VRIWZDUH UXQQLQJ RQ &LVFR 6HFXUH
1HWZRUN 6HUYHU RU DV D YLUWXDO DSSOLDQFH ,W RIIHUV 5$',86 DQG 7$&$&6
VHUYLFHV DQG FDQ EH LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK RWKHU EDFN HQG LGHQWLW\ GDWDEDVHV VXFK
DV 0LFURVRIW $FWLYH 'LUHFWRU\ DQG 56$ 6HFXUH,' ,W VXSSRUWV WKH PRVW XVHG
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV ERWK IRU ZLUHG DQG ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV DQG LQFOXGHV
WKH DELOLW\ WR SDVV DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLFLHV VXFK DV GRZQORDGDEOH $&/V RU
9/$1 DVVLJQPHQW WR WKH HQIRUFHU GHYLFH IRU H[DPSOH D &LVFR VZLWFK
&LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFH (QJLQH &LVFR ,GHQWLW\ 6HUYLFH (QJLQH ,6( LV D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHFXUH LGHQWLW\ PDQDJHPHQW VROXWLRQ GHVLJQHG WR IXQFWLRQ DV
D SROLF\ GHFLVLRQ SRLQW IRU QHWZRUN DFFHVV ,W DOORZV VHFXULW\ DGPLQLVWUDWRUV
WR FROOHFW UHDO WLPH FRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP D QHWZRUN LWV XVHUV DQG
GHYLFHV &LVFR ,6( LV WKH FHQWUDO SROLF\ PDQDJHPHQW SODWIRUP LQ WKH &LVFR
7UXVW6HF VROXWLRQ ,W VXSSRUWV D FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHW RI DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ
DXWKRUL]DWLRQ DQG DFFRXQWLQJ $$$ SRVWXUH DQG QHWZRUN SURILOHU IHDWXUHV
LQ D VLQJOH GHYLFH &LVFR ,6( LV GHVFULEHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ &KDSWHU
&LVFR 3ULPH $FFHVV 5HJLVWUDU &LVFR 3ULPH $FFHVV 5HJLVWUDU LV VRIWZDUH
WKDW SURYLGHV 5$',86 DQG 'LDPHWHU EDVHG $$$ VHUYLFHV IRU D ZLGH UDQJH
RI QHWZRUN DFFHVV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ :L )L 63 :L )L 9R :L )L
IHPWRFHOO &RQQHFWHG *ULG /7( '6/ &RGH 'LYLVLRQ 0XOWLSOH $FFHVV
&'0$ *HQHUDO 3DFNHW 5DGLR 6HUYLFH *356 8QLYHUVDO 0RELOH
7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV 6HUYLFH 8076 :/$1 DQG :L0$;

1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ

1HWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ LV D WHFKQLTXH WKDW LV XVHG LQ DFFHVV FRQWUROV GHVLJQ WR


VHSDUDWH UHVRXUFHV HLWKHU SK\VLFDOO\ RU ORJLFDOO\ /RJLFDO QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ
FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ VHYHUDO ZD\V )RU H[DPSOH D FDUHIXO FKRLFH RI ,3
DGGUHVVLQJ VFKHPD LV RQH ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ 1HWZRUN
VHJPHQWDWLRQ E\ LWVHOI GRHV QRW SURYLGH DFFHVV FRQWURO IXQFWLRQDOLW\ EXW GRHV
IDFLOLWDWH WKH HQIRUFHPHQW RI DFFHVV FRQWURO SROLF\ DW WKH LQJUHVV HJUHVV SRLQWV

1HWZRUN 6HJPHQWDWLRQ 7KURXJK 9/$1

$ 9/$1 LV D /D\HU EURDGFDVW GRPDLQ $ FDUHIXO SODQ RI KRZ SRUWV RU XVHUV


DUH DVVLJQHG WR D VSHFLILF 9/$1 FDQ DOORZ QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG IDFLOLWDWH
WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DFFHVV SROLF\ IRU H[DPSOH YLD QHWZRUN $&/V IRU WUDIILF
WKDW QHHGV WR EH URXWHG DFURVV 9/$1 VHJPHQWV

9/$1 $&/V DOVR FDOOHG 9/$1 PDSV DUH QRW VSHFLILFDOO\ /D\HU $&/V
KRZHYHU WKH\ ZRUN WR OLPLW WUDIILF ZLWKLQ D VSHFLILF 9/$1 9/$1 PDSV FDQ
DSSO\ 0$& DFFHVV OLVWV RU /D\HU DQG /D\HU DFFHVV OLVWV WR WKH LQERXQG
GLUHFWLRQ RI D 9/$1 WR SURYLGH DFFHVV FRQWURO
$ SULYDWH 9/$1 FDQ DOVR EH XVHG WR LPSOHPHQW 9/$1 SDUWLWLRQLQJ DQG FRQWURO
WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DPRQJ SRUWV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH VDPH 9/$1 $ SULYDWH
9/$1 LQFOXGHV WKUHH W\SHV RI SRUWV

3URPLVFXRXV 'HYLFHV DWWDFKHG WR D SURPLVFXRXV SRUW FDQ FRPPXQLFDWH


ZLWK DOO SRUWV ZLWKLQ WKH VZLWFK LQFOXGLQJ LVRODWHG DQG FRPPXQLW\ SRUWV
,VRODWHG 'HYLFHV DWWDFKHG WR DQ LVRODWHG SRUW FDQ RQO\ FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK
WKH SURPLVFXRXV SRUW
&RPPXQLW\ 'HYLFHV DWWDFKHG WR D FRPPXQLW\ SRUW FDQ FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK
WKH SURPLVFXRXV SRUW DQG ZLWK RWKHU GHYLFHV LQ WKH VDPH FRPPXQLW\

)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ KDSSHQV EHWZHHQ YDULRXV W\SHV RI


SRUWV
)LJXUH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ %HWZHHQ 3RUWV LQ D 9/$1 (QYLURQPHQW

)LUHZDOO '0=

)LUHZDOOV FDQ EH FRQILJXUHG WR VHSDUDWH PXOWLSOH QHWZRUN VHJPHQWV RU ]RQHV


XVXDOO\ FDOOHG GHPLOLWDUL]HG ]RQHV '0=V 7KHVH ]RQHV SURYLGH VHFXULW\ WR WKH
V\VWHPV WKDW UHVLGH ZLWKLQ WKHP ZLWK GLIIHUHQW VHFXULW\ OHYHOV DQG SROLFLHV
EHWZHHQ WKHP '0=V FDQ KDYH VHYHUDO SXUSRVHV IRU H[DPSOH WKH\ FDQ VHUYH
DV VHJPHQWV RQ ZKLFK D ZHE VHUYHU IDUP UHVLGHV RU DV H[WUDQHW FRQQHFWLRQV WR D
EXVLQHVV SDUWQHU '0=V DQG ILUHZDOOV DUH GHVFULEHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ &KDSWHU
&LVFR 7UXVW6HF

&LVFR 7UXVW6HF LV D VHFXULW\ DUFKLWHFWXUH WKDW DOORZV QHWZRUN VHJPHQWDWLRQ DQG


HQDEOHV DFFHVV FRQWUROV SULPDULO\ EDVHG RQ D UROH RU DWWULEXWH RI WKH XVHU
UHTXHVWLQJ DFFHVV WR WKH QHWZRUN 7KH &LVFR 7UXVW6HF DUFKLWHFWXUH LQFOXGHV
WKUHH NH\ FRQFHSWV

$XWKHQWLFDWHG QHWZRUNLQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH (DFK QHWZRUNLQJ GHYLFH LQ D


7UXVW6HF HQYLURQPHQW LV DXWKHQWLFDWHG E\ LWV SHHUV 7KLV FUHDWHV D WUXVWHG
GRPDLQ
6HFXULW\ JURXS EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO 7KH DFFHVV FRQWURO GRHV QRW KDSSHQ
DV ZLWK D QRUPDO $&/ EDVHG RQ WKH ,3 DGGUHVVHV RI WKH VRXUFH DQG
GHVWLQDWLRQ EXW EDVHG RQ WKH UROH RI WKH VRXUFH DQG GHVWLQDWLRQ 7KLV LV GRQH
E\ DVVLJQLQJ D VHFXULW\ JURXS WDJ 6*7 WR VRXUFHV DQG GHVWLQDWLRQV
(QFU\SWHG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ RQ HDFK OLQN LV HQFU\SWHG E\
XVLQJ $( 0HGLD $FFHVV &RQWURO 6HFXULW\ 0$&6HF

6LPLODU WR [ &LVFR 7UXVW6HF GHILQHV WKH UROHV RI VXSSOLFDQW DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ


VHUYHU DQG DXWKHQWLFDWRU %HIRUH D VXSSOLFDQW FDQ VHQG SDFNHWV WR WKH QHWZRUN
LW QHHGV WR MRLQ WKH 7UXVW6HF GRPDLQ 7KLV LQYROYHV WKH IROORZLQJ VWHSV

7KH VXSSOLFDQW DXWKHQWLFDWHV E\ XVLQJ [ ZLWK WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU


,Q WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SKDVH WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU DXWKHQWLFDWHV ERWK WKH
VXSSOLFDQW DQG DXWKHQWLFDWRU %RWK WKH VXSSOLFDQW GHYLFH DQG XVHU PD\ QHHG
WR EH DXWKHQWLFDWHG
7KH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU VHQGV DXWKRUL]DWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKH
DXWKHQWLFDWRU DQG VXSSOLFDQW 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGHV WKH 6*7 WR EH
DVVLJQHG WR WKH VXSSOLFDQW WUDIILF
7KH VHFXULW\ DVVRFLDWLRQ LV QHJRWLDWHG DQG OLQN HQFU\SWLRQ LV HVWDEOLVKHG
EHWZHHQ WKH VXSSOLFDQW DQG WKH DXWKHQWLFDWRU WKH UHVW RI WKH GRPDLQ DOUHDG\
KDV OLQN HQFU\SWLRQ VHW XS DV SDUW RI WKH QHWZRUN GHYLFH HQUROOPHQW

)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ DQ 6*7 LV HPEHGGHG ZLWKLQ D /D\HU IUDPH

)LJXUH (PEHGGLQJ DQ 6*7 :LWKLQ D /D\HU )UDPH

7KH DFFHVV FRQWURO LV SURYLGHG E\ LQJUHVV WDJJLQJ DQG HJUHVV HQIRUFHPHQW 7KLV
PHDQV WKDW D SDFNHW LV WDJJHG EDVHG RQ LWV VRXUFH RQFH LW HQWHUV WKH &LVFR
7UXVW6HF GRPDLQ DQG WKH DFFHVV FRQWURO KDSSHQV DW WKH HJUHVV SRLQW EDVHG RQ
WKH GHVWLQDWLRQ 7KH DFFHVV GHFLVLRQ LV EDVHG RQ 6*$&/ LPSOHPHQWHG DW WKH
HJUHVV SRLQW

7KH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH H[SODLQV WKH LQJUHVV WDJJLQJ DQG
HJUHVV HQIRUFHPHQW

$ KRVW VHQGV SDFNHWV WR D GHVWLQDWLRQ WKH ZHE VHUYHU


7KH 7UXVW6HF DXWKHQWLFDWRU WKH LQJUHVV VZLWFK WR WKH 7UXVW6HF GRPDLQ
PRGLILHV WKH SDFNHW DQG DGGV DQ 6*7 IRU H[DPSOH (QJLQHHULQJ
7KH SDFNHW WUDYHOV WKURXJK WKH 7UXVW6HF GRPDLQ DQG UHDFKHV WKH HJUHVV
SRLQW 7KH HJUHVV SRLQW ZLOO FKHFN WKH 6*$&/ WR VHH ZKHWKHU (QJLQHHULQJ
JURXS LV DXWKRUL]HG WR DFFHVV WKH ZHE VHUYHU ZKLFK DOVR UHFHLYHV DQ 6*7

,I WKH SDFNHW LV DOORZHG WR SDVV WKH HJUHVV SRLQW ZLOO UHPRYH WKH 6*7 DQG
WUDQVPLW WR WKH GHVWLQDWLRQ

)LJXUH ,QJUHVV 7DJJLQJ DQG (JUHVV (QIRUFHPHQW

$GGLQJ WKH 6*7 UHTXLUHV WKH LQJUHVV SRLQW WR KDYH KDUGZDUH HQDEOHG IRU
7UXVW6HF $OWKRXJK PRVW RI WKH ODWHVW &LVFR GHYLFHV DUH HQDEOHG IRU 7UXVW6HF
LQ OHJDF\ HQYLURQPHQWV WKHUH PD\ EH VRPH LVVXHV ZLWK DGRSWLQJ 7UXVW6HF

7KH 6*7 ([FKDQJH 3URWRFRO 6;3 DOORZV VRIWZDUH HQDEOHG GHYLFHV WR VWLOO
SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH 7UXVW6HF DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG H[SDQG WKH DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI &LVFR
7UXVW6HF ,W XVHV DQ ,3 DGGUHVV WR 6*7 PHWKRG WR IRUZDUG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
WKH 6*7 WR WKH ILUVW &LVFR 7UXVW6HF HQDEOHG KDUGZDUH RQ WKH SDWK WR WKH
GHVWLQDWLRQ 2QFH WKH SDFNHW UHDFKHV WKDW SRLQW WKH GHYLFH ZLOO WDJ WKH SDFNHW LQ
KDUGZDUH ZKLFK ZLOO WKHQ FRQWLQXH LWV WULS WR WKH GHVWLQDWLRQ
)LJXUH VKRZV KRZ 6;3 FDQ EH XVHG WR H[FKDQJH 6*7 EHWZHHQ DQ DFFHVV
GHYLFH ZLWK RQO\ &LVFR 7UXVW6HF FDSDELOLW\ LQ VRIWZDUH DQG D GHYLFH ZLWK &LVFR
7UXVW6HF KDUGZDUH VXSSRUW

)LJXUH 8VH RI 6;3

,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3UHYHQWLRQ

,QWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ DQG LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ FRQWUROV FDQ EH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH


SK\VLFDO RU WHFKQLFDO 7KLV VHFWLRQ GLVFXVVHV WKH WHFKQLFDO W\SHV RI FRQWUROV

,QWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV ,'6V DQG LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV ,36V


LPSOHPHQW GHWHFWLRQ DQG SUHYHQWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV IRU XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV WR WKH
QHWZRUN RU WR DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP ,'6V IRFXV PRUH RQ GHWHFWLRQ ZKHUHDV
,36V IRFXV RQ WKUHDW RU XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV SUHYHQWLRQ 7KH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQ DQ ,'6 DQG ,36 LV WKH GHSOR\PHQW PRGH ,'6 XVXDOO\ ZRUNV RQ D FRS\
RI WKH SDFNHW DQG LV PDLQO\ XVHG WR GHWHFW DQ LVVXH RU DQRPDO\ DQG DOHUW WKH
VHFXULW\ DQDO\VW 7KLV LV FDOOHG SURPLVFXRXV PRGH $Q ,'6 PD\ DOVR LQFOXGH
FDSDELOLWLHV WR HQIRUFH FRUUHFWLYH DFWLRQ WKURXJK RWKHU GHYLFHV IRU H[DPSOH D
ILUHZDOO RU D URXWHU WKDW ZRUNV DV DQ HQIRUFHPHQW SRLQW

)RU H[DPSOH DQ ,'6 FDQ FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK D ILUHZDOO GHYLFH DQG DVN WKH
ILUHZDOO WR UHVHW D FRQQHFWLRQ %HFDXVH WKH ,'6 GRHV QRW LQWHUFHSW WKH UHDO
SDFNHW WKH UHVSRQVH WLPH WR EORFN D WKUHDW LV ORZHU WKDQ LQ DQ ,36 V\VWHP WKXV
VRPH PDOLFLRXV SDFNHWV PD\ HQWHU WKH QHWZRUN

$Q ,36 RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG LV GHSOR\HG LQOLQH ZKLFK PHDQV LW KDV YLVLELOLW\ RI
WKH SDFNHWV RU WKUHDWV DV WKH\ IORZ WKURXJK WKH GHYLFH %HFDXVH RI WKDW LW LV DEOH
WR EORFN D WKUHDW DV VRRQ DV LW LV GHWHFWHG IRU H[DPSOH E\ GURSSLQJ D
PDOLFLRXV SDFNHW 7KH GUDZEDFN RI KDYLQJ DQ ,36 LQOLQH LV WKDW LW DGGV
DGGLWLRQDO ODWHQF\ GXH WR WKH SDFNHW SURFHVVLQJ DQG LW PD\ GURS OHJLWLPDWH
WUDIILF LQ WKH FDVH RI D IDOVH SRVLWLYH

)LJXUH DQG )LJXUH VKRZ H[DPSOHV RI ,'6 DQG ,36 GHSOR\PHQW


)LJXUH ,'6 'HSOR\PHQW

)LJXUH ,36 'HSOR\PHQW

7KH IROORZLQJ OLVWV VXPPDUL]H WKH NH\ WRSLFV UHJDUGLQJ LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ DQG
SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV
,'6

:RUNV RQ D FRS\ RI WKH SDFNHW SURPLVFXRXV PRGH


'RHV QRW LQWURGXFH GHOD\ GXH WR SDFNHW LQVSHFWLRQ
&DQQRW VWRS D SDFNHW GLUHFWO\ EXW FDQ ZRUN ZLWK RWKHU GHYLFHV VXFK DV
ILUHZDOOV WR GURS PDOLFLRXV SDFNHWV
6RPH PDOLFLRXV SDFNHWV PD\ SDVV WKURXJK HYHQ LI WKH\ DUH IODJJHG DV
PDOLFLRXV

,36

,QWHUFHSWV DQG SURFHVVHV UHDO WUDIILF LQOLQH PRGH


,QWURGXFHV GHOD\ GXH WR SDFNHW SURFHVVLQJ DQG LQVSHFWLRQ
&DQ VWRS SDFNHWV DV WKH\ FRPH WKURXJK
3DFNHWV WKDW DUH UHFRJQL]HG WR EH PDOLFLRXV FDQ EH GURSSHG ULJKW DZD\

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ DQ ,'6 DQG ,36

7DEOH ,'6 YV ,36 &RPSDULVRQ


,'6 ,36

:RUNV RQ D FRS\ RI WKH SDFNHW ,QWHUFHSWV DQG SURFHVVHV


SURPLVFXRXV PRGH UHDO WUDIILF LQOLQH PRGH

1R ODWHQF\ DGGHG $GGV ODWHQF\ GXH WR SDFNHW


SURFHVVLQJ

&DQQRW VWRS PDOLFLRXV SDFNHWV GLUHFWO\ &DQ VWRS PDOLFLRXV


&DQ ZRUN WRJHWKHU ZLWK RWKHU GHYLFHV SDFNHWV

6RPH PDOLFLRXV SDFNHWV PD\ SDVV WKURXJK 0DOLFLRXV SDFNHWV FDQ EH


IRU H[DPSOH WKH ILUVW SDFNHW DOZD\V GURSSHG

7KH EDVLF SXUSRVH RI DQ\ LQWUXVLRQ GHWHFWLRQ RU SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHP LV WR SURGXFH


DQ HYHQW EDVHG RQ VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV REVHUYHG :KHQ DQ HYHQW LV WULJJHUHG WKH
V\VWHP LV FRQILJXUHG WR SURGXFH DQ DFWLRQ IRU H[DPSOH FUHDWH DQ DOHUW RU GURS
D SDFNHW

'LIIHUHQW W\SHV RI HYHQWV FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG E\ DQ ,36 RU ,'6


)DOVH SRVLWLYH +DSSHQV ZKHQ WKH V\VWHP UDLVHV DQ HYHQW DJDLQVW OHJLWLPDWH
WUDIILF WKDW LV QRW PDOLFLRXV 7KH ,36 RU ,'6 DGPLQLVWUDWRU V JRDO LV WR
PLQLPL]H IDOVH SRVLWLYH HYHQWV EHFDXVH WKHVH W\SHV RI WKH HYHQWV FDQ FDXVH
XQQHHGHG LQYHVWLJDWLRQ
)DOVH QHJDWLYH +DSSHQV ZKHQ WKH V\VWHP IDLOV WR UHFRJQL]H D PDOLFLRXV
HYHQW 7KLV LV XVXDOO\ YHU\ GDQJHURXV EHFDXVH LW ZRXOG DOORZ PDOLFLRXV
HYHQWV WR UHDFK WKH WDUJHW XQQRWLFHG
7UXH SRVLWLYH 5HIHUV WR WKH FRUUHFW EHKDYLRU RI WKH V\VWHP ZKHQ DQ DFWXDO
WKUHDW KDV EHHQ GHWHFWHG
7UXH QHJDWLYH 5HIHUV WR WKH FRUUHFW EHKDYLRU RI WKH V\VWHP ZKHQ QR HYHQW
LV WULJJHUHG IRU OHJLWLPDWH WUDIILF

$QRWKHU UHOHYDQW GLVWLQFWLRQ LV GRQH EDVHG RQ ZKHUH DQ ,'6 RU ,36 LV GHSOR\HG


7KH\ FDQ EH LQVWDOOHG RQ WKH QHWZRUN RU RQ D KRVW V\VWHP

1HWZRUN %DVHG ,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ 6\VWHP

1HWZRUN ,'6V DQG ,36V 1,'6V DQG 1,36V DUH VSHFLDOL]HG QHWZRUNLQJ GHYLFHV
GHSOR\HG DW LPSRUWDQW QHWZRUN VHJPHQWV DQG KDYH YLVLELOLW\ RQ DOO WUDIILF
HQWHULQJ RU H[LWLQJ D VHJPHQW 1HWZRUN EDVHG ,'6V DQG ,36V XVH VHYHUDO
GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRGRORJLHV VXFK DV WKH IROORZLQJ

3DWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ DQG VWDWHIXO SDWWHUQ PDWFKLQJ UHFRJQLWLRQ


3URWRFRO DQDO\VLV
+HXULVWLF EDVHG DQDO\VLV
$QRPDO\ EDVHG DQDO\VLV
*OREDO WKUHDW FRUUHODWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV

1,'6 DQG 1,36 FDSDELOLWLHV DQG GHWHFWLRQ PHWKRGRORJLHV DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ


GHWDLO LQ &KDSWHU

+RVW %DVHG ,QWUXVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3UHYHQWLRQ

$ KRVW EDVHG ,'6 +,'6 RU ,36 +,36 LV VSHFLDOL]HG VRIWZDUH WKDW LQWHUDFWV
ZLWK WKH KRVW RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP WR SURYLGH DFFHVV FRQWURO DQG WKUHDW SURWHFWLRQ
,Q PRVW FDVHV LW DOVR LQFOXGHV QHWZRUN GHWHFWLRQ DQG SURWHFWLRQ FDSDELOLWLHV RQ
WKH KRVW QHWZRUN LQWHUIDFH FDUGV $GGLWLRQDOO\ +,'6 DQG +,36 DUH XVHG IRU
HQG KRVW VHFXULW\ SROLF\ HQIRUFHPHQW DQG IRU FRPSOLDQFH DQG DXGLW FRQWURO

,Q LWV EDVLF FDSDELOLWLHV DQ +,'6 RU +,36 XVXDOO\ LQVHUWV LWVHOI EHWZHHQ WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP NHUQHO IXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG PRQLWRUV WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ FDOOV WR WKH NHUQHO ,W DGRSWV PRVW RI WKH GHWHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV
PHQWLRQHG IRU DQ 1,'6 1,36 VXFK DV DQRPDO\ EDVHG KHXULVWLF EDVHG DQG VR
RQ

+,'6 DQG +,36 DUH DEOH WR FKHFN IRU ILOH LQWHJULW\ UHJLVWU\ PRQLWRULQJ ORJ
DQDO\VLV DQG PDOZDUH GHWHFWLRQ 7KH PDLQ DGYDQWDJHV RI +,'6 FRPSDUHG WR
1,'6 DUH WKDW LW ZLOO KDYH YLVLELOLW\ RQ DOO WUDIILF RQ D VSHFLILF KRVW DQG FDQ
GHWHUPLQH DQG DOHUW RQ ZKHWKHU DQ DWWDFN ZDV VXFFHVVIXO ,W DOVR ZRUNV RQ
DWWDFNV WKDW HPSOR\ HQFU\SWLRQ RU IUDJPHQWDWLRQ WR HYDGH QHWZRUN EDVHG
GHWHFWLRQ

$ GLVDGYDQWDJH RI D KRVW EDVHG V\VWHP LV WKDW LW KDV YLVLELOLW\ RQO\ RQ WUDIILF RU


DWWDFNV KLWWLQJ WKH KRVW DQG LJQRUHV DQ\WKLQJ HOVH WKDW KDSSHQV LQ WKH QHWZRUN
0DQ\ FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWV KRZHYHU RIIHU PDQDJHPHQW FRQWURO IDFLOLWLHV DQG
LQWHJUDWLRQ WR QHWZRUN EDVHG LQWUXVLRQ V\VWHPV WR RYHUFRPH WKLV OLPLWDWLRQ
$GGLWLRQDOO\ D KRVW EDVHG V\VWHP DGGV ODWHQF\ RQ WKH &38 DQG SDFNHW
SURFHVVLQJ RQ WKH KRVW ZKHUH LW LV LQVWDOOHG 0RVW RI VHFXULW\ DUFKLWHFWXUH ZLOO
DGRSW ERWK QHWZRUN EDVHG DQG KRVW EDVHG VROXWLRQV

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ D QHWZRUN EDVHG VROXWLRQ DQG D


KRVW EDVHG VROXWLRQ

7DEOH 1HWZRUN %DVHG YV +RVW %DVHG 'HWHFWLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV

1,'6 1,36 +,'6 +,36

6RIWZDUH LV GHSOR\HG RQ D 6RIWZDUH LV LQVWDOOHG RQ WRS RI WKH KRVW


GHGLFDWHG PDFKLQH HQG XVHU RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP 26 ,W PD\
UHTXLUH VXSSRUW IRU VHYHUDO 26V
1,'6 1,36 +,'6 +,36

(DV\ WR PDLQWDLQ DQG XSGDWH 0D\ UHTXLUH DQ XSGDWH RI VHYHUDO


HQGSRLQWV

+DYH YLVLELOLW\ RQ DOO +DYH YLVLELOLW\ RQO\ RQ WUDIILF KLWWLQJ WKH


QHWZRUN WUDIILF WKHUHIRUH KRVW
FDQ RIIHU EHWWHU HYHQW
FRUUHODWLRQ

&DQ LQWURGXFH GHOD\ GXH WR &DQ VORZ GRZQ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP RI
SDFNHW SURFHVVLQJ WKH KRVW

'R QRW KDYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR &DQ YHULI\ ZKHWKHU DQ DWWDFN KDV EHHQ
ZKHWKHU DQ DWWDFN ZDV VXFFHVVIXO RQ D KRVW
VXFFHVVIXO

'R QRW KDYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR +DYH YLVLELOLW\ DIWHU HQFU\SWLRQ DQG FDQ
HQFU\SWHG SDFNHWV EORFN DQ DWWDFN GHOLYHUHG YLD HQFU\SWHG
SDFNHWV

&DQ EORFN DQ DWWDFN DW WKH 7KH DWWDFNHU LV DEOH WR UHDFK WKH WDUJHW
HQWU\ SRLQW EHIRUH EHLQJ EORFNHG
$QWLYLUXV DQG $QWLPDOZDUH

7KH WHUPV DQWLYLUXV DQG DQWLPDOZDUH DUH JHQHUDOO\ XVHG LQWHUFKDQJHDEO\ WR


LQGLFDWH VRIWZDUH WKDW FDQ EH XVHG WR GHWHFW DQG SUHYHQW WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ RI
FRPSXWHU PDOZDUH DQG LQ VRPH FDVHV TXDUDQWLQH DIIHFWHG FRPSXWHUV RU
HUDGLFDWH WKH PDOZDUH DQG UHVWRUH WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH V\VWHP

,Q LWV LQLWLDO FRQFHSW DQWLYLUXV ZDV VLJQDWXUH EDVHG VRIWZDUH WKDW VFDQQHG D
V\VWHP RU D GRZQORDGHG ILOH ORRNLQJ IRU D PDWFK RQ WKH VLJQDWXUH GDWDEDVH 7KH
VLJQDWXUH XVXDOO\ UHVLGHG RQ WKH KRVW LWVHOI DQG WKH XVHU ZDV UHTXLUHG WR
GRZQORDG QHZ VLJQDWXUHV WR NHHS XS WKH SURWHFWLRQ 0RVW PRGHUQ DQWLPDOZDUH
LQWHJUDWHV WKH LQLWLDO IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI DQWLYLUXV DQG H[SDQGV LW WR FRSH ZLWK PRVW
PRGHUQ DWWDFN WHFKQLTXHV DQG PDOZDUH

7KH VLJQDWXUH EDVHG IXQFWLRQDOLW\ KDV EHHQ NHSW DQG H[SDQGHG ZLWK FORXG
EDVHG PRQLWRULQJ ZKHUH WKH DQWLPDOZDUH FKHFNV ZLWK D FORXG EDVHG V\VWHP RQ
WKH VHFXULW\ UHSXWDWLRQ RI D JLYHQ ILOH 0RVW DQWLPDOZDUH DOVR LQFOXGHV
KHXULVWLF EDVHG DQG DQRPDO\ EDVHG GHWHFWLRQ ZKLFK DUH VLPLODU WR WKH LQWUXVLRQ
GHWHFWLRQ DQG SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ

6LPLODU WR ,'6 DQG ,36 DQWLPDOZDUH WHFKQRORJLHV FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WZR


PRGHV KRVW EDVHG DQG QHWZRUN EDVHG +RVW EDVHG DQG QHWZRUN EDVHG
DQWLPDOZDUH VKDUH PRVW RI WKH VDPH EHQHILWV DQG OLPLWDWLRQV RI +,'6 DQG
1,'6 )RU H[DPSOH QHWZRUN EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH PLJKW QRW EH DEOH WR GHWHUPLQH
ZKHWKHU PDOZDUH DFWXDOO\ UHDFKHG DQ HQGSRLQW ZKHUHDV KRVW EDVHG
DQWLPDOZDUH PLJKW EH DEOH WR EORFN WKH PDOZDUH RQO\ RQ WKH V\VWHP ZKHUH LW LV
LQVWDOOHG ,Q D ZHOO SODQQHG VHFXULW\ GHVLJQ WKH WZR WHFKQRORJLHV DUH GHSOR\HG
WRJHWKHU WR PD[LPL]H SURWHFWLRQ DQG DSSO\ WKH FRQFHSW RI OD\HUHG VHFXULW\

1HWZRUN EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH FDQ EH LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK RWKHU IXQFWLRQDO GHYLFHV


VXFK DV HPDLO JDWHZD\V ZHE SUR[LHV RU LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ V\VWHPV )RU
H[DPSOH &LVFR (6$ &LVFR :6$ DQG &LVFR )LUH3RZHU 1H[W *HQ ,36 DOO
LQFOXGH DQWLPDOZDUH IHDWXUHV

&LVFR $GYDQFHG 0DOZDUH 3URWHFWLRQ $03 FRPHV DV KRVW EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH


NQRZQ DV $03 IRU (QGSRLQWV DQG QHWZRUN EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH NQRZQ DV
$03 IRU 1HWZRUNV %RWK XVH FORXG EDVHG VLJQDWXUH GHWHFWLRQ KHXULVWLF EDVHG
GHWHFWLRQ DQG PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGRORJLHV WR SURWHFW WKH KRVW

$Q H[DPSOH RI D QHWZRUN EDVHG DQWLYLUXV DQG DQWLPDOZDUH VROXWLRQ WKDW LV


LQWHJUDWHG LQWR RWKHU GHYLFHV LV WKH DQWLYLUXV VFDQQLQJ RIIHUHG RQ WKH &LVFR
(PDLO 6HFXULW\ $SSOLDQFH (6$ ZKLFK LQWHJUDWHV WKH DQWLYLUXV HQJLQHV IURP
NQRZQ DQWLYLUXV YHQGRUV VXFK DV 0F$IHH DQG 6RSKRV ,Q WKH FRQWH[W RI DQ
HPDLO JDWHZD\ WKH DQWLYLUXV HQJLQH LV XVHG WR VFDQ WKH FRQWHQW RI HPDLO WR
SUHYHQW WKH GHOLYHU\ RI D YLUXV VHQW YLD HPDLO :LWKRXW WKLV VROXWLRQ WKH XVHU
ZRXOG KDYH WR UHO\ RQ WKH KRVW EDVHG DQWLYLUXV VROXWLRQ 5HIHU WR &KDSWHU IRU
DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW &LVFR $03 DQG &LVFR (6$

7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ D QHWZRUN EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH


VROXWLRQ DQG D KRVW EDVHG RQH

7DEOH 1HWZRUN %DVHG YV +RVW %DVHG $QWLYLUXV $QWLPDOZDUH 6\VWHPV


1HWZRUN EDVHG +RVW EDVHG $QWLYLUXV $QWLPDOZDUH
$QWLYLUXV $QWLPDOZDUH

6RIWZDUH LV GHSOR\HG RQ D 6RIWZDUH LV LQVWDOOHG RQ WRS RI WKH KRVW


GHGLFDWHG PDFKLQH HQG XVHU RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP 26 ,W PD\
UHTXLUH VXSSRUW IRU VHYHUDO 26V

(DVLHU WR PDLQWDLQ DQG 0D\ UHTXLUH XSGDWLQJ RI VHYHUDO


XSGDWH HQGSRLQWV

+DYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR DOO +DYH YLVLELOLW\ RQO\ LQWR WUDIILF KLWWLQJ
QHWZRUN WUDIILF WKHUHIRUH WKH KRVW
FDQ RIIHU EHWWHU HYHQW
FRUUHODWLRQ

&DQ LQWURGXFH GHOD\ GXH WR &DQ VORZ GRZQ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP RI
SDFNHW SURFHVVLQJ WKH KRVW

'R QRW KDYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR &DQ YHULI\ ZKHWKHU DQ DWWDFN KDV EHHQ
ZKHWKHU DQ DWWDFN ZDV VXFFHVVIXO RQ D KRVW
VXFFHVVIXO
'R QRW KDYH YLVLELOLW\ LQWR +DYH YLVLELOLW\ DIWHU HQFU\SWLRQ DQG FDQ
HQFU\SWHG SDFNHWV EORFN DQ DWWDFN GHOLYHUHG YLD HQFU\SWHG
SDFNHWV

&DQ EORFN DQ DWWDFN DW WKH 7KH DWWDFNHU LV DEOH WR UHDFK WKH WDUJHW
HQWU\ SRLQW EHIRUH EHLQJ EORFNHG

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

5HYLHZ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WRSLFV LQ WKH FKDSWHU QRWHG ZLWK WKH .H\ 7RSLF LFRQ
LQ WKH RXWHU PDUJLQ RI WKH SDJH 7DEOH OLVWV WKHVH NH\ WRSLFV DQG WKH SDJH
QXPEHUV RQ ZKLFK HDFK LV IRXQG

7DEOH .H\ 7RSLFV IRU &KDSWHU

.H\
7RSLF 'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW
.H\
7RSLF 'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

/LVW 'LIIHUHQFHV DQG GHILQLWLRQV RI VXEMHFW REMHFW DQG


DFFHVV FRQWUROV

/LVW 7KH NH\ FRQFHSWV RI WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ SURFHVV

7DEOH $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ 0HWKRGV

3DUDJUDSK 'HILQLQJ PXOWLIDFWRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ

7DEOH $FFHVV &RQWURO 3URFHVV 3KDVHV

/LVW $FFHVV FRQWURO SURFHVV NH\ FRQFHSWV

/LVW 6HFXULW\ UROHV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

/LVW $FFHVV FRQWURO W\SHV EDVHG RQ SXUSRVH

/LVW $FFHVV FRQWURO W\SHV EDVHG RQ SUHYHQWLYH


GHWHFWLYH FRUUHFWLYH GHWHUUHQW UHFRYHU\ DQG
FRPSHQVDWLQJ FDSDFLWLHV
.H\
7RSLF 'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

7DEOH 2YHUYLHZ RI $FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

7DEOH 3URV DQG &RQV RI $FFHVV &RQWURO 0RGHOV

/LVW 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI '$&

/LVW 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 0$&

/LVW 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 5%$&

/LVW 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI $%$&

7DEOH 5$',86 YV 7$&$&6 &RPSDULVRQ

/LVW 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ,36 ,'6

7DEOH 7KH DGYDQWDJHV DQG GLVDGYDQWDJHV EHWZHHQ ,36


DQG ,'6

/LVW &DWHJRULHV RI ,36 ,'6 HYHQWV


.H\
7RSLF 'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH
(OHPHQW

/LVW 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI QHWZRUN ,'6 ,36

3DUDJUDSK 7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI KRVW EDVHG ,'6 ,36

7DEOH 1HWZRUN %DVHG YV +RVW %DVHG


'HWHFWLRQ 3UHYHQWLRQ 6\VWHPV

7DEOH 1HWZRUN %DVHG YV +RVW %DVHG


$QWLYLUXV $QWLPDOZDUH 6\VWHPV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

'HILQH WKH IROORZLQJ NH\ WHUPV IURP WKLV FKDSWHU DQG FKHFN \RXU DQVZHUV LQ
WKH JORVVDU\

VXEMHFW

REMHFW

DFFHVV FRQWUROV

LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ

DXWKRUL]DWLRQ

DFFRXQWLQJ

DVVHW FODVVLILFDWLRQ

LQIRUPDWLRQ RU GDWD RZQHU

GLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO

UROH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

DWWULEXWH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO

QHWZRUN EDVHG LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ

KRVW EDVHG LQWUXVLRQ SUHYHQWLRQ

DQWLYLUXV DQG DQWLPDOZDUH

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7KH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV DSSHDU LQ $SSHQGL[ $ $QVZHUV WR WKH 'R ,


.QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV )RU PRUH SUDFWLFH ZLWK
H[DP IRUPDW TXHVWLRQV XVH WKH H[DP HQJLQH RQ WKH ZHEVLWH
,Q ZKLFK SKDVH RI DFFHVV FRQWURO LV DFFHVV JUDQWHG WR D UHVRXUFH ZLWK VSHFLILF
SULYLOHJHV"

:KDW DUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D VHFXUH LGHQWLW\"

:KDW DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ PHWKRG LV FRQVLGHUHG VWURQJ"

:KR DVVLJQV D VHFXULW\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ WR DQ DVVHW"

:KDW WHFKQLTXH HQVXUHV SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW VLPSOH DQG QRQLQYDVLYH GDWD


UHFRYHU\ WHFKQLTXHV"

:KDW W\SH RI FRQWURO LQFOXGHV VHFXULW\ WUDLQLQJ"

:KDW W\SH RI FRQWURO EHVW GHVFULEHV DQ ,36 GURSSLQJ D PDOLFLRXV SDFNHW"

:KDW W\SHV RI FRQWUROV EHVW GHVFULEH D IHQFH"

:KDW LV LQFOXGHG LQ D FDSDELOLW\ WDEOH"

:KHUH GRHV WKH 5$',86 H[FKDQJH KDSSHQ"

:KDW $$$ SURWRFRO DOORZV IRU FDSDELOLWLHV H[FKDQJH"

:KDW SRUW DFFHVV FRQWURO WHFKQRORJ\ DOORZV G\QDPLF DXWKRUL]DWLRQ SROLF\


WR EH GRZQORDGHG IURP WKH DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ VHUYHU"

:KHUH LV ($3R/ WUDIILF VHHQ"


:KDW LV WKH 6*7 ([FKDQJH 6;3 SURWRFRO XVHG IRU"

$ KRVW RQ DQ LVRODWHG SRUW FDQ FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK BBBBBBBB

:KDW LV D GLVDGYDQWDJH RI XVLQJ DQ ,36 FRPSDUHG WR DQ ,'6"

:KDW LV DQ DGYDQWDJH RI QHWZRUN EDVHG DQWLPDOZDUH FRPSDUHG WR D KRVW


EDVHG VROXWLRQ"

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH DWWULEXWH EDVHG DFFHVV FRQWURO $%$& PRGHO ZKDW LV WKH
VXEMHFW ORFDWLRQ FRQVLGHUHG"

:KDW DFFHVV FRQWURO PRGHOV XVH VHFXULW\ ODEHOV WR PDNH DFFHVV GHFLVLRQV"

:KDW LV RQH RI WKH DGYDQWDJHV RI WKH PDQGDWRU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO 0$&


PRGHO"

,Q D GLVFUHWLRQDU\ DFFHVV FRQWURO '$& PRGHO ZKR FDQ DXWKRUL]H DFFHVV WR


DQ REMHFW"
&KDSWHU

7\SHV RI $WWDFNV DQG 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

7KLV FKDSWHU FRYHUV WKH IROORZLQJ WRSLFV

7\SHV RI $WWDFNV

7\SHV RI 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

7KH VRSKLVWLFDWLRQ RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ DWWDFNV LV LQFUHDVLQJ HYHU\ GD\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ


WKHUH DUH QXPHURXV W\SHV RI F\EHUVHFXULW\ DWWDFNV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7KLV
FKDSWHU FRYHUV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ

'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]

7KH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] DOORZV \RX WR DVVHVV ZKHWKHU \RX VKRXOG
UHDG WKLV HQWLUH FKDSWHU WKRURXJKO\ RU MXPS WR WKH ([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV
VHFWLRQ ,I \RX DUH LQ GRXEW DERXW \RXU DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV RU \RXU RZQ
DVVHVVPHQW RI \RXU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH WRSLFV UHDG WKH HQWLUH FKDSWHU 7DEOH
OLVWV WKH PDMRU KHDGLQJV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU DQG WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 'R , .QRZ
7KLV $OUHDG\" TXL] TXHVWLRQV <RX FDQ ILQG WKH DQVZHUV LQ $SSHQGL[ $
$QVZHUV WR WKH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7DEOH 'R , .QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" )RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ WR 4XHVWLRQ 0DSSLQJ

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV 6HFWLRQ 4XHVWLRQV


7\SHV RI $WWDFNV

7\SHV RI 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

&DXWLRQ

7KH JRDO RI VHOI DVVHVVPHQW LV WR JDXJH \RXU PDVWHU\ RI WKH


WRSLFV LQ WKLV FKDSWHU ,I \RX GR QRW NQRZ WKH DQVZHU WR D
TXHVWLRQ RU DUH RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ VXUH RI WKH DQVZHU \RX VKRXOG
PDUN WKDW TXHVWLRQ DV ZURQJ IRU SXUSRVHV RI WKH VHOI DVVHVVPHQW
*LYLQJ \RXUVHOI FUHGLW IRU DQ DQVZHU \RX FRUUHFWO\ JXHVV VNHZV
\RXU VHOI DVVHVVPHQW UHVXOWV DQG PLJKW SURYLGH \RX ZLWK D IDOVH
VHQVH RI VHFXULW\

:KLFK RI WKH IROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG SRUW VFDQQHUV"


6HOHFW DOO WKDW DSSO\

6XSHU6FDQ
QPDS
1H[SRVH
1HVVXV

+RZ GR 8'3 VFDQV ZRUN"

%\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ D WKUHH ZD\ KDQGVKDNH


%\ VHQGLQJ 6<1 SDFNHWV WR VHH ZKDW SRUWV DUH RSHQ
%\ UHO\LQJ RQ ,&03 SRUW XQUHDFKDEOH PHVVDJHV WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU D
SRUW LV RSHQ :KHQ WKH VFDQQHU VHQGV D 8'3 SDFNHW DQG WKH SRUW LV QRW RSHQ
RQ WKH YLFWLP V V\VWHP WKDW V\VWHP ZLOO UHVSRQG ZLWK DQ ,&03 SRUW
XQUHDFKDEOH PHVVDJH
%\ VHQGLQJ ,&03 SRUW XQUHDFKDEOH PHVVDJHV WR WKH YLFWLP

:KDW LV D SKLVKLQJ DWWDFN"

$ SKLVKLQJ DWWDFN LV WKH DFW RI LQFRUSRUDWLQJ PDOLFLRXV DGV RQ WUXVWHG


ZHEVLWHV ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ XVHUV EURZVHUV EHLQJ LQDGYHUWHQWO\ UHGLUHFWHG WR
VLWHV KRVWLQJ PDOZDUH
$ SKLVKLQJ DWWDFN XVHV 64/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR H[HFXWH PDOLFLRXV
FRGH
7KLV LV D W\SH RI GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH 'R6 DWWDFN ZKHUH WKH DWWDFNHU VHQGV
QXPHURXV SKLVKLQJ UHTXHVWV WR WKH YLFWLP
7KLV LV D W\SH RI DWWDFN ZKHUH WKH DWWDFNHU VHQGV DQ HPDLO DQG RIWHQ SUHVHQWV
D OLQN WKDW ORRNV OLNH D YDOLG WUXVWHG UHVRXUFH WR D XVHU $IWHU FOLFNLQJ LW WKH
XVHU LV SURPSWHG WR GLVFORVH FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV XVHUQDPH DQG
SDVVZRUG

:KDW LV D EDFNGRRU"

$ EDFNGRRU LV D VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ DWWDFN WR JHW DFFHVV EDFN WR WKH YLFWLP


$ EDFNGRRU LV D SULYLOHJH HVFDODWLRQ DWWDFN GHVLJQHG WR JHW DFFHVV IURP WKH
YLFWLP
$ EDFNGRRU LV DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RU FRGH XVHG E\ DQ DWWDFNHU HLWKHU WR DOORZ
IXWXUH DFFHVV RU WR FROOHFW LQIRUPDWLRQ WR XVH LQ IXUWKHU DWWDFNV
$ EDFNGRRU LV PDOZDUH LQVWDOOHG XVLQJ PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFNV

:KDW LV DQ DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFN"

$Q DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFN LV D IRUP RI GLUHFWHG ''R6 DWWDFN LQ ZKLFK WKH


DWWDFNHU V SDFNHWV DUH VHQW DW D PXFK IDVWHU UDWH WKDQ WKH YLFWLP V SDFNHWV
$Q DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFN LV D IRUP RI UHIOHFWHG DWWDFN LQ ZKLFK WKH UHVSRQVH
WUDIILF VHQW E\ WKH XQZLWWLQJ SDUWLFLSDQW LV PDGH XS RI SDFNHWV WKDW DUH
PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ WKRVH WKDW ZHUH LQLWLDOO\ VHQW E\ WKH DWWDFNHU VSRRILQJ WKH
YLFWLP
$Q DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFN LV D W\SH RI PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFN
$Q DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFN LV D W\SH RI GDWD H[ILOWUDWLRQ DWWDFN

:KDW LV D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ"

,Q D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ D SURJUDP RU VRIWZDUH FDQQRW ZULWH GDWD LQ D EXIIHU


FDXVLQJ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WR FUDVK
,Q D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ D SURJUDP RU VRIWZDUH VHQGV WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH EXIIHU
WR DQ DWWDFNHU
,Q D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ DQ DWWDFNHU RYHUIORZV D SURJUDP ZLWK QXPHURXV
SDFNHWV WR FDXVH D GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQ
,Q D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ D SURJUDP RU VRIWZDUH SXWV PRUH GDWD LQ D EXIIHU WKDQ LW
FDQ KROG RU D SURJUDP WULHV WR SXW GDWD LQ D PHPRU\ ORFDWLRQ SDVW D EXIIHU

:KDW LV D FURVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ ;66 YXOQHUDELOLW\"


$ W\SH RI ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\ ZKHUH PDOLFLRXV VFULSWV DUH LQMHFWHG
LQWR OHJLWLPDWH DQG WUXVWHG ZHEVLWHV
$ W\SH RI FURVV GRPDLQ KLMDFN YXOQHUDELOLW\
$ W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW OHYHUDJHV WKH FURVVLQJ RI VFULSWV LQ DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ
$ W\SH RI FURVV VLWH UHTXHVW IRUJHU\ &65) YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW LV XVHG WR VWHDO
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH QHWZRUN

:KDW LV D 64/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\"

$ W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ ZKHUH DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ LQVHUW RU LQMHFW D 64/ TXHU\


YLD WKH LQSXW GDWD IURP WKH FOLHQW WR WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RU GDWDEDVH
$ W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ ZKHUH DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ LQMHFW D QHZ SDVVZRUG WR D
64/ VHUYHU RU WKH FOLHQW
$ W\SH RI 'R6 YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW FDQ FDXVH D 64/ VHUYHU WR FUDVK
$ W\SH RI SULYLOHJH HVFDODWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\ DLPHG DW 64/ VHUYHUV

)RXQGDWLRQ 7RSLFV

7\SHV RI $WWDFNV

$V \RX SUREDEO\ DOUHDG\ NQRZ PRVW DWWDFNHUV GR QRW ZDQW WR EH GLVFRYHUHG VR


WKH\ XVH D YDULHW\ RI WHFKQLTXHV WR UHPDLQ LQ WKH VKDGRZV ZKHQ DWWHPSWLQJ WR
FRPSURPLVH D QHWZRUN 7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV GHVFULEH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ
W\SHV RI DWWDFNV FDUULHG RXW E\ WKUHDW DFWRUV

5HFRQQDLVVDQFH $WWDFNV
5HFRQQDLVVDQFH DWWDFNV LQFOXGH WKH GLVFRYHU\ SURFHVV XVHG WR ILQG LQIRUPDWLRQ
DERXW WKH QHWZRUN XVHUV DQG YLFWLPV 7KH\ FRXOG LQFOXGH VFDQV RI WKH QHWZRUN
WR ILQG RXW ZKLFK ,3 DGGUHVVHV UHVSRQG DQG IXUWKHU VFDQV WR VHH ZKLFK SRUWV RQ
WKH GHYLFHV DW WKHVH ,3 DGGUHVVHV DUH RSHQ 7KLV LV XVXDOO\ WKH ILUVW VWHS WDNHQ WR
GLVFRYHU ZKDW LV RQ WKH QHWZRUN DQG WR GHWHUPLQH ZKDW YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR
H[SORLW

5HFRQQDLVVDQFH FDQ EH SDVVLYH RU DFWLYH 3DVVLYH UHFRQQDLVVDQFH FDQ EH FDUULHG


RXW E\ DQ DWWDFNHU MXVW UHVHDUFKLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH YLFWLP V SXEOLF
UHFRUGV VRFLDO PHGLD VLWHV DQG RWKHU WHFKQLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV '16
ZKRLV DQG VLWHV VXFK DV 6KRGDQ ZZZ VKRGDQ LR 7KH DWWDFNHU FDQ XVH WRROV
VXFK DV 0DOWHJR 5HFRQ QJ 7KH+DUYHVWHU 6SLGHUIRRW DQG PDQ\ RWKHUV WR
DFFHOHUDWH WKLV UHVHDUFK

)RU LQVWDQFH WKH 6KRGDQ VHDUFK HQJLQH LV D SRZHUIXO GDWDEDVH RI SUHVFDQQHG


QHWZRUNHG GHYLFHV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ,QWHUQHW ,W FRQVLVWV RI VFDQ UHVXOWV
LQFOXGLQJ EDQQHUV FROOHFWHG IURP SRUW VFDQV RI SXEOLF ,3 DGGUHVVHV ZLWK
ILQJHUSULQWV RI VHUYLFHV OLNH 7HOQHW )73 +773 DQG RWKHU DSSOLFDWLRQV

6KRGDQ FUHDWHV ULVN E\ SURYLGLQJ ERWK DWWDFNHUV DQG GHIHQGHUV D SUHVFDQQHG


LQYHQWRU\ RI GHYLFHV FRQQHFWHG WR SXEOLF ,3 DGGUHVVHV RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW )RU
H[DPSOH ZKHQ D QHZ YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV GLVFRYHUHG DQG SXEOLVKHG DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ
TXLFNO\ DQG HDVLO\ VHDUFK 6KRGDQ IRU YXOQHUDEOH GHYLFHV DQG WKHQ ODXQFK DQ
DWWDFN $WWDFNHUV FDQ DOVR VHDUFK WKH 6KRGDQ GDWDEDVH IRU GHYLFHV ZLWK SRRU
FRQILJXUDWLRQV RU RWKHU ZHDNQHVVHV DOO ZLWKRXW DFWLYHO\ VFDQQLQJ

8VLQJ 6KRGDQ VHDUFK ILOWHUV D XVHU FDQ UHDOO\ QDUURZ GRZQ VHDUFK UHVXOWV E\
FRXQWU\ FRGH RU &,'5 QHWEORFN IRU H[DPSOH 6KRGDQ DSSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDPPLQJ
LQWHUIDFHV $3,V DQG VRPH EDVLF VFULSWLQJ FDQ HQDEOH PDQ\ VHDUFK TXHULHV DQG
VXEVHTXHQW DFWLRQV IRU H[DPSOH D ZHHNO\ TXHU\ RI QHZO\ GLVFRYHUHG ,3V
VFDQQHG E\ 6KRGDQ RQ D &,'5 QHWEORFN WKDW UXQV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DQG LV HPDLOHG
WR WKH VHFXULW\ WHDP

5HPHPEHU WKDW SXEOLF ,3 DGGUHVVHV DUH FRQVWDQWO\ SUREHG DQG VFDQQHG DOUHDG\
%\ XVLQJ 6KRGDQ \RX DUH QRW VFDQQLQJ EHFDXVH 6KRGDQ KDV DOUHDG\ VFDQQHG
WKHVH ,3V 6KRGDQ LV D WRRO DQG LW FDQ EH XVHG IRU JRRG RU HYLO 7R PLWLJDWH ULVN
\RX FDQ WDNH WDQJLEOH VWHSV OLNH UHJLVWHULQJ IRU D IUHH 6KRGDQ DFFRXQW VHDUFKLQJ
IRU \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ V SXEOLF ,3V DQG LQIRUPLQJ WKH ULJKW QHWZRUN DQG VHFXULW\
SHRSOH RI WKH ULVNV RI \RXU RUJDQL]DWLRQ V 6KRGDQ H[SRVXUH <RX FDQ OHDUQ PRUH
DW ZZZ VKRGDQ LR

)LJXUH VKRZV DQ H[DPSOH RI D TXHU\ SHUIRUPHG DW WKH 6KRGDQ ZHEVLWH WR


VHDUFK IRU DOO NQRZQ GHYLFHV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ,QWHUQHW ZLWK 7HOQHW HQDEOHG
)LJXUH 6KRGDQ 6HDUFK (QJLQH 5HVXOWV ([DPSOH

7LS

2SHQ VRXUFH LQWHOOLJHQFH 26,17 JDWKHULQJ LV D PHWKRG RI


JDWKHULQJ SXEOLFO\ DYDLODEOH LQWHOOLJHQFH VRXUFHV WR FROOHFW DQG
DQDO\]H LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW D WDUJHW 2SHQ VRXUFH LQWHOOLJHQFH LV
RSHQ VRXUFH EHFDXVH FROOHFWLQJ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ GRHV QRW
UHTXLUH DQ\ W\SH RI FRYHUW PHWKRG 7\SLFDOO\ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ
FDQ EH IRXQG RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW 7KH ODUJHU WKH RQOLQH SUHVHQFH RI
WKH WDUJHW WKH PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW ZLOO EH DYDLODEOH 7KLV W\SH
RI FROOHFWLRQ FDQ RIWHQ VWDUW ZLWK D VLPSOH *RRJOH VHDUFK ZKLFK
FDQ UHYHDO D VLJQLILFDQW DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW D WDUJHW ,W
ZLOO DW OHDVW JLYH \RX HQRXJK LQIRUPDWLRQ WR NQRZ ZKDW
GLUHFWLRQ WR JR ZLWK \RXU LQIRUPDWLRQ JDWKHULQJ SURFHVV 7KH
IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV ORRN DW VRPH RI WKH VRXUFHV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG
IRU 26,17 JDWKHULQJ 6HYHUDO H[DPSOHV RI WRROV DQG
PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU 26,17 DQG SDVVLYH UHFRQQDLVVDQFH DUH
LQFOXGHG DW P\ *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\ IRU \RXU UHIHUHQFH
KWWSV JLWKXE FRP 7KH $UW RI +DFNLQJ K FNHU WUHH PDVWHU RVLQW

$FWLYH UHFRQQDLVVDQFH LV FDUULHG RXW E\ WRROV FDOOHG VFDQQHUV 7KH IROORZLQJ


DUH D IHZ FRPPHUFLDO DQG RSHQ VRXUFH DSSOLFDWLRQ SRUW DQG YXOQHUDELOLW\
VFDQQHUV

$SS6FDQ E\ ,%0
%XUS 6XLWH 3URIHVVLRQDO E\ 3RUW6ZLJJHU
+DLOVWRUP E\ &HQ]LF
1 6WDONHU E\ 1 6WDONHU
1HVVXV E\ 7HQDEOH 1HWZRUN 6HFXULW\
1HW6SDUNHU E\ 0DYLWXQD 6HFXULW\
1H;SRVH E\ 5DSLG
QPDS RSHQ VRXUFH SRUW VFDQQHU
QLNWR RSHQ VRXUFH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ VFDQQHU
2:$63 =HG $WWDFN 3UR[\ RSHQ VRXUFH ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ VFDQQHU SUR[\ DQG
DWWDFN SODWIRUP PDLQWDLQHG E\ WKH 2SHQ :HE $SSOLFDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3URMHFW
>2:$63@
4XDO\V
5HWLQD :HE 6HFXULW\ 6FDQQHU E\ H(\H 'LJLWDO 6HFXULW\
6HQWLQHO E\ :KLWH+DW
9HUDFRGH :HE $SSOLFDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ E\ 9HUDFRGH
983(1 :HE $SSOLFDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 6FDQQHU E\ 983(1 6HFXULW\
:HE$SS E\ Q&LUFOH

7LS

%H DZDUH WKDW DWWDFNV DUH ODXQFKHG QRW RQO\ IURP LQGLYLGXDOV


RXWVLGH \RXU FRPSDQ\ WKH\ DUH DOVR ODXQFKHG IURP SHRSOH DQG
GHYLFHV LQVLGH \RXU FRPSDQ\ PDOLFLRXVO\ DQG RWKHUZLVH ZKR
KDYH FXUUHQW OHJLWLPDWH XVHU DFFRXQWV 7KLV YHFWRU LV RI
SDUWLFXODU FRQFHUQ WKHVH GD\V ZLWK WKH SUROLIHUDWLRQ RI
RUJDQL]DWLRQV DOORZLQJ HPSOR\HHV WR XVH WKHLU SHUVRQDO GHYLFHV
NQRZQ DV EULQJ \RXU RZQ GHYLFH %<2' WR VHDPOHVVO\
DFFHVV GDWD DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG GHYLFHV RQ WKH FRUSRUDWH QHWZRUNV
3HUKDSV WKH XVHU LV FXULRXV RU PD\EH D EDFNGRRU LV LQVWDOOHG RQ
WKH FRPSXWHU RQ ZKLFK WKH XVHU LV ORJJHG LQ ,Q HLWKHU FDVH LW LV
LPSRUWDQW WR LPSOHPHQW D VHFXULW\ SROLF\ WKDW WDNHV QRWKLQJ IRU
JUDQWHG DQG WR EH SUHSDUHG WR PLWLJDWH ULVN DW VHYHUDO OHYHOV
7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SRUW DQG QHWZRUN VFDQQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV 7KH
IROORZLQJ DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ

%DVLF SRUW VFDQ 7KLV W\SH RI VFDQ LQYROYHV VFDQQLQJ D SUHGHWHUPLQHG


7&3 8'3 SRUW E\ VHQGLQJ D VSHFLILFDOO\ FRQILJXUHG SDFNHW WKDW FRQWDLQV WKH
SRUW QXPEHU RI WKH SRUW WKDW ZDV VHOHFWHG 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\ XVHG WR GHWHUPLQH
ZKDW SRUWV DUH RSHQ RU DYDLODEOH LQ D JLYHQ V\VWHP
7&3 VFDQ 7KLV LV D 7&3 EDVHG VFDQ RI D VHULHV RI SRUWV RQ D PDFKLQH WR
GHWHUPLQH SRUW DYDLODELOLW\ ,I D SRUW RQ WKH PDFKLQH LV OLVWHQLQJ WKH 7&3
FRQQHFW LV VXFFHVVIXO LQ UHDFKLQJ WKDW VSHFLILF SRUW (DUOLHU \RX OHDUQHG
WKDW QPDS LV DQ RSHQ VRXUFH VFDQQHU QPDS UHIHUV WR 7&3 VFDQV DV FRQQHFW
VFDQV ZKLFK LV QDPHG DIWHU WKH 81,; FRQQHFW V\VWHP FDOO ,I WKH VFDQQHU
ILQGV WKDW D SRUW LV RSHQ WKH YLFWLP RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP FRPSOHWHV WKH 7&3
WKUHH ZD\ KDQGVKDNH ,Q VRPH FDVHV WKH SRUW VFDQQHU ZLOO FORVH WKH
FRQQHFWLRQ WR DYRLG D GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQ
7&3 6<1 VFDQ LV RQH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ W\SHV RI 7&3 VFDQQLQJ DQG LW LV
DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV KDOI RSHQ VFDQQLQJ EHFDXVH LW QHYHU DFWXDOO\ RSHQV D
IXOO 7&3 FRQQHFWLRQ 7KH VFDQQHU VHQGV D 6<1 SDFNHW DQG LI WKH WDUJHW
UHVSRQGV ZLWK D 6<1 $&. SDFNHW WKH VFDQQHU W\SLFDOO\ UHVSRQGV ZLWK DQ
567 SDFNHW
$QRWKHU 7&3 VFDQ W\SH LV 7&3 $&. 7KLV W\SH RI VFDQ GRHV QRW H[DFWO\
GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKH 7&3 SRUW LV RSHQ RU FORVHG LQVWHDG LW FKHFNV
ZKHWKHU WKH SRUW LV ILOWHUHG RU XQILOWHUHG 7&3 $&. VFDQV DUH W\SLFDOO\ XVHG
ZKHQ WU\LQJ WR VHH LI D ILUHZDOO LV GHSOR\HG DQG LWV UXOH VHWV 7KHUH DUH DOVR
7&3 ),1 SDFNHWV WKDW LQ VRPH FDVHV FDQ E\SDVV OHJDF\ ILUHZDOOV EHFDXVH
FORVHG SRUWV PD\ FDXVH D V\VWHP WR UHSO\ WR D ),1 SDFNHW ZLWK D
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 567 SDFNHW GXH WR WKH QDWXUH RI 7&3
8'3 VFDQ %HFDXVH 8'3 LV D FRQQHFWLRQOHVV SURWRFRO DQG GRHV QRW KDYH D
WKUHH ZD\ KDQGVKDNH OLNH 7&3 WKH 8'3 VFDQV KDYH WR UHO\ RQ ,&03 SRUW
XQUHDFKDEOH PHVVDJHV WR GHWHUPLQH LI WKH SRUW LV RSHQ :KHQ WKH VFDQQHU
VHQGV D 8'3 SDFNHW DQG WKH SRUW LV QRW RSHQ RQ WKH YLFWLP WKH YLFWLP V
V\VWHP ZLOO UHVSRQG ZLWK DQ ,&03 SRUW XQUHDFKDEOH PHVVDJH 7KLV W\SH RI
VFDQQLQJ ZLOO EH DIIHFWHG E\ ILUHZDOOV DQG ,&03 UDWH OLPLWLQJ
6WUREH VFDQ 7\SLFDOO\ DWWDFNHUV XVH WKLV W\SH RI VFDQ WR ILQG WKH SRUWV WKDW
WKH\ DOUHDG\ NQRZ KRZ WR H[SORLW 6WUREH VFDQV H[HFXWH RQ D PRUH FRQILQHG
OHYHO
6WHDOWK VFDQ 7KLV W\SH RI VFDQ LV GHVLJQHG WR JR XQGHWHFWHG E\ QHWZRUN
DXGLWLQJ WRROV

([DPSOH VKRZV D EDVLF QPDS VFDQ DJDLQVW D /LQX[ PDFKLQH

([DPSOH 1PDS 6FDQQHU ([DPSOH

&OLFN KHUH WR YLHZ FRGH LPDJH

EDVK VXGR QPDS V6


3DVVZRUG
DQ 567 $&. 7KLV WHFKQLTXH LV XVXDOO\ HIIHFWLYH RQO\ RQ 81,; GHYLFHV RU
WKRVH FRPSOLDQW WR 5)&
7&3 18// VFDQ 6XUH WKHUH VKRXOG EH VRPH W\SH RI IODJ LQ WKH SDFNHW EXW
D 18// VFDQ VHQGV D SDFNHW ZLWK QR IODJV VHW ,I WKH 26 KDV LPSOHPHQWHG
7&3 SHU 5)& RSHQ SRUWV VHQG QR UHSO\ ZKHUHDV FORVHG SRUWV UHWXUQ DQ
567
7&3 $&. VFDQ 7KLV VFDQ DWWHPSWV WR GHWHUPLQH DFFHVV FRQWURO OLVW $&/
UXOH VHWV RU LGHQWLI\ LI D ILUHZDOO RU VLPSO\ VWDWHOHVV LQVSHFWLRQ LV EHLQJ XVHG
$ VWDWHIXO ILUHZDOO VKRXOG UHWXUQ QR UHVSRQVH ,I DQ ,&03 GHVWLQDWLRQ LV
XQUHDFKDEOH DQG D FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYHO\ SURKLELWHG PHVVDJH LV
UHWXUQHG WKH SRUW LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH ILOWHUHG ,I DQ 567 LV UHWXUQHG QR
ILUHZDOO LV SUHVHQW
7&3 ;0$6 VFDQ 6RUU\ WKHUH DUH QR &KULVWPDV SUHVHQWV KHUH MXVW D SRUW
VFDQ WKDW KDV WRJJOHG RQ WKH ),1 85* DQG 36+ IODJV 2SHQ SRUWV VKRXOG
SURYLGH QR UHVSRQVH &ORVHG SRUWV VKRXOG UHWXUQ DQ 567 6\VWHPV PXVW EH
GHVLJQHG SHU 5)& IRU WKLV VFDQ WR ZRUN DV LV FRPPRQ IRU /LQX[ ,W GRHV
QRW ZRUN DJDLQVW :LQGRZV FRPSXWHUV
$&. VFDQ 7KLV VFDQ VHQGV DQ $&. SUREH ZLWK UDQGRP VHTXHQFH QXPEHUV
,&03 W\SH FRGH UHVSRQVHV PD\ PHDQ WKDW VWDWHOHVV ILUHZDOOV DUH EHLQJ
XVHG DQG DQ 567 FDQ PHDQ WKDW WKH SRUW LV QRW ILOWHUHG
)73 %RXQFH VFDQ 7KLV W\SH RI VFDQ XVHV DQ )73 VHUYHU WR ERXQFH SDFNHWV
DQG PDNH WKH VFDQ KDUGHU WR WUDFH
53& VFDQ 7KLV VFDQ DWWHPSWV WR GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU RSHQ SRUWV DUH 53&
SRUWV
:LQGRZ VFDQ 6LPLODU WR DQ $&. VFDQ WKLV VFDQ FDQ VRPHWLPHV GHWHUPLQH
RSHQ SRUWV ,W GRHV VR E\ H[DPLQLQJ WKH 7&3 ZLQGRZ VL]H RI UHWXUQHG 567
SDFNHWV 2Q VRPH V\VWHPV RSHQ SRUWV UHWXUQ D SRVLWLYH ZLQGRZ VL]H DQG
FORVHG RQHV UHWXUQ D ]HUR ZLQGRZ VL]H
8'3 VFDQ 8'3 LV XQOLNH 7&3 7&3 LV EXLOW RQ UREXVW FRQQHFWLRQV EXW 8'3
LV EDVHG RQ VSHHG :LWK 7&3 WKH KDFNHU FDQ PDQLSXODWH IODJV LQ DQ DWWHPSW
WR JHQHUDWH D 7&3 UHVSRQVH RU DQ HUURU PHVVDJH IURP ,&03 8'3 GRHV QRW
KDYH IODJV QRU GRHV LW W\SLFDOO\ LVVXH UHVSRQVHV 6RPH SURWRFROV XVH 8'3
VXFK DV WKH ,QWHUQHW .H\ ([FKDQJH ,.( SURWRFRO DQG '16 ZKHUH D KRVW
PD\ LVVXH D UHVSRQVH 8'3 SDFNHW EDFN WR WKH RULJLQDWRU +RZHYHU PRVW
RWKHU 8'3 LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV GR QRW UHSO\ EDFN ZLWK DQRWKHU 8'3 PHVVDJH
EHFDXVH 8'3 LV D FRQQHFWLRQOHVV SURWRFRO ,W V D ILUH DQG IRUJHW SURWRFRO
7KH PRVW \RX FDQ KRSH IRU LV D UHVSRQVH IURP ,&03 ,I WKH SRUW LV FORVHG
,&03 DWWHPSWV WR VHQG DQ ,&03 W\SH FRGH SRUW XQUHDFKDEOH PHVVDJH
WR WKH VRXUFH RI WKH 8'3 VFDQ %XW LI WKH QHWZRUN LV EORFNLQJ ,&03 QR HUURU
PHVVDJH LV UHWXUQHG 7KHUHIRUH WKH UHVSRQVH WR WKH VFDQV PLJKW VLPSO\ EH QR
UHVSRQVH ,I \RX DUH SODQQLQJ RQ GRLQJ 8'3 VFDQV SODQ IRU XQUHOLDEOH
UHVXOWV
,&03 VFDQ 7KHVH VFDQV DUH W\SLFDOO\ XVHG IRU SLQJ VZHHSV WR GLVFRYHU
ZKDW GHYLFHV PD\ EH LQ WKH QHWZRUN DV \RX VDZ LQ ([DPSOH

7LS

$GGLWLRQDO H[DPSOHV DQG GHWDLOV DERXW DOO WKH GLIIHUHQW QPDS


VFDQQHU RSWLRQV FDQ EH REWDLQHG DW P\ *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\ DW
KWWS K FNHU RUJ QPDS
6RFLDO (QJLQHHULQJ

6RFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ DWWDFNV OHYHUDJH WKH ZHDNHVW OLQN ZKLFK LV WKH KXPDQ XVHU
,I WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ JHW WKH XVHU WR UHYHDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LW LV PXFK HDVLHU IRU WKH
DWWDFNHU WR FDXVH KDUP UDWKHU WKDQ XVH VRPH RWKHU PHWKRG RI UHFRQQDLVVDQFH
7KLV FRXOG EH GRQH WKURXJK HPDLO RU PLVGLUHFWLRQ RI ZHE SDJHV ZKLFK UHVXOWV
LQ WKH XVHU FOLFNLQJ VRPHWKLQJ WKDW OHDGV WR WKH DWWDFNHU JDLQLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ
6RFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ FDQ DOVR EH GRQH LQ SHUVRQ E\ DQ LQVLGHU RU RXWVLGH HQWLW\ RU
RYHU WKH SKRQH

$ SULPDU\ H[DPSOH LV DWWDFNHUV OHYHUDJLQJ QRUPDO XVHU EHKDYLRU 6XSSRVH \RX


DUH D VHFXULW\ SURIHVVLRQDO ZKR LV LQ FKDUJH RI WKH QHWZRUN ILUHZDOOV DQG RWKHU
VHFXULW\ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HTXLSPHQW LQ \RXU FRPSDQ\ $Q DWWDFNHU FRXOG SRVW D
MRE RIIHU IRU D OXFUDWLYH SRVLWLRQ DQG PDNH LW YHU\ DWWUDFWLYH WR \RX WKH YLFWLP
6D\ WKDW WKH MRE GHVFULSWLRQ OLVWV EHQHILWV DQG FRPSHQVDWLRQ IDU EH\RQG ZKDW
\RX DUH DOUHDG\ PDNLQJ DW \RXU FRPSDQ\ <RX GHFLGH WR DSSO\ IRU WKH SRVLWLRQ
7KH FULPLQDO DWWDFNHU WKHQ VFKHGXOHV DQ LQWHUYLHZ ZLWK \RX %HFDXVH \RX DUH
OLNHO\ WR VKRZ RII \RXU VNLOOV DQG ZRUN WKH DWWDFNHU PD\ DVN \RX KRZ \RX
FRQILJXUHG WKH ILUHZDOOV DQG RWKHU QHWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFHV IRU \RXU
FRPSDQ\ <RX PLJKW GLVFORVH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH ILUHZDOOV XVHG LQ \RXU
QHWZRUN KRZ \RX FRQILJXUHG WKHP KRZ WKH\ ZHUH GHVLJQHG DQG VR RQ 7KLV
GLVFORVXUH JLYHV WKH DWWDFNHU D ORW RI NQRZOHGJH DERXW WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZLWKRXW
HYHQ SHUIRUPLQJ DQ\ W\SH RI VFDQQLQJ RU UHFRQQDLVVDQFH RQ WKH QHWZRUN

2WKHU VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ WHFKQLTXHV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ


3KLVKLQJ 7KH DWWDFNHU SUHVHQWV D OLQN WKDW ORRNV OLNH D YDOLG WUXVWHG
UHVRXUFH WR D XVHU :KHQ WKH XVHU FOLFNV LW KH RU VKH LV SURPSWHG WR GLVFORVH
FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV XVHUQDPH DQG SDVVZRUG
6SHDU SKLVKLQJ 7KLV LV D VSHFLDO FODVV RI SKLVKLQJ ,W LV D SKLVKLQJ DWWDFN
WKDW LV FRQVWUXFWHG LQ D VSHFLILF ZD\ DQG GLUHFWO\ WDUJHWHG DW VSHFLILF
LQGLYLGXDOV RU FRPSDQLHV 7KH DWWDFNHU VWXGLHV D YLFWLP DQG WKH YLFWLP V
RUJDQL]DWLRQ WR EH DEOH WR PDNH HPDLOV ORRN OHJLWLPDWH DQG SHUKDSV PDNH
WKHP DSSHDU WR FRPH IURP WUXVWHG XVHUV ZLWKLQ WKH FRUSRUDWLRQ
3KDUPLQJ 3KDUPLQJ LV WKH WHUP XVHG WR GHVFULEH D WKUHDW DFWRU UHGLUHFWLQJ D
YLFWLP IURP D YDOLG ZHEVLWH RU UHVRXUFH WR D PDOLFLRXV RQH WKDW FRXOG EH
PDGH WR DSSHDU DV WKH YDOLG VLWH WR WKH XVHU )URP WKHUH DQ DWWHPSW LV PDGH
WR H[WUDFW FRQILGHQWLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH XVHU RU WR LQVWDOO PDOZDUH LQ WKH
YLFWLP V V\VWHP 3KDUPLQJ FDQ EH GRQH E\ DOWHULQJ WKH KRVW ILOH RQ D YLFWLP V
V\VWHP WKURXJK '16 SRLVRQLQJ RU E\ H[SORLWLQJ D YXOQHUDELOLW\ LQ D '16
VHUYHU
0DOYHUWLVLQJ 7KLV LV WKH DFW RI LQFRUSRUDWLQJ PDOLFLRXV DGV RQ WUXVWHG
ZHEVLWHV ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ XVHUV EURZVHUV EHLQJ LQDGYHUWHQWO\ UHGLUHFWHG WR
VLWHV KRVWLQJ PDOZDUH
606 SKLVKLQJ %HFDXVH SKLVKLQJ KDV EHHQ DQ HIIHFWLYH WDFWLF IRU WKUHDW
DFWRUV WKH\ KDYH IRXQG ZD\V RWKHU WKDQ XVLQJ HPDLO WR IRRO WKHLU YLFWLPV
LQWR IROORZLQJ PDOLFLRXV OLQNV RU DFWLYDWLQJ PDOZDUH IURP HPDLOV $ QXPEHU
RI SKLVKLQJ FDPSDLJQV KDYH XVHG 6KRUW 0HVVDJH 6HUYLFH 606 WR VHQG
PDOZDUH RU PDOLFLRXV OLQNV WR PRELOH GHYLFHV 2QH H[DPSOH RI 606
SKLVKLQJ LV WKH ELWFRLQ UHODWHG 606 VFDPV WKDW KDYH VXUIDFHG LQ UHFHQW \HDUV
1XPHURXV YLFWLPV KDYH UHFHLYHG PHVVDJHV LQVWUXFWLQJ WKHP WR FOLFN OLQNV WR
FRQILUP WKHLU DFFRXQWV DQG FODLP ELWFRLQV :KHQ XVHUV FOLFN VXFK D OLQN
WKH\ PLJKW EH IRROHG LQWR HQWHULQJ VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKDW DWWDFNHU V
VLWH
9RLFH SKLVKLQJ RU YLVKLQJ 9LVKLQJ LV WKH QDPH IRU D VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ
DWWDFN FDUULHG RXW RYHU D SKRQH FRQYHUVDWLRQ 7KH DWWDFNHU SHUVXDGHV XVHUV WR
UHYHDO SULYDWH SHUVRQDO DQG ILQDQFLDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
DQRWKHU SHUVRQ RU D FRPSDQ\ 9RLFH SKLVKLQJ LV W\SLFDOO\ XVHG WR VWHDO FUHGLW
FDUG QXPEHUV RU RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ XVHG LQ LGHQWLW\ WKHIW VFKHPHV $WWDFNHUV
PLJKW LPSHUVRQDWH DQG VSRRI FDOOHU ,' WR REIXVFDWH WKHPVHOYHV ZKHQ
SHUIRUPLQJ YRLFH SKLVKLQJ DWWDFNV
:KDOLQJ :KDOLQJ LV VLPLODU WR SKLVKLQJ DQG VSHDU SKLVKLQJ KRZHYHU ZLWK
ZKDOLQJ WKH DWWDFN LV WDUJHWHG DW KLJK SURILOH EXVLQHVV H[HFXWLYHV DQG NH\
LQGLYLGXDOV LQ D FRUSRUDWLRQ 6R ZKDW LV WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ ZKDOLQJ DQG
VSHDU SKLVKLQJ" /LNH WKUHDW DFWRUV FRQGXFWLQJ VSHDU SKLVKLQJ DWWDFNV WKUHDW
DFWRUV FRQGXFWLQJ ZKDOLQJ DWWDFNV DOVR FUHDWH HPDLOV DQG ZHE SDJHV WR VHUYH
PDOZDUH RU FROOHFW VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ KRZHYHU WKH ZKDOLQJ DWWDFNHUV
HPDLOV DQG SDJHV KDYH D PRUH RIILFLDO RU VHULRXV ORRN DQG IHHO :KDOLQJ
HPDLOV DUH GHVLJQHG WR ORRN OLNH FULWLFDO EXVLQHVV HPDLOV RU VRPHWKLQJ IURP
VRPHRQH ZKR KDV OHJLWLPDWH DXWKRULW\ HLWKHU H[WHUQDOO\ RU HYHQ LQWHUQDOO\ LQ
WKH FRPSDQ\ LWVHOI ,Q ZKDOLQJ DWWDFNV ZHE SDJHV DUH GHVLJQHG WR
VSHFLILFDOO\ DGGUHVV KLJK SURILOH YLFWLPV ,Q D UHJXODU SKLVKLQJ DWWDFN WKH
HPDLO PLJKW EH D IDNHG ZDUQLQJ IURP D EDQN RU VHUYLFH SURYLGHU ,Q ZKDOLQJ
DWWDFNV WKH HPDLO RU D ZHE SDJH ZRXOG EH FUHDWHG ZLWK D PRUH VHULRXV
H[HFXWLYH OHYHO IRUP 7KH FRQWHQW LV FUHDWHG WR WDUJHW DQ XSSHU PDQDJHU
VXFK DV WKH &(2 RU DQ LQGLYLGXDO ZKR PLJKW KDYH FUHGHQWLDOV IRU YDOXDEOH
DFFRXQWV ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ,Q VXPPDU\ D ZKDOLQJ DWWDFN WDNHV
DGGLWLRQDO VWHSV WR WDUJHW DQG HQWLFH KLJKHU SURILOH YLFWLPV 7KH PDLQ JRDO LQ
ZKDOLQJ DWWDFNV LV WR VWHDO VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ RU FRPSURPLVH WKH YLFWLP V
V\VWHP DQG WKHQ WDUJHW RWKHU NH\ KLJK SURILOH YLFWLPV
(OLFLWDWLRQ LQWHUURJDWLRQ DQG LPSHUVRQDWLRQ 3UHWH[WLQJ +RZ VRPHRQH
LQIOXHQFHV LQWHUURJDWHV DQG LPSHUVRQDWHV RWKHUV DUH NH\ FRPSRQHQWV RI
VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ ,Q VKRUW HOLFLWDWLRQ LV WKH DFW RI JDLQLQJ NQRZOHGJH RU
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP SHRSOH ,Q PRVW FDVHV DQ DWWDFNHU JHWV LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP
WKH YLFWLP ZLWKRXW GLUHFWO\ DVNLQJ IRU WKDW SDUWLFXODU LQIRUPDWLRQ +RZ DQ
DWWDFNHU LQWHUURJDWHV DQG LQWHUDFWV ZLWK D YLFWLP LV FUXFLDO IRU WKH VXFFHVV RI
WKH VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ FDPSDLJQ $Q LQWHUURJDWRU FDQ DVN JRRG RSHQ HQGHG
TXHVWLRQV WR OHDUQ DERXW DQ LQGLYLGXDO V YLHZSRLQWV YDOXHV DQG JRDOV 7KH
LQWHUURJDWRU FDQ WKHQ XVH DQ\ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHYHDOHG WR FRQWLQXH WR JDWKHU
DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RU WR REWDLQ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP DQRWKHU YLFWLP ,W LV
DOVR SRVVLEOH IRU DQ LQWHUURJDWRU WR XVH FORVHG HQGHG TXHVWLRQV WR JHW PRUH
FRQWURO RI WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQ WR OHDG WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQ RU WR VWRS WKH
FRQYHUVDWLRQ $VNLQJ WRR PDQ\ TXHVWLRQV FDQ FDXVH WKH YLFWLP WR VKXW GRZQ
WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG DVNLQJ WRR IHZ TXHVWLRQV PLJKW VHHP DZNZDUG
6XFFHVVIXO VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ LQWHUURJDWRUV XVH D QDUURZLQJ DSSURDFK LQ
WKHLU TXHVWLRQLQJ WR JDLQ WKH PRVW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH YLFWLP :LWK
SUHWH[WLQJ RU LPSHUVRQDWLRQ DQ DWWDFNHU SUHVHQWV DV VRPHRQH HOVH WR JDLQ
DFFHVV WR LQIRUPDWLRQ ,Q VRPH FDVHV LW FDQ EH YHU\ VLPSOH VXFK DV TXLFNO\
SUHWHQGLQJ WR EH VRPHRQH HOVH ZLWKLQ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQ RWKHU FDVHV LW FDQ
LQYROYH FUHDWLQJ D ZKROH QHZ LGHQWLW\ DQG WKHQ XVLQJ WKDW LGHQWLW\ WR
PDQLSXODWH WKH UHFHLSW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ 6RFLDO HQJLQHHUV PLJKW XVH SUHWH[WLQJ
WR LPSHUVRQDWH LQGLYLGXDOV LQ FHUWDLQ MREV DQG UROHV HYHQ LI WKH\ GR QRW KDYH
H[SHULHQFH LQ WKRVH MREV RU UROHV

$ VHFXULW\ DZDUH FXOWXUH PXVW LQFOXGH RQJRLQJ WUDLQLQJ WKDW FRQVLVWHQWO\


LQIRUPV HPSOR\HHV DERXW WKH ODWHVW VHFXULW\ WKUHDWV DV ZHOO DV SROLFLHV DQG
SURFHGXUHV WKDW UHIOHFW WKH RYHUDOO YLVLRQ DQG PLVVLRQ RI FRUSRUDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ
VHFXULW\ 7KLV HPSKDVLV RQ VHFXULW\ KHOSV HPSOR\HHV XQGHUVWDQG WKH SRWHQWLDO
ULVN RI VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ WKUHDWV KRZ WKH\ FDQ SUHYHQW VXFFHVVIXO DWWDFNV DQG
ZK\ WKHLU UROH ZLWKLQ WKH VHFXULW\ FXOWXUH LV YLWDO WR FRUSRUDWH KHDOWK 6HFXULW\
DZDUH HPSOR\HHV DUH EHWWHU SUHSDUHG WR UHFRJQL]H DQG DYRLG UDSLGO\ FKDQJLQJ
DQG LQFUHDVLQJO\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ DWWDFNV DQG DUH PRUH ZLOOLQJ
WR WDNH RZQHUVKLS RI VHFXULW\ UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

2IILFLDO VHFXULW\ SROLFLHV DQG SURFHGXUHV WDNH WKH JXHVVZRUN RXW RI RSHUDWLRQV
DQG KHOS HPSOR\HHV PDNH WKH ULJKW VHFXULW\ GHFLVLRQV 6XFK SROLFLHV LQFOXGH WKH
IROORZLQJ

3DVVZRUG PDQDJHPHQW *XLGHOLQHV VXFK DV WKH QXPEHU DQG W\SH RI


FKDUDFWHUV WKDW HDFK SDVVZRUG PXVW LQFOXGH KRZ RIWHQ D SDVVZRUG PXVW EH
FKDQJHG DQG HYHQ D VLPSOH GHFODUDWLRQ WKDW HPSOR\HHV VKRXOG QRW GLVFORVH
SDVVZRUGV WR DQ\RQH HYHQ LI WKH\ EHOLHYH WKH\ DUH VSHDNLQJ ZLWK VRPHRQH
DW WKH FRUSRUDWH KHOS GHVN ZLOO KHOS VHFXUH LQIRUPDWLRQ DVVHWV
0XOWLIDFWRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ 0)$ $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ IRU KLJK ULVN QHWZRUN
VHUYLFHV VXFK DV FULWLFDO V\VWHPV ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG 931V VKRXOG XVH
PXOWLIDFWRU DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ IL[HG SDVVZRUGV
$QWLPDOZDUH GHIHQVHV 0XOWLSOH OD\HUV RI DQWLYLUXV GHIHQVHV VXFK DV DW
PDLO JDWHZD\V DQG HQG XVHU GHVNWRSV FDQ PLQLPL]H WKH WKUHDW RI SKLVKLQJ
DQG RWKHU VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ DWWDFNV
&KDQJH PDQDJHPHQW $ GRFXPHQWHG FKDQJH PDQDJHPHQW SURFHVV LV PRUH
VHFXUH WKDQ DQ DG KRF SURFHVV ZKLFK LV PRUH HDVLO\ H[SORLWHG E\ DQ DWWDFNHU
ZKR FODLPV WR EH LQ D FULVLV
,QIRUPDWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ $ FODVVLILFDWLRQ SROLF\ VKRXOG FOHDUO\ GHVFULEH
ZKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG VHQVLWLYH DQG KRZ WR ODEHO DQG KDQGOH LW
'RFXPHQW KDQGOLQJ DQG GHVWUXFWLRQ 6HQVLWLYH GRFXPHQWV DQG PHGLD PXVW
EH VHFXUHO\ GLVSRVHG RI DQG QRW VLPSO\ WKURZQ RXW ZLWK WKH UHJXODU RIILFH
WUDVK
3K\VLFDO VHFXULW\ 7KH RUJDQL]DWLRQ VKRXOG KDYH HIIHFWLYH SK\VLFDO VHFXULW\
FRQWUROV VXFK DV YLVLWRU ORJV HVFRUW UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG EDFNJURXQG FKHFNV

3ULYLOHJH (VFDODWLRQ $WWDFNV

3ULYLOHJH HVFDODWLRQ LV D W\SH RI DWWDFN DQG DOVR D W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ 3ULYLOHJH


HVFDODWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI WDNLQJ VRPH OHYHO RI DFFHVV ZKHWKHU DXWKRUL]HG RU
QRW DQG DFKLHYLQJ DQ HYHQ JUHDWHU OHYHO RI DFFHVV HOHYDWLQJ WKH XVHU V
SULYLOHJHV $Q H[DPSOH LV DQ DWWDFNHU ZKR JDLQV XVHU PRGH DFFHVV WR D
ILUHZDOO URXWHU RU VHUYHU DQG WKHQ XVHV D EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFN DJDLQVW WKH V\VWHP
WKDW SURYLGHV DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DFFHVV 3ULYLOHJH HVFDODWLRQ FDQ RFFXU EHFDXVH D
EXJ PLVFRQILJXUDWLRQ RU YXOQHUDELOLW\ LQ DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RU RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP
HQDEOHV D KDFNHU WR JDLQ DFFHVV WR UHVRXUFHV WKDW QRUPDOO\ ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ
SURWHFWHG IURP DQ DYHUDJH XVHU 7KH HQG UHVXOW RI SULYLOHJH HVFDODWLRQ LV WKDW WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ SHUIRUPV DFWLRQV WKDW DUH UXQQLQJ ZLWKLQ D KLJKHU VHFXULW\ FRQWH[W
WKDQ LQWHQGHG E\ WKH GHVLJQHU DQG WKH KDFNHU LV JUDQWHG IXOO DFFHVV DQG FRQWURO

%DFNGRRUV

:KHQ WKUHDW DFWRUV JDLQ DFFHVV WR D V\VWHP WKH\ XVXDOO\ ZDQW IXWXUH DFFHVV DV
ZHOO DQG WKH\ ZDQW LW WR EH HDV\ 7KH DWWDFNHUV FDQ LQVWDOO D EDFNGRRU
DSSOLFDWLRQ WR HLWKHU DOORZ IXWXUH DFFHVV RU FROOHFW LQIRUPDWLRQ WR XVH LQ IXUWKHU
DWWDFNV

0DQ\ EDFNGRRUV DUH LQVWDOOHG E\ XVHUV FOLFNLQJ VRPHWKLQJ ZLWKRXW UHDOL]LQJ


WKDW WKH OLQN WKH\ FOLFNHG RU WKH ILOH WKH\ RSHQHG LV D WKUHDW %DFNGRRUV FDQ DOVR
EH LPSOHPHQWHG DV D UHVXOW RI D YLUXV ZRUP RU PDOZDUH

%XIIHU 2YHUIORZV DQG &RGH ([HFXWLRQ


:KHQ WKUHDW DFWRUV JDLQ DFFHVV WR D V\VWHP WKH\ DOVR PLJKW EH DEOH WR WDNH
VHYHUDO DFWLRQV 7KH W\SH RI DFWLRQ GHSHQGV RQ WKH OHYHO RI DFFHVV WKH WKUHDW
DFWRU KDV RU FDQ DFKLHYH DQG LV EDVHG RQ SHUPLVVLRQV JUDQWHG WR WKH DFFRXQW
FRPSURPLVHG E\ WKH DWWDFNHU 2QH RI WKH PRVW GHYDVWDWLQJ DFWLRQV DYDLODEOH WR
DQ DWWDFNHU LV WKH DELOLW\ WR H[HFXWH FRGH ZLWKLQ D GHYLFH &RGH H[HFXWLRQ FRXOG
UHVXOW LQ DQ DGYHUVH LPSDFW WR WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI
WKH V\VWHP RU QHWZRUN 5HPRWH FRGH H[HFXWLRQ 5&( DOORZV DWWDFNHUV WR IXOO\
FRPSURPLVH WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI D V\VWHP UHPRWHO\
QHWZRUN KRSV DZD\ IURP WKH YLFWLP

%XIIHU RYHUIORZV FDQ OHDG WR FRGH H[HFXWLRQ %XIIHU RYHUIORZV DUH FDWHJRUL]HG
LQWR WZR W\SHV KHDS DQG VWDFN $ KHDS LV D PHPRU\ VSDFH WKDW LV G\QDPLFDOO\
DOORFDWHG $ EXIIHU LV D WHPSRUDU\ GDWD VWRUDJH DUHD ZKRVH OHQJWK LV GHILQHG LQ
WKH SURJUDP WKDW FUHDWHV LW RU E\ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP +HDS EDVHG EXIIHU
RYHUIORZV DUH GLIIHUHQW IURP VWDFN EDVHG EXIIHU RYHUIORZV LQ WKDW WKH VWDFN
EDVHG EXIIHU RYHUIORZ GHSHQGV RQ RYHUIORZLQJ D IL[HG OHQJWK EXIIHU $ KHDS
RYHUIORZ LV D W\SH RI EXIIHU RYHUIORZ WKDW RFFXUV LQ WKH KHDS GDWD DUHD DQG
DWWHPSWV WR RYHUZULWH LQWHUQDO VWUXFWXUHV VXFK DV OLQNHG OLVW SRLQWHUV

%XIIHUV KDYH D ILQLWH DPRXQW RI VSDFH DOORFDWHG IRU DQ\ RQH WDVN )RU H[DPSOH
LI \RX DOORFDWH D FKDUDFWHU EXIIHU DQG WKHQ DWWHPSW WR VWXII FKDUDFWHUV LQWR
LW \RX UH JRLQJ WR KDYH D UHDO SUREOHP ,GHDOO\ SURJUDPV VKRXOG EH ZULWWHQ WR
FKHFN WKDW \RX FDQQRW VWXII PRUH WKDQ FKDUDFWHUV LQWR WKH EXIIHU KRZHYHU
WKLV W\SH RI HUURU FKHFNLQJ GRHV QRW DOZD\V RFFXU (UURU FKHFNLQJ LV UHDOO\
QRWKLQJ PRUH WKDQ PDNLQJ VXUH WKDW EXIIHUV UHFHLYH WKH W\SH DQG DPRXQW RI
LQIRUPDWLRQ UHTXLUHG
$ EXIIHU RYHUIORZ YXOQHUDELOLW\ W\SLFDOO\ LQYROYHV PDQ\ PHPRU\ PDQLSXODWLRQ
IXQFWLRQV LQ ODQJXDJHV VXFK DV & DQG & ZKHUH WKH SURJUDP GRHV QRW
SHUIRUP ERXQGV FKHFNLQJ DQG FDQ HDVLO\ RYHUZULWH WKH DOORFDWHG ERXQGV RI VXFK
EXIIHUV $ SHUIHFW H[DPSOH LV D VWUQFS\ IXQFWLRQ ZKLFK FDQ FDXVH
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV ZKHQ XVHG LQFRUUHFWO\

/HW V ORRN DW )LJXUH ZKHUH WKH VDPSOH FRGH VKRZV D EXIIHU WKDW LQFOXGHV D
VPDOO FKXQN RI GDWD +(//2 :25/'

)LJXUH $ %XIIHU ([DPSOH

$Q DWWDFNHU FDQ WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI WKLV YXOQHUDELOLW\ DQG VHQG GDWD WKDW FDQ SXW
GDWD LQ D PHPRU\ ORFDWLRQ SDVW WKDW EXIIHU DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH
)LJXUH $ %XIIHU 2YHUIORZ

,Q )LJXUH WKH DWWDFNHU VHQW GDWD (9(5< :25/' WKDW ZDV PRUH WKDQ WKH
EXIIHU FRXOG KROG FDXVLQJ LW WR VXEVHTXHQWO\ ZULWH WR WKH DGMDFHQW PHPRU\
ORFDWLRQ 7KLV VLPSOLVWLF H[DPSOH UHSUHVHQWV KRZ DQ DWWDFNHU FRXOG WKHQ ZULWH
LQVWUXFWLRQV WR WKH V\VWHP DQG SRWHQWLDOO\ FDXVH D ORFDO RU UHPRWH FRGH
H[HFXWLRQ ,Q VHYHUDO RI WKHVH DWWDFNV WKH DWWDFNHU ZULWHV VKHOOFRGH WR LQYRNH
LQVWUXFWLRQV DQG PDQLSXODWH WKH V\VWHP

7KH HDVLHVW ZD\ WR SUHYHQW EXIIHU RYHUIORZV LV WR VWRS DFFHSWLQJ GDWD ZKHQ WKH
EXIIHU LV ILOOHG 7KLV WDVN FDQ EH DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ DGGLQJ ERXQGDU\ SURWHFWLRQ
& SURJUDPV DUH HVSHFLDOO\ VXVFHSWLEOH WR EXIIHU RYHUIORZ DWWDFNV EHFDXVH & KDV
PDQ\ IXQFWLRQV WKDW GR QRW SURSHUO\ FKHFN IRU ERXQGDULHV

$ UHWXUQ WR OLEF RU UHW OLEF DWWDFN W\SLFDOO\ VWDUWV ZLWK D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ ,Q
WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN D VXEURXWLQH UHWXUQ DGGUHVV RQ D FDOO VWDFN LV UHSODFHG E\ DQ
DGGUHVV RI D VXEURXWLQH WKDW LV DOUHDG\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH H[HFXWDEOH PHPRU\ RI WKH
SURFHVV 7KLV LV GRQH WR SRWHQWLDOO\ E\SDVV WKH QR H[HFXWH 1; ELW IHDWXUH DQG
DOORZ DWWDFNHUV WR LQMHFW WKHLU RZQ FRGH

2SHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV WKDW VXSSRUW QRQH[HFXWDEOH VWDFN KHOS SURWHFW DJDLQVW FRGH
H[HFXWLRQ DIWHU D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ YXOQHUDELOLW\ LV H[SORLWHG 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG
D QRQH[HFXWDEOH VWDFN FDQQRW SUHYHQW D UHW OLEF DWWDFN EHFDXVH LQ WKLV DWWDFN
RQO\ H[LVWLQJ H[HFXWDEOH FRGH LV XVHG $QRWKHU WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG VWDFN
VPDVKLQJ SURWHFWLRQ FDQ SUHYHQW RU REVWUXFW FRGH H[HFXWLRQ H[SORLWDWLRQ
EHFDXVH LW FDQ GHWHFW WKH FRUUXSWLRQ RI WKH VWDFN DQG FDQ SRWHQWLDOO\ IOXVK RXW
WKH FRPSURPLVHG VHJPHQW

$ WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG $6&,, DUPRULQJ FDQ EH XVHG WR PLWLJDWH UHW OLEF DWWDFNV
:KHQ \RX LPSOHPHQW $6&,, DUPRULQJ WKH DGGUHVV RI HYHU\ V\VWHP OLEUDU\
VXFK DV OLEF FRQWDLQV D 18// E\WH [ WKDW \RX LQVHUW LQ WKH ILUVW
[ E\WHV RI PHPRU\ 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\ D IHZ SDJHV PRUH WKDQ 0%
DQG LV FDOOHG WKH $6&,, DUPRU UHJLRQ EHFDXVH HYHU\ DGGUHVV XS WR EXW QRW
LQFOXGLQJ WKLV YDOXH FRQWDLQV DW OHDVW RQH 18// E\WH :KHQ WKLV PHWKRGRORJ\
LV LPSOHPHQWHG DQ DWWDFNHU FDQQRW SODFH FRGH FRQWDLQLQJ WKRVH DGGUHVVHV XVLQJ
VWULQJ PDQLSXODWLRQ IXQFWLRQV VXFK DV VWUFS\

2I FRXUVH WKLV WHFKQLTXH GRHVQ W SURWHFW WKH V\VWHP LI WKH DWWDFNHU ILQGV D ZD\
WR RYHUIORZ 18// E\WHV LQWR WKH VWDFN $ EHWWHU DSSURDFK LV WR XVH WKH DGGUHVV
VSDFH OD\RXW UDQGRPL]DWLRQ $6/5 WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK PLWLJDWHV WKH DWWDFN RQ
ELW V\VWHPV :KHQ \RX LPSOHPHQW $6/5 WKH PHPRU\ ORFDWLRQV RI
IXQFWLRQV DUH UDQGRP $6/5 LV QRW YHU\ HIIHFWLYH LQ ELW V\VWHPV WKRXJK
EHFDXVH RQO\ ELWV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU UDQGRPL]DWLRQ DQG DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ GHIHDW
VXFK D V\VWHP E\ XVLQJ EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFNV

0DQ LQ WKH 0LGGOH $WWDFNV

$ PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFN UHVXOWV ZKHQ DWWDFNHUV SODFH WKHPVHOYHV LQ OLQH
EHWZHHQ WZR GHYLFHV WKDW DUH FRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWK WKH LQWHQW RI SHUIRUPLQJ
UHFRQQDLVVDQFH RU PDQLSXODWLQJ WKH GDWD DV LW PRYHV EHWZHHQ WKH GHYLFHV 7KLV
FDQ KDSSHQ DW /D\HU RU /D\HU 7KH PDLQ SXUSRVH LV HDYHVGURSSLQJ VR DQ
DWWDFNHU FDQ VHH DOO WKH WUDIILF

,I WKLV KDSSHQV DW /D\HU WKH DWWDFNHU VSRRIV /D\HU 0$& DGGUHVVHV WR PDNH
WKH GHYLFHV RQ D /$1 EHOLHYH WKDW WKH /D\HU DGGUHVV RI WKH DWWDFNHU LV WKH
/D\HU DGGUHVV RI LWV GHIDXOW JDWHZD\ 7KLV LV FDOOHG $53 SRLVRQLQJ )UDPHV
WKDW DUH VXSSRVHG WR JR WR WKH GHIDXOW JDWHZD\ DUH IRUZDUGHG E\ WKH VZLWFK WR
WKH /D\HU DGGUHVV RI WKH DWWDFNHU RQ WKH VDPH QHWZRUN $V D FRXUWHV\ WKH
DWWDFNHU FDQ IRUZDUG WKH IUDPHV WR WKH FRUUHFW GHVWLQDWLRQ VR WKDW WKH FOLHQW ZLOO
KDYH WKH FRQQHFWLYLW\ QHHGHG DQG WKH DWWDFNHU QRZ VHHV DOO WKH GDWD EHWZHHQ
WKH WZR GHYLFHV 7R PLWLJDWH WKLV ULVN \RX FRXOG XVH WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV
G\QDPLF $GGUHVV 5HVROXWLRQ 3URWRFRO $53 LQVSHFWLRQ '$, RQ VZLWFKHV WR
SUHYHQW VSRRILQJ RI WKH /D\HU DGGUHVVHV

7KH DWWDFNHU FRXOG DOVR LPSOHPHQW WKH DWWDFN E\ SODFLQJ D VZLWFK LQWR WKH
QHWZRUN DQG PDQLSXODWLQJ WKH 6SDQQLQJ 7UHH 3URWRFRO 673 WR EHFRPH WKH
URRW VZLWFK DQG WKXV JDLQ WKH DELOLW\ WR VHH DQ\ WUDIILF WKDW QHHGV WR EH VHQW
WKURXJK WKH URRW VZLWFK

$ PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFN FDQ RFFXU DW /D\HU E\ SODFLQJ D URJXH URXWHU RQ
WKH QHWZRUN DQG WKHQ WULFNLQJ WKH RWKHU URXWHUV LQWR EHOLHYLQJ WKDW WKLV QHZ
URXWHU KDV D EHWWHU SDWK 7KLV FRXOG FDXVH QHWZRUN WUDIILF WR IORZ WKURXJK WKH
URJXH URXWHU DQG DJDLQ DOORZ WKH DWWDFNHU WR VWHDO QHWZRUN GDWD <RX FDQ
PLWLJDWH DWWDFNV VXFK DV WKHVH LQ YDULRXV ZD\V LQFOXGLQJ XVLQJ URXWLQJ
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SURWRFROV DQG ILOWHULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP EHLQJ DGYHUWLVHG RU
OHDUQHG RQ VSHFLILF LQWHUIDFHV

$ PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFN FDQ RFFXU E\ FRPSURPLVLQJ WKH YLFWLP V PDFKLQH
DQG LQVWDOOLQJ PDOZDUH WKDW FDQ LQWHUFHSW WKH SDFNHWV VHQW E\ WKH YLFWLP DQG
VHQGLQJ WKHP WR WKH DWWDFNHU 7KLV W\SH RI PDOZDUH FDQ FDSWXUH SDFNHWV EHIRUH
WKH\ DUH HQFU\SWHG LI WKH YLFWLP LV XVLQJ 66/ 7/6 +7736 RU DQ\ RWKHU
PHFKDQLVP

7R VDIHJXDUG GDWD LQ PRWLRQ RQH RI WKH EHVW WKLQJV \RX FDQ GR LV WR XVH
HQFU\SWLRQ IRU WKH FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ RI WKH GDWD LQ WUDQVLW ,I \RX XVH SODLQWH[W
SURWRFROV IRU PDQDJHPHQW VXFK DV 7HOQHW RU +773 DQ DWWDFNHU ZKR KDV
LPSOHPHQWHG D PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH DWWDFN FDQ VHH WKH FRQWHQWV RI \RXU FOHDUWH[W
GDWD SDFNHWV DQG DV D UHVXOW ZLOO VHH HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW JRHV DFURVV KLV RU KHU
GHYLFH LQFOXGLQJ XVHUQDPHV DQG SDVVZRUGV WKDW DUH XVHG 8VLQJ PDQDJHPHQW
SURWRFROV WKDW KDYH HQFU\SWLRQ EXLOW LQ VXFK DV 6HFXUH 6KHOO 66+ DQG
+\SHUWH[W 7UDQVIHU 3URWRFRO 6HFXUH +7736 LV FRQVLGHUHG D EHVW SUDFWLFH DQG
XVLQJ 931 SURWHFWLRQ IRU FOHDUWH[W VHQVLWLYH GDWD LV DOVR FRQVLGHUHG D EHVW
SUDFWLFH

'HQLDO RI 6HUYLFH $WWDFNV

'HQLDO RI VHUYLFH 'R6 DQG GLVWULEXWHG 'R6 ''R6 DWWDFNV KDYH EHHQ DURXQG
IRU TXLWH VRPH WLPH QRZ EXW WKHUH KDV EHHQ KHLJKWHQHG DZDUHQHVV RI WKHP RYHU
WKH SDVW IHZ \HDUV

''R6 DWWDFNV FDQ JHQHUDOO\ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKH IROORZLQJ WKUHH FDWHJRULHV

'LUHFW ''R6 DWWDFNV


5HIOHFWHG
$PSOLILFDWLRQ ''R6 DWWDFNV

'LUHFW ''R6

'LUHFW ''R6 DWWDFNV RFFXU ZKHQ WKH VRXUFH RI WKH DWWDFN JHQHUDWHV WKH SDFNHWV
UHJDUGOHVV RI SURWRFRO DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG VR RQ WKDW DUH VHQW GLUHFWO\ WR WKH YLFWLP
RI WKH DWWDFN

)LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV D GLUHFW ''R6 DWWDFN


)LJXUH 'LUHFW ''R6 $WWDFN

,Q )LJXUH WKH DWWDFNHU ODXQFKHV D GLUHFW 'R6 WR D ZHE VHUYHU WKH YLFWLP E\
VHQGLQJ QXPHURXV 7&3 6<1 SDFNHWV 7KLV W\SH RI DWWDFN LV DLPHG DW IORRGLQJ
WKH YLFWLP ZLWK DQ RYHUZKHOPLQJ QXPEHU RI SDFNHWV RYHUVDWXUDWLQJ LWV
FRQQHFWLRQ EDQGZLGWK RU GHSOHWLQJ WKH WDUJHW V V\VWHP UHVRXUFHV 7KLV W\SH RI
DWWDFN LV DOVR NQRZQ DV D 6<1 IORRG DWWDFN

&\EHU FULPLQDOV DOVR FDQ XVH ''R6 DWWDFNV WR SURGXFH DGGHG FRVWV WR WKH
YLFWLP ZKHQ WKH YLFWLP LV XVLQJ FORXG VHUYLFHV ,Q PRVW FDVHV ZKHQ \RX XVH D
FORXG VHUYLFH VXFK DV $PD]RQ :HE 6HUYLFHV $:6 \RX SD\ SHU XVDJH
$WWDFNHUV FDQ ODXQFK ''R6 WR FDXVH \RX WR SD\ PRUH IRU XVDJH DQG UHVRXUFHV

$QRWKHU W\SH RI 'R6 LV FDXVHG E\ H[SORLWLQJ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV VXFK DV EXIIHU


RYHUIORZV WR FDXVH D VHUYHU RU HYHQ QHWZRUN LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GHYLFH WR FUDVK
VXEVHTXHQWO\ FDXVLQJ D GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQ

%RWQHWV 3DUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ ''R6 $WWDFNV


0DQ\ DWWDFNHUV XVH ERWQHWV WR ODXQFK ''R6 DWWDFNV $ ERWQHW LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI
FRPSURPLVHG PDFKLQHV WKDW WKH DWWDFNHU FDQ PDQLSXODWH IURP D FRPPDQG DQG
FRQWURO & RU &Q& V\VWHP WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ D ''R6 VHQG VSDP HPDLOV DQG
SHUIRUP RWKHU LOOLFLW DFWLYLWLHV )LJXUH VKRZV KRZ DQ DWWDFNHU XVHV D ERWQHW
WR ODXQFK D ''R6 DWWDFN
)LJXUH %RWQHWV DQG D ''R6 $WWDFN

,Q )LJXUH WKH DWWDFNHU VHQGV LQVWUXFWLRQV WR WKH FRPPDQG DQG FRQWURO


VHUYHU VXEVHTXHQWO\ WKH FRPPDQG DQG FRQWURO VHUYHU VHQGV LQVWUXFWLRQV WR WKH
ERWV ZLWKLQ WKH ERWQHW WR ODXQFK WKH ''R6 DWWDFN DJDLQVW WKH YLFWLP

5HIOHFWHG ''R6 $WWDFNV

)LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV ZKDW D UHIOHFWHG ''R6 DWWDFN LV 5HIOHFWHG ''R6 DWWDFNV


RFFXU ZKHQ WKH VRXUFHV RI WKH DWWDFN DUH VHQW VSRRIHG SDFNHWV WKDW DSSHDU WR EH
IURP WKH YLFWLP DQG WKHQ WKH VRXUFHV RI WKH DWWDFN EHFRPH XQZLWWLQJ
SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKH ''R6 DWWDFNV E\ VHQGLQJ WKH UHVSRQVH WUDIILF EDFN WR WKH
LQWHQGHG YLFWLP LQ WKLV H[DPSOH WKH VRXUFH LV WKH ODSWRS LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH
8'3 LV RIWHQ XVHG DV WKH WUDQVSRUW PHFKDQLVP EHFDXVH LW LV PRUH HDVLO\
VSRRIHG GXH WR WKH ODFN RI D WKUHH ZD\ KDQGVKDNH )RU H[DPSOH LI WKH DWWDFNHU
$ GHFLGHV WR DWWDFN D YLFWLP 9 WKH DWWDFNHU ZLOO VHQG SDFNHWV IRU H[DPSOH
1HWZRUN 7LPH 3URWRFRO >173@ UHTXHVWV WR D VRXUFH 6 WKDW WKLQNV WKHVH
SDFNHWV DUH OHJLWLPDWH 7KH VRXUFH WKHQ UHVSRQGV WR WKH 173 UHTXHVWV E\
VHQGLQJ WKH UHVSRQVHV WR WKH YLFWLP ZKR ZDV QHYHU H[SHFWLQJ WKHVH 173
SDFNHWV IURP WKH VRXUFH VHH )LJXUH
)LJXUH 5HIOHFWHG ''R6 $WWDFNV

$Q DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFN LV D IRUP RI UHIOHFWHG DWWDFN LQ ZKLFK WKH UHVSRQVH


WUDIILF VHQW E\ WKH XQZLWWLQJ SDUWLFLSDQW LV PDGH XS RI SDFNHWV WKDW DUH PXFK
ODUJHU WKDQ WKRVH WKDW ZHUH LQLWLDOO\ VHQW E\ WKH DWWDFNHU VSRRILQJ WKH YLFWLP
$Q H[DPSOH RFFXUV ZKHQ '16 TXHULHV DUH VHQW DQG WKH '16 UHVSRQVHV DUH
PXFK ODUJHU LQ SDFNHW VL]H WKDQ WKH LQLWLDO TXHU\ SDFNHWV 7KH HQG UHVXOW LV WKDW
WKH YLFWLP V PDFKLQH JHWV IORRGHG E\ ODUJH SDFNHWV IRU ZKLFK LW QHYHU DFWXDOO\
LVVXHG TXHULHV

$WWDFN 0HWKRGV IRU 'DWD ([ILOWUDWLRQ


7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW DWWDFN PHWKRGV IRU GDWD H[ILOWUDWLRQ 2QH RI WKH PRVW
SRSXODU LV WR XVH '16 WXQQHOLQJ &LVFR LV VHHLQJ WKLV PHWKRG XVHG PRUH DQG
PRUH IRU PDOZDUH EDVHG GDWD H[ILOWUDWLRQ RXW RI HQWHUSULVH QHWZRUNV

$WWDFNHUV FDQ HQFDSVXODWH FKXQNV RI GDWD LQWR '16 SDFNHWV WR VWHDO VHQVLWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV SHUVRQDO LGHQWLILDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ 3,, FUHGLW FDUG
QXPEHUV DQG PXFK PRUH 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI '16 WXQQHOLQJ WRROV
XVHG E\ DWWDFNHUV WR H[ILOWUDWH GDWD

'16 7&3 8VHV WKH .(< 7;7 '16 UHFRUG W\SHV 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ
EH IRXQG DW ZZZ DOGHLG FRP ZLNL 'QV WFS
'16FDW 3 8VHV WKH $ DQG &1$0( '16 UHFRUG W\SHV 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ
FDQ EH IRXQG DW KWWS WDGHN SLHWUDV]HN RUJ SURMHFWV '16FDW
,RGLQH 3URWRFRO Y 8VHV WKH 18// '16 UHFRUG W\SH 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ
FDQ EH IRXQG DW KWWS FRGH NU\R VH LRGLQH
,RGLQH 3URWRFRO Y 8VHV WKH $ &1$0( 0; 18// 659 DQG 7;7
'16 UHFRUG W\SHV 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH IRXQG DW
KWWS FRGH NU\R VH LRGLQH
2]\PDQ'16 8VHV WKH $ DQG 7;7 '16 UHFRUG W\SHV 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ
FDQ EH IRXQG DW KWWS GDQNDPLQVN\ FRP
6SOLW%UDLQ 8VHV WKH $ DQG 7;7 '16 UHFRUG W\SHV 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ
EH IRXQG DW ZZZ VSOLWEUDLQ RUJ EORJ
GQVBWXQQHOLQJBPDGHBVLPSOH
7&3 2YHU '16 8VHV WKH &1$0( DQG 7;7 '16 UHFRUG W\SHV 0RUH
LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH IRXQG DW ZZZ VDQV RUJ UHDGLQJ
URRP ZKLWHSDSHUV GQV GHWHFWLQJ GQV WXQQHOLQJ
<RXU)UHHGRP 8VHV WKH 18// '16 UHFRUG W\SH 0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH
IRXQG DW KWWS \RXU IUHHGRP QHW

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ RWKHU WRROV DQG '16 WXQQHOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV 7KH IROORZLQJ
UHIHUHQFH LQFOXGHV PDQ\ DGGLWLRQDO W\SHV RI WRROV DQG '16 H[ILOWUDWLRQ DWWDFNV
ZZZ VDQV RUJ UHDGLQJ URRP ZKLWHSDSHUV GQV GHWHFWLQJ GQV WXQQHOLQJ

'16 WXQQHOLQJ PD\ EH GHWHFWHG E\ DQDO\]LQJ WKH '16 SDFNHW SD\ORDG RU E\


XVLQJ WUDIILF DQDO\VLV VXFK DV E\WH FRXQW DQG IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH '16 UHTXHVWV

$53 &DFKH 3RLVRQLQJ

7KUHDW DFWRUV FDQ DWWDFN KRVWV VZLWFKHV DQG URXWHUV FRQQHFWHG WR \RXU /D\HU
QHWZRUN E\ SRLVRQLQJ WKH $53 FDFKHV RI V\VWHPV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH VXEQHW DQG
E\ LQWHUFHSWLQJ WUDIILF LQWHQGHG IRU RWKHU KRVWV RQ WKH VXEQHW &LVFR VZLWFKHV
VXSSRUW D IHDWXUH FDOOHG G\QDPLF $53 LQVSHFWLRQ WKDW YDOLGDWHV $53 SDFNHWV
DQG LQWHUFHSWV ORJV DQG GLVFDUGV $53 SDFNHWV ZLWK LQYDOLG ,3 WR 0$& DGGUHVV
ELQGLQJV 7KLV IHDWXUH DOVR SURWHFWV WKH QHWZRUN IURP FHUWDLQ PDQ LQ WKH PLGGOH
DWWDFNV 7KH G\QDPLF $53 LQVSHFWLRQ IHDWXUH HQVXUHV WKDW RQO\ YDOLG $53
UHTXHVWV DQG UHVSRQVHV DUH UHOD\HG E\ SHUIRUPLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ

,QWHUFHSWLQJ DOO $53 UHTXHVWV DQG UHVSRQVHV RQ XQWUXVWHG SRUWV


9HULI\LQJ WKDW HDFK RI WKH LQWHUFHSWHG SDFNHWV KDV D YDOLG ,3 WR 0$& DGGUHVV
ELQGLQJ EHIRUH XSGDWLQJ WKH ORFDO $53 FDFKH RU EHIRUH IRUZDUGLQJ WKH
SDFNHW WR WKH UHVSHFWLYH GHVWLQDWLRQ KRVW
'URSSLQJ LQYDOLG $53 SDFNHWV
'HWHUPLQLQJ LI DQ $53 SDFNHW LV YDOLG EDVHG RQ ,3 WR 0$& DGGUHVV
ELQGLQJV VWRUHG LQ D WUXVWHG GDWDEDVH 7KLV GDWDEDVH LV FDOOHG WKH '+&3
VQRRSLQJ ELQGLQJ GDWDEDVH

2Q &LVFR VZLWFKHV \RX FDQ HQDEOH G\QDPLF $53 LQVSHFWLRQ RQ D SHU 9/$1
EDVLV ZLWK WKH LS DUS LQVSHFWLRQ YODQ YODQ UDQJH JOREDO FRQILJXUDWLRQ
FRPPDQG ,Q HQYLURQPHQWV ZLWKRXW '+&3 FRQILJXUHG G\QDPLF $53
LQVSHFWLRQ FDQ YDOLGDWH $53 SDFNHWV DJDLQVW XVHU FRQILJXUHG $53 DFFHVV
FRQWURO OLVWV IRU KRVWV ZLWK VWDWLFDOO\ FRQILJXUHG ,3 DGGUHVVHV <RX FDQ XVH WKH
DUS DFFHVV OLVW DFO QDPH JOREDO FRQILJXUDWLRQ FRPPDQG WR GHILQH WKH $&/

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH VRPH DGGLWLRQDO /D\HU VHFXULW\ EHVW SUDFWLFHV IRU VHFXULQJ
\RXU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH

6HOHFW DQ XQXVHG 9/$1 RWKHU WKDQ 9/$1 DQG XVH WKDW IRU WKH QDWLYH
9/$1 IRU DOO \RXU WUXQNV 'R QRW XVH WKLV QDWLYH 9/$1 IRU DQ\ RI \RXU
HQDEOHG DFFHVV SRUWV
$YRLG XVLQJ 9/$1 DQ\ZKHUH EHFDXVH LW LV WKH GHIDXOW
$GPLQLVWUDWLYHO\ FRQILJXUH VZLWFK SRUWV DV DFFHVV SRUWV VR WKDW XVHUV FDQQRW
QHJRWLDWH D WUXQN DQG GLVDEOH WKH QHJRWLDWLRQ RI WUXQNLQJ QR '\QDPLF
7UXQNLQJ 3URWRFRO >'73@
/LPLW WKH QXPEHU RI 0$& DGGUHVVHV OHDUQHG RQ D JLYHQ SRUW ZLWK WKH SRUW
VHFXULW\ IHDWXUH
&RQWURO VSDQQLQJ WUHH WR VWRS XVHUV RU XQNQRZQ GHYLFHV IURP PDQLSXODWLQJ
LW <RX FDQ GR VR E\ XVLQJ WKH %3'8 *XDUG DQG 5RRW *XDUG IHDWXUHV
7XUQ RII &LVFR 'LVFRYHU\ 3URWRFRO &'3 RQ SRUWV IDFLQJ XQWUXVWHG RU
XQNQRZQ QHWZRUNV WKDW GR QRW UHTXLUH &'3 IRU DQ\WKLQJ SRVLWLYH &'3
RSHUDWHV DW /D\HU DQG PD\ SURYLGH DWWDFNHUV LQIRUPDWLRQ \RX ZRXOG UDWKHU
QRW GLVFORVH
2Q D QHZ VZLWFK VKXW GRZQ DOO SRUWV DQG DVVLJQ WKHP WR D 9/$1 WKDW LV QRW
XVHG IRU DQ\WKLQJ RWKHU WKDQ D SDUNLQJ ORW 7KHQ EULQJ XS WKH SRUWV DQG
DVVLJQ FRUUHFW 9/$1V DV WKH SRUWV DUH DOORFDWHG DQG QHHGHG

6HYHUDO RWKHU /D\HU VHFXULW\ IHDWXUHV FDQ EH XVHG WR SURWHFW \RXU


LQIUDVWUXFWXUH

3RUW 6HFXULW\ 7KLV IHDWXUH OLPLWV WKH QXPEHU RI 0$& DGGUHVVHV WR EH


OHDUQHG RQ DFFHVV VZLWFK SRVWV
%3'8 *XDUG ,I %3'8V VKRZ XS ZKHUH WKH\ VKRXOG QRW WKH VZLWFK ZLOO
SURWHFW LWVHOI
5RRW *XDUG 7KLV IHDWXUH FRQWUROV ZKLFK SRUWV DUH QRW DOORZHG WR EHFRPH
URRW SRUWV WR UHPRWH VZLWFKHV
'\QDPLF $53 LQVSHFWLRQ 7KLV IHDWXUH ZDV FRYHUHG HDUOLHU LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ
,3 6RXUFH *XDUG 7KLV IHDWXUH SUHYHQWV VSRRILQJ RI /D\HU LQIRUPDWLRQ E\
KRVWV
; 7KLV IHDWXUH DXWKHQWLFDWHV DQG DXWKRUL]HV XVHUV EHIRUH DOORZLQJ
WKHP WR FRPPXQLFDWH WR WKH UHVW RI WKH QHWZRUN
'+&3 VQRRSLQJ 7KLV IHDWXUH SUHYHQWV URJXH '+&3 VHUYHUV IURP
LPSDFWLQJ WKH QHWZRUN
6WRUP FRQWURO 7KLV IHDWXUH OLPLWV WKH DPRXQW RI EURDGFDVW RU PXOWLFDVW
WUDIILF IORZLQJ WKURXJK WKH VZLWFK
$FFHVV FRQWURO OLVWV 7KLV IHDWXUH SURYLGHV /D\HU DQG /D\HU $&/V IRU
WUDIILF FRQWURO DQG SROLF\ HQIRUFHPHQW

6SRRILQJ $WWDFNV

,Q D VSRRILQJ DWWDFN DQ DWWDFNHU LPSHUVRQDWHV DQRWKHU GHYLFH WR H[HFXWH DQ


DWWDFN 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ H[DPSOHV RI VSRRILQJ DWWDFNV

,3 DGGUHVV VSRRILQJ DWWDFN 7KH DWWDFNHU VHQGV ,3 SDFNHWV IURP D IDNH RU


VSRRIHG VRXUFH DGGUHVV WR GLVJXLVH LWVHOI ''R6 DWWDFNV W\SLFDOO\ XVH ,3
VSRRILQJ WR PDNH WKH SDFNHWV DSSHDU WR EH IURP OHJLWLPDWH VRXUFH ,3
DGGUHVVHV
$53 VSRRILQJ DWWDFN 7KH DWWDFNHU VHQGV VSRRIHG $53 SDFNHWV DFURVV WKH
/D\HU QHWZRUN WR OLQN WKH DWWDFNHU V 0$& DGGUHVV ZLWK WKH ,3 DGGUHVV RI D
OHJLWLPDWH KRVW 7KH EHVW SUDFWLFHV FRYHUHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ KHOS
PLWLJDWH $53 VSRRILQJ DWWDFNV
'16 VHUYHU VSRRILQJ DWWDFN 7KH DWWDFNHU PRGLILHV WKH '16 VHUYHU WR
UHURXWH D VSHFLILF GRPDLQ QDPH WR D GLIIHUHQW ,3 DGGUHVV '16 VHUYHU
VSRRILQJ DWWDFNV DUH W\SLFDOO\ XVHG WR VSUHDG PDOZDUH

5RXWH 0DQLSXODWLRQ $WWDFNV


7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW URXWH PDQLSXODWLRQ DWWDFNV EXW RQH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ LV
WKH %*3 KLMDFNLQJ DWWDFN %RUGHU *DWHZD\ 3URWRFRO %*3 LV D G\QDPLF
URXWLQJ SURWRFRO XVHG WR URXWH ,QWHUQHW WUDIILF 7KH %*3 KLMDFNLQJ DWWDFN FDQ EH
ODXQFKHG E\ DQ DWWDFNHU E\ FRQILJXULQJ RU FRPSURPLVLQJ DQ HGJH URXWHU WR
DQQRXQFH SUHIL[HV WKDW KDYH QRW EHHQ DVVLJQHG WR KLV RU KHU RUJDQL]DWLRQ ,I WKH
PDOLFLRXV DQQRXQFHPHQW FRQWDLQV D URXWH WKDW LV PRUH VSHFLILF WKDQ WKH
OHJLWLPDWH DGYHUWLVHPHQW RU SUHVHQWV D VKRUWHU SDWK WKH YLFWLP V WUDIILF PD\ EH
UHGLUHFWHG WR WKH DWWDFNHU ,Q WKH SDVW WKUHDW DFWRUV KDYH OHYHUDJHG XQXVHG
SUHIL[HV IRU %*3 KLMDFNLQJ WR DYRLG DWWHQWLRQ IURP WKH OHJLWLPDWH XVHU RU
RUJDQL]DWLRQ

3DVVZRUG $WWDFNV

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ H[DPSOHV RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ SDVVZRUG DWWDFNV

3DVVZRUG JXHVVLQJ DWWDFN 7KLV LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ W\SH RI SDVVZRUG


DWWDFN EXW VRPH RI WKHVH WHFKQLTXHV PD\ EH YHU\ LQHIILFLHQW 7KUHDW DFWRUV
FDQ JXHVV SDVVZRUGV ORFDOO\ RU UHPRWHO\ XVLQJ HLWKHU D PDQXDO RU DXWRPDWHG
DSSURDFK 7RROV OLNH +\GUD ZZZ WKF RUJ FDQ DXWRPDWH WKH SURFHVV RI
SDVVZRUG JXHVVLQJ $XWRPDWHG SDVVZRUG DWWDFN WRROV DQG FUDFNHUV OHYHUDJH
GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLTXHV 6RPH XVH D PHWKRG FDOOHG D EUXWH IRUFH DWWDFN ZKHUH
WKH DWWDFNHU WULHV HYHU\ SRVVLEOH FRPELQDWLRQ RI FKDUDFWHUV IRU D SDVVZRUG
$QRWKHU WHFKQLTXH LV D SDVVZRUG JXHVVLQJ DWWDFN FDOOHG D GLFWLRQDU\ DWWDFN
%HFDXVH PRVW SDVVZRUGV FRQVLVW RI ZKROH ZRUGV GDWHV DQG QXPEHUV WKHVH
WRROV XVH D GLFWLRQDU\ RI ZRUGV SKUDVHV DQG HYHQ WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG
SDVVZRUGV VXFK DV TZHUW\ SDVVZRUG DQG VR RQ 2WKHU WRROV VXFK DV -RKQ
WKH 5LSSHU ZZZ RSHQZDOO FRP MRKQ DQG &DLQ $EHO ZZZ R[LG LW FDQ
WDNH D K\EULG DSSURDFK IURP EUXWH IRUFH DQG GLFWLRQDU\ DWWDFNV
3DVVZRUG UHVHWWLQJ DWWDFN ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV LW LV HDVLHU WR UHVHW SDVVZRUGV
WKDQ WR XVH WRROV WR JXHVV WKHP 6HYHUDO FUDFNLQJ WRROV MXVW DWWHPSW WR UHVHW
SDVVZRUGV ,Q PRVW FDVHV WKH DWWDFNHU ERRWV IURP D 86% GHYLFH WR JHW
DURXQG WKH W\SLFDO :LQGRZV SURWHFWLRQV 0RVW SDVVZRUG UHVHWWHUV FRQWDLQ D
ERRWDEOH YHUVLRQ RI /LQX[ WKDW FDQ PRXQW 17)6 YROXPHV DQG KHOS WKH
DWWDFNHU ORFDWH DQG UHVHW WKH DGPLQLVWUDWRU V SDVVZRUG
3DVVZRUG FUDFNLQJ 7KHVH DWWDFNV ZRUN E\ WDNLQJ D SDVVZRUG KDVK DQG
FRQYHUWLQJ LW WR LWV SODLQWH[W RULJLQDO ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH DWWDFNHU QHHGV WRROV
VXFK DV H[WUDFWRUV IRU KDVK JXHVVLQJ UDLQERZ WDEOHV IRU ORRNLQJ XS SODLQWH[W
SDVVZRUGV DQG SDVVZRUG VQLIIHUV WR H[WUDFW DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH
FRQFHSW RI UDLQERZ WDEOHV LV WKDW WKH DWWDFNHU FRPSXWHV SRVVLEOH SDVVZRUGV
DQG WKHLU KDVKHV LQ D JLYHQ V\VWHP DQG SXWV WKH UHVXOWV LQWR D ORRNXS WDEOH
FDOOHG D UDLQERZ WDEOH 7KLV DOORZV DQ DWWDFNHU WR JHW D KDVK IURP WKH YLFWLP
V\VWHP DQG WKHQ MXVW VHDUFK IRU WKDW KDVK LQ WKH UDLQERZ WDEOH WR JHW WKH
SODLQWH[W SDVVZRUG 7R PLWLJDWH UDLQERZ WDEOH DWWDFNV \RX FDQ GLVDEOH /0
KDVKHV DQG XVH ORQJ DQG FRPSOH[ SDVVZRUGV
3DVVZRUG VQLIILQJ 7KH WKUHDW DFWRU MXVW VQLIIV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ SDFNHWV
EHWZHHQ D FOLHQW DQG VHUYHU DQG H[WUDFWV SDVVZRUG KDVKHV RU HQRXJK
DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WR EHJLQ WKH FUDFNLQJ SURFHVV
3DVVZRUG FDSWXULQJ 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\ GRQH E\ XVLQJ NH\ ORJJHUV RU 7URMDQ
KRUVHV

:LUHOHVV $WWDFNV

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH D IHZ H[DPSOHV RI ZLUHOHVV VSHFLILF DWWDFNV

,QVWDOOLQJ D URJXH DFFHVV SRLQW 7KH DWWDFNHU EDVLFDOO\ LQVWDOOV DQ DFFHVV


SRLQW DQG FDQ FUHDWH D EDFNGRRU DQG REWDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH QHWZRUN DQG LWV
V\VWHPV
-DPPLQJ ZLUHOHVV VLJQDOV DQG FDXVLQJ LQWHUIHUHQFH 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV
DWWDFN LV WR FDXVH D IXOO RU SDUWLDO GHQLDO RI VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQ LQ WKH ZLUHOHVV
QHWZRUN
:DU GULYLQJ $WWDFNHUV XVH WKLV PHWKRGRORJ\ WR ILQG ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV SRLQWV
ZKHUHYHU WKH\ PD\ EH 7KH WHUP ZDU GULYLQJ LV XVHG EHFDXVH WKH DWWDFNHU
FDQ MXVW GULYH DURXQG DQG JHW D KXJH DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ RYHU D YHU\
VKRUW SHULRG RI WLPH
%OXHMDFNLQJ ,Q WKLV W\SH RI DWWDFN WKH DWWDFNHU VHQGV XQVROLFLWHG PHVVDJHV
WR DQRWKHU GHYLFH YLD %OXHWRRWK
(YLO WZLQ DWWDFN 7KLV LV GRQH ZKHQ WKH DWWDFNHU LV WU\LQJ WR FUHDWH URJXH
DFFHVV SRLQWV WR JDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH QHWZRUN RU VWHDO LQIRUPDWLRQ %DVLFDOO\
WKH DWWDFNHU SXUFKDVHV D ZLUHOHVV DFFHVV SRLQW SOXJV LW LQWR WKH QHWZRUN DQG
FRQILJXUHV LW H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH DV WKH H[LVWLQJ QHWZRUN
,9 DWWDFN 7KH DWWDFNHU FDQ FDXVH VRPH PRGLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH LQLWLDOL]DWLRQ
YHFWRU ,9 RI D ZLUHOHVV SDFNHW WKDW LV HQFU\SWHG GXULQJ WUDQVPLVVLRQ 7KH
JRDO RI WKH DWWDFNHU LV WR REWDLQ D ORW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH SODLQWH[W RI D
VLQJOH SDFNHW DQG JHQHUDWH DQRWKHU HQFU\SWLRQ NH\ WKDW WKHQ FDQ EH XVHG WR
GHFU\SW RWKHU SDFNHWV XVLQJ WKH VDPH ,9
:(3 DWWDFN :(3 DQG VHYHUDO YHUVLRQV RI :3$ DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR
GLIIHUHQW YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG DUH FRQVLGHUHG ZHDN :(3 VKRXOG QHYHU EH
XVHG $W WKH WLPH RI ZULWLQJ :3$ 9HUVLRQ LV WKH ODWHVW YHUVLRQ RI :3$
RIIHULQJ VHYHUDO IL[HV WR NQRZQ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ :3$ 9HUVLRQ DQG
9HUVLRQ VXFK DV WKH .5$&. DWWDFNV >NUDFNDWWDFNV FRP@
:36 DWWDFN 7KLV DWWDFN LV FDUULHG RXW ZLWK :36 SDVVZRUG JXHVVLQJ WRROV
WR REWDLQ WKH :36 SDVVZRUGV DQG XVH WKHP WR JDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH QHWZRUN
DQG LWV GDWD

7\SHV RI 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV

8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH ZHDNQHVVHV DQG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ D V\VWHP RU QHWZRUN LV D


KXJH VWHS WRZDUG FRUUHFWLQJ WKHVH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV RU SXWWLQJ LQ DSSURSULDWH
FRXQWHUPHDVXUHV WR PLWLJDWH WKUHDWV DJDLQVW WKHP 3RWHQWLDO QHWZRUN
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DERXQG ZLWK PDQ\ UHVXOWLQJ IURP RQH RU PRUH RI WKH IROORZLQJ

3ROLF\ IODZV
'HVLJQ HUURUV
3URWRFRO ZHDNQHVVHV
0LVFRQILJXUDWLRQ
6RIWZDUH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV
+XPDQ IDFWRUV
0DOLFLRXV VRIWZDUH
+DUGZDUH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV
3K\VLFDO DFFHVV WR QHWZRUN UHVRXUFHV

&LVFR DQG RWKHUV KDYH FUHDWHG GDWDEDVHV WKDW FDWHJRUL]H WKUHDWV LQ WKH SXEOLF
GRPDLQ 7KH &RPPRQ 9XOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG ([SRVXUHV &9( LV D GLFWLRQDU\ RI
SXEOLFO\ NQRZQ VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG H[SRVXUHV $ TXLFN VHDUFK XVLQJ
\RXU IDYRULWH VHDUFK HQJLQH ZLOO OHDG \RX WR WKH ZHEVLWH $OVR WKH 1DWLRQDO
9XOQHUDELOLW\ 'DWDEDVH 19' LV D UHSRVLWRU\ RI VWDQGDUGV EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLW\
LQIRUPDWLRQ \RX FDQ GR D TXLFN VHDUFK IRU LW WRR 85/V FKDQJH RYHU WLPH VR LW
LV EHWWHU WR DGYLVH \RX WR MXVW GR D TXLFN VHDUFK DQG FOLFN DQ\ OLQNV WKDW LQWHUHVW
\RX

7KH IROORZLQJ DUH H[DPSOHV RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ W\SHV RI YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

$3, EDVHG YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7KHVH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH DLPHG WR DWWDFN IODZV


LQ DSSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDPPLQJ LQWHUIDFHV $3,V
$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ E\SDVV YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7KHVH
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH XVHG WR E\SDVV DXWKHQWLFDWLRQ DQG DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
PHFKDQLVPV RI V\VWHPV ZLWKLQ D QHWZRUN
%XIIHU RYHUIORZ (DUOLHU LQ WKLV FKDSWHU \RX OHDUQHG WKDW D EXIIHU RYHUIORZ
RFFXUV ZKHQ D SURJUDP RU VRIWZDUH SXWV PRUH GDWD LQ D EXIIHU WKDQ LW FDQ
KROG RU ZKHQ D SURJUDP WULHV WR SXW GDWD LQ D PHPRU\ ORFDWLRQ SDVW D EXIIHU
7KLV LV GRQH VR GDWD RXWVLGH WKH ERXQGV RI D EORFN RI DOORFDWHG PHPRU\ FDQ
FRUUXSW RWKHU GDWD RU FUDVK WKH SURJUDP RU RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP ,Q D ZRUVW FDVH
VFHQDULR WKLV FRXOG OHDG WR WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI PDOLFLRXV FRGH %XIIHU
RYHUIORZV FDQ RFFXU LQ D YDULHW\ RI ZD\V DQG XQIRUWXQDWHO\ PDQ\ HUURU
SURQH WHFKQLTXHV RIWHQ DUH XVHG WR SUHYHQW WKHP
&URVV VLWH VFULSWLQJ ;66 YXOQHUDELOLW\ ,Q WKLV W\SH RI ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ
YXOQHUDELOLW\ PDOLFLRXV VFULSWV DUH LQMHFWHG LQWR OHJLWLPDWH DQG WUXVWHG
ZHEVLWHV $Q DWWDFNHU FDQ ODXQFK DQ DWWDFN DJDLQVW DQ ;66 YXOQHUDELOLW\
XVLQJ D ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ WR VHQG PDOLFLRXV FRGH W\SLFDOO\ LQ WKH IRUP RI D
EURZVHU VLGH VFULSW WR D GLIIHUHQW HQG XVHU ;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DUH TXLWH
ZLGHVSUHDG DQG RFFXU DQ\ZKHUH D ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ XVHV LQSXW IURP D XVHU
ZLWKLQ WKH RXWSXW LW JHQHUDWHV ZLWKRXW YDOLGDWLQJ RU HQFRGLQJ LW 7KHUH DUH
VHYHUDO W\SHV RI ;66 YXOQHUDELOLWLHV UHIOHFWHG VWRUHG DQG '20 EDVHG
;66 6XFFHVVIXO H[SORLWDWLRQ FRXOG UHVXOW LQ LQVWDOODWLRQ RU H[HFXWLRQ RI
PDOLFLRXV FRGH DFFRXQW FRPSURPLVH VHVVLRQ FRRNLH KLMDFNLQJ UHYHODWLRQ RU
PRGLILFDWLRQ RI ORFDO ILOHV RU VLWH UHGLUHFWLRQ <RX W\SLFDOO\ ILQG ;66
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ VHDUFK ILHOGV WKDW HFKR D VHDUFK VWULQJ EDFN WR WKH XVHU
+773 KHDGHUV LQSXW ILHOGV WKDW HFKR XVHU GDWD KLGGHQ IRUP ILHOGV DQG HUURU
PHVVDJHV WKDW UHWXUQ XVHU VXSSOLHG WH[W
&URVV VLWH UHTXHVW IRUJHU\ &65) YXOQHUDELOLW\ 7KLV W\SH RI
YXOQHUDELOLW\ IRUFHV DQ HQG XVHU WR H[HFXWH PDOLFLRXV VWHSV RQ D ZHE
DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KLV LV W\SLFDOO\ GRQH DIWHU WKH XVHU LV DXWKHQWLFDWHG WR VXFK DQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ &65) DWWDFNV JHQHUDOO\ WDUJHW VWDWH FKDQJLQJ UHTXHVWV DQG
DWWDFNHUV FDQQRW VWHDO GDWD EHFDXVH WKH\ KDYH QR ZD\ WR VHH WKH UHVSRQVH WR
WKH IRUJHG UHTXHVW &65) DWWDFNV DUH FDUULHG RXW E\ EHLQJ FRPELQHG ZLWK
VRFLDO HQJLQHHULQJ
&U\SWRJUDSKLF YXOQHUDELOLW\ 7KLV LV D YXOQHUDELOLW\ RU IODZ LQ D
FU\SWRJUDSKLF SURWRFRO RU LWV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
'HVHULDOL]DWLRQ RI XQWUXVWHG GDWD YXOQHUDELOLW\ 7KLV W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\
XVHV RU FDXVHV PDOIRUPHG GDWD RU XQH[SHFWHG GDWD WR DEXVH DSSOLFDWLRQ
ORJLF FDXVH D 'R6 DWWDFN RU H[HFXWH DUELWUDU\ FRGH
'RXEOH IUHH 7KLV YXOQHUDELOLW\ W\SLFDOO\ LQ & & DQG VLPLODU ODQJXDJHV
RFFXUV ZKHQ IUHH LV FDOOHG PRUH WKDQ RQFH ZLWK WKH VDPH PHPRU\ DGGUHVV
DV DQ DUJXPHQW
,QVXIILFLHQW HQWURS\ ,Q WKLV YXOQHUDELOLW\ D FU\SWRJUDSKLF DSSOLFDWLRQ GRHV
QRW KDYH SURSHU HQWURS\ )RU H[DPSOH SVHXGR UDQGRP QXPEHU JHQHUDWRUV
351*V FDQ EH VXVFHSWLEOH WR LQVXIILFLHQW HQWURS\ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG
DWWDFNV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH LQLWLDOL]HG
64/ LQMHFWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\ ,Q WKLV W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ DWWDFNHUV FDQ
LQVHUW RU LQMHFW D 64/ TXHU\ YLD WKH LQSXW GDWD IURP WKH FOLHQW WR WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ RU GDWDEDVH $WWDFNHUV FDQ H[SORLW 64/ LQMHFWRU YXOQHUDELOLWLHV WR
UHDG VHQVLWLYH GDWD IURP WKH GDWDEDVH PRGLI\ RU GHOHWH GDWDEDVH GDWD
H[HFXWH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RSHUDWLRQV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH DQG HYHQ LVVXH
FRPPDQGV WR WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ PRUH W\SHV RI YXOQHUDELOLWLHV 7KH 2SHQ :HE $SSOLFDWLRQ
6HFXULW\ 3URMHFW 2:$63 SURYLGHV JRRG UHIHUHQFHV WR GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI
YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG KRZ WR PLWLJDWH WKHP 2:$63 LV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO
RUJDQL]DWLRQ GHGLFDWHG WR HGXFDWLQJ LQGXVWU\ SURIHVVLRQDOV FUHDWLQJ WRROV DQG
HYDQJHOL]LQJ EHVW SUDFWLFHV IRU VHFXULQJ ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG XQGHUO\LQJ
V\VWHPV 7KHUH DUH GR]HQV RI 2:$63 FKDSWHUV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG ,W LV
UHFRPPHQGHG WKDW \RX EHFRPH IDPLOLDU ZLWK 2:$63 V ZHEVLWH
ZZZ RZDVS RUJ DQG JXLGDQFH

7LS

7KH *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\ DW P\ ZHEVLWH VHH


KWWSV K FNHU RUJ JLWKXE LQFOXGHV QXPHURXV RWKHU UHVRXUFHV
DQG OLQNV WR RWKHU WRROV DQG LQWHQWLRQDOO\ YXOQHUDEOH V\VWHPV WKDW
\RX FDQ GHSOR\ LQ \RXU ODE , DOVR FUHDWHG D OHDUQLQJ
HQYLURQPHQW FDOOHG :HE6SORLW IRU GLIIHUHQW F\EHUVHFXULW\ DQG
HWKLFDO KDFNLQJ SHQHWUDWLRQ WHVWLQJ WUDLQLQJ VHVVLRQV ERRNV
DQG YLGHR FRXUVHV :HE6SORLW LQFOXGHV VHYHUDO YXOQHUDEOH
DSSOLFDWLRQV UXQQLQJ LQ 'RFNHU FRQWDLQHUV DQG WKH WRROV WKDW
FRPH LQ .DOL /LQX[ DV ZHOO DV D IHZ DGGLWLRQDO WRROV
3HQHWUDWLRQ WHVWLQJ VNLOOV DUH QRW UHTXLUHG IRU WKH &\EHU 2SV
$VVRFLDWHV FHUWLILFDWLRQ +RZHYHU SUDFWLFLQJ VRPH RI WKH DWWDFNV
FRYHUHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU PD\ DOORZ \RX WR JDLQ DGGLWLRQDO
NQRZOHGJH DERXW WKH XQGHUO\LQJ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV DQG
PHWKRGRORJLHV WR H[SORLW VXFK YXOQHUDELOLWLHV <RX FDQ JHW PRUH
LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG GRZQORDG :HE6SORLW IURP
KWWSV ZHEVSORLW RUJ

([DP 3UHSDUDWLRQ 7DVNV

5HYLHZ $OO .H\ 7RSLFV

5HYLHZ WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW WRSLFV LQ WKH FKDSWHU QRWHG ZLWK WKH .H\ 7RSLF LFRQ
LQ WKH RXWHU PDUJLQ RI WKH SDJH 7DEOH OLVWV WKHVH NH\ WRSLFV DQG WKH SDJH
QXPEHUV RQ ZKLFK HDFK LV IRXQG

7DEOH .H\ 7RSLFV IRU &KDSWHU

.H\ 7RSLF 'HVFULSWLRQ 3DJH


(OHPHQW

3DUDJUDSK 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ SDVVLYH YV DFWLYH


UHFRQQDLVVDQFH

7LS 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ 2SHQ 6RXUFH ,QWHOOLJHQFH


26,17
/LVW 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SRUW DQG QHWZRUN VFDQQLQJ
WHFKQLTXHV

/LVW :KDW DUH SKLVKLQJ SKDUPLQJ DQG


PDOYHUWLVLQJ"

6HFWLRQ 3ULYLOHJH (VFDODWLRQ $WWDFNV

6HFWLRQ %DFNGRRUV

6HFWLRQ %XIIHU 2YHUIORZV DQG &RGH ([HFXWLRQ

6HFWLRQ 0DQ LQ WKH 0LGGOH $WWDFNV

/LVW ,GHQWLI\LQJ WKH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ''R6 DWWDFNV

3DUDJUDSK :KDW DUH ERWQHWV"

3DUDJUDSK 5HIOHFWHG ''R6 DWWDFNV

3DUDJUDSK :KDW DUH DPSOLILFDWLRQ DWWDFNV"

6HFWLRQ $WWDFN 0HWKRGV IRU 'DWD ([ILOWUDWLRQ

3DUDJUDSK $53 FDFKH SRLVRQLQJ


3DUDJUDSK 5RXWH PDQLSXODWLRQ DWWDFNV

/LVW 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SDVVZRUG DWWDFNV

/LVW 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ DWWDFNV DJDLQVW ZLUHOHVV


QHWZRUNV

/LVW 'HILQLQJ DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI


VHFXULW\ YXOQHUDELOLWLHV

3DUDJUDSK 7KH 2SHQ :HE $SSOLFDWLRQ 6HFXULW\ 3URMHFW


2:$63

7LS $FFHVVLQJ 2PDU V *LW+XE UHSRVLWRU\ DQG


:HE6SORLW ODEV

'HILQH .H\ 7HUPV

'HILQH WKH IROORZLQJ NH\ WHUPV IURP WKLV FKDSWHU DQG FKHFN \RXU DQVZHUV LQ
WKH JORVVDU\

64/ LQMHFWLRQ

&65)

;66
EXIIHU RYHUIORZ

ZDU GULYLQJ

UDLQERZ WDEOHV

'16 WXQQHOLQJ

ERWQHW

EDFNGRRUV

5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV

7KH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV DSSHDU LQ $SSHQGL[ $ $QVZHUV WR WKH 'R ,


.QRZ 7KLV $OUHDG\" 4XL]]HV DQG 5HYLHZ 4XHVWLRQV )RU PRUH SUDFWLFH ZLWK
H[DP IRUPDW TXHVWLRQV XVH WKH H[DP HQJLQH RQ WKH ZHEVLWH

:KDW GHVFULEHV WKH XVH RI D UDLQERZ WDEOH"

:KDW LV WKH QDPH JLYHQ WR D PHWKRGRORJ\ XVHG E\ DWWDFNHUV WR ILQG ZLUHOHVV


DFFHVV SRLQWV ZKHUHYHU WKH\ PD\ EH"

:KDW LV D FRPPRQ ZHE DSSOLFDWLRQ YXOQHUDELOLW\ ZKHUH PDOLFLRXV VFULSWV DUH


LQMHFWHG LQWR OHJLWLPDWH DQG WUXVWHG ZHEVLWHV"

:KDW LV D W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW DWWDFNHUV FDQ H[SORLW WR UHDG VHQVLWLYH


GDWD IURP WKH GDWDEDVH PRGLI\ RU GHOHWH GDWDEDVH GDWD H[HFXWH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQV RQ WKH GDWDEDVH DQG HYHQ LVVXH FRPPDQGV WR WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP"
:KDW DWWDFN UHVXOWV ZKHQ DWWDFNHUV SODFH WKHPVHOYHV LQ OLQH EHWZHHQ WZR
GHYLFHV WKDW DUH FRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWK WKH LQWHQW RI SHUIRUPLQJ UHFRQQDLVVDQFH
RU PDQLSXODWLQJ WKH GDWD DV LW PRYHV EHWZHHQ WKH GHYLFHV"

:KDW LV D W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ ZKHUH DQ DWWDFNHU FDQ XVH RU FDXVH PDOIRUPHG


GDWD RU XQH[SHFWHG GDWD WR DEXVH DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ V ORJLF FDXVH D 'R6 DWWDFN RU
H[HFXWH DUELWUDU\ FRGH"

:KDW LV D W\SH RI YXOQHUDELOLW\ WKDW GHVFULEHV ZKHQ D SURJUDP RU VRIWZDUH


SXWV PRUH GDWD LQ D EXIIHU WKDQ LW FDQ KROG RU ZKHQ D SURJUDP WULHV WR SXW GDWD
LQ D PHPRU\ ORFDWLRQ SDVW D EXIIHU"

:KDW W\SH RI DWWDFN LV GRQH ZKHQ WKH DWWDFNHU WULHV WR FUHDWH URJXH DFFHVV
SRLQWV WR JDLQ DFFHVV WR WKH QHWZRUN RU VWHDO LQIRUPDWLRQ"

:KDW LV DQ DWWDFN ZKHUH WKUHDW DFWRUV FDQ DWWDFN KRVWV VZLWFKHV DQG URXWHUV
FRQQHFWHG WR \RXU /D\HU QHWZRUN E\ SRLVRQLQJ WKH $53 FDFKHV RI V\VWHPV
FRQQHFWHG WR WKH VXEQHW DQG E\ LQWHUFHSWLQJ WUDIILF LQWHQGHG IRU RWKHU KRVWV RQ
WKH VXEQHW"

&LVFR VZLWFKHV VXSSRUW D IHDWXUH WKDW YDOLGDWHV $53 SDFNHWV DQG LQWHUFHSWV
ORJV DQG GLVFDUGV $53 SDFNHWV ZLWK LQYDOLG ,3 WR 0$& DGGUHVV ELQGLQJV
:KDW LV WKLV IHDWXUH FDOOHG"

You might also like