Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes

ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/tgel20

The review of the geological disaster of Bandung

Basin subsurface: perspective from geological
approach

Nugroho Aji Satriyo, Asep Mulyono, Sunarya Wibawa, Anita Yuliyanti,

Anggun Mayang Sari, Moch. Hilmi Zaenal Putra & Kurnia Arfiyansyah

To cite this article: Nugroho Aji Satriyo, Asep Mulyono, Sunarya Wibawa, Anita Yuliyanti,
Anggun Mayang Sari, Moch. Hilmi Zaenal Putra & Kurnia Arfiyansyah (06 Jun 2024): The review
of the geological disaster of Bandung Basin subsurface: perspective from geological approach,
Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, DOI: 10.1080/24749508.2024.2359781

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2024.2359781

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa

UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis
Group on behalf of the International Water,
Air & Soil Conservation Society(INWASCON).

Published online: 06 Jun 2024.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 391

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tgel20
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES
https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2024.2359781 INWASCON

The review of the geological disaster of Bandung Basin subsurface: perspective

from geological approach
Nugroho Aji Satriyo a, Asep Mulyonoa, Sunarya Wibawaa, Anita Yuliyantib, Anggun Mayang Saria,
Moch. Hilmi Zaenal Putraa and Kurnia Arfiyansyahc
a
Research Center for Geological Disaster, Research Center and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia; bResearch Center for
Geological Resources, Research Center and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia; cFaculty of Geological Engineering,
Padjadjaran University (UNPAD), Bandung, Indonesia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The basin area is at risk of geological disaster. The Bandung Basin is a crucial part of the Received 17 January 2024
country’s political, economic, and social. The Indonesian Disaster Risk Index show average Accepted 21 May 2024
value of 153.85 in 2015–2020 indicates that this region is extremely susceptible to natural KEYWORDS
disasters because may disaster event happened in this location. The Bandung Basin Region is Geological disaster; strategic
a crucial economic and political hub for Indonesia. However, its natural environment and the region; Bandung Basin;
region’s importance as a national strategic sector are at odds with one another. Geological subsurface; geological
subsurface conditions and vulnerability content must be understood to provide an overall perspective
picture of the situation in this location. The main goal of this research is to summarize how
underground conditions affect natural disasters, which is the main factor of this event.
Earthquakes, landslides, and liquefaction are only a few geological disasters strongly linked
to conditions below ground. Due to the Holocene sedimentary layer, the stability of the basin is
threatened. All these things happen naturally: liquefaction, subsidence caused by an inter­
calated sand layer, and structural failure by settlement. Considering the area’s capacity and
population growth, more research related to mitigation and laboratory analysis is needed to
decide if this area needs to be turned into a strategic city.

Introduction
Geological disaster is a threat in one area, including the
basin region. Earthquakes, landslides, settlements, and
even liquefaction threaten this region. Bandung Basin is
a national strategic sector because of its central position
in politics, economics, and social activities. Based on
(BNPB, 2020) from 2015–2020, this region has a high
natural disaster vulnerability with an average index
value of 153.85. This value for Indonesia included the
area with the highest potential threat of disaster. The
natural conditions and the significance of the Bandung
Basin Region as a national strategic sector are obviously
at odds. A review of several studies needs to be observed
to identify the disasters that threaten the study area
from subsurface aspects. As a result, understanding
the subsurface of this area is critical for providing an
overview of the geological subsurface conditions and
vulnerability content. Some previous studies have dis­
cussed the vulnerability of this area related to geological
hazards. This paper reviews subsurface conditions and
their relationship to geological disasters that have
occurred from a geological perspective. The result is
predominantly geological disasters such as earthquakes,
landslides, and liquefaction, which are closely related to
the subsurface geological conditions of this area. The
condition of a basin’s Holocene sedimentary layer will
make it unstable; additionally, an active Lembang Fault
will make the layer unstable. Natural conditions include
weak slopes causing landslides, the dominant layer of
clay causing flooding, an intercalated sand stratification
causing liquefaction, and the failure of building struc­
tures due to settlement. In this regard, further research
is required to determine if this area needs to be devel­
oped into a metropolitan or strategic city, considering
the capacity of this area is decreasing along with the
development of its population.
A national strategic area is one in which spatial
planning is emphasized because it significantly
impacts state sovereignty, defense and security, econ­
omy, society, culture, and environment, including
locations designated as world heritage sites (Republik
Indonesia, 2007). In this light, the Bandung Basin,
which features critical natural characteristics as well
as rapid population expansion and infrastructural
development, is a national strategic area.
Furthermore, this region is one of the largest in the
densely populated West Java Province as well as one of
Indonesia’s most important political, economic, and
social hubs (Tarigan et al., 2016). Cimahi City and
Bandung are among the areas included in this area.

CONTACT Nugroho Aji Satriyo nugr007@brin.go.id; AjiSatriyo.Nugroho@gmail.com

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the International Water, Air & Soil Conservation Society(INWASCON).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting
of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
2 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
This situation directly opposes the existing state
of the Bandung Basin. Several studies on the geo­
logical disasters that have struck this region have
resulted in significant economic damages.
Furthermore, the existence of the Bandung Basin
as a national strategic area is jeopardized by the
presence of an active Lembang fault in the north­
ern portion. Earthquakes and ground movements,
such as landslides and ground movements, are
examples of geological disasters. As a result, the
disaster risk score for the Bandung Basin is 174,0
(Republik Indonesia, 2007) which indicate has
a high disaster risk area. It is corroborated by
disaster statistics, which show that there were 8
earthquakes and 110 landslides between 2015 and
2020 (https://gis.bnpb.go.id/).
Several results of geological engineering investiga­
tions indicate that the condition of the soil layer to
a depth of 35 m in the eastern part of the Bandung
Basin will have a low bearing capacity so that it has
a high vulnerability to seismic hazards and land
subsidence (Tohari et al., 2015). Directorate of
Environmental Geology and Planning Board of
West Java Province (1996) added that the Bandung
Basin was formed by alluvial deposits such as tuffac­
eous clay and peat (organic) layers. The condition of
this sediment layer makes the Bandung Basin area
vulnerable to land subsidence (H. Z. Abidin et al.,
2008; Narulita et al., 2008; Sumantyo et al., 2009),
liquefaction (Dewi et al., 2020; Febriana et al., 2020;
Satriyo et al., 2022; Widodo, 2021), and the failure of
building foundations due to soil movement
(A. M. Sari et al., 2021; Zakaria et al., 2019)
Landslides are also common in the Bandung Basin
area (Darana et al., 2015; Hadmoko et al., 2017;
Jimawan & Pratama, 2018).
The focus of this literature study is on the geological
susceptibility of a region to potential disasters. Because
of the devastating potential of the Lembang Fault and
its proximity to the Bandung Basin, a hub for eco­
nomic development, cultural diversity, burgeoning
tourism, and the emergence of a satellite metropolis
in the adjacent sub-city, it faces the risk of geological
disasters. One of the previous studies stated by
(Yulianto, 2011) earthquakes with magnitudes ranging
from 6.6 to 6.8 over a two-millennia-long period of
active activity have been recorded at approximately 2
and 0.5 kyrs BP, respectively. This situation suggests
that the fault has the potential to cause earthquakes
that are about as powerful as previous earthquakes. If
one of these disasters were to happen, the subsurface
conditions and potential for disasters that could be
encountered in this area are detailed in this report.
Soil and mineral conditions, sedimentary layer types,
hydrological factors influencing surface activities, and
potential geological hazards can all be understood in
the subsurface context.
Study area and geology
Lithology
Bandung Basin is an inter-mountain basin surrounded
by Quaternary volcanoes. The product of volcanic
activity dominates the lithology of this region. The
Bandung Basin was filled by sequences of lacustrine
and volcaniclastic deposits, particularly in the alluvial
plain morphology of the basin’s center (Dam et al.,
1996), and in the middle of this zone are the Bandung
Basin and Batujajar Basin (Delinom, 2009) (Figure 1).
Tjia (1968) explains that the Lembang fault is
a sinistral fault with a descending (normal) fault com­
ponent, with an average ratio between strike-slip and
dip-slip of about two to one. Moreover, Daryono et al.
(Daryono et al., 2019) also explain that The Lembang
Fault is a strike-slip fault, which is proven by the
existence of several rivers that were once a whole
river, separated by a distance of several meters from
the estimated initial position. Regionally, the bedrock
of the Bandung Basin consists of conglomerates and
compact breccias, tuff, and Early Pleistocene andesite
lava from the Cikapundung Formation, overlain by
the Cibeureum Formation and the Kosambi
Formation. The Cibeureum Formation consists of
breccias and tuff interbed with several Late
Pleistocene – Holocene age basalt lava insertions.
The breccias in this formation are volcanic breccias
composed of scoria fragments of igneous andesite
basalt and pumice (Koesoemadinata & Hartono,
1981). The study area is located in the southern part
of the Bandung Basin, covering Bandung City,
Bandung Regency, and parts of Sumedang Regency.
Geologically, according to Silitonga (Silitonga,
2003), the Bandung Basin area is an area prone to
natural disasters because it is dominated by ancient
lake deposits that have unstable soil layers. The lake
deposit (Ql) in the Bandung area, West Java, consists
of tuffaceous clay, tuffaceous sandstone, and tuffac­
eous gravel. This lake deposit became known as the
Kosambi Formation (Koesoemadinata & Hartono,
1981). The lithology of this formation is dominated
by clay, silt, and sandstone that has not been com­
pacted with the age of the Holocene. Dam (Dam,
1994) added that the Bandung Plain is an inter-
mountainous basin composed of lake deposits, lake
fans, swamps, alluvial fans, flood plains, and Late
Quaternary paleosols. In the middle of this basin,
there are four lake clay sedimentary sequences with
an insertion layer of volcaniclastic and volcanic facies
(Dam, 1994).
The subsurface lithology in the center of the
Bandung Basin area refers to the results of deep dril­
ling (Dam et al., 1996), geotechnical drilling (Tohari
et al., 2015), and CPT analysis (Ambarwati et al., 2020)
(Figure 2). The subsurface lithology is dominated by
clay, which contains organic matter (organic clay),

Figure 1. The Bandung basin morphology (a) and structural cross-section (N – S) throughout West java province. The Bandung
basin is located in a mountainous area controlled by geological structures (b) (Delinom, 2009).
paleosol, and peat horizon interstratified within the
clay layer. These organic sequences are formed in
a lacustrine depositional environment. This sequence
(silt and organic clay) belongs to the Kosambi
Formation and has a thickness of 50–80 m (Figure 3)
that covers the basin extending from the
Dayeuhkolot – Majalaya – Cicalengka –
Ujungberung area (Dam et al., 1996; Tirtomihardjo,
2016; Tohari et al., 2015). The uppermost sediment is
a soft sediment layer of various thicknesses, ranging
from 25 to 150 m (Tohari et al., 2016).
Tectonics
The Lembang Fault is one of the clear geological pieces
of evidence and geomorphological expressions of neo­
tectonic activity in the Bandung Basin. The Lembang
Fault is morphologically expressed as a fault escarp­
ment with the escarpment wall facing north. The
Lembang Fault can be seen both from topographic
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 3
maps, especially from aerial photos or satellite images,
and has a length of up to 22 km (Figure 4) and based
on Tjia (Tjia, 1968), this fault has lateral strike-slip
movement. From east to west, the height of the fault
escarpment reflects the magnitude of the fault displa­
cement (vertical throw/throw or dislocation) changes
from about 450 meters at the east end (Maribaya,
G. Pulusari) to 40 meters in the west (Cisarua) and
disappears at the northwest end in Padalarang
(Brahmantyo, 2005).
The existence of this Lembang fault is a threat to the
Bandung Basin area if there is tectonic activity that
triggers movement in this fault. Threats of ground
movement in the form of subsidence and landslides
can cause damage to buildings, cracks in bridges and
roads, and failure of high-rise buildings.
Several studies on landslides have been conducted
by previous researchers (Mulyadi, 2018; Pratama et al.,
2017; Triandanu et al., 2016). BNPB data on
10 April 2014 (dibi.bnpb.go.id, 2022a), recorded
4 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
Figure 2. The geological map of Bandung Basin, modified from (Tirtomihardjo, 2016).
a landslide that caused 2 houses to be heavily damaged
and 6 houses to be slightly damaged in Cicendo sub-
district, Bandung City (dibi.bnpb.go.id,). Meanwhile,
in 2022, BNPB recorded bridge damage due to land­
slides in Cikadu Village, West Bandung Regency, on
9 March 2022 (dibi.bnpb.go.id, 2022c). Not only
damage to buildings and infrastructure, but landslides
also caused fatalities. The most significant damage due
to landslides occurred in 2021 when 92 residents had
to be evacuated to avoid casualties (DIBI ID data for
2021). It is a concern for local governments because
landslides are an event that repeat yearly (Putra et al.,
2020). Therefore, it is necessary to take concrete steps
to handle landslides properly. This condition indicates
that the Lembang Fault is a potentially active
Quaternary fault (Daryono et al., 2019).
Hydrology
According to the analysis by the Directorate of
Environmental Geology (Geologi Lingkungan, 1990),
there are 21 recharge areas in the Bandung Basin, the
main recharge area accounting for 608.8 km2 or 26%
of the total recharge area. The Directorate added that
the recharge mechanism in the shallow aquifer in the
Bandung Basin is a direct process, irrespective of
whether it is natural recharge or recharged by human
intervention, and it occurs either instantaneously or
over a week. Furthermore, The process of recharging
in mid-level aquifers and deep aquifers occurs directly
or indirectly. Direct processes occur in the main
recharge area, while indirect processes occur through
leakage or structural geology control.
Hydrogeological Map Sheet Bandung Scale 1:
250,000 (Irawan, 2009) illustrates the depth of the

Figure 3. The drill hole locations and lithology profiles from (Dam et al., 1996).
Bandung Basin consists of shallow aquifers (<35
meters), middle aquifers (45–90 meters), and deep
aquifers (90–100 meters). Irawan (Irawan, 2009)
added an analysis of water quality in this basin
area by stating high levels of bicarbonate and iron,
which are the elements that flow in the lake deposits
aquifer. Based on the study by Sunarwan (Sunarwan,
1997) stated that water conditions in the Bandung
Basin area have an average temperature of 24,706 C,
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 5
total dissolved solids (TDS) of 38.5 ppm, an average
pH of 6.82, and a water discharge of 1.07 liters/
second.
The physical characteristic of topsoil texture based
on (Sunarwan et al., 2015) is silty clay (SiC), clay (C),
and silt clay loam (SiCL). Silty clay and silt clay loam
formed in the upper slopes, whereas clay texture is
found in valleys and basins. Soils of fine texture
(dominant clay) are generally cohesive and difficult
6 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
Figure 4. The segmentation path of the lembang fault (Satriyo et al., 2022), modification from (Daryono et al., 2019).
to crush, and sand fractionation soils with larger sizes
than dust and clay are more resistant to erosion since
soils dominated by sand fractions have high infiltra­
tion and permeability capacities and low sensitivity
(Sunarwan et al., 2015). Soil texture is one of the
factors that really determines soil hydrological types.
Hydrological soil type classification is a classification
used to determine land surface runoff during rain
events and is an important parameter for soil and
water conservation efforts. Hydrological soil type
appears to be influenced by soil organic matter, soil
texture and saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Soil hydrological types are divided into four cate­
gories groups (USDA, 2009). Group A soils have low
runoff potential and high infiltration rates even when
thoroughly wetted. They consist chiefly of deep, well
to excessively-drained sand or gravel and have a high
rate of water transmission (greater than 0.30 in/hr).
Group B soils have moderate infiltration rates when
thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of moderately
deep to deep, moderately well to well-drained soils
with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures.
These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission
(0.15–0.30 in/hr). Group C soils have low infiltration
rates when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of
soils with a layer that impedes downward movement
of water and soils with moderately fine to fine texture.
These soils have a low rate of water transmission
(0.05–0.15 in/hr). Group D soils have high runoff
potential. They have very low infiltration rates when
thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly of clay soils with
a high swelling potential, soils with a permanent high-
water table, soils with a clay pan or clay layer at or near
the surface, and shallow soils over nearly impervious
material. These soils have a very low rate of water
transmission (0–0.05 in/hr).
The soil permeability in the study location is
divided into low, moderate, and rapid. Low
permeability with group C soil hydrological type
found in valleys or inoculated sites (Gleisol Eutrik
and Andosol Gleik), whereas moderate soil permeabil­
ity with group B soil hydrological type, located on the
central or upper slopes (Cambisol Eutrik, Cambisol
Distrik, Andosol Eutrik and Andosol Melanic),
whereas rapid permeability found in rocky areas
(Litik). Intensive soil management without resting
the soil and adding organic matter can cause damage
to soil structure, which results in decreasing soil per­
meability (Arifin, 2010).
The latest study shows the changes in future
hydrology extremes in the Bandung basin. Shrestha
et al. (2021) explain that Bandung River Basin has
exhibits a decreasing trend. The increment in low
flow is mainly expected to be higher than for high
flow within Southeast Asian river basins.
Furthermore, He added that the percentage change
in low flow within South Asian river basins is esti­
mated to range from − 27.8 to 5% (−38.9 to 6.5%),
−66.7 to 16.1% (−66.7 to 14.8%), and − 55.6 to 18.4%
(−83.3 to 13.1%) in 20 s, 50 s, and 80 s under emission
scenario RCP4.5 (RCP8.5).
Clay and organic matter
The occurrence of clay zones has been known to have
a significant impact on land subsidence, affecting the
degree and rate of subsidence. Land subsidence occurs
in clay layers due to primary consolidation and smec­
tite dehydration (clay dehydration) processes. Liu
et al. (2001, 2006) study on the cumulative land sub­
sidence in the coastal area indicated that smectite
dehydration was responsible for a significant level of
land subsidence in almost 50% of the corresponding
land subsidence due to primary consolidation. In
a clay-poor stratum, primary consolidation is domi­
nant, but smectite dehydration is more important and
 GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 7

contributes significantly in a clay-rich stratum. The
major land subsidence caused by smectite dehydration
occurs in the shallow sediment layer. In addition, the
overburden weight was thought to have a greater
influence on clay dehydration than the effective stress
change caused by overpumping. Therefore, the study
on smectite dehydration is important for assessing and
predicting land subsidence, especially in the area
where the lithology comprises significant clay-rich
sediments.
The experimental results found that clay’s specific
gravity and void ratio changed linearly with the
change of organic matter content in clay sediment.
In contrast, the moisture content, Atterberg limit,
shear strength, cohesion, and friction angle changed
nonlinearly (Gui et al., 2021). The void ratio, moisture
content, Atterberg limit, and cohesion value increase
with the increase of organic matter. On the contrary,
the specific gravity and friction angle decreases with
increased organic matter content. The effect of
increased organic matter on the decrease of the sedi­
ment-specific gravity can be explained by the low
specific gravity values of the organic matter. Changes
in the engineering properties of sediments related to
organic matter content have the potential to increase
the vulnerability of geological hazards in the area
where the sediment is located.
The subsurface lithology in Bandung Basin com­
prises a significant lacustrine (lake) sediment contain­
ing organic clay and peat layers. The concentration of
the organic matter, however, is poorly known. For
example, bottom sediment in several lakes in
Indonesia (Table 1) may contain up to 22% TOC
(Dianto et al., 2020; Hasberg et al., 2019; Henny &
Nomosatryo, 2012; Nomosatryo et al., 2021; Vuillemin
et al., 2016). This fact might reveal a similar situation
in the Bandung Basin and suggests that the organic
sequences underlying the area might contain TOC in
a similar amount.
The study on the influence of organic matter on
smectite illitization during diagenesis suggests that
smectite illitization in a dark mudstone containing
higher organic matter is accelerated more rapidly
than in a red mudstone with less organic matter
(Nomosatryo et al., 2021). The same study also
reveals that at < 3,100 m, smectite illitization in
dark mudstones was delayed due to the OM pillar
effect in smectite interlayer gaps. This state is
reversed at greater depths when the dissolving of
smectite structural layers accelerates the process.
The delay in the illitization process at shallower
depths (<3,100 m) may imply that the clay layer
at the surface sediment has a higher smectite pro­
portion than deeper clay, affecting the sediment
engineering properties.
It was hypothesized that, in some areas, the
subsidence in Bandung Basin was more likely con­
trolled by lithology despite the excessive ground­
water extraction factor solely. This assumption was
based on the study of the subsidence rates, geologic
features, and aquifer-groundwater extraction con­
ditions. The most prominent area showing this
indication is in the northeastern part of Cimahi.
Significant subsidence was reported in the area
with a lithology of Kosambi and Cibeureum
Formations (Li et al., 2016) and minor in Tertiary
Volcanic Formations (Khakim et al., 2014). The
areas associated with poorly unconsolidated mate­
rials or deep weathered soils, fault escarpments,
and the steep slopes are considered unstable,
while the alluvial plain in the centre of Bandung
Basin, which is known to have the thickest ancient
lake sediment, is considered to provide a poor
foundation due to the engineering characteristics
of the sediment (Suhari & Siebenhüner, 1993).
Special attention is given to the lacustrine sedi­
ment unit in the Bandung Basin area, the rocks
unit belongs to Kosambi Formation. The organic
sequence and volcaniclastic clay are suspected of
having a role and influence on the lithology-related
geological hazards in the Bandung Basin area.
There has been substantial research on how clay
content affects sediment engineering properties.
The presence of clay and organic material in the
subsurface lithology of the Bandung Basin has long
been identified. Still, there has been little detailed
research on the mineralogy and geochemistry of
the sediment. Thus, the degree of their effect on
the engineering properties of the sediment in the
area remains unknown.
Disaster potential
Landslide
Several disasters that have occurred recently in the
Bandung Basin, among others, are landslides.
According to West Java Provincial Government

Table 1. Organic matter content in several bottom lake sediments in Indonesia.

Sources
(Dianto et al., 2020)
(Hasberg et al., 2019)
(Henny & Nomosatryo, 2012)
(Nomosatryo et al., 2021)
(Vuillemin et al., 2016)
Location Organic matter
Lake Maninjau, Indonesia up to 34% TOM, up to 9% TOC
Lake Towuti, Indonesia 0.17–6.43% TOC
Lake Maninjau, Indonesia ~22% TOC
Lake Sentani, Indonesia 8 - 16t% TC containing at least 80% OC
Lake Towuti, Indonesia 2–3.5% TOC
8 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.

(opendata.jabarprov.go.id, 2022), landslides in the
Bandung Basin area have occurred 167 times through­
out 2021. Research on this landslide has been carried
out by several researchers, such as northern Bandung
(Wijatmoko et al., 2015; Yuda et al., 2021), western
Bandung (Darana et al., 2015; Tejakusuma, 2017,
2019), and southern Bandung (Marjiyono et al.,
2006). Uniquely, this landslide occurrence is dominant
not due to tectonic processes but from external slope
processes such as rain (Putri et al., 2021) and climate
change (Subarna, 2014). In addition to the rain factor,
internal factors influence the occurrence of landslides,
such as lithological composition, slopes, and ground­
water level conditions.
One of the areas in the Bandung Basin that fre­
quently experience landslides is the area of North
Bandung and West Bandung Regency, which impacts
building damage (Figure 5). The main controlling factor
is the type of soil with the type separated into seven
major land classifications based on FAO classification:
regosol, andosol, grumusol, mediteran, podsolic red-
yellow, and podzolic red yellow while based on USDA
classification (Soil Survey Staff, 2014) divided into three
Order of soil (Table 2): Andosol (Devnita et al., 2010;
Suratman et al., 2018; Suriadikusumah, 2018),
Inceptisol and Entisol (Suriadikusumah et al., 2017).
Based on GPS data, the Lembang Fault is an active
fault. It is evidenced by the fact that the fault shift is
still very small, with an average rate of 0.3 to 1.4 cm/
year compared to the displacement of the Indo-
Australian plate to the island of Java (Eurasia plate),
which reaches 6–7 cm in a year. Moreover, Daryono
(Daryono et al., 2019) added that the Lembang Fault is
an active fault located in the north of the Bandung
Basin with a fault length of 29 km and a slip rate of
1.95–3.45 mm/yr.

Figure 5. Building damage due to landslide disaster in West Bandung Regency, West java in 2022 (bandung.kompas.com, 2022).

Table 2. Soil type and its extent in Bandung district (Soil Survey Staff, 2014).
Soil type Area
Soil Order BBSDLP USDA Ha %
Andosol Andosol Eutrik Typic Hapludands 54,249.04 31.42
Andosol Gleik Aquic Hapludands 5,105.46 2.96
Andosol Litik Lithic Hapludands 1,634.31 0.95
Andosol Melanik Typic Melanudands 9,021.08 5.22
Inceptisol Gleisol Eutrik Typic Endoaquepts 47,224.23 27.35
Cambisol Distrik Typic Dystrudepts 7,410.08 4.29
Cambisol Eutrik Tyoic Eutrudepts 46,659.54 27.02
Cambisol Litik Lithic Dystrudepts 752.05 0.44
Latosol Kromik Typic Dystrudepts 25.45 0.01
Entisol Arenosol Typic Udhortents 341.94 0.20

Figure 6. Soil types of the Bandung District area (Suriadikusumah, 2018).
Soil types in the Bandung district are formed by
volcanic soil (Figure 6). Volcanic soils have unique
and distinct physical properties to encourage plant
growth, such as low bulk density (Broquen et al.,
2005), high water retention, high organic matter con­
tent (Yuan et al., 2000), high permeability, and stable
structure (Hoyos & Comerford, 2005), as well as pro­
vide an important area for agriculture, especially for
tea plantation and horticulture. However, soils derived
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 9
from volcanic materials are characterized by the abun­
dance of short-range order minerals assemblage domi­
nated by allophane, imogolite, and ferrihydrite
(Van Ranst et al., 2008). These minerals are defined
as variable charge minerals and the soils charge there­
fore are largely dependent on the pH and electrolyte
concentration of the soil solution (Uehara & Gillman,
1981). Soils derived from Mt. Tangkuban Parahu are
of andesite origin from the Holocene age (Silitonga,
10 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
2003); meanwhile, soils derived from Mt. Tilu are of
basalt origin from the Pleistocene age (Alzwar et al.,
1976). Volcanic soils in Indonesia could also contain
quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, feldspar, gibbsite,
goethite, hematite, mica, and some other layer silicate
minerals (Fiantis, 2000; Syarif, 1990; Utami, 1998).
The intensive rock weathering process in Bandung
district produces a thick and fertile soil layer.
Weathering, both physically and chemically, leads to
the breakdown of various mineral constituents due to
the tropical conditions of this region. High rainfall,
deep root penetration of forest plants, and mineral
properties that are easily weathered, especially from
sedimentary rocks, cause the soil properties to decay,
become loose, and be easily eroded and fertile as they
can provide various natural chemical content needed
by plants. So, it is not surprising that Bandung district
includes a very intensive area for landslides. The local
government should monitor this situation and focus
on the regional arrangement of landslide areas so they
can be converted into development areas of agricul­
ture, plantation, and forestry.
Land subsidence
In addition to landslides, land subsidence events are
also a developing disaster issue in this city. Several
studies related to land subsidence in Bandung have
been carried out because this area of the city is the
center of development, and this activity is carried out
to increase the pace of the economy in Indonesia (Haris,
2009). A study conducted by Gumilar et al. (Gumilar
et al., 2015) showed that the average land subsidence
rate obtained from GPS data during the period 2000 –
2012 in the Bandung Basin varied between 1.1–16.9 cm.
The total subsidence at each location in the Bandung
Basin varies depending on the thickness of the soil layer
(Ambarwati et al., 2020). It is supported by information
Figure 7. The drill hole location (left) from (Tohari et al., 2015) and soil profile (right) from (Ambarwati et al., 2020).
about land subsidence in the Bandung Basin, with losses
reaching 452 billion rupiah for building structures and
633 billion rupiah for building content (Ilham Maulana
Ihsan Nugraha, 2020).
The results of this geological engineering investiga­
tion indicate that the condition of the soil layer to
a depth of 35 m (Figure 7) in the eastern part of the
Bandung Basin will have a low bearing capacity so that
it has a high vulnerability to seismic hazards and land
subsidence (Tohari et al., 2015). This situation makes
the Bandung Basin an unstable area because it consists
of layers of quarter lakes. This layer still has the poten­
tial to consolidate because it consists of a medium to
fine-grained layer.
The problem of land subsidence in the Bandung
Basin area is an issue that must be immediately con­
sidered because this land subsidence is one of the
silent disasters. This disaster occurred due to several
factors, such as excessive groundwater extraction, nat­
ural consolidation, and overburdening of the surface.
It is in line with what (Galloway & Burbey, 2011;
Syvitski, 2008; Syvitski et al., 2009). If this condition
is not addressed immediately, it will cause material
losses to the community. Several strategies to over­
come and reduce the impact of land subsidence are
controlling groundwater use through zoning conser­
vation, utilization of surface water to reduce ground­
water consumption, increasing the amount of
groundwater recharge with injection wells, spatial
planning that can adapt to the problem of land sub­
sidence, implementation of monitoring of land sub­
sidence, and groundwater level on a regular basis and
application of soft soil improvement methods.
Liquefaction
In the case of this disaster, some research is still ana­
lytical. The lineament of the fault ridge consists of

various Quaternary volcanic rocks (Silitonga, 2003), so
the Lembang Fault is a potentially active Quaternary
fault (Daryono et al., 2019). Several previous studies
have stated that liquefaction disasters will occur if an
earthquake with a magnitude of 6–7 Mw occurs in this
area (Dewi et al., 2020; Febriana et al., 2020; Satriyo
et al., 2022; Widodo, 2021). The potential for earth­
quakes in the Bandung Basin is classified as existing
based on conditions. Furthermore, Satriyo et al.
(Satriyo et al., 2022) added that liquefaction will
occur at the border of Bandung City and Bandung
Regency to the south and southeast because the sedi­
ment layer tends to thicken (Figure 8). In this figure,
based on the liquefaction potential calculation, the
phenomenon will occur to these layers in elevation
from 647 to 655 meters because it has a score of < 1.
It is possible for geological risks to materialize and
inflict significant harm to structures and infrastruc­
ture, particularly liquefaction events during strong
earthquakes in the seismic zone or earthquake path.
Moreover (Febriana et al., 2020), explains that the
layers with cohesion types such as silty clay and silty
sand are possible liquefaction to occur (Figure 8).
Subsidence, collapse, building tilting, soil fractures,
landslides, and other problems are all brought on by
liquefaction events. The damage caused by an earth­
quake is one example of a liquefaction effect. The
engineering qualities of the soil, geological, environ­
mental factors, and seismic characteristics all affect
liquefaction events in the soil layer. Grain size,
Figure 8. The subsurface interpretation of liquefaction potential (southwest - northeast) (Febriana et al., 2020).
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 11
groundwater table, and maximum ground vibration
acceleration are a few elements to consider (Seed &
Idriss, 1971).
The efforts that can be made to minimize the
impact of liquefaction, such as land subsidence, move­
ment of soil mass, damage to building structures, and
others, one of which is by not constructing residential
buildings or buildings that are crucial above the med­
ium-high liquefaction vulnerability zone. In the vul­
nerability zone, it is more suitable to be converted into
agricultural land or plantations. In addition, geotech­
nical engineering can also be carried out, such as soil
compaction, prior to the erection of the building
structure on it.
Geotechnical impact due to natural disasters
Natural disasters such as erosion, land settlement,
ground shaking, and liquefaction can cause various
problems from a geotechnical engineering point of
view. Problems, in general, involve damage to the
building structure, be it the superstructure, namely
columns, beams, or walls of the building, or the sub­
structure, namely the building foundations and high­
way pavements. Areas potentially affected by this
natural disaster can be seen in buildings located both
in residential areas and in government areas, offices,
schools, and supporting infrastructures such as tun­
nels and bridges.
12 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
Landslide and land settlement disasters also contri­
bute to building damage, especially damage to roads in
general. It can be seen in the district of Bandung
(H. S. Abidin et al., 2013; Gumilar et al., 2012),
which experienced severe road damage due to the
influence of land subsidence. H. S. Abidin et al.
(2013) explained the main factors that caused signifi­
cant land subsidence, namely the massive ground­
water extraction, the load from building
construction, the compaction of sediment layers, and
the influence of earthquake waves. This land subsi­
dence causes a tremendous impact on the problem of
building foundations in general, which will gradually
cause various damages to other main building struc­
tures, such as cracks in the columns, beams, and walls
of the building. The necessity for home improvement
becomes a significant need every year, which is very
detrimental to the population, especially the lower
economic community.
On the other hand, which geotechnical impact that
affect the natural disaster has been conducted by sev­
eral studies. Landslides can occur as a result of many
construction activities, including the construction of
toll roads (Rahardjo et al., 2023; P. T. K. Sari &
Mochtar, 2023; Sholehah et al., 2020), communication
towers (Salimah et al., 2021), and buildings (Arief
et al., 2015; Patuti, 2017). In these instances, the occur­
rence and potential for landslides transpired after to
the completion of structural building. This leads to soil
instability as a result of the applied load on the soft soil
layer. In addition to altering soil conditions, soil com­
position and substantial precipitation are also highly
relevant elements. Rainwater infiltrates soil pores,
leading to alterations in soil structure that render it
more susceptible to instability, ultimately resulting in
the occurrence of a landslide event.
Another example of damage to construction is road
construction (Figure 9). The process of highway
Figure 9. Photographs of evidence of land subsidence that occurred in the Bandung basin area (a) subsidence of house
foundations in the Dayeuh Kolot area, Bandung Regency, (b) crack lines in road construction in the Cimahi area. The photo
was taken from the documentation of (Gumilar et al., 2012).
pavement using improvised casting techniques causes
the service life of the highway to be shorter than it
should be, so road damage occurs again in a short
time. The basic thing that should be a concern in the
road construction process lies in soil investigation,
where, from the results of this field investigation,
road design calculations can be made according to
road conditions so that the road construction process
takes place optimally.
Another natural disaster that threatens the
Bandung Basin area is the ground-shaking disaster
caused by earthquake waves. This is due to the tectonic
setting of the Bandung Basin area, which is sur­
rounded by earthquake sources, both fault and thrust
earthquake sources. Some of the faults surrounding
the Bandung Basin area can be seen in the following
figure:
Several studies have been carried out concerning
seismic hazards in the Bandung basin area (A. M. Sari
& Fakhrurrozi, 2020; A. M. Sari et al., 2020). Research
by (A. M. Sari et al., 2020) states that the West
Bandung Regency area has the highest seismic hazard
value compared to other regencies/cities, indicated by
the PGA value in the bedrock of 0.70 g (Figure 10).
The results of the analysis using PSHA show that the
value of the acceleration of the earthquake wave in the
bedrock is influenced by the Lembang fault, which is
quite close to the West Bandung area.
One of the earthquakes that caused material and
immaterial losses was the Tasikmalaya earthquake on
2 September 2009. This earthquake resulted in 23
deaths and more than 771 injuries. Meanwhile, the
material loss was around 51,102 housing units
damaged (Bappenas, 2009; Pranata, 2013).
Meanwhile, a BNPB report on 9 September 2009
(BNPB, 2009), stated that around 15,156 houses were
seriously damaged and 26,400 houses were slightly
damaged in the Bandung Regency area. For the West
 GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 13

Figure 10. Seismic hazard map of Bandung basin (A. M. Sari & Fakhrurrozi, 2020).

Table 3. Data on damage to residential buildings and public facilities due to the earthquake on September 2, 2009 (BNPB, 2009).
Houses
Location Collapse/heavy damage Moderately damage Lightly damage School Worship place Office
West Java Province
Cianjur District 4,361 15 11,157 390 539 103
Garut District 9,985 19,481 264 432
Sukabumi District 5,189 14,266 90 265 21
Tasikmalaya District 11,932 30,967 1,010 1,647 261
Tasikmalaya City 1,070 4,224 3 100
Bandung District 15,156 26,400 535 281 43
West Bandung District 2,426 6,148 14 52 6
Bogor District 156 551
Kuningan District 166 326 6 5 3
Ciamis District 13,678 19,493 267 494 68
Banjar District 90 275
Purwakarta District 15 51 1
Majalengka District 157 945 15 13 1
Subang District 32 61 6 5 4
Central Java Province
Cilacap District 1,246 1,446 15 8 4
Total 65,659 15 135,740 2,615 3,912 511

Bandung Regency area, 2,426 houses were severely
damaged, and 6,148 were lightly damaged (Table 3).
The distribution of building damage data can be seen
in Table 2. Then, in July – August 2011, an earthquake
with a magnitude of 2.9 and 3.3 caused 103 buildings
in the Bandung Raya area to be damaged (Meilano
et al., 2012).
Research on the potential for areas exposed to
earthquake waves can be seen from the results of
research conducted by (Fakhrurrozi et al., 2020).
This study shows the condition of buildings exposed
to earthquake waves in the West Bandung area
(Figure 11). The condition of the buildings not under
the standards of residential buildings and the lack of
public knowledge regarding the threat of earthquakes
in the area are accompanied by conventional house
construction procedures by heeding structural design
standards, which should cause many buildings to suf­
fer minor to severe damage. Some of the documenta­
tion of the results of field surveys related to buildings
exposed to earthquake waves on the surface can be
seen in the following image.
Discussion and recommendation of future
research
Several cases of geological hazards still happened
intensively in Bandung Basin, including landslides. It
needs serious handling from the local government if
they want to minimize the disaster effects. The
14 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
Figure 11. Cracked condition of houses in Cihampelas District (left) and Cililin District (right), West Bandung Regency (Fakhrurrozi
et al., 2020).
residential growth, public facilities such as roads, fly­
overs, buildings, and housing areas, and the land-use
change have become the main factors causing the
vulnerability of this area to be damaged. The review
of subsurface conditions has explained that several
previous studies described the Bandung Basin area as
prone to disasters because there is a sediment layer
containing mineral clay and organic matter, which
causes the sediment layer to be less stable. In addition,
the layer is fine to fine-grained (e.g., very fine sand to
silt). Furthermore, this area’s location, which is very
close to the Lembang fault, causes a greater threat if
the fault movement occurs and affects its bearing
capacity.
The Bandung Basin is formed from a shallow
subsidence process caused by organic clay, which
causes physical and material losses due to the
unstable conditions of subsurface sediments. It also
causes damage to the structure of the building above
it, so the potential for economic losses is unavoid­
able. The Bandung Basin area is an area that is
dominated by a layer of clay and is inserted with
organic clay due to its formation in a lacustrine
environment. Recently, the determination of sedi­
ment parameters for lacustrine deposits in Bandung
(Lee et al., 1988; Soilens, 1988) provided an explana­
tion of the material’s physical properties up to
a depth of 30 meters. Next, they added the natural
water content in the sediment, and the porosity,
density, and other lithological parameters of the
lacustrine deposits were determined at variable
depths at various locations. Sediment compaction
of ±3.0 m thick was calculated in response to the
additional load on top. Furthermore, as a result,
the sediment contains about 20–30% grain (with
about 70–90% <16 m and almost no sand) and 8–
12% organic matter (LOI). From this explanation, it
can be concluded that the organic layer has an
important influence on the instability of the
sediment layer in the Bandung Basin, so further
research is needed on the microstructure of the
organic layer.
The mitigation process for all the threatened disas­
ters is still needed to avoid loss both of material and
soul. The regional administration has implemented
numerous disaster mitigation measures specifically
targeting landslides, including establishing evacuation
routes along fault lines, formulating laws governing
residential development, and imposing restrictions on
permits for the construction of 2-story buildings.
Nevertheless, there are still deficiencies in practice
since indigenous individuals prefer to reside on their
own land rather than relocate to inclined regions. The
federal government should offer financial compensa­
tion in the form of funds to support residents who
choose to relocate to the region.
In addition, in order to mitigate the risk of shallow
land subsidence, it is advisable to perform soil com­
paction operations using instruments such as stam­
pers. It will result in denser soil, capable of supporting
the construction of a 1–2 terraced house. Despite their
higher cost, geotechnical instruments, such the cone
penetration test, are valuable for conducting subsur­
face investigations to identify robust soil layers suita­
ble for foundation bases (Satriyo & Soebowo, 2018).
The liquefaction disaster poses another significant
threat to this area (Satriyo et al., 2022). To effectively
address this potential calamity, it is advisable to refrain
from utilizing shallow foundations during the con­
struction of buildings. Instead, it is recommended to
reinforce the soil layers by injecting liquid combina­
tions, such as cement and soil lime, to enhance the
stability of the soil structures.
The scope of further research can be focused on
several things, such as 1) Identification of the char­
acteristics and techniques of developing Quaternary
clay sediments in the Bandung Basin; 2) Laboratory
analysis of morphology, composition, fiber pattern,

and loss of ignition (LOI) content, and; 3) the
calculation of the value of the overconsolidation
ratio (OCR) of the organic layer. Identification of
characteristics and techniques can obtain the prop­
erties and physical characteristics of the sediment
layers in this area so that the ability of the sedi­
ments can be comprehensively known. Microscopic
laboratory analysis can determine the mineral con­
tent and composition that affects the body of the
sedimentary layer so that it can be seen what class
the sedimentary layers in this area belong to. While
the calculation of the OCR value is to determine
how thick the sediment layer consolidation occurs
so that it can be used as an assumption of
a landslide disaster in this area. It will certainly
have an impact on the reference for development
policies in areas that are included in national stra­
tegic areas and affect the formulation of spatial
patterns.
Acknowledgments
This research was part of program which funded by Disaster
Program House 2022 by BRIN. Also, Thank you to
Dr. Adrin Tohari as The director of Research Center for
Geological Disaster - National Research and Innovation
Agency who has helped a lot in the process of working on
this paper.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the
author(s).
Funding
This review paper has no funding support because the data
only use several previous studies to analyze and review.
ORCID
Nugroho Aji Satriyo http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-
0822
Data availability statement
All the data supporting are obtain from previous reference
study/research. Several reference use previous author
research activity so the data can be gathered from the
manuscript.
References
Retrieved April 10, 2022a, from. https://dibi.bnpb.go.id/
xdibi/read/17577/32/73/102///2//6
Retrieved March 9, 2022c, from. https://dibi.bnpb.go.id/
xdibi/read/55933/32/17/102///2//8
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Gamal, M., Wirakusumah, D.,
Darmawan, D., Deguchi, T., & Maruyama, Y. (2008).
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 15
Land subsidence characteristic of the Bandung Basin,
Indonesia. Journal of Applied Geodesy, 2(3), 167–177.
https://doi.org/10.1515/JAG.2008.019
Abidin, H. S., Gumilar, I., Andreas, H., Murdohardono, D.,
& Fukuda, Y. (2013). On causes and impacts of land
subsidence in Bandung Basin, Indonesia. Environment
Earth Science, 68(6), 1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12665-012-1848-z
Alzwar, M., Akbar, N., & Bachri, S. (1976). Geological Map
of Garut Pameungpeuk, West Java, Scale 1:100.000.
Geological Research and Development Centre.
Ambarwati, I. W., Feranie, S., & Tohari, A. (2020). Analisis
potensi likuifaksi pada wilayah Cekungan Bandung den­
gan menggunakan metode uji penetrasi konus
(Liquefaction potential analysis in Bandung Basin using
cone penetration test). Riset Geologi dan Pertambangan,
30(1), 21. (in Bahasa). https://doi.org/10.14203/risetgeo
tam2020.v30.1038
Arief, R. B., Rusbintardjo, G., & Yusoff, N. M. (2015).
Landslide on a Deeply Landfilled Slope: A Case Study of
Tembalang, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi, 70(1), 3–8.
https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v70.2749
Arifin, M. (2010). Soil physic study and land use utility in
correlation with soil erosion. Mapeta Agricultural
Journal, 12(2), 1411–2817. (in Bahasa.
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Retrieved March
27, 2022b, from. https://dibi.bnpb.go.id/xdibi/read/
56284/32/17/102///2//7
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Retrieved March
31, 2022, from. https://gis.bnpb.go.id/
bandung.kompas.com. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from.
https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2022/07/16/
133354878/5-titik-longsor-di-bandung-barat-yang-
terjadi-dalam-satu-malam-akses-jalan?page=all
Bappenas. (2009). Rencana Aksi Rehabilitasi dan
Rekonstruksi Daerah Pasca Bencana Gempa di Provinsi
Jawa Barat dan Kabupaten Cilacap di Provinsi Jawa
Tengah (Action Plan for Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation
and Reconstruction in West Java Province and Cilacap
Regency in Central Java Province). Laporan Bappenas.
pp. 100. (in Bahasa).
BNPB. (2009). Laporan informasi kejadian alam dan ben­
cana di wilayah provinsi jawa barat (Information reports
on natural events and disasters in the west java province).
Laporan Harian Pusdalops. Badan Nasional
Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). (in Bahasa).
BNPB. (2020). Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia Tahun 2020
(Indonesian Hazard Risk Index of 2020) (pp. 326). Badan
Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (in Bahasa.
Brahmantyo, B. (2005). Geologi Cekungan Bandung
(Geology of Bandung Basin). Bandung Insitute of
Technology. (in Bahasa).
Broquen, P., Lobartini, J. C., Candan, F., & Falbo, G. (2005).
Allophane, aluminum, and organic matter accumulation
across a bioclimatic sequence of volcanic ash soils of
Argentina. Geoderma, 129(3–4), 167–177. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.12.041
Dam, M. A. C. (1994). The late quaternary evolution of the
Bandung basin, West Java, Indonesia. Thesis Vrije
Universiteit,
Dam, M. A. C., Suparan, P., Nossin, J. J., &
Voskuil, R. P. G. A. (1996). A chronology for geomor­
phological developments in the greater Bandung area,
West-Java, Indonesia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth
Sciences, 14(1–2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0743-9547(96)00069-4
16 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
Darana, A. R., Jihadi, L. H., Muslim, D., Kristiyanto, T. H., &
Wahyudi, D. R. (2015). Slope and lithological control on
landslide potential in mukapayung and surrounding area,
cililin District, Bandung barat region, West java,
Indonesia. Proceedings International Conference –
HanoGeo Hanoi Hanoi, Philippines Vol. 1. (pp. 229–237).
Daryono, M. R., Natawidjaja, D. H., Sapiie, B., &
Cummins, P. (2019). Earthquake Geology of the
Lembang Fault, West Java, Indonesia. Tectonophysics,
751, 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.12.014
Delinom, R. M. (2009). Controlos geológicos estruturais no
escoamento subterrâneo: caso de estudo da Falha de
Lembang, Java Ocidental, Indonésia. Hydrogeology
Journal, 17(4), 1011–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10040-009-0453-z
Devnita, R., Arifin, M., Salim, E. H., Sudrajat, H.,
Hudaya, R., & Van Ranst, E. (2010). Soil developed on
volcanic materials in West Java. Indonesia. International
Journal of Arts & Sciences, 3(9), 180–192. ISSN: 1944-
6934.
Dewi, N. A., Tohari, A., & Muttaqien, I. (2020). Evaluasi
potensi likuifaksi di wilayah cekungan bandung berda­
sarkan metode analisis multi-sensor gelombang permu­
kaan (Liquefaction potential evaluation in bandung basin
area based on surface wave multi-censor analysis
method). Riset Geologi dan Pertambangan, 30(2),
241–256. (in Bahasa) https://doi.org/10.14203/risetgeo
tam2020.v30.1131
Dianto, A., Ridwansyah, I., & Subehi, L. (2020). Organic
matter and organic carbon levels in sediments of Lake
Maninjau, West Sumatra. IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science Bogor, Indonesia (Vol. 535.
pp. 1).
Directorate of Environmental Geology and Planning Board
of West Java Province. (1996). Identifikasi dan pengenda­
lian pembangunan di daerah resapan (Identification and
control of development in recharge area). Final report,
directorate general of geology and mineral resources,
mining and energy ministry, (in Bahasa).
Fakhrurrozi, A., Sari, A. M., Syahbana, A. J., Sarah, D.,
Daryono, M. R., Setiadi, B., Bakar, R. A., Lee, J. C.,
Comfort, L., Saravanan, S., & Sengara, I. W. (2020).
Mapping seismic exposure of building based surface
peak ground acceleration: Initial seismic risk assessment
in Bandung Basin, West Java. E3S Web of Conferences
Publication, 331(7002), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1051/
e3sconf/202133107002
Febriana, R. P., Feranie, S., & Tohari, A. (2020). Analisis
potensi likuifaksi di daerah Cekungan Bandung berda­
sarkan data standart penetration test (Liquefaction poten­
tial analysis in Bandung Basin based on standard
penetration test data). Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana
Geologi, 11(1), 25–39. (in Bahasa) https://doi.org/10.
34126/jlbg.v11i1.277
Fiantis, D. (2000). Colloid-surface characteristics and ameli­
oration problems of some volcanic soils in West Sumatera,
Indonesia [Ph.D. Thesis]. University Putra Malaysia,
Serdang-Selangor, Malaysia. 270.
Galloway, D. L., & Burbey, T. J. (2011). Review: Regional
land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction.
Hydrogeology Journal, 19(8), 1459–1486. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10040-011-0775-5
Geologi Lingkungan, D. (1990). Laporan internal direktorat
geologi lingkungan: deskripsi lapangan pengeboran daerah
cipagalo dan pameungpeuk (internal report of directorate
of environmental geology: borehole field description of
cipagalo and pameungpeuk area). internal report,
directorate general of directorate of environmental
geology. Mining and energy ministry, (in Bahasa).
Gui, Y., Zhang, Q., Qin, X., & Wang, J. (2021). Influence of
organic matter content on engineering properties of
clays. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2021, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6654121
Gumilar, I., Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Sidiq, T. P., &
Gamal, M. (2012). On mapping and evaluating the
impacts of land subsidence in Bandung Basin.
Proceedings of The FIG Budapest, Hungary (Vol. 5638.
pp. 1–18).
Gumilar, I., Abidin, H. Z., Hutasoit, L. M., Hakim, D. M.,
Sidiq, T. P., & Andreas, H. (2015). Land Subsidence in
Bandung Basin and Its Possible Caused Factors. Procedia
Earth and Planetary Science, 12, 47–62. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.proeps.2015.03.026
Hadmoko, D. S., Lavigne, F., Sartohadi, J., Gomez, C., &
Daryono, D. (2017). Spatio-temporal distribution of
landslides in Java and the triggering factors. Forum
Geografi, 31(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.
v31i1.3790
Haris, A. (2009). Pengaruh penatagunaan tanah terhadap
keberhasilan pembangunan infrastruktur dan ekonomi
(the effect of land subsidence for economic and infra­
structure development). Direktorat Tata Ruang dan
Pertahanan, Bappenas, pp. 1–9. (in Bahasa.
Hasberg, A. K. M., Bijaksana, S., Held, P., Just, J., Melles, M.,
Morlock, M. A., Opitz, S., Russell, J. M., Vogel, H.,
Wennrich, V., & Kwiecien, O. (2019). Modern sedimen­
tation processes in Lake Towuti, Indonesia, revealed by
the composition of surface sediments. Sedimentology, 66
(2), 675–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12503
Henny, C., & Nomosatryo, S. (2012). Dinamika Sulfida di
Danau maninjau: implikasi terhadap pelepasan fosfat di
lapisan hipolimnion.
Hoyos, N., & Comerford, N. B. (2005). Land use and land­
scape effects on aggregate stability and total carbon of
Andisols from the Colombian Andes. Geoderma, 129
(3–4), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.
01.002
Ilham Maulana Ihsan Nugraha, M. (2020). Kajian
Penanganan Permukiman Sempadan Sungai
Cikapundung Studi Kasus: Kawasan Permukiman
Kumuh Kelurahan Tamansari (Cikapundung River Rim
Settlement Handling Study Case Study: Slum Residential
Area of tamansari Village) [Doctoral dissertation].
Pasundan University. (in Bahasa).
Irawan, D. E. (2009)Hidrogeologi Cekungan Bandung.
Geology Book of the Bandung Basin III (Bandung,
Indonesia: ITB, Press), 12 9786029056075 p. (in Bahasa).
Jimawan, O. N., & Pratama, M. F. (2018). Mapping the
Potential Risk and Hazard Zonation Landslides Around
Lembang Area, West Java, Using Geospatial Techniques.
AIP Conference Proceedings, 1987(1), 2065.
Khakim, M. Y. N., Tsuji, T., & Matsuoka, T. (2014).
Lithology-controlled subsidence and seasonal aquifer
response in the Bandung basin, Indonesia, observed by
synthetic aperture radar interferometry. International
Journal of Applied Earth Observation and
Geoinformation, 32(1), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jag.2014.04.012
Koesoemadinata, R., & Hartono, D. (1981). Stratigrafi dan
sedimentasi Daerah Bandung (stratigraphy and sedimen­
tation of Bandung area). Proceedings of the 10th Annual
Convention of The Indonesian Association of Geologist,
Bandung, Indonesia (pp. 318–336). (in Bahasa).

Lee, S. L., Karunaratne, G. P., & Yong, K. Y. (1988).
Geotechnical study for road embankment construction
along section B of proposed padalarang - Ccileunyi toll
highway in Bandung. Preliminary Report. Singapore, 55.
Li, Y., Cai, J., Song, M., Ji, J., & Bao, Y. (2016). Influence of
organic matter on smectite illitization: A comparison
between red and dark mudstones from the Dongying
Depression, China. American Mineralogist, 101(1),
134–145. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5263
Liu, C. W., Lin, W. S., & Cheng, L. H. (2006). Estimation of
land subsidence caused by loss of smectite-interlayer
water in shallow aquifer systems. Hydrogeology Journal,
14(4), 508–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-
0459-0
Liu, C. W., Lin, W. S., Shang, C., & Liu, S. H. (2001). The
effect of clay dehydration on land subsidence in the
Yun-Lin coastal area, Taiwan. Environmental Geology, 40
(4–5), 518–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540000193
Marjiyono, M., Soehaimi, A., & Setiawan, J. H. (2006).
Penentuan bidang gelincir longsoran berdasarkan karak­
teristik fisis batuan dengan seismik bias dangkal di
Daerah Cililin, Bandung (Landslide slip plane determina­
tion based on rock physical properties with shallow bias
seismic in Cililin area, Bandung). Jurnal Geologi Dan
Sumberdaya Mineral, 16(6), 387–394. (in Bahasa).
Meilano, I., Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Gumilar, I.,
Sarsito, D., Hanifa, R., Rino Harjono, H., Kimata, T.,
Kato, F., Fukuda, Y., & Fukuda, Y. (2012). Slip Rate
Estimation of the Lembang Fault West Java from
Geodetic Observation. Journal Disaster Research, 7(1),
12–18. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0012
Mulyadi, D. (2018). Spatial data of landslide disasters in west
Bandung. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 118(12039), 1–4. https://doi.org/
10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012039
Narulita, I., Rachmat, A., & Maria, R. (2008). Aplikasi sistem
informasi geografi untuk menentukan daerah prioritas
rehabilitasi di Cekungan Bandung (Geographic informa­
tion system application to determine priority rehabilita­
tion areas in the Bandung Basin). Riset Geologi dan
Pertambangan, 18(1), 23–35. (in Bahasa) https://doi.org/
10.14203/risetgeotam2008.v18.9
Nomosatryo, S., Tjallingii, R., Schleicher, A. M., Boli, P.,
Henny, C., Wagner, D., & Kallmeyer, J. (2021).
Geochemical characteristics of sediment in tropical Lake
Sentani, Indonesia, are influenced by spatial differences
in catchment geology and water column stratification.
Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.
3389/feart.2021.671642
opendata.jabarprov.go.id. Accesed April 4. 2022.
https://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/dataset/jumlah-keja
dian-bencana-tanah-longsor-berdasarkan-kabupaten
kota-di-jawa-barat
Patuti, I. M. (2017). Mechanism and characteristics of the
landslides in Bone Bolango regency, Gorontalo province,
Indonesia. Geomate Journal, 12(29), 1–8. https://doi.org/
10.21660/2017.29.79901
Pranata, Y. A. (2013). Analisis kegagalan struktur bangunan
rumah tinggal dengan metode elemen hingga linier
(Analysis of residential structure failure with element
and linear method). Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 12(3), 161–172.
(in Bahasa). https://doi.org/10.24002/jts.v12i3.624
Pratama, G. N., Suwarman, R., Junnaedhi, I. D. G. A.,
Riawan, E., & Anugrah, A. (2017). Comparison
landslide-triggering rainfall threshold using satellite
data: TRMM and GPM in South Bandung area. IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 71
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 17
(12003), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/71/1/
012003
Putra, M. H. Z., Kartiko, R. D., Soemantidiredja, P.,
Sadisun, I. A., & Tohari, A. (2020). Pengaruh Zona
Jenuh Air Terhadap Kestabilan Lereng di Weninggalih,
Kabupaten Bandung Barat (The Effect of Water Saturated
Zones on Slope Stability in Weninggalih, West Bandung
Regency). Riset Geologi dan Pertambangan, 30(1),
119–130. (in Bahasa) https://doi.org/10.14203/risetgeo
tam2020.v30.1086
Putri, R. D., Sophian, R. I., Zakaria, Z., & Khoirullah, N.
(2021). The effect of surface water on the slope of “X”
housing Gunung Geulis, Cimanggung District,
Sumedang Regency. Journal of Geological Sciences and
Applied Geology, 5, 2 2579 – 3136.
Rahardjo, P. P., Anggoro, B. W., Wijaya, M., & Seourin, D. P.
(2023, October). EPS-Geofoam as Lightweight material for
Replacement of Embankment Fill to Overcome Landslide
Problems at STA 40+ 200 of Cisumdawu Toll Road, West
Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science, 1249(1), 012001). IOP Publishing. https://doi.
org/10.1088/1755-1315/1249/1/012001
Republik Indonesia. (2007). Undang-undang republik
Indonesia nomor 26 tentang penataan ruang. Jakarta.
pp. 97. (in Bahasa).
Salimah, A., Yelvi, Y., & Hazmi, M. (2021, September).
Countermeasures analysis of landslide in the cikeusal
village of Tasikmalaya regency. IOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, 847(1), 012013). IOP
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/847/1/
012013
Sari, A. M., & Fakhrurrozi, F. (2020). Seismic Hazard
Microzonation Based on Probability Seismic Hazard
Analysis in Bandung Basin. Jurnal Riset Geologi dan
Pertambangan, 30(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.14203/
risetgeotam2020.v30.1138
Sari, A. M., Fakhrurrozi, A., & Syahbana, A. J. (2020). Peak
Ground Acceleration on Bedrock using Probability
Seismic Hazard Analysis Methods in Bandung City.
Proceedings of the 7th Mathematics, Science, and
Computer Science Education International Seminar, 12
(10), 1–7.
Sari, A. M., Fakhrurrozi, A., Syahbana, A. J., Sarah, D.,
Daryono, M. R., Setiadi, B., Bakar, R. A., & Lee, J. C.
(2021). Seismicwave Propagation in Bandung Basin,West
Java. Science of Tsunami Hazards, 40(4), 238–254.
Sari, P. T. K., & Mochtar, I. B. (2023). Causes of Landslides
in Road Embankment with Retaining Wall and Pile
Foundation: A Case Study of National Road Project in
Porong-Sidoarjo, Indonesia. International Journal on
Advanced Science, Engineering & Information
Technology, 13(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.18517/ija
seit.13.1.16259
Satriyo, N. A., Aeni, E. N., & Hanani, A. (2022). Distribution
Identification of Liquefaction Vulnerability Potential
Using Cone Penetration Test and Physical Properties
Approach in the Border of City and Regency of
Southern Bandung, West Java. International Seminar on
Sciences and Technology. (in review).
Satriyo, N. A., & Soebowo, E. (2018, February). Cone pene­
tration test for facies study: A review. IOP Conference
Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 118(1),
012007). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-
1315/118/1/012007
Seed, H. B., & Idriss, I. M. (1971). Simplified procedure for
evaluating soil liquefaction potential. Journal of Soil
18 N. A. SATRIYO ET AL.
Mechanics and Foundation, Division, 97(9), 1249–1273.
https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001662
Sholehah, S. A., Karnisah, I., Suyono, A., & Budianto, B. S.
(2020, December). Contribution of rainfall to the risk of
landslides at cisumdawu toll road phase 3 STA 0+ 975
case study. In International seminar of science and applied
technology (ISSAT 2020) (pp. 302–308). Atlantis Press.
Shrestha, S., Bae, D. H., Hok, P., Ghimire, S., & Pokhrel, Y.
(2021). Future hydrology and hydrological extremes
under climate change in Asian river basins. Scientific
Reports, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-
021-96656-2
Silitonga, P. H. (2003). Geological Map of Bandung, West
Java. Geological Research and Development Centre.
Soilens, P. (1988). Soil investigation: Drilling and laboratory
test for section B test embankment padalarang – cileunyi
toll highway project. Report and analytical results, 65.
Soil Survey Staff. (2014). Identification of the Taxonomic
Class of a Soil 12. In Keys to Soil Taxonomy (14th ed.).
United States Department of Agriculture 353.
Subarna, D. (2014). Uji Kecenderungan Unsur-Unsur Iklim
Di Cekungan Bandung Dengan Metode Mann-Kendall
(Tendency Test of Climate Elements in the Bandung
Basin Using the Mann-Kendall Method). Berita
Dirgantara, 15, 1. (in Bahasa).
Suhari, S., & Siebenhüner, M. (1993). Environmental geol­
ogy for land use and regional planning in the Bandung
Basin, West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Southeast Asian
Earth Sciences, 8(1–4), 557–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0743-9547(93)90053-R
Sumantyo, J. T. S., Shimada, M., Mathieu, P. P., &
Abidin, H. Z. (2009). Long term continuously dinsar for
volume change estimation of land deformation. IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ESA
Special Publication) (pp. 1–11)
Sunarwan, B. (1997). Penerapan metode hidrokimia-isotop
oksigen (18O), deuterium (2H) dan tritium (3H), dalam
karakterisasi akuifer air tanah pada sistem akuifer bahan
vulkanik. Studi Kasus: Kawasan Padalarang-Cimahi,
Bandung (The Application Of Oxygen Hydrochemical-
Isotope (18O), Deuterium (2H) And Tritium (3H).
Characterization of groundwater aquifer in the volcanic
matter aquifer system) [Doctoral dissertation]. Program
Studi Teknik Geologi ITB). (in Bahasa).
Sunarwan, B., Kamal, N., & Lutfhi, M. (2015). Identifikasi
parameter fisika dan kimia airtanah pada akifer endapan
produk gunungapi, studi kasus: cekungan airtanah ban­
dung (Identification of physical and chemical parameters
of groundwater in volcanic product deposition aquifers,
case study: Bandung groundwater basin). Jurnal Teknik,
12(1), 53–68. (in Bahasa).
Suratman, H., Sulaeman, A. A., & Sulaeman, A. A. (2018).
Characteristics of soils derived from young volcanic ash
in West and Central Java. Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim, 42(1),
1–11. https://doi.org/10.21082/jti.v42n1.2018.1-12
Suriadikusumah, A. (2018). Land Characteristic and Land
Availability for Food Crops to Attain Food Sovereignty in
Kabupaten Bandung. Soilrens, 16(1), 1.7. https://doi.org/
10.24198/soilrens.v16i1.18311
Suriadikusumah, A., Haryanto, R., Damayani, M.,
Solihin, M. A., & Muslim, D. (2017). Kajian aLih fungsi
lahan dan ketersedian lahan menunjang ketahanan pan­
gan di kabupaten bandung (study of land transfer and
land availability to support food securIty in bandung
REGency). Final Report on Research Academic
Leaderships Grant (ALG), Padjadjaran University. (in
Bahasa.
Syarif, S. (1990). Some characteristics of andisol from
Western Indonesia [Ph.D. Thesis]. University of
Western Australia. 247.
Syvitski, J. P. M. (2008). Deltas at risk. Sustainability Science,
3(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3
Syvitski, J. P. M., Kettner, A. J., Overeem, I.,
Hutton, E. W. H., Hannon, M. T., Brakenridge, G. R.,
Day, J., Vörösmarty, C., Saito, Y., Giosan, L., &
Nicholls, R. J. (2009). Sinking deltas due to human
activities. Nature Geoscience, 2(10), 681–686. https://doi.
org/10.1038/ngeo629
Tarigan, A. K. M., Sagala, S., Samsura, D. A. A.,
Fiisabiilillah, D. F., Simarmata, H. A., & Nababan, M.
(2016). Bandung City, Indonesia. Cities, 50, 1–100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.09.005
Tejakusuma, I. G. (2017). Interaksi faktor yang mempengar­
uhi longsor Jati Radio di kecamatan Cililin kabupaten
Bandung Barat (Interaction of factors affecting Jati
Radio landslide in Cililin District, West Bandung
Regency). Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana,
12(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.29122/jstmb.v12i1.3700
Tejakusuma, I. G. (2019). Soil Creep in Balekambang,
Cirawamekar, Cipatat District, Bandung Barat Regency,
West Java. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Mitigasi Bencana,
13(2), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.29122/jstmb.v13i2.3369
Tirtomihardjo, H. (2016). Groundwater environment in
Bandung, Indonesia. In Shrestha, V.P., Pandey, B.R.,
Shivakoti, & Thatikonda, S. (Eds.), Groundwater environ­
ment in Asian cities: Concepts, methods and case studies
(Butterworth-Heinemann) (pp. 193–228).
Tjia, H. D. (1968). The Lembang Fault, West Java. Geologie
en Minjbouw, Bandung, 47(2), 126–130.
Tohari, A., Sari, A. M., Syahbana, A. J. (2016). Ketebalan
Lapisan Tanah Lunak di Wilayah Cekungan Bandung
(The Thickness of the Soft Soil Layer in the Bandung
Basin Area), Prosiding Geotek Expo, Bandung,
Indonesia, 441–454. (in Bahasa).
Tohari, A., Soebowo, E., Wibawa, S., & Syahbana, A. J.
(2015). Kondisi Geologi Teknik Bawah Permukaan
Wilayah Cekungan Bandung (lintasan Gedebage -
Bojongsoang - Solokanjeruk - Majalaya) Subsurface engi­
neering geological conditions in the Bandung Basin area
(Gedebage - Bojongsoang - Solokanjeruk - Majalaya
trajectory). Prosiding Hasil Penelitian Geoteknologi, 1,
83–93 p. (in Bahasa).
Triandanu, N., Alfan, I., & Muslim, D. (2016). Surface
Geology Characteristic and Its Influence to Landslide
Potential in Cisokan Drainage Pattern, West Bandung,
Indonesia. International Journal of Structural and Civil
Engineering Research, 5(2), 147–150. https://doi.org/10.
18178/ijscer.5.2.147-150
Uehara, G., & Gillman, G. (1981). The Mineralogy,
Chemistry and Physics of Tropical Soils with Variable
Charge Clays. Westview Press, Inc. Colorado, 170.
USDA. (2009). Hydrologic Soil Groups. National Engineering
Handbook, 630.
Utami, S. R. (1998). Properties and rational management
aspects of volcanic ash soils from java, Indonesia [Ph.D.
Thesis]. University of Ghent. Belgium. 388.
Van Ranst, E., Utami, S. R., Verdoodt, A., & Qafoku, N. P.
(2008). Mineralogy of a perudic Andosol in central Java,
Indonesia. Geoderma, 144(1–2), 379–386. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.007
Vuillemin, A., Friese, A., Alawi, M., Henny, C.,
Nomosatryo, S., Wagner, D., Crowe, S. A., &
Kallmeyer, J. (2016). Geomicrobiological features of fer­
ruginous sediments from Lake Towuti, Indonesia.

Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.
3389/fmicb.2016.01007
Widodo, L. E. (2021). Preliminary Evaluation of Deep
Groundwater Response in the Bandung Groundwater
Basin Due to Earthquake, Supporting an Evaluation of
Soil Liquefaction Potential. AIP Conference Proceedings,
2363(1), 60003.
Wijatmoko, B., Susanto, K., Mohammad, I. H., & Fitriani, D.
(2015). Pengukuran geolistrik untuk investigasi longsor di
area Bandung Utara (Geoelectric measurement for landslide
investigation in the North Bandung area). Jurnal Material
dan Energi Indonesia, 5(1), 32–41. (in Bahasa).
Yuan, G., Theng, B. K. G., Parfit, R. L., & Percival, H. (2000).
Interaction of allophane with humic acid and cations.
European Journal of Soil Science, 51(1), 35–41.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00295.x
GEOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND LANDSCAPES 19
Yuda, H. F., Amri, M. A., & Asseggaf, A. (2021). Analisis
gerakan tanah longsor di wilayah Cekungan Bandung
dan sekitarnya (Analysis of landslide movement in the
Bandung Basin and surrounding areas). Journal of
Geoscience Engineering & Energy, 2(2), 149–156. (in
Bahasa) https://doi.org/10.25105/jogee.v2i2.9992
Yulianto, E. (2011). Understanding the earthquake threat to
Bandung from the lembang fault, Australia-Indonesia
facility for disaster reduction (AIFDR) Project Report.
Jakarta, 22.
Zakaria, Z., Sophian, R. I., & Gusriani, N. (2019).
Environmental Aspect in Infrastructure Planning
Using Starlet-Perdana Model. IOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing,
248(1), 012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/
248/1/012013