Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

Module-l : DC-CIRCUITS
Ohm's Law
Statement: The voltage across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperature, remain constant.

V=IxRvolt
I= V/R ampere
R=V/I ohm (Q)
KCL
Statement: The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a
junction is equal to zero.

I= Ir* Iz ampere
I-It-Iz=0
KVL &1 R? n3
Statement: The algebraic sum of all the EMFs & voltage drops
in a closed loop of an electric circuit is zero. +
o*Vza i'*16*&
E= Vr *Vz + Vs volt
Vr=IRr, Vz=IRz, Vr=IRt

Resistances in series:

Y = (Vr+ Vz+ V:) volt

*Iz+-tuU**
Rsq= (Rr+Rz+R:) ohm

V
l=- amDere
R.o r
Voltage division in series circuit:

R.
vr=-
' RL+Rz X v volr VL----*4- V?

R"
Yz=4
- R7+R2 X V volt

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 Hand Eook of formulas for lst year EEE Courses

Resistances in parallel

1111
R"q R, R2
-= R3

I- ( trr+ Iz+ I:) ampere

V
,= ampere
* eq

Current division in parailil circuit

,,=[fr;),, ampere

,,
' = [-\R, "..-]", ampere
+R,J

Power dissipated in the circuit

P = (V I) wattor p = G2 R) watt or @ =f ) watt

Energy
Energy = (PowerxTime l
joure or Energy = (voltage X current X Time) joure

Electromagnetism

Magnetic Flux Density B= WUI- z or T [T = Tesla]

$a
where B = Magnetic Flux Density in Wb/m2
(D
= Magnetic Flux in Wb
a = area of cross section in m2
lYlrvlf = l\ I
where N = Number of turns in the coil
I = Current through the coil

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

MMF = Flux x Reluctance = (D x fr

I
Reluctance fr =
LbFra
where;.rs = Permeability of free space or air (4nx l0rfVm)
p. = Relative Penneability
a = area ofcross section
N1
MagneticForcer=TAT/m
where N = Number of turns in the coil
I = Current
/= Coil length
EMF induced in the coil e = -N
dt
4
where e= induced emf in volts,
N= Number of turns in the coil
da
rut" of change of flux
ii=
Statically induced emf e= -L +
dt
Where, L = self-inductance of the coil
dt
of change of current
il=rute
Dynamically induced emf e=B / y sin
whereB=fluxdensity
/ = length
y = conductor velocity

Self Inductance 1= I'= lh&r a N2

II
Where N = Number of turns in the coil
I = Current
(D Magnetic Flux
=
lro = Permeability of free space or air (4nx l0rFVrn)
p, = Relative Permeability
a = area of cross section of the electromagnet
/ = length of the electromagnet

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

[o ltr NrNz 4
Mutual lnductance M = t
where po = Permeability of free space or air (4n x 10-7IVm)
p. = Relative PermeabilitY
Nr = number of turns in coil 1
Nz = number of turns in coil 2
a = cross-sectional area
/ = coil leneth
Co-efficient of CouPlins
L a
g - { LJz
'l
where M = Mutual Inductance
Lr= Self inductance of coil 1

Lz= Self inductance of coil 2

1

Energy stored in Magnetic field =;L 12 Joules

where L= Self Inductance of a coil

I = Current flowing through the coil

MOdUIE.2 : A.C. FUNDAMENTALS & SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS

v : V- sin @/
Instantaneous value of alternating voltage
i : 1- Sitr @/
Instantaneous value of alternating current

Arrgularveloclty a=2trf radlsec , f -fuequency rnIHLz

Vm
RMS value of voltage Vrms , rrV*- n^^r-
Peak --^lr^
=i!, voltage

RMS value of current , Ir*, ='# , I^- Peakcurrent

Average voltage Vou =T

2Im
Average ctrtent lou It
rms ualue 0.707 lrn 1aa
Form factor = average value - _0.637 Im -1-I - lI II
Maxtmumualue
Peak factor = rrns ualue = 1.4L4

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst Year EEE Courses

Pure Resistive Circuit

v =Vmslrt of _V Z0
i = I *sinott
=I lO
Z=R-Y a
I
v =V*sinatt Cosfi =l

Average Power P =VI in Watts

circuit

r) =v. sin @t
-v /o
i : I *sin(rot+ 900 ) : I Z90o

/,= -jX, -mo

Po, =0

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst Year EEE Courses

Purelv Inductive circuit

v :V*sin att _V /0
i = I *sin(cot- 9oo )=I /- 9oo
VLO
L=+1.\1 =- sz
IL-O
Po, =0

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

Sinsle Phase Circuits

Series RL circuit:

v =V*sin att i = I*sin(att - fi =I /- 0

Impedance

z=R+jXr =ffin
,X,
- tan-'R"

V:IZ
Activepowef, P -V/cos Q - I'R Watts

Reactive power Q =VI sin{ - 12 X L VAR

Apparent power s =vI - I2Z vA

,R
Power factor ,Z
COS0=-

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst Year EEE Courses

Series RC circuit:

v :V*sin alt
=I zO
i=I + 0)
^sin(a/
Impedance

Z=R-jXr=-rUO
v4n

V=IZ
Active R
power P -V/cos 0 - I' Watts

Reactive power Q =VI sinfi - I'X, VAR

Apparent power S =VI - I2Z (VA)

,R
cosd--
Power factor ,Z

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st year EEE Courses

Series RLC Circuit:

If Xr> Xc
v /0
=V*sinatt -V
i=I*sin(att-il-I/-0
*r- *r\
d
Y-LaLt
-tan-l( t n ,1

Z=(R+jX;jxc)a

V = IZ volts
,R
,Z -
cosd =

If Xr>X,
Y =V*stnat =V /0
i=I*sin(at+il-I/0
Z-(R+jXr jXr) o
V - IZ volts
.R
,Z -
cosd =
 HandBoot of formulas for lst y-ear EEE Courses

Ihree Phase AC Circuits:

Vt =hne voltage, 0 - phase angle between phase vottug. aoa pnase

Ir.= line current,
Vpn= phase voltage, Ppn =Active power per phase
Ipz= phase current, Qpn =Reactive power per phase
=Impedance per phase

1. For star connected three phase ACiiiluit:

$5y
&+
:luxsEPaASm
t0mE V
B gTABcoFINECTEIILoAD
A€

*uprr

THT-, Triple PsIe gingle lhrow

VL - ,l1vroValts

It = Ipn Amps

zpn =?"
 Hand Bookof formulas for 1'st Year EEE Cotrsqq

*wth*€1!+exfrfiw t#an

TPST - Triple Pole Single Throw

VL - VrnVolts

Ir = filpn AmPs
zpn =!"
'ph

3. Power in a three Phase AC circuit:

l. Ppn = Vpnlpn cos cos Q Watts

2. Qpn = Vpnlpn stn sin@ vAR

3. Srn -- Vpnlpn VA
4. P = #Vrt, cos cos @ watts

5. Q = ",l4Vrt, stn stnT vAR

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst'Ye4f lEE-q'0urses

4I#ry
M
r-* gW
we ME
** W
W W

TPST - Pole Sin

Wt = VyIv cas cos (30 -q Watts

Wz - VTI; cos cos (30 + q Watts

Wt * Wz = fiVrt, cos cos A -... ' '. "three phase power

WL - Wz - VrI, stnL
Power factor,

cosa=cosffffi]

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst Year EEE Courses

Module3:DCGENERATOR
EVF Equation:

P -- -
Ltg volts
60A
En- generated emf in volts
P = number of poles
0 = flux per pole inwb
Z = total number of conductors
N = speed of the armature in rpm
A = number of paralle1 paths
A = P for lap winding ; A - 2 for wave winding

Es = g.r.rattd .*f t, ,r#,

V = terminal voltage involts
Ra=&rffIitture resistance in ohms
Rse=Sories field winding resistance rn ohms
Rsn=Shunt field winding resistance rn ohms
Ia=&flll&ture current tn amperes
Ise=Series field current in qmperes
Isn= shunt field culrent Ln amperes
IL = load current rfi amperes
RL = load resistance in ohms
BCD=Brush Contact Drop

Types of DC Generators:
1. DC SERIES GENERATOR

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst Year EEE Courses

Io = It = I* amps
V = Es - Iu(Rn* Rrr) * BeD valts
V=lrR volts

2. DC SHUNT GENERATOR

Ia = It * lsn amps
V = Es - IoRu - BCD volts
V = It Rt = lsrrRslr volts

3. DC LONG SHUNT COMPOUND GENER"{TOR

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 Hand Book of formulas for lst Year EEE Courses

I _f
ta - tse OmpS
Io = Ir * /srr omPS
V : IsnRsn = IrRr uolts
v = Es - Io(Ro * Rrr) - BCD volts

DC SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

Io: Ir" * Irn omps

Ir" : It amps
V = ILRI volts
w

**l I
Es - IoRo -
v :E s - Io(Ro * Rrr)
BCD = IsnRsn volts
- BCD volts

t.
Module3:DCMOTOR

v = DC input voltage in volts I." = Series Field Current in amps

Ir. = Line Current in amps Isr = Shunt Field Current in amps
P = Number of poles lu = Armature Current in amps
N = Speed in rpm BCD = Brush Contact Drop in volts
o = Flux in wb Ru = Armature Resistance in ohm
Tsl = Shaft Torque in N-m Rn = Shunt field Resistance in ohm
T" = Armature Torque in N-m R'. = Series field Resistance in ohm
En = Back EMF in volts lu = Armature current in Amps
A = Number of parallel paths
o) = Angular Velocity in radians per second

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE eourses

Back EMF
AxzxNxP
Eb = 60 rr{ volts

Armature Torque
r. = (f;) (QI*) (ff) x -*
Angular velocity
ZxnxN
ur: --il rad/sec

Shaft Torque

rsF! - N-m

of DC Motor
DC SHUNT MOTOR

-V
/rt = nrL amPs

fir ? I7= Iu* Irn amps

Eb
Supply
Ea:V - IoRo- BCD
i volts

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

IIC SERIES MOTOR

IL tt
su*es
Fletd 1X*
& It = Ia = 1r, amps
DCi r.t

'*T /-t' t
In'r if'
Ea=v - Io(Ro*Rrr)- BCDvolts

Y+
DC SIIORT SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR
, v- IseRse

?r*
Ish =T imps
'tr \
$eries c,l Ir = Ir" = Io * 151 amps
Field
".."-.-.-.-:-...''/
R*
I

*t
at
II
DC :I.
Ea=V - Ir"Rr"-IoRo- BCD volts
suPPry ff; ;
H,:' S n-
/r
M IEO

ln-

DC LONG SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR

-V
/sh = amps
-^sh
xr$" Ir, = Io * I51 amps

DC -LI'I
*upp\y
ff
r*l
tg[ o.
I
*tt Io = Ir"
Ea=v - Io(Ro*Rr")-
amps

Shuut
-* M )i- BCD volts

4t
Field <:rl
 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

Module 4 : TRANSFORMERS
Nomenclature:
Er= emf induced in primary winding in volts
Ez= emf induced in secondary winding in volts
/= Frequency of supply voltage in}l.ertz
Nr= number of primary windings
Nz= number of secondary windings
@-= Maximum flux linking the windings in webers
7r= supply voltage given to the primary windings in volts
7z= output voltage across secondary windings in volts
/r= culrent flowing through primary windings
1z= culrent flowing through secondary windings
VIi = Iron loss
Wcu=Full load Copper loss
x = fractional load
V= volume of the core
Bmax = maximum value of flux density in the cofe
tl = a constant, whose value depends on the quality of the magnetic material used for making the core
I = a constant, whose value depends on the quality of the magnetic material used for making the core
t = thickness of the laminations
Emf equation:
Er: 4.44f fumN, Volts
Ez = 4.44f hmN, Volts

t/-
If" V" I,
N, V\ 12

Condition for maximum efficiencv:

wt W"
Full load currents:

Volt Ampere Rattng of atransformer

It= VL
Amps

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 Hand Book of forrnulas for lst Year EEE Courses

Volt Ampere Rating of a transf ormer

o/or1: xxKVAx1000xCosO
xxKVA x 1000 xCos@*Wt*xzWru671 x 1_00

wh- qB,.u,,*fVWatt
Eddv current loss in transformer:

w"- BB,o* PtzY watt

Module 4 : THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

I Synchronous speed of rotating magnetic field Ns =

i
ry rpm

j Where f= frequency of supply inHz, p= Number of poles

Percentage slip s - ryNs x 1oo

Where N= rotor speed in {pm, N^r Synchronous speed inrpm

Where/' frequency of rotor induced emf in Hz

Rotor speed 1g = 1r5 (1- s)

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

Measurins instruments
Whetstone's Bridge
The balance equation of the bridge is given by

QR: PS

D
therefore unknown resistance R =)-
a

Kelvin's Double bridge The balance equation of the bridge is given by

&
_ P- qr ,P
R=;s+ *6rA-(|),
As per the design P/Q = plS, the value of
unknown resistance is given by

P
*=
A-t

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

Maxwell's bridge for inductance The balance equation of the bridge is given by
x@ lth* f;*

Lr=
* t, and = ff Cn, * rz)
R1

*'Wtu
fu@@*a

Schering's bridge for capacitance The balance equation of the bridge is given by

<-- E3

Rr=T*oCr:T

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

Module 5 : DOMESTIC WIRING

Two way Control of Lamp

F{

TabIe

SI. No. Switch 51 Switch 52 Lamp

1 Ar-Br Az-Bz ON
2 Ar-Br Az- Cz OFF
3 Ar-Cr Az -ts2 OFF
4 A, -C, Ar-C, ON

Three way Control of Lamp

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 Hand Book of formulas for 1st Year EEE Courses

A1

'ctr

Truth Table
Sl. No. Switch S1 lntermediate Switch 53 Position of 53 Switch 52 Lamp
1 Ar -Br P_S&O-R Az-Bz OFF
2 Ar-Br P_S&O_R Cross Az- Cz ON
--l Ar-Cr P-S&Q-R Connection Az-Bz ON
4 Ar-Cr P_S&O_R Az- Cz OFF
5 Ar -Br P-O&R-S Az-Bz ON
6 Ar-Br P_Q&R_S Straight Az- Cz OFF
7 Ar-Cr P-O&R_S Connection Az-Bz OFF
8 A,-C, P*Q&R-S Az- Cz ON

Two-Part Electricity Tariff

Total charges = Rs (b x kW + c x kwh)

= Fixed charges + Running charges

Where b= charge per kW of maximum demand

c= charge per kWh of energy consumed

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