Animal Diversity

ผศ. ดร. มนฤ ยโพ

Youtube channel : Mondy Chaiyapo

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ดี
ชั
ธิ์
Characteristics of Animals

Multicellular ==>

Eukaryote ==> double layered

Heterotroph ==>

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asymmetry Body symmetry

Any imaginary slice through

the central axis divides
the animal into mirror images

Only one imaginary cut divides

the animal into left and right
mirror imaged halves
Early embryonic development in animals
ectoderm
mesoderm
2. blastulation endoderm

1. 3.

archenteron = gastrocoel
 A comparison of protostome and deuterostome development

schizocoelous enterocoelous
Type of coelom

coelomate

pseudocoelomate

acoelomate
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 Parazoa: Phylum Porifera

- lack true tissues ==> parazoa

- asymmetry
- with choanocytes
- amoebocyte
- spongocoel / osculum
- spicule
- monoecious
- both asexual and sexual reproductions
- no nerve, no muscle
- contains 3 classes
- e.g. sponges

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 Class Calcarea Class Hexactinellida
Calcareous sponges

Class Desmospongiae

glass sponges

bath sponges, freshwater sponges 10

Eumetazoa: Phylum Cnidaria / Coelenterata

- diplobastic
- radial symmetry
- cnidocyte / nematocyst
- gastrovascular cavity
- 2-way digestive tract
- polyp and medusa forms
- nerve nets
- both monoecious and dioecious
- both asexual and sexual reproductions
- include 4 classes
- e.g. hydras, jellies, sea anemones, corals
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radial symmetry
 corals

sea fan
Portugese man-of-wars
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 Phylum Platyhelminthes

- triploblastic
- acoelomate / protostome
- bilateral symmetry
- dorsoventrally flattened
- unsegmented
- gastrovascular cavity (free-living)
or no digestive tract (parasite)
- 2-way digestive tract
- protonephridium / flame cell
- anterior ganglion (brain) + nerve cord
- monoecious
- both asexual and sexual reproductions
- divided into 4 classes
- e.g. flatworms, monogenean, planaria, flukes, tapeworms
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 Class Turbellaria Class Monogenea

planaria monogenean

blood fluke

Class Cestoda

liver fluke

Class Trematoda

tapeworm
 Phylum Nematoda

- pseudocoelomate / protostome
- 1-way digestive tract
- cuticle
- renette cell / excretory gland
- longitudinal muscle
- dioecious
- sexual reproductions
- phasmids
- consists of 2 classes
- e.g. hookworm, roundworms, trichina worms,
pinworms, whipworm
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Class Aphasmidia Class Phasmidia

pinworm

whipworms

hookworm
 Phylum Annelida

- coelomate (schizocoelous) / protostome

- cuticle / skin (gas exchange)
- metameric segmentation / septum
- setae (chaetae) / parapodia
- nephridium (metanephridium)
- brain +ventral nerve cord +ganglia
- longitudinal and circular muscles
- closed circulatory system
- both monoecious and dioecious / sexual reproduction
- divided into 3 classes
- e.g. earthworms, leeches, polychaetes
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 Class Polychaeta

Class Oligochaeta

polychaete

Class Hirudina

leech earthworm
 Phylum Mollusca

- coelomate (schizocoelous) / protostome

- mantle / calcium carbonate / shell
- muscular foot / visceral mass
- gill (gas exchange) / siphons
- radula (except bivalves)
- open circulatory system (except cephalopods)
- nephridium (generally) or kidney (cephalopods)
- nerve ring + nerve cord + ganglia (generally);
brain + ganglia (cephalopods)
- dioecious / sexual reproduction
- includes 4 classes
- e.g. chitons, clams, snails, squids
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 Class Gastropoda
Class Polyplacophora

Class Bivalvia

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Class Cephalopoda

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 Phylum Arthropoda
- coelomate (schizocoelous) / protostome
- metameric segmentation / paired, jointed appendages
- 3 parts:- head, thorax (cephalothorax) and abdomen
- exoskeleton (chitin / protein)
- compound eyes
- metamorphosis / molting
- gill, book gill, book lung, trachea (gas exchange)
- open circulatory system
- malphigian tubule, coxal gland, green gland, gills
(excretion)
- brain+ nerve cords + ganglia
- dioecious / sexual reproduction
- includes 4 subphyla
- e.g. crustaceans, insects, spiders, millipedes, centipedes 37
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 Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Subphylum Myriapoda

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 Subphylum Hexapoda

fly butterfly

Subphylum Crustacea

wasp
beetles

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 Phylum Echinodermata

- deuterostome
- coelomate (enterocoelous)
- bilateral (larvae) and pentaradial (adults) symmetries
- arm / central disc / ambulacral groove /tube feet
- spiny skin / pedicellaria
- gill (gas exchange)
- water vascular system / ring canal + radial canal /
madreporite / coelomic fluid / amoebocyte
- nerve ring / radial nerve
- endoskeleton
- dioecious / sexual reproduction
- divided into 6 classes
- e.g. sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars,
sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea daisies, sea lillies 44
Pedicellaria

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 Class
Concentricycloidea

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 Phylum Chordata

- bilateral symmetry
- deuterostome
- coelomate (enterocoelous)
- metameric segmentation
- closed circulatory system with ventral heart
- nephridium / kidney
- endoskeleton
- notochord / vertebrae
- dorsal hollow nerve cord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- dioecious / sexual reproduction
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- divided into 3 subphyla:-
- 1) Subphylum Urochordata
- no skull, with notochord (larva), no vertebrae
- e.g. tunicate / sea squirt
- 2) Subphylum Cephalochordata
- no skull, with notochord, no vertebrae
- e.g. Amphioxus / lancelet

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- 3) Subphylum Vertebrata
- with skull, no notochord (in adult), with vertebrae
- classified into 7 classes:-
1. Class Agnatha
2. Class Chondrichthyes
3. Class Osteichthyes
4. Class Amphibia
5. Class Reptilia
6. Class Aves
7. Class Mammalia

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1. Class Agnatha (jawless fishes)
- no jaw
- no paired appendages (fins)
- gill
- 2-chambered heart (1 atrium, 1 ventricle)
- cartilaginous skeleton
- cold blooded animal (ectotherm)
- oviparity
- external fertilization
- e.g. hagfish (Myxini), lamprey (Cephalaspidomorphi)

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 lamprey

hagfish

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2. Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
- with jaw
- with paired appendages (2 pairs of fins)
- gill
- cartilaginous skeleton
- placoid scales
- internal fertilization => clasper
- viviparity (mostly), oviparity
- e.g. sharks, stingrays, chimaeras

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3. Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
- with paired appendages (2 pairs of fins)
- gill (mostly)/ lung (lungfishes) / swimbladder
- bony skeleton / operculum
- cycloid / ctenoid scales
- oviparity
- external fertilization (mostly)
- e.g. eels, seahorses, lionfishes, tunas, sea dragons,
porcupinefishes, coelacanths, lungfishes

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4. Class Amphibia
- 2 pairs of appendages (1 pair of arms, 1 pair of legs)
- skin, gill, lung (gas exchange)
- 3 -chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
- oviparity but egg with jelly
- external fertilization
- tadpoles / metamorphosis
- e.g. frogs, salamanders, newts, toads, caecilians

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5. Class Reptilia
- lung (gas exchange)
- mostly with 3-chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle),
except crocodile with 4-chambered heart
- oviparity — egg with shell (amniotes)
- internal fertilization
- e.g. crocodiles, lizards, turtles, snakes, alligators,
boas, tuataras

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6. Class Aves
- 2 pairs of appendages (1 pair of wings, 1 pair of legs)
- beak without teeth
- feather
- 4 -chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
- warm blooded animal (endoterm)
- oviparity —egg with shell
- internal fertilization
- e.g. ducks, chickens, birds, peacocks, penguins, emu

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7. Class Mammalia
- 2 pairs of appendages (1 pair of arms, 1 pair of legs)
- mammary gland
- hair
- 4-chambered heart
- warm blooded animal (endotherm)
- viviparity (mostly)
- internal fertilization
- classified into 3 main groups:- monotremes, marsupials
and eutherians
- e.g. bats, cows, elephants, seals, horses, human, whales,
echidna, kangaroos, possums, baboons, tigers,
tasmanian devil, koala, polar bear
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 oviparity / no nipples

viviparity / with nipples / no placenta / pouch

viviparity / with nipples /

with placenta
monotreme marsupial

eutherians

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 koala

tasmanian
devil

kangaroo
tiger

baboon