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European Welfare State Constitutions
after the Financial Crisis
European Welfare State
Constitutions after the
Financial Crisis
Edited by
U L R IC H B E C K E R
Director at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy
A NA S TA SIA P OU L OU
Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and
Social Policy
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© The Contributors 2020
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2020
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
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Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020940065
ISBN 978–0–19–885177–6
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851776.001.0001
Printed and bound by
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
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contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Preface
Hit by the European financial and economic crisis that erupted in 2008, several
Member States of the European Union, namely Latvia, Rumania, and Hungary, and
of the European Monetary Union, namely Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Cyprus,
were unable to refinance their gross government debt through the financial market.
As a result, they asked for financial assistance not only from already established
international institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund or the World
Bank, but also from newly created European financial assistance mechanisms,
such as the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM), the European
Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), and the European Stability Mechanism (ESM).
Other EU Member States, such as Italy and Spain, were not officially subjected to a
financial assistance scheme, but received informal instructions for the reduction of
social security benefits.
Despite their differences, strict conditionality represented a common ground
for all types of financial assistance. The award of all loans was made dependent on
the recipient state complying with economic policy conditions that were extremely
broad in scope. Apart from budgetary discipline, the financial assistance condi-
tions also related to what one would call the core of social policy, namely, cuts in
pensions and social assistance, and reforms in public healthcare.
The far-reaching reforms in the field of social security and assistance were in
many cases experienced as violations of human rights by the respective right-
holders, who sought legal protection in national and international courts. As a re-
sult, many national constitutional courts, but also the Court of Justice of the EU
and the European Court of Human Rights, issued a series of rulings on the con-
formity of the social protection reforms that were initiated during the eurozone
crisis with constitutional law and human rights. This international and national
jurisprudence and the mounting concern about the implications of the relevant
reforms in social protection for the application of constitutional law motivated
the launch of the proposed edited collection. Given that the majority of countries
under examination have exited the crisis, the book seeks to unfold the legacy of the
crisis, highlighting the lessons learned from it in the field of social protection and
constitutional law.
This book aspires to offer a holistic approach that analyses both (1) the specific
reforms in social protection introduced during the European financial crisis and
(2) their implications for constitutional law. Against this background, its aim is
twofold. First, it records and systematises the crisis-related reforms introduced in
the field of social protection broadly understood, covering old-age benefits, social
vi Preface
assistance allowances, unemployment benefits, and healthcare. This is done in a

way that depicts the particular crisis experience of each country and links the crisis-
related reforms with the overall national social policy developments. Second, the
book aims to locate the social protection reforms within the constitutional frame-
work of each country, by investigating the ways in which the application of consti-
tutional law has changed during the crisis and the impact that this change has had
on social democracy and the welfare state. More specifically, we were interested in
investigating whether fundamental constitutional and democratic principles of the
European welfare state, which traditionally recognises and protects social rights,
were altered during the crisis.
At the same time, taking such an approach presents a certain challenge to legal
scholarship. To gain a better understanding of the welfare state, it is necessary to
dig deeply into the depths of—the often complex—social protection laws, but
without losing sight of its constitutional foundations. Yet, social protection law on
the one hand and constitutional or human rights law on the other are often dealt
with as separate subjects, due to a high degree of specialisation in legal research.
We are very grateful that the authors took up this challenge and brought both fields
of law together in this project.
We would also like to thank Christina McAllister and Christian Günther for
their valuable assistance in bringing this book into a readable and proper form.
Finally, we have to thank Natalie Patey and Brianne Bellio from OUP for their kind
support and help with the publication process.
Ulrich Becker
Anastasia Poulou
Munich, April 2020
Table of Cases
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

App nos 21319/93, 21449/93 and 21675/93, judgment of 23 October 1997,
National and Provincial Building Society and Others v United Kingdom,
ECHR 1997-VII �� 169–70
App no 17371/90, judgment of 16 September 1996, Gaygusuz v Austria,
ECHR 1996-IV �� 13–14
App no 56679/00, judgment of 28 April 2004 [GC], Azinas v Cyprus,
ECHR 2004-III �� 13–14
App nos 65731/01 and 65900/01, judgment of 12 April [GC], 2006,
STEC and Others v United Kingdom, ECHR 2006-VI �� 13–14, 169–70
App no 12045/06, judgment of 19 June 2008, Ichtigiaroglou v Greece,
ECLI:CE:ECHR:2008:0619JUD001204506 �� 170–71
App nos 21838/10 and others, judgment of 15 April, 2014, Stefanetti and
Others v Italy, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2014:0415JUD002183810 �� 13–14
App no 13902/11, decision of 20 March 2012, Ionel Panfile v. Romania,
CE:ECHR:2012:0320DEC001390211 �� 129–30
App no 34929/11, decision of 30 January 2013, E.B. v Hungary,
ECLI:CE:ECHR:2013:0115DEC003492911 �� 54–55
App nos 45312/11 and others, decision of 13 November 2012, Frimu and
Others v. Romania, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2012:1113DEC004531211 �� 146
App nos 57665/12 and 57657/12, decision of 7 May 2013, Koufaki and
Adedy v Greece, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2013:0507DEC005766512 �� 22–23, 166
App nos 62235/12 and 57725/12, decision of 8 October 2013,
Da Conceição Mateus and Santos Januário v Portugal,
ECLI:CE:ECHR:2013:1008DEC006223512 �� 13–14, 22–23
App no 53080/13, judgment of 13 December 2016, Béláné Nagy v. Hungary,
ECLI:CE:ECHR:2016:1213JUD005308013 �� 61, 350
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

C-249/96, judgment of 17 February 1998, Lisa Jacqueline Grant v South-West
Trains Ltd., ECLI:EU:C:1998:63 �� 171
C-370/12, judgment of 27 November 2012, Thomas Pringle v Government of
Ireland and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2012:756 �� 19–20
T-541/10, order of the General Court (First Chamber) of 27 November 2012,
Anotati Dioikisi Enoseon Dimosion Ypallilon (ADEDY) v Council of the
European Union, ECLI:EU:T:2012:626 �� 40–41, 148
T-215/11, order of the General Court (First Chamber) of 27 November 2012,
Anotati Dioikisi Enoseon Dimosion Ypallilon (ADEDY) and Others v
Council of the European Union, ECLI:EU:T:2012:627 �� 40–41, 166
C-206/13, judgment of 6 March 2014, Regione Siragusa v Regione Sicilia,
ECLI:EU:C:2014:126 �� 10–11
xvi Table of Cases
T-327/13, order of the General Court (First Chamber) of 16 October 2014,

Mallis and Malli v Commission and ECB, ECLI:EU:T:2014:909 �� 34
Tameio Pronoias Prosopikou Trapezis Kyprou v Commission and ECB,
ECLI:EU:T:2014:906 �� 34
Chatzithoma v Commission and ECB, ECLI:EU:T:2014:908 �� 34
Chatziioannou v Commission and ECB, ECLI:EU:T:2014:904 �� 34
Nikolaou v Commission and ECB, ECLI:EU:T:2014:905 �� 34
C-105-109/15 P, judgment of 20 September 2016, Mallis and Others v
Commission and ECB, ECLI:EU:C:2016:702 �� 30–31, 34–35
C-258/14, judgment of 13 June 2017, Florescu,
ECLI:EU:C:2017:448 �� 5, 10–11, 13–14, 29
C-8/15 P to C-10/15 P, judgement of 20 September 2016,
Ledra Advertising Ltd and Others v European Commission and
European Central Bank (ECB), ECLI:EU:C:2016:701 �� 37–38, 266
C-189/16, judgment of 7 December 2017, Zaniewicz-Dybeck v
Pensionsmyndigheten, ECLI:EU:C:2017:946 �� 10–11
C-569/16 and C-570/16, judgment of 6 November 2018,
Bauer and Willmeroth, ECLI:EU:C:2018:871 �� 10–11
CYPRUS: SUPREME COURT

App no 1722, decision of 27 February 1997, Patsalosavvi-Leontiou v
the Republic, (1997) 3 CLR 70 �� 261
Case no 863/1999, decision of 16 January 2001, Laoutas v the Republic, (2001)
3 CLR 40 �� 274
Case no 369/2001, decision of 23 May 2001, Aziz v the Republic, (2001)
3 CLR 501 �� 272–73
Case no 3135, decision of 18 April 2003, Electricity Authority of
Cyprus v Filiastidi, (2003) 3 CLR 342 �� 261
Case no 346/2011, decision of 4 October 2012, Andreas Christou et al v
the Republic �� 261–62
Case nos 551/2013 and others, decision of 7 June 2013, Christodoulou
et al v Central Bank of Cyprus et al (2013) 3 CLR 427 �� 246–47, 272–73
Case nos 397/2012 and others, decision of 14 June 2013, Fylactou et al v
the Republic, (2013) 3 CLR 565 �� 273–74
Joined Cases nos 1480/2011 and others, decision of 11 June 2014,
Charalambous et al v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:AD:2014:C386 �� 262, 265–69, 270–73, 274–75
Case no 5894/2013, decision of 11 September 2014, Andreou v Ministry
of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance (Social Welfare Services),
ECLI:CY:AD:2014:D667 �� 261–62
Joined Cases nos 740/2011 and others, decision of 7 October 2014,
Koutselini-Ioannidou et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:AD:2014:C748 �� 265,
266–72, 274–75
Joined Cases nos 1034/2013 and others, decision of 9 October 2014,
Demetriou et al v Central Bank of Cyprus et al, ECLI:CY:AD:2014:C758 �� 246
Case no 6462/2013, decision of 30 December 2015, Charalambous v
the Republic, ECLI:CY:AD:2015:D872 �� 261–62
Table of Cases xvii
Case no 426/2015, decision of 31 December 2015,

Kakoulli v Ministry of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance
(Department of Social Services), ECLI:CY:AD:2015:D873 �� 261–62
Reference no 2/2016, decision of 7 July 2017, President v House
of Representatives, ECLI:CY:AD:2017:C243 �� 272–73
CYPRUS: ADMINISTRATIVE COURT

App no 5808/2013, decision of 10 February 2016, Demourtsidou v
the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2016:15 �� 261–62
Joined App nos 441/2014 and others, decision of 12 November 2018,
Christodoulidou et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2018:499 �� 267–68, 271–72
Joined App nos 898/2013 and others, decision of 27 November 2018,
Avgousti et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2018:517 �� 258–59, 268–71, 275
App no 620/2014, decision of 19 December 2018, Papadopoulou v
App no 6182/2013, decision of 28 December 2018, Hadjipanagiotis et al v
Joined App nos 6175/2013 and others, decision of 15 March 2019,
Parklane Hotels Ltd et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2019:132 �� 247
Filippou et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2019:150 �� 270–71, 275
Koundourou et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2019:155 �� 270, 275
Nicolaidi et al v the Republic, ECLI:CY:DD:2019:160 �� 258–59, 269–71, 275
App no 1375/2017, decision of 30 May 2019, Parparinou v
App no 1680/2015, decision of 3 June 2019, Hadjihambis et al v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:318 �� 273–74
App no 1187/2014, decision of 3 June 2019, Hadjihambis v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:317 �� 273–74
App no 526/2015, decision of 3 June 2019, Paschalides v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:320 �� 273–74
App no 235/2015, decision of 3 June 2019, Paschalides v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:319 �� 273–74
App no 440/2017, decision of 4 June 2019, Pamballi v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:324 �� 273–74
App no 1291/2018, decision of 14 June 2019, Kleanthous v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:340 �� 273–74
App no 439/2017, decision of 26 June 2019, Nicolatos v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:358 �� 273–74
App no 830/2017, decision of 28 June 20019, Spiridaki v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:378 �� 270–71
App no 982/2018, decision of 4 July 2019, Pouyiourou v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:393 �� 273–74
App no 320/2015, decision of 29 July 2019, Petridi v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:442 �� 270–71
App no 527/2017, decision of 29 July 2019, Michaelidou v the Republic,
ECLI:CY:DD:2019:445 �� 273–74
xviii Table of Cases
CYPRUS: DISTRICT COURT

Case no 3005/2013, decision of 17 July 2013, Santis v Bank of Cyprus Public
Company Ltd et al, ECLI:CY:EDLEF:2013:A281 �� 246
Case no 4990/2013, interim decision of 30 April 2014, Green Power
Energy Ltd v Cyprus Popular Bank Public Company Ltd et al,
ECLI:CY:EDLEM:2014:A189 �� 246
Case no 6914/2012, decision of 22 March 2017, Pancyprian
Organization of Large Families et al v Attorney-General �� 261
HUNGARY: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

24/1991 (V. 18.) order of 7.May 1991, Social Insurance Fund, 1991/363 �� 67
43/1995 (VI.30.), decision of 30 June 1995, Legal certainty, Constitutional
State and Right to social security, 1995/188 �� 71, 72
32/1998 (VI. 25), decision of 22 June 1998, Right to social security, 1998/251 �� 67–68
42/2000 (XI.8.), decision of 7 November 2000, Right to social security and
right to housing, 2000/329 �� 72
1228/B/2010 (VI.07.), decision of 7 June, 2010, Social insurance
pension, 2011/2252 �� 61
28/2015 (IX.24.), decision of 22 September 2015, Early retirement for women,
2015/0028 �� 69–70
21/2018 (XI.14.), decision of 6 November 2018, Rehabilitation benefit,
disability benefit and international (ECHR and UN CRPD) and
national law compliance, 2018/507 �� 61
GERMANY: FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

1 BvR 596/56, judgment of 11 November 1958, Apothekenurteil,
7 BVerfGE 377 �� 14–15
2 BvE 2/08 and others, judgment of 30 June 2009, Lisbon, 123 BVerfGE 267 �� 10
1 BvL 1/09 and others, judgment of 9 February 2010, Arbeitslosengeld II,
125 BVerfGE 175 �� 12, 172–73
2 BvR 2661/06, judgment of 6 July 2010, Honeywell, 126 BVerfGE 268 �� 10
2 BvR 987/10 and others, judgement of 7 September 2011,
Griechenland-Hilfe und Euro-Rettungsschirm, 129 BVerfGE 124 �� 167–68
1 BvL 10/10, judgment of 18 July 2012, Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz,
132 BVerfGE 134 �� 12
2 BvR 2728/13 and others, decision of 14 January 2014, OMT,
134 BVerfGE 366 �� 10
GREECE: COUNCIL OF STATE

5024/1987, judgment of 2 December 1987 (plenary session) �� 153
241/1989, judgment of 30 January 1989 �� 153, 154–55
4387/1997, judgment of 20 October 1997 �� 154–55
3478/2008, judgment of 26 November 2008 �� 173
3487/2008, judgment of 27 November 2008 (plenary session) �� 154
1187–8/2009, judgment of 2 April 2009 (plenary session) �� 177–78
1663/2009, judgment of 13 May 2009 (plenary session) �� 169–70
1689/2009, judgment of 18 May 2009 (7-member chamber) �� 153
2024/2009, judgment of 15 June 2009 �� 153
Table of Cases xix
2999/2009, judgment of 5 October 2009 �� 173

2679/2011, judgment of 19 September 2011 (plenary session) �� 173
668/2012, judgment of 20 February 2012 (plenary session) �� 38, 169
1283-6/2012, judgment of 2 April 2012 (plenary session) �� 38, 170–71
1812/2013, judgment of 13 May 2013 �� 177–78
3613/2013, judgment of 21 October 2013 (7-member chamber) �� 173
3016/2014, judgment of 19 September 2014 (plenary session) �� 174–75
3724/2014, judgment of 27 October 2014 (plenary session) �� 175
3962/2014, judgment of 11 November 2014 (plenary session) �� 177–78
2288–2290/2015, judgment of 10 June 2015
(plenary session) �� 153, 154, 158–59, 167–68, 171–72, 175–76
734/2016, judgment of 17 March 2016 (plenary session) �� 173
1749/2016, judgment of 16 September 2016 (plenary session) �� 154–55, 178
2677/2016, judgment of 13 December 2016 (7-member chamber) �� 178
960/2017, judgment of 3 April 2017 (7-member chamber) �� 157
1580–1/2017, judgment of 12 June 2017 �� 179
3047–8/2017, judgment of 28 November 2017 (7-member chamber) �� 179
1010/2019, judgment of 28 May 2019 (7-member chamber) �� 153
1374/2019, judgment of 25 July 2019 �� 153
1784-5/2019, judgment of 24 September 2019 �� 179
1880–1897/2019, judgment of 4 October 2019 (plenary session) �� 173–74
1891/2019, judgment of 4 October 2019 (plenary session) �� 153, 154
1900–1904/2019, judgment of 4 October 2019 (plenary session) �� 173–74
1439-1443/2020, judgment of 14 July 2020 (plenary session) �� 159, 174–75
IRELAND: IRISH HIGH COURT

Judgment of 9 July 1980, Cahill v Sutton [1980] IR 269 �� 200–1
Judgment of 31 July 2009, Curran v Minister for Education [2009] 4 IR 300 �� 204
Judgment of 17 December 2009, J & J Haire & Company Ltd and Others v
Minister for Health and Children and Others [2009] IEHC 562 �� 201–2
Judgment of 25 March 2010, Garda Representative Association (GRA) v
Minister for Finance [2010] IEHC 78 �� 201–2
Judgment of 8 October 2010, Unite the Union and Paul Gallagher v
Minister for Finance [2010] IEHC 354 �� 201–2
IRELAND: IRISH SUPREME COURT

Judgment of 1984, Brennan v Attorney General [1984] ILRM 355 �� 201–2
Judgment of 1984, Madigan v Attorney General [1986] ILRM 136 �� 201–2
Judgment of 19 July 2001, Glencar Exploration plc v Mayo County
Council (No. 2) [2002] 1 IR 84 �� 201–2, 204
Judgment of 3 February 2011, Dellway Investments Limited and Others v
National Asset Management Agency [2011] 4 JIC 1202 �� 201–2
ITALY: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

260/1990, judgment of 23 May 1990 �� 306
356/1992, judgment of 8 July 1992 �� 306
xx Table of Cases
78/1995, judgment of 23 February 1995 �� 306

88/1995, judgment of 8 March 1995 �� 306
309/1999, judgment of 7 July 1999 �� 306
376/2000, judgment of 12 July 2000 �� 306
252/2001, judgment of 5 July 2001 �� 306
16/2010, judgment of 13 January 2010 �� 299–300
52/2010, judgment of 10 February 2010 �� 299–300
326/2010, judgment of 3 November 2010 �� 299–300
232/2011, judgment of 19 July 2011 �� 299–300
148/2012, judgment of 4 June 2012 �� 299–300
193/2012, judgment of 17 July 2012 �� 300–1
198/2012, judgment of 17 July 2012 �� 299–300
60/2013, judgment of 26 March 2013 �� 299–300
116/2013, judgment of 3 June 2013 �� 298–99
138/2013, judgment of 5 June 2013 �� 299–300
205/2013, judgment of 3 July 2013 �� 299–301
229/2013, judgment of 16 July 2013 �� 300–1
236/2013judgment of 17 July 2013 �� 300–1
304/2013, judgment of 4 December 2013 �� 298–99
310/2013, judgment of 10 December 2013 �� 298–99
79/2014, judgment of 7 April 2014 �� 300–1
88/2014, judgment of 7 April 2014 �� 299–301
188/2014, judgment of 23 June 2014 �� 299–300
70/2015, judgment of 10 March 2015 �� 303–4, 306–7
77/2015, judgment of 24 March 2015 �� 305
152/2015, judgment of 9 June 2015 �� 305
178/2015, judgment of 24 June 2015 �� 302–3
188/2015, judgment of 9 June 2015 �� 304
272/2015, judgment of 1 December 2015 �� 305
10/2016, judgment of 12 January 2016 �� 306
127/2016, judgment of 3 May 2016 �� 305
151/2016, judgment of 3 May 2016 �� 305
160/2016, judgment of 17 May 2016 �� 305
186/2016, judgment of 6 July 2016 �� 305
202/2016, judgment of 3 May 2016 �� 305
205/2016, judgment of 6 July 2016 �� 305
106/2017, judgment of 11 April 2017 �� 305
135/2017, judgment of 9 May 2017 �� 305
150/2017, judgment of 11 April 2017 �� 307
154/2017, judgment of 9 May 2017 �� 305
169/2017, judgment of 21 March 2017 �� 305, 306
190/2017, judgment of 23 May 2017 �� 305
Table of Cases xxi

61/2018, judgment of 23 January 2018 �� 307, 310
LATVIA: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

Case no 2009-08-01, decision of 27 November 2009, ‘On Compliance of
the Words “State Pensions Shall Not Be Revised in 2009” of Section 2 of
Law “On Amendments to Law On State Pensions” of 12 March 2009 with
Article 1 and Article 109 of the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia’,
OG no 187 of 27 November 2009 �� 83–84
Case no 2009-43-01, decision of 21 December 2009, ‘On Compliance of
the First Part of Article 3 of the Law “On State Pension and Allowance
Disbursement from 2009 to 2012” insofar as it Applies to State Old-Age
Pension with Article 1, Article 91, Article 105 and Article 109 of the
Satversme of the Republic of Latvia’, OG no 201 of 22 December 2009 �� 82, 83–84
Case no 2009-44-01, decision of 15 March 2010, ‘On Compliance of Section 5 (1)
of Law On Payment of State Allowances during the Time Period from 2009
to 2012 with Article 1, Article 91 and Article 109 of the Satversme
(Constitution) of the Republic of Latvia’, OG no 43 of 17 March 2010 �� 83–84
Case no 2009-76-01, decision of 31 March 2010, ‘On Compliance of Point 20
of the Transitional Provisions of the Law “On Long-Service Pensions for
Ministry of the Interior System Employees with Special Service Ranks”
with Article 1 and 109 of the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia’,
OG no 54 of 6 April 2010 �� 83–84
Case no 2009-86-01, decision of 21 April 2010, ‘On Compliance of Point 8 of
the Transitional Provisions of the Law on Long Service Pensions for Public
Prosecutors with Article 1, Article 91 and Article 109 of the Satversme
of the Republic of Latvia’, OG no 65 of 23 April 2010 �� 83–84
Case no 2009-88-01, decision of 15 April 2010, ‘On Compliance of Points 14,
16 and 17 of the Transitional Provisions of the Law “On Long Service
Pensions of Military Persons” with Article 1, Article 91 and Article 109
of the Satversme of the Republic of Latvia’, OG no 62 of 20 April 2020 �� 83–84
PORTUGAL: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

411/99, judgment of 29 June 1999, Direito à pensão, DRE, Série II,
of 10 March 2000 �� 233n.128
620/2007, judgment of 20 December 2011, Regimes de vinculação, de
carreiras e de remunerações dos trabalhadores que exercem funções
públicas, DRE, Série I, of 11 January 2008 �� 223n.106
396/2011, judgment of 21 September 2011, Lei do Orçamento do Estado
para 2011, DRE, Série I, of 20 July 2012 �� 38, 223n.106, 264
353/2012, judgment of 5 July 2012, Lei do Orçamento do Estado
para 2012, DRE, Série II, of 17 October 2011 �� 38, 225, 226
187/2013, judgment of 5 April 2013, Lei do Orçamento do Estado
para 2013, DRE, Série I, of 22 April 2013 �� 14, 38, 216–17n.63, 226, 228–29
862/2013, judgment of 19 December 2013, Mecanismos de convergência
de proteção social, DRE Série I, of 7 January, 2014 �� 14, 216–17n.64, 228–29
413/2014, judgment of 30 May 2014, Lei do Orçamento do Estado
para 2014, DRE, Série I, of 26 June 2014 �� 218n.78, 230–31
xxii Table of Cases
572/2014, judgment of 30 July 2014, Primeira alteração à Lei do

Orçamento do Estado para 2014, DRE, Série II, of
21 August 2014 �� 216–17n.65, 229, 231
575/2014, judgment of 14 August 2014, Contribuição de
sustentabilidade, DRE, Série I, of 3 September 2014 �� 230
141/2015, judgment of 25 February 2015, Período de residência mínima para
acesso ao rendimento social de inserção, DRE, Série I, of 16 March 2015 �� 231
296/2015, judgment of 25 May 2015, Período de residência mínima para
acesso ao rendimento social de inserção, DRE, Série I, of 15 June 2015 �� 231
494/2015, judgment of 7 October 2015, Acordos coletivos de empregador
público no âmbito da administração autárquica, DRE, Série I, of
22 October 2015 �� 223n.107
ROMANIA: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

Decision no. 20 of 2 February 2000, 5AI/2000, OG 72/18.02.2000 �� 133
Decision no. 375 of 6 July 2005, 565AI/2005, OG 591/08.07.2005 �� 129–30, 133
Decision no. 1094 of 15 October 2008, 1983AI/2008, OG 721/23.10.2008 �� 140–41
Decision no. 1221 of 12 November 2008, 2179D/2008, OG 804/02.12.2008 �� 127
Decision no. 82 of 15 January 2009, 42D/2009, OG 33/16.01.2009 �� 126–27
Decision no 842 of 2 June 2009, 884D/2009, OG 464/06.07.2009 �� 127
Decision no. 984 of 30 June 2009, 1104D/2009, OG 542/04.08.2009 �� 127
Decision no. 1414 of 4 November 2009, 7271AI/2009,
OG 796/23.11.2009 �� 129, 136, 142
Decision no. 871 of 25 June 2010, 1522AI/2010, OG 433/28.06.2010 �� 132, 134, 139–40
Decision no. 872 of 25 June 2010, 1532AI/2010, OG 433/28.06.2010 �� 128, 130
Decision no. 873 of 25 June 2010, 1533AI/2010, OG 433/28.06.2010 �� 132
Decision no. 874 of 25 June 2010, 1542AI/2010, OG 433/28.06.2010 �� 128, 130
Decision no. 297 of 1 March 2011, 952D/2010, OG 513/02.07.2011 �� 129
Decision no. 1283 of 29 September 2011, 4694D/2010, OG 826/22.11.2011 �� 140–41
Decision no. 1284 of 29 September 2011, 4753D/2010, OG 838/25.11.2011 �� 141
Decision no. 1380 of 18 October 2011, 976D/2011, OG 847/29.11.2011 �� 133–34
Decision no. 193 of 2 April 2013, 112D/2013, OG 416/10.07.2013 �� 144
Decision no. 42 of 22 January 2014, 488D/2013, OG 210/25.03.2014 �� 127–28
Decision no. 278 of 23 April 2015, 1363D/2014, OG 447/23.06.2015 �� 127
Decision no. 541 of 14 July 2015, 974D/2015, OG 622/17.08.2015 �� 144
Decision no. 644 of 13 October 2015, 258D/2015, OG 899/03.12.2015 �� 144
Decision no. 660 of 15 October 2015, 120D/2015, OG 891/27.11.2015 �� 144
Decision no. 443 of 21 June 2016, 475D/2016, OG 580/29.07.2016 �� 127–28, 144
Decision no. 681 of 2 November 2017, 1697D/2016, OG 148/16.02.2018 �� 127–28, 144
ROMANIA: HIGH COURT

Decision no. 16 of 8 June 2015, 689/1/2015, OG 525/15.07.2015 �� 144
Table of Cases xxiii
SPAIN: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

STC 32/1981, Pleno. judgment of 28 July 1981, BOE nº. 193 of 13 August 1981 �� 313–14
STC 29/1982, Pleno. judgment of 31 May 1982, BOE nº. 153 of 28 June 1982 �� 331
STC 127/1987, Pleno. judgment of 16 July 1987, BOE nº. 191 of 11 August 1987 �� 332
STC 227/1988, Pleno. judgment of 29 November, BOE nº. 307
of 23 December 1988 �� 334
STC 100/1990, Pleno. judgment of 30 May 1990, BOE nº. 147 of 20 June 1990 �� 329
STC 126/1994, Sala Primera. judgment of 25 April 1994,
BOE nº. 129 of 31 May 1994 �� 313
STC 239/2002, Pleno. judgment of 11 December 2002,
BOE nº. 9 of 10 January 2003 �� 334
STC 30/2011, Pleno. judgment of 16 March 2011, BOE nº. 86 of 11 April 2011 �� 334
STC 137/2011, Pleno. judgment of 14 September 2011, BOE nº. 245 of
11 October 2011 �� 331–32
STC 49/2015, Pleno. judgment of 5 March 2015, BOE nº. 85 of 9 April 2015 �� 331–32
STC 144/2015, Sala Primera. judgment of 22 June 2015. BOE nº. 182 of
31 July 2015 �� 331–32
STC 233/2015, Pleno. judgment of 5 November 2015, BOE nº. 296 of
11 December 2015 �� 334
STC 139/2016, Pleno. judgment of 21 July 2016, BOE nº. 196 of
15 August 2016 �� 329, 333
STC 33/2017, Pleno. judgment of 1 March 2017, BOE nº. 83 of 7 April 2017 �� 333
STC 63/2017, Pleno. judgment of 1 May 2017, BOE nº. 156 of 1 July 2017 �� 333
STC 64/2017, Pleno. judgment of 25 May 2017, BOE nº. 156 of 1 July 2017 �� 333
20 December 2017 �� 333, 334
8 January 2018 �� 333, 334
STC 145/2017, Pleno. judgment of 14 December 2017, BOE nº. 15 of
16 January 2018 �� 333, 334
UK: HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE

High Court of Justice (England and Wales) in R (on the application of
Refugee Action) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
[2014] EWHC 1033 (Admin) �� 12
List of Contributors
Maria Bakavou, Dr, Judge at the Greek Council of State, Athens
Ulrich Becker, Prof Dr, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social
Policy, Munich
Matteo De Nes, Dr, Post-Doctoral Researcher in Constitutional Law, University of Padova
Elaine Dewhurst, Dr, Senior Lecturer in Employment Law, University of Manchester
Elena-Luminița Dima, Dr, Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest
Kristīne Dupate, Dr, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Latvia
József Hajdú, Dr, Professor for Labour Law and Social Security Law at the Faculty of Law,
University of Szeged
Athena Herodotou, Research Assistant at the Law Department, University of Cyprus
Constantinos Kombos, Dr, Associate Professor of Public Law at the Law Department,
University of Cyprus
João Carlos Loureiro, Dr, Professor of Constitutional and Social Security Law, University of
Coimbra
Juan Antonio Maldonado Molina, Dr, Professor of Labour and Social Security Law,
University of Granada
Andrea Pin, Dr, Associate Professor of Comparative Public Law, University of Padova
Anastasia Poulou, Dr, Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and
Social Policy, Munich
Juan Romero Coronado, Dr, Professor of Labour and Social Security Law, University of
Granada
Suzana Tavares da Silva, Dr, Judge at the Portuguese Administrative Supreme Court and
Professor of Constitutional, Administrative and Tax Law, University of Coimbra
José Carlos Vieira de Andrade, Dr, Full Professor of Constitutional and Administrative Law,
University of Coimbra
1
Introduction
Ulrich Becker
I. Starting points  1 c) Mechanisms: dimensions of

II. The constitution of the welfare human rights  12
state under pressure  6 d) Substance: guidelines for social
1. Social policy reforms and the protection  14
financial crisis  6 e) Procedure: separation of powers
2. Constitutional protection of and rule of law  15
social rights  7 III. Aim and outline of the Book  16
a) Starting points: different 1. Aim  16
meanings of social rights  8 2. Time and area under analysis  17
b) Interplay between different a) Countries  17
legal levels  9 b) Time frame  21
3. Structure of the country reports  22

I. Starting points
1. How did the European financial crisis change the constitution of welfare states?
The well-known background of this question can be summarised very briefly. The
financial crisis, which reached Europe in 2008 in a time of economic recession, led
to a debt crisis in 2009; a series of Member States of the European Union (EU) had to
reduce their budgetary deficits. In this context, and more or less strongly influenced
by European and international institutions, they undertook different measures to cut
expenditure, and they reacted, in particular, with cutbacks in social rights.
These austerity measures continue to be highly disputed for good reasons. Their
economic effectiveness and their political feasibility remain questionable. But this dis-
cussion will not be taken up here. We shall focus on the issue from a legal perspective.
It is obvious that the financial crisis hit European states as an external shock, and the
question we are interested in, and that the following chapters will deal with, is how the
legal systems that can be understood as the backbones of welfare states have managed
to cope with this shock. In this context, our understanding of the constitution of wel-
fare states is twofold.
Ulrich Becker, Introduction In: European Welfare State Constitutions after the Financial Crisis. Edited by: Ulrich Becker and
Anastasia Poulou, Oxford University Press (2020). © The Contributors. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198851776.003.0001
2 Introduction
First, European states conceive of themselves as political communities that

take care of the well-being of the people living in their territory.1 There is a cer-
tain common understanding that they should do so, and the normative founda-
tion for this can be found in the law of the European Union as well as in national
constitutions. The so-called European social model2 is based on a combination of
guaranteeing individual freedoms and enabling their actual enjoyment, but it is a
loose concept as far as the institutional settings and the level of social protection
are concerned. States have to make political decisions in this respect,3 and these
decisions become tangible and receive a binding character once they have been
transformed into legal documents. Social (protection) law is the instrument for
putting social policy into practice. At the same time, it reflects fundamental ideas
on the right and just construction of a political community, in particular on the le-
gitimacy of public interventions, or how far governments should be entrusted with
the task of influencing societal and individual behaviour. This is why modifications
of social (protection) law are not a mere technicality but reveal, at least if they are
of considerable importance and go beyond mere adjustments, changes in the very
constitution of welfare states.
Second, it is constitutional law that forms and frames the welfare state. In the
context of the financial crisis, the question arises as to whether and, if so, in what
way it has been used in order to control and correct austerity measures and thus to
stabilise the welfare state. And one might also expect with regard to its functioning
that the financial crisis had some impact on its application.
2. It is this double-sided understanding of the constitution of welfare states that

serves as a background to this book, which aims to provide a detailed analysis of
crisis-driven changes in a comparative perspective. It concentrates on those nine EU
Member States that were particularly affected by the financial crisis. We have sub-
divided them into three groups: the first consists of Hungary, Latvia, and Romania.
All three are non-eurozone Member States that received financial assistance from
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, as well as from the
EU in the form of a balance of payments according to article 143 of the Treaty on
the Functioning of the EU (TFEU). These countries are of particular interest, since
they were the first countries to receive financial assistance in the wake of the finan-
cial crisis and thus served as precedential cases for the bailout of eurozone Member
1 It is noteworthy that this territorial responsibility is not restricted to their (own) citizens, al-
though we do not elaborate on migration issues here; see for further explanations Ulrich Becker, ‘The
Challenge of Migration to the Welfare State’ in Eyal Benvenisti and Georg Nolte (eds), The Welfare State,
Globalization, and International Law (Springer 2003) 1.
2 See Commission, ‘European Social Policy, A Way Forward for the Union, A White Paper’ COM
(94) 333 final, 9, pointing at ‘shared values’ as a basis, ‘held together by the conviction that economic and
social progress must go hand in hand’.
3 Which is the reason why different ‘welfare state models’ are under discussion, see Wil A Arts and
John Gelissen, ‘Models of the Welfare State’ in Francis G Castles and others (eds), The Oxford Handbook
of the Welfare State (OUP 2010)—even though most states do not follow one coherent social policy ap-
proach anyway.
Starting points 3
States. The second group comprises Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Cyprus. These are
eurozone Member States that received financial assistance from the newly created
European assistance mechanisms (EFSM, EFSF, ESM) and the IMF. The third group
of country reports encompasses Italy and Spain. Both received instructions to re-
duce social protection benefits, even if in their case the crisis management measures
were not formally prescribed by supranational organisations.
In its substance, the book combines two legal fields. On the one hand, the na-
tional reports document and systematise the crisis-related reforms introduced in
the field of social protection as it is broadly understood, covering old-age benefits,
social assistance allowances, unemployment benefits, family benefits, and health-
care. This part depicts the specific crisis experience of each country and links the
crisis-related reforms to the overall national social policy developments. On the
other hand, the national reports also investigate what role constitutional law played
in controlling the social protection reforms and the ways in which the application
of constitutional law has changed during the crisis. This allows an assessment of
whether the fundamental constitutional principles of the European welfare state
that traditionally protect social rights were altered during the crisis.
This study can build on previously collected information about recent changes
of national social protection systems, such as reports from the World Health
Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe,4 the European Trade Union
Institute,5 or the European Social Observatory,6 although they do not claim to offer
a systematic and comprehensive legal analysis. Yet, they do highlight the practical
outcome of the austerity measures, and the publications on the relationship be-
tween those measures and the now poor level of healthcare in various EU Member
States hit by the financial crisis7 are impressive. Recent research on concepts of the
welfare state and their development throughout the years of the crisis concentrates
on general theories of welfare state models rather than on a systematic assessment
of reforms that were introduced as a reaction to the debt crisis.8 It can serve as
4 Anna Maresso and others, Economic Crisis, Health Systems and Health in Europe (Observatory
Studies Series 41, WHO Regional Office for Europe 2014); Philipa Mladovsky and others, Health Policy
Responses to the Financial Crisis in Europe (WHO Regional Office for Europe 2012).
5 Furio Stamati and Rita Baeten, Health Care Reforms and the Crisis (European Trade Union
Institute Report 134, 2014).

6 Rita Baeten and others, ‘Health Care Policies: European Debate and National Reforms’ in
David Natali and others (eds), Social Developments in the European Union 2011 (European Social
Observatory 2012).
7 Gesellschaft für Versicherungswissenschaft und - gestaltung (GVG) (ed), 14. Euroforum:
Auswirkungen der Euro-Krise auf die nationale Gesundheitspolitik: Dokumentation des GVG-Euroforums
in Potsdam am 11. Oktober 2012 vol 72 (Schriftenreihe der GVG 2013); Marina Karanikolos and others,
‘Financial Crisis, Austerity and Health in Europe’ (2013) 381(9874) The Lancet 1323; Emmanuele
Pavolini and others (eds), Health Care Systems in Europe under Austerity (Palgrave Macmillan 2013);
David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu, The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills (Gildan Media 2013).
8 Jon Erik Dølvik and Andrew Martin (ed), European Social Models from Crisis to
Crisis: Employment and Inequality in the Era of Monetary Integration (OUP 2014); Anton Hemerijck,
Changing Welfare States (OUP 2012); Martin Rhodes (ed), Southern European Welfare States: Between
Crisis and Reform (Routledge Chapman & Hall 2014); Maria Petmesidou and Ana Marta Guillén (eds),
Economic Crisis and Austerity in Southern Europe: Threat or Opportunity for a Sustainable Welfare State
(Routledge 2015).
4 Introduction
background information as it hints at the already mentioned fundamentals of wel-

fare states and their normative content. However, it documents rather generally the
various welfare state transformations across European countries,9 without taking
legal instruments of implementation into account or showing a particular interest
in the role of financial assistance.
While our study does not try to paint a general picture of recent social rights
developments,10 its focus and approach is, at the same time, different from the ex-
isting legal literature on these crisis-driven developments. We do not concentrate
on an assessment at European level11 or on the asymmetry between different polit-
ical levels of regulation and the correspondent subject matters,12 although the legal
impact of this asymmetry has been discussed for a long time with regard to social
protection.13 Instead, we will provide, in Chapter 2, an analytical overview of the
background of EU law. Actions at the international and European level served as
a starting point for processes taking place at national level, namely, first and fore-
most, social protection law reforms and, second, their constitutional framing.
The interplay between these processes shows the interaction of supranational and
international measures in the framing of the national responses, as well as the
interaction between crisis-induced reforms and previous processes of reforms.14
It allows for insights into possible changes in the legal systems as such,15 measured
by the role of legal doctrine16 and without a theoretical explanation of the role of
9 Including Germany, Scandinavia, and the UK, see Peter Taylor-Gooby, Benjamin Leruth, and
Heejung Chung (eds), After Austerity: Welfare State Transformation in Europe after the Great Recession
(OUP 2017).
10 Like Toomas Kotkas and Kenneth Veitch (eds), Social Rights in the Welfare State, Origins and
Transformations (Routledge 2017), taking up a variety of different aspects.

11 See for this approach Kaarlo Tuori and Klaus Tuori, The Eurozone Crisis: A Constitutional Analysis
(CUP 2014); Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Human Rights in Times of Austerity Policy: The EU Institutions
and the Conclusion of Memoranda of Understanding (Nomos 2014).
12 See Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky and Letnar Cernic (eds), Making Sovereign Financing and Human
Rights Work (Hart Publishing 2014).

13 See for a— rather optimistic— summarisation Ulrich Becker, ‘Sozialstaatlichkeit in der
Europäischen Union’ (2015) 19 Europarecht 25–26; for a different view Florian Rödl, ‘Die dialektische
Entwicklung des Sozialen im Prozess der europäischen Integration’ in Ulrich Becker and others (eds),
Grundlagen und Herausforderungen des Sozialstaats vol 1 (Erich Schmidt Verlag 2014).
14 See for a more general approach Thomas Beukers, Bruno de Witte, and Claire Kilpatrick (eds),
Constitutional Change through Euro-Crisis Law (CUP 2017).

15 And not necessarily concentrated on social rights; see in this respect Aoife Nolan (ed), Economic
and Social Rights after the Global Financial Crisis (CUP 2014), dealing with the global financial crisis in
the post-2007 context and reflecting experiences from countries in a variety of global regions (Spain,
USA, Colombia, Argentina, and South Africa) in different fields (including taxation or the labour
market). See also Stefano Civitarese Matteucci and Simon Halliday (eds), Social Rights in Europe in
an Age of Austerity (Routledge 2017) with a different selection of case studies (choosing the biggest
European economies, namely UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain).
16 And not so much the role of constitutional amendments; see for the incorporation of the ‘golden
rule’ of the fiscal compact within national constitutions Maurice Adams, Federico Fabbrini, and
Pierre Larouche (eds), The Constitutionalisation of European Budgetary Constraints (Hart Publishing
2014).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
J’entends des moissonneurs, des filles
Défricher un champ de blé blanc,
Qui gicle au contact des faucilles;
Et leur fièvre, leur sèche ardeur,

Leur clameur nocturne et païenne
Imitent, dans l’air plein d’odeurs,
Le cri des nuits éleusiennes!
Un pâtre, sur un lourd mulet,

Monte la côte tortueuse;
Sa chanson lascive accolait
La noble nuit silencieuse;
Dans les lis, lourds de pollen brun,

Le bêlement mélancolique
D’une chèvre, ivre de parfums,
Semble une flûte bucolique.
Donc, je vous vois, cité des dieux.

Lampe d’argile consumée,
Agrigente au nom spacieux,
Vous que Pindare a tant aimée!
Porteuse d’un songe éternel,

O compagne de Pythagore!
C’est vous cette ruche sans miel,
Cette éparse et gisante amphore!
C’est vous ces enclos d’amandiers,

Ce sol dur que les bœufs gravissent,
Ce désert de sèches mélisses,
Où mon âme vient mendier.
Ah! quelle indigente agonie!
Et l’on comprendrait mon émoi,
Si l’on savait ce qu’est pour moi
Un peu de l’Hellade infinie:
Car, sur ce rivage humble et long,

Dans ce calme et morne désastre,
Le vent des flûtes d’Apollon
Passe entre mon cœur et les astres!
L’AUBERGE D’AGRIGENTE
Rien ne vient à souhait aux mortels...
PAUL LE SILENTIAIRE.
ans un de ces beaux soirs où le puissant silence

Répond soudain, dans l’ombre, à l’esprit, interdit
D’écouter cet élan venant des Paradis
Contenter le désir qu’on a depuis l’enfance;
Dans un de ces soirs chauds qui nous fendent le cœur,

Et, comme d’une mine où gisent des turquoises,
Viennent extraire en nous de secrètes lueurs,
Et guident vers les cieux notre pensive emphase;
Dans ces languides soirs qui font monter du sol

Des soupirs de parfums, j’étais seule, en Sicile;
Une cloche au son grave, ébranlant l’air docile,
Sonnait dans un couvent de moines espagnols.
Je songeais à la paix rigide de ces moines

Pour qui les nuits n’ont plus de déchirants appels.
Sur le seuil échaudé du misérable hôtel
Où l’air piquant cuisait des touffes de pivoines,
Deux chevaux dételés, mystiques, solennels,
Rêvaient l’un contre l’autre, auprès d’un sac d’avoine.
La mer, à l’infini, balançait mollement

L’impondérable excès de la clarté lunaire.
Les chèvres au pas fin, comme un peuple d’amants
Se cherchaient à travers le sec et blanc froment:
L’impérieux besoin de dompter et de plaire
Rencontrait un secret et long assentiment...
e co t a t u sec et et o g asse t e t...
La nuit, la calme nuit, déesse agitatrice,

Regardait s’amasser l’amour sur les chemins;
Une palme éployait son pompeux artifice
Près des maigres chevaux qui, songeant à demain,
Aux incessants travaux de leur race indigente,
Se baisaient doucement.
Dans le moite jardin,
Vous méditiez sans fin, ô palme nonchalante!
Que j’étais triste alors, que mon cœur étouffait!
Un rêve catholique et sa force exigeante
M’empêchait d’écouter les bachiques souhaits
De la puissante nuit qui brille et qui fermente...
Et j’aimais ta douceur pudique et négligente,

Palmier de Bethléem sur le ciel d’Agrigente!
L’ENCHANTEMENT DE LA SICILE
Je suis ému comme le dauphin des mers qui, au milieu des
flots paisibles, se plaît au doux son de la flûte.
PINDARE.
élestes horizons où mollement oscille

La bleuâtre chaleur qui baigne la Sicile,
Malgré nos froids hivers et mes longs désespoirs
Je n’ai rien oublié de la douceur des soirs:
Ni le dattier debout sur son ombre étoilée,
Ni la fontaine arabe, au marbre soufre et noir,
Qui fait gicler son eau rigide et fuselée,
Ni l’hôtel du rivage aux teintes de safran,
Ni la jaune mosquée ombrageant ses glycines,
Ni les vaisseaux, taillés dans un bois odorant,
Et qui passent, le soir, sur la mer de Messine...
Ah! comme je connais, Palerme, ta splendeur,
Le tropical jardin, les caféiers en fleurs,
Les sonores villas par la chaleur usées,
Et le bruit de satin des pigeons du musée!
Musée où je voyais l’Arabie et ses ors,
Ses pots de blanc mica, ses légers miradors
Imprégner de santal l’air où sa paix infuse,
Tandis que, tel un dieu embrasé, fascinant,
Qui darde sur les cœurs son désir et sa ruse,
Le grand bélier d’argent du port de Syracuse
Avait je ne sais quoi d’avide et de tonnant...
Mettant sur mon regard mes deux mains comme un masque,

J’abordais la chaleur de midi. Dans les vasques,
Le pompeux papyrus condensait sa fraîcheur.
Une voiture avec un baldaquin de toile
Menait à Baïra, dormant sur la hauteur
Parmi des ronciers blancs et des chants de cigales,
Comme un mauresque hospice enduit d’un lait de chaux...
Montréal et son cloître ouvrait à l’azur chaud
Sa cuve où grésillaient les bananiers d’Afrique.
L’église, ruisselant de fières mosaïques,
Élançant ses piliers, minces comme des mâts,
Où l’or se suspendait en lumineuses grappes,
Ressemblait, par l’ardent et monastique éclat,
A vous, sainte brûlante, ô Rose de Lima,
Que l’on voit alanguie auprès d’un jeune pape...
Des muletiers passaient en bonnet espagnol;

La fleur de l’aloès reflétait sur le sol
Le miracle étonné d’un calice de braise.
Des enfants transportaient des paniers, où les fraises
Bondissaient, retombaient, se mouvaient, rouge essaim,
Comme un jet d’eau pourpré qui pique le bassin.
Un marchand grec, coiffé de noire cotonnade,
Repoussait de ses cris et de ses sombres mains
L’assourdissant troupeau de hargneuses pintades
Qui mordait son fardeau et barrait le chemin;
Effronté, laissant voir son torse nu qu’il cambre,
Un jeune homme, allongé sur le jaune talus,
Regardait de ses yeux scintillants et velus
Le sublime soleil abonder sur ses membres
Comme un flot de liqueur coule d’un flacon d’ambre...
L’horizon tressaillait d’un vertige or et bleu.
Et puis toujours, là-bas, je voyais, pure et vaste,

La mer au grand renom, qui touche dans ses jeux
Les Cyclades, dormant sur des vagues de feu,
Le rivage d’Ulysse et celui de Jocaste,
L’herbe où des bergers grecs préludaient deux par deux...
Et je songeais,—puissante, éparse, solitaire,—
Mêlée au temps sans bord ainsi qu’aux éléments,
Attirant vers mon cœur, comme un étrange aimant,
Tous les rêves flottant sur l’amoureuse terre;
J’attendais je ne sais quel grave et sûr plaisir
J attendais je ne sais quel grave et sûr plaisir...
Mais déçue aujourd’hui par tout ce qu’on espère,

Ayant tout vu sombrer, ayant tout vu fléchir,
O mon cœur sans repos ni peur, je vous vénère
D’avoir tant désiré, sachant qu’il faut mourir!
PALERME S’ENDORMAIT...
alerme s’endormait; la mer Tyrrhénienne
Répandait une odeur d’âcre et marin bétail:
Odeur d’algues, d’oursins, de sel et de corail,
Arôme de la vague où meurent les sirènes;
Et cette odeur, nageant dans les tièdes embruns,
Avait tant de hardie et vaste violence,
Qu’elle semblait une âpre et pénétrante offense
A la terre endormie et presque sans parfums...
Le geste de bénir semblait tomber des palmes;

Des barques s’éloignaient pour la pêche du thon,
Je contemplais, le front baigné de vapeurs calmes,
La figure des cieux que regardait Platon.
On entendait, au bord des obscures terrasses,
Se soulever des voix que la chaleur harasse,
Tous les mots murmurés semblaient confidentiels;
C’était un long soupir envahissant l’espace;
Et le vent, haletant comme un oiseau qu’on chasse,
En gerbes de fraîcheur s’enfuyait vers le ciel...
Creusant l’ombre, écrasant la route caillouteuse,
L’indolente voiture où nous étions assis
S’enfonçait dans la nuit opaque et sinueuse,
Sous le ciel nonchalant, immuable et précis;
C’était l’heure où l’air frais subtilement pénètre
La pierre au grain serré des calmes monuments;
Je n’étais pas heureuse en ces divins moments
Que l’ombre enveloppait, mais j’espérais de l’être,
Car toujours le bonheur n’est qu’un pressentiment:
On le goûte avant lui, sans jamais le connaître...
Dans un profond jardin qui longeait le chemin,
Des chats, l’esprit troublé par la saison suave,
Jetaient leurs cris brûlants de vainqueurs et d’esclaves.
Sur les ployants massifs d’œillets et de jasmins,
On entendait gémir leur ardente querelle
Comme un mordant combat de colombes cruelles...
Puis revint le silence indolent et puissant;
Puis revint le silence, indolent et puissant;
La voiture avançait dans l’ombre perméable.
Je songeais au passé; les vagues sur le sable

Avec un calme effort, toujours recommençant,
Déposaient leur fardeau de rumeurs et d’arômes...
Les astres, attachés à leur sublime dôme,
De leur secret regard, fourmillant et pressant,
Attiraient les soupirs des yeux qui se soulèvent...
Et l’espace des nuits devint retentissant
Du cri silencieux qui montait de mes rêves!...
LES SOIRS DE CATANE
atane languissait, éclatante et maussade;
Le laurier-rose en fleurs du jardin Bellini
Portait un poids semblable à de pourpres grenades;
C’était l’heure où le jour a lentement fini
De harceler l’azur qu’il flagelle et poignarde.
Les voitures tournaient en molle promenade
Sous le moite branchage aux parfums infinis...
On voyait dans la ville étroite et sulfureuse

Les étudiants quitter les Universités;
Leur figure foncée, active et curieuse,
Rayonnait de hardie et fraîche liberté
Sous le fléau splendide et morne de l’été...
Bousculant les marchands de fruits et de tomates,

Encombrant les trottoirs comme un torrent hâtif,
Les chèvres au poil brun, uni comme l’agate,
Dans le soir oppressant et significatif,
Fixaient sur moi leurs yeux directs, où se dilate
Un exultant entrain satanique et lascif.
Comme un tiède ouragan presse et distend les roses,

Le soir faisait s’ouvrir les maisons, les rideaux;
Des balcons de fer noir emprisonnaient les poses
Des nostalgiques corps, penchés hors du repos,
Comme on voit s’incliner des rameuses sur l’eau...
Des visages, des mains pendaient par les fenêtres,

Tant les femmes, ployant sous le poids du désir,
S’avançaient pour chercher, attirer, reconnaître,
Parmi les bruns garçons qui flânaient à loisir,
Le porteur éternel du rêve et du plaisir...
Tout glissait vers l’amour comme l’eau sur la pente.
Le ciel, languide et long, tel un soupir d’azur,
Étalait sa douceur langoureuse et constante
Où gisaient, comme l’or dans un fleuve ample et pur,
Les jasmins safranés mêlés aux citrons mûrs.
L’espace suffoquait d’une imprécise attente...
Élégants, débouchant de la rue en haillons,

Des jeunes gens montaient vers le bruyant théâtre
Que d’électriques feux teintaient de bleus rayons.
Leur hâte ressemblait à des effusions,
Chacun semblait courir aux nuits de Cléopâtre.
Des mendiants furtifs, quand nous les regardions,
Nous offraient des gâteaux couleur d’ambre et de plâtre.
Sur la place, où brillaient des palais d’apparat,

La foule vers minuit s’entassait, sinueuse:
Les pauvres, les seigneurs glissaient bras contre bras,
Un orchestre opulent jouait des opéras,
L’air se chargeait de sons comme une conque creuse;
Enfin tout se taisait; la foule restait tard.
On voyait les serments qu’échangeaient les regards,
Et c’était une paix limpide et populeuse...
Au lointain, par delà les façades, les gens,

La mer de l’Ionie, éployée et sereine,
Sous l’éclat morcelé de la lune d’argent,
Comme une aube mouillée élançait son haleine...
Les bateaux des pêcheurs, qu’un feu rouge éclairait,

Suivaient nonchalamment les vagues poissonneuses.
Le parfum du bétail marin, piquant et frais,
Ensemençait l’espace ainsi qu’un rude engrais.
se e ça t espace a s qu u ude e g a s.
Le ciel, ruche d’ébène aux étoiles fiévreuses,
A force de clarté semblait vivre et frémir...
Et je vis s’enfoncer sur la route rocheuse
Un couple adolescent, qui semblait obéir
A cette loi qui rend muets et solitaires
Ceux que la volupté vient brusquement d’unir.
Et qui vont,—n’ayant plus qu’à songer et se taire,
Comme des étrangers qu’on chasse de la terre...
MUSIQUE POUR LES JARDINS DE LOMBARDIE
es îles ont surgi des bleuâtres embruns...
O terrasses! balcons rouillés par les parfums!
Paysages figés dans de languides poses;
Plis satinés des flots contre les lauriers-roses;
Nostalgiques palmiers, poignants comme un sanglot,
Où des volubilis d’un velours indigo
Suspendent mollement leurs fragiles haleines!...
Un papillon, volant sur les fleurs africaines,
Faiblit, tombe, écrasé par le poids des odeurs.
Hélas! on ne peut pas s’élever! La langueur
Coule comme un serpent de ce feuillage étrange,
Le thé, les camphriers se mêlent aux oranges.
Forêts d’Océanie où la sève, le bois
Ont des frissons secrets et de plaintives voix...
O vert étouffement, enroulement, luxure,
Crépitement de mort, ardente moisissure
Des arbres exilés, qu’usent en cet îlot
La caresse des vents et les baisers de l’eau...
Et Pallanza, là-bas, sur qui le soleil flambe,
Semble un corps demi-nu, languissant, vaporeux,
Qui montre ses flancs d’or, mais dont les douces jambes
Se voilent des soupirs du lac voluptueux...
O tristesse, plus tard, dans les nuits parfumées,
Quand les chauds souvenirs ont la moiteur du sang,
De revoir en son cœur, les paupières fermées,
Et tandis que la mort déjà sur nous descend,
Les suaves matins des îles Borromées!...
Je goûte vos parfums que les vents chauds inclinent,

Profonds magnolias, lauriers des Carolines...
Les rames, sur les flots palpitants comme un cœur,
Imitent les sanglots langoureux du bonheur.
O promesse de joie, ô torpeur juvénile!
Une cloche se berce au rose campanile
Qui, délicat et fier, semble un cyprès vermeil;
Partout la volupté la mélodie errante

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European Welfare State Constitutions

after the Financial Crisis Ulrich Becker

The European Debt Crisis: How Portugal Navigated the

Greek Culture After the Financial Crisis and the

How International Law Works in Times of Crisis George

The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State 2nd Edition

Searching for New Welfare Models: Citizens' Opinions on

Gambling Policies in European Welfare States 1st ed.

Plural Policing, Security and the COVID Crisis:

Bank Liquidity and the Global Financial Crisis 1st ed.

assistance allowances, unemployment benefits, and healthcare. This is done in a

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

T-​327/​13, order of the General Court (First Chamber) of 16 October 2014,

CYPRUS: SUPREME COURT

Case no 426/​2015, decision of 31 December 2015,

CYPRUS: ADMINISTRATIVE COURT

CYPRUS: DISTRICT COURT

HUNGARY: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

GERMANY: FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

GREECE: COUNCIL OF STATE

2999/​2009, judgment of 5 October 2009 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173

IRELAND: IRISH HIGH COURT

IRELAND: IRISH SUPREME COURT

ITALY: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

78/​1995, judgment of 23 February 1995 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 306

247/​2017, judgment of 11 October 2017 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 305

LATVIA: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

PORTUGAL: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

572/​2014, judgment of 30 July 2014, Primeira alteração à Lei do

ROMANIA: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

ROMANIA: HIGH COURT

SPAIN: CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

UK: HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE

Maria Bakavou, Dr, Judge at the Greek Council of State, Athens

Matteo De Nes, Dr, Post-​Doctoral Researcher in Constitutional Law, University of Padova

Elaine Dewhurst, Dr, Senior Lecturer in Employment Law, University of Manchester

Elena-​Luminița Dima, Dr, Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest

Athena Herodotou, Research Assistant at the Law Department, University of Cyprus

I. Starting points  1 c) Mechanisms: dimensions of

First, European states conceive of themselves as political communities that

2. It is this double-​sided understanding of the constitution of welfare states that

Institute Report 134, 2014).

background information as it hints at the already mentioned fundamentals of wel-

Transformations (Routledge 2017), taking up a variety of different aspects.

Rights Work (Hart Publishing 2014).

Constitutional Change through Euro-​Crisis Law (CUP 2017).

Et leur fièvre, leur sèche ardeur,

Un pâtre, sur un lourd mulet,

Dans les lis, lourds de pollen brun,

Donc, je vous vois, cité des dieux.

Porteuse d’un songe éternel,

C’est vous ces enclos d’amandiers,

Car, sur ce rivage humble et long,

ans un de ces beaux soirs où le puissant silence

Dans un de ces soirs chauds qui nous fendent le cœur,

Dans ces languides soirs qui font monter du sol

Je songeais à la paix rigide de ces moines

La mer, à l’infini, balançait mollement

La nuit, la calme nuit, déesse agitatrice,

Et j’aimais ta douceur pudique et négligente,

élestes horizons où mollement oscille

Mettant sur mon regard mes deux mains comme un masque,

Des muletiers passaient en bonnet espagnol;

T-327/13, order of the General Court (First Chamber) of 16 October 2014,

Case no 426/2015, decision of 31 December 2015,

2999/2009, judgment of 5 October 2009 �� 173

78/1995, judgment of 23 February 1995 �� 306

247/2017, judgment of 11 October 2017 �� 305

572/2014, judgment of 30 July 2014, Primeira alteração à Lei do

Matteo De Nes, Dr, Post-Doctoral Researcher in Constitutional Law, University of Padova

Elena-Luminița Dima, Dr, Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest

I. Starting points  1 c) Mechanisms: dimensions of

2. It is this double-sided understanding of the constitution of welfare states that

Constitutional Change through Euro-Crisis Law (CUP 2017).