Monte, Ma. Sofia F.

BS Nursing 1B
Lecture Module: Infection and Host Resistance
Lecture 1: Introduction to Infection and Host Defense
1. What is the definition of infection? a) Invasion of non-pathogenic microorganisms within a host b)
Invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms within a host, leading to disease c) Invasion
of host cells by viruses only d) Invasion of host tissues by parasites
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of pathogen? a) Bacteria b) Viruses c) Protists d) Fungi
3. Which component of innate immunity provides immediate, generalized protection against pathogens
without prior exposure or memory? a) Physical barriers b) Cellular components c) Molecular factors d)
Antibodies
4. What is the primary function of complement proteins in innate immunity? a) Direct lysis of pathogens
b) Phagocytosis of pathogens c) Production of antibodies d) Activation of T cells
5. Which of the following immune cells is involved in adaptive immunity? a) Macrophages b) Neutrophils
c) T lymphocytes d) Natural killer cells
6. What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity? a) Specificity and memory b) Rapid
response time c) Lack of cellular components d) Non-specific defense mechanisms
7. Which immune cells produce antibodies? a) T lymphocytes b) B lymphocytes c) Macrophages d)
Neutrophils
8. How does innate immunity respond to repeated exposure to the same pathogen? a) By producing
memory cells b) By exhibiting high specificity c) By activating T lymphocytes d) By providing the same
response as the initial encounter
9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? a) Rapid response time b)
Presence of memory c) Highly specific d) Involvement of T and B lymphocytes
10. What is the primary function of antibodies in adaptive immunity? a) Phagocytosis of pathogens b)
Activation of complement proteins c) Neutralization of pathogens d) Production of cytokines
11. Which of the following is a strategy employed by pathogens to evade host defense mechanisms? a)
Activation of complement proteins b) Inhibition of phagocytosis c) Production of antibodies d) Activation
of T lymphocytes
12. What is the primary goal of the host immune system in response to pathogens? a) Facilitate
pathogen invasion b) Prevent pathogen replication c) Enhance host tissue damage d) Suppress
immune responses
13. Which of the following is an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)? a) Toxin
production b) Adherence to host cells c) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) d) Antigenic variation
14. Which of the following types of pathogens is characterized by abnormal proteins that induce
misfolding of normal cellular proteins? a) Viruses b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Prions
15. What is the primary function of physical barriers in innate immunity? a) Production of antibodies b)
Activation of complement proteins c) Prevention of pathogen entry d) Recognition of specific antigens
Lecture 2: Bacterial Infection and Invasion
1. Toxins produced by bacteria can: a) Promote phagocytosis by immune cells b) Inhibit bacterial
growth c) Trigger inflammatory responses d) Enhance host immune responses
2. Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? a) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) b) Cholera toxin c)
Endotoxin d) Peptidoglycan
3. Endotoxins are commonly found in a) Gram-positive bacteria b) Viruses c) Gram-negative bacteria d)
Fungi
4. Type III and type IV secretion systems are used by bacteria to: a) Break down host cell membranes
b) Deliver virulence factors into host cells c) Enhance host immune responses d) Inhibit bacterial
replication
5. Capsules produced by bacteria primarily function to: a) Enhance bacterial adhesion to host cells b)
Trigger inflammatory responses c) Inhibit phagocytosis by immune cells d) Stimulate antibody
production
6. The inflammatory response to bacterial infection is initiated by the recognition of bacterial
components by: a) Antibodies b) Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) c) T lymphocytes d) Cytokines
7. Which of the following is a mediator of the inflammatory response? a) Antibodies b) Cytokines c)
Viruses d) Neutrophils
8. Innate immune pathways are activated in response to bacterial components such as a) DNA b)
Lipids c) Proteins d) Carbohydrates
9. Adaptive immunity provides specific defense against bacterial infections through a) Non-specific
mechanisms b) Antibody production by B lymphocytes c) Phagocytosis by macrophages d) Activation
of natural killer cells
10. Memory responses generated during adaptive immunity provide: a) Short-term protection against
bacterial infections b) Immediate defense against pathogens c) Long-lasting protection against
recurrent infections d) Non-specific immunity
11. Which of the following immune cells produce antibodies? a) T lymphocytes b) Macrophages c)
Neutrophils d) B lymphocytes
12. The primary function of antibodies in bacterial infections is to: a) Trigger inflammatory responses b)
Enhance bacterial growth c) Mark bacteria for destruction by immune cells d) Inhibit phagocytosis by
immune cells
13. What role do T cells play in adaptive immunity against bacterial infections? a) Production of
antibodies b) Recognition and elimination of infected host cells c) Phagocytosis of bacteria d) Activation
of complement proteins
14. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria evade host immune detection? a)
Capsule production b) Toxin secretion c) Type III secretion system d) Opsonization of bacteria
15. What is the main goal of understanding mechanisms such as adherence, invasion, virulence factors, and
host responses to bacterial infection? a) To promote bacterial growth b) To develop strategies to prevent,
diagnose, and treat infectious diseases c) To reduce the effectiveness of the host immune response d) To
enhance bacterial dissemination within the hostr destruction by immune cells d) Inhibit phagocytosis by immune
cells

Lecture 3: Host Resistance to Bacterial Infection

1. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in phagocytosis? a) Production of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) b) Opsonization c) Direct lysis of bacteria d) Activation of complement cascade
2. How do opsonin’s enhance phagocytosis? a) By inhibiting bacterial growth b) By promoting the
recognition of bacterial surface molecules by phagocytes c) By directly lysing bacterial cells d) By
inducing inflammation
3. Which component of the complement system forms membrane attack complexes (MACs) to directly
lyse bacteria? a) C-reactive protein b) C3b c) Cytokines d) Interleukins
4. In addition to enhancing phagocytosis, complement proteins also: a) Inhibit inflammation b) Promote
bacterial growth c) Modulate inflammatory responses d) Suppress immune cell activation
5. How do antibodies contribute to immune surveillance against bacterial infections? a) By directly
lysing bacteria b) By promoting bacterial adhesion c) By enhancing bacterial growth d) By marking
bacteria for recognition and phagocytosis
6. Which function of antibodies involves binding to bacterial toxins and preventing their interaction with
host cells? a) Opsonization b) Neutralization c) Complement activation d) Inflammation inhibition
7. Which immune cells play a central role in cell-mediated immunity against intracellular bacteria? a) B
lymphocytes b) Macrophages c) Neutrophils d) T lymphocytes
8. How do T cells contribute to the immune response against bacterial infections? a) By producing
antibodies b) By directly killing infected host cells c) By secreting antimicrobial peptides d) By promoting
bacterial adhesion
9. Immunomodulatory approaches aim to: a) Directly kill bacteria b) Suppress the immune response c)
Boost the host's immune response d) Inhibit phagocytosis
10. Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce: a) Antibodies b) Reactive oxygen species c)
Cytokines d) Complement proteins
11. Which immunotherapy approach involves the administration of monoclonal antibodies targeting
bacterial toxins? a) Passive immunization b) Active immunization c) Adoptive T cell therapy d) Cytokine
therapy
12. Cytokine administration in bacterial infections aims to: a) Inhibit inflammation b) Suppress immune
cell activation c) Enhance the host's ability to clear bacterial infections d) Promote bacterial growth
13. What is the primary mechanism of action of antibiotics? a) Inhibition of cytokine production b)
Activation of complement cascade c) Targeting specific bacterial components or pathways essential for
survival d) Stimulation of phagocytosis
14. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria: a) Develop mechanisms to evade the effects of
antibiotics b) Increase their susceptibility to antibiotics c) Produce more antibodies d) Enhance
phagocytosis
15. Why is judicious antibiotic use important in bacterial infection management? a) To promote
antibiotic resistance b) To enhance bacterial growth c) To prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria d) To suppress the immune response