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OXFO
VNIVERSl
 BRIEF CONTENTS

PART I: AN INT R 。 D UCT l 。 N T。 M ULTICULTURALISM

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 3
CHAPTER 2: Group Dynamics, Communication and Social
Interaction 25

PART II: CULTURAL SPECIFICS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3: African Americans and the Criminal Justice

System 53
CHAPTER 4: Hispanic Americans and the Criminal Justice
System 91
CHAPTER 5: Asian Americans and the Criminal Justice
System 113
CHAPTER 6: Native Americans and the Criminal Justice
System 141
CHAPTER 7: Women and the Criminal Justice System 163
CHAPTER 8: The LGBT Community and the Criminal Justice
System 189
CHAPTER 9: The Elderly and the Criminal Justice System 218
CHAPTER 10: Juveniles and the Criminal Justice System 241

vii
VIII BRIEF CONTENTS

PART Ill: INTERNAL ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AND MULTICULTURALISM

CHAPTER 11: Policing and Multiculturalism 267

CHAPTER 12: Courts and Multiculturalism 297
CHAPTER 13: Corrections and Multiculturalism 325
CHAPTER 14: Preparing for Multiculturalism in the Criminal
Justice System: Training and Policy 351
CHAPTER 15: The Future of Diversity and Multiculturalism in
Criminal Justice: Strategies for Success 377
 CONTENTS

PREFACE xix
··.
ABOU T THE AUTHORS XX111

PART I AN INT R 。 D UCT I 。 N T。 M ULTICULTURALISM

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3
Race 6
Ethnicity 8
Minority Groups 8
Distinguishing Physical or Cultural Traits 8
Unequal Treatment by Those in Power 8
Involuntary Membership 9
Solidarity of Members 9
In-Group Marriage 10
'fypes of Minority Groups 10
Racial Groups 1 0
Ethnic Groups 11
Religious Groups 11
Gender Groups 11
Creating Subordinate Groups 11
Migration 11
Annexation 12
Colonialism 12
The Consequences of Subordinate Group Status 12
Prejudice and Discrimination 14

IX
X CONTENTS

Racism 15
Where Does Multiculturalism Fit into the Discussion? 16
Is Multiculturalism in America a Good Thing? 17
Multiculturalism Divides People 18
Multiculturalism Fosters Discrimination 18
Multiculturalism Prevents Equality 19
The Value of Multiculturalism 19
Summary 22
KeyTerms 23
Discussion Questions 23
For Further Reading 23
Notes 24

CHAPTER 2 Group Dynamics, Communication and Social

Interaction 25
Erving Goffman and the Nature of Social Interaction 26
Impression Management 27
Social Interaction and the Criminal Justice System 29
The Criminal Justice ” System''? 31
Groups 34
What Constitutes a Group? 34
Groups in the Criminal JusticεSystem 36
Communication 37
The Communication Process 37
Nonverbal Communication 39
Obstacles Affecting Communication 41
Differential Treatmεnt and Symbolism 42
Social Interaction and Multiculturalism 44
Status and Roles 44
Socially Constructing Reality 45
Summary 46
KeyTerms 47
Discussion Questions 48
For Further Reading 48
Notes 48
 Contents XI

PART II CULTURAL SPECIFICS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 African Americans and the Criminal Justice

System 53
Historical Background 53
Slavery 54
The Post-Slavery Era 54
The Civil Rights Movement 56
Civil Disobedience 57
Martin Luther King Jr. and the Riots 58
The Rise of Black Power 58
The Nation of Islam and Black Identity 59
African Americant The Rise of the Black Middle Class 59
The Historical Treatment of African Americans in the
Criminal Justice System 62
African Americans and the Criminal Justice
System Today 6 4
The Police 64
Public Opinion and the Police 67
Violent Crime 69
Arrests 69
Use of Force 70
Deadly Force 71
Profiling and Other Forms of Abuse 72
The Courts and African Americans:
Sentencing Issues 7 6
The Death Penalty and African Americans 78
Corrections and African Americans 80
Race, Fear, and Crime 81
Is the Criminal Justice System Racist? 81
Summa巧 83

KeyTerms 84
Discussion Questions 85
For Further Reading 85
Notes 85
xii C O NTENTS

CHAPTER 4 Hispanic Americans and the Criminal Justice

System 91
Chicanos and Mexicans 92
Immigration 93
Chicanos Today 93
Cubans 95
Cubans Today 96
Puerto Ricans 98
The Influence of Central and South America 10 0
Hispanic Involvement in the Criminal Justice System 10 0
Immigration and Crime 103
Summaηr 107
Key Terms 108
Discussion Questions 10 8
For Further Reading 108
Notes 108

CHAPTER 5 Asian Americans and the Criminal Justice

System 113
A Brief Profile of Asian Americans 115
Model Minority Myth 11 6
Income Data 117
Hate Crimes and Racial Profiling 119
Far East Asian Americans 119
Chinese Americans 11 9
Japanese Americans 121
The First Wave of Anti-Japanese Resentment 121
The Second Wave: Internment 122
Korean Americans 12 4
Southeast Asian Americans 12 5
Pacific Islander Americans 12 7
Hawaiians 12 7
Filipinos 12 8
Indian Subcontinent 12 8
Asian Indians 12 8
Asian Americans and the Criminal Justice System 12 9
Crime Statistics 12 9
Asian Gangs 13 0
Chinese Gangs 130
Vietnamese Gangs 132
 Contents xi ii

Human Smuggling 132

Transnational Organized Crime 13 3
Summa巧 135

Key Terms 13 6
Discussion Questions 13 6
For Further Reading 13 6
Notes 137

CHAPTER 6 Native Americans and the Criminal Justice System 141

Historical Presence of Native Americans 141

Legislating for the People 143
Termination 14 4
Government Involvement in Indian Affairs 14 4
Native Americans Today 145
Employment and Income 14 6
Casino Gambling 14 8
Educational Achievement 15 0
Healthcare 151
Native Americans and the Criminal Justice System 152
Crime Rates 15 3
Victimization 15 4
The Role of Alcohol and Native American Crime 155
Questioning the Relationship between Native Americans and Crime
Statistics 155
Native Americans and the Police 15 6
The Administration of Justice: Tribal Courts 15 7
Native Americans and the Correctional System 15 8
Summa巧 158

Key Terms 15 9
Discussion Questions 159
For Further Reading 16 0
Notes 160

CHAPTER 7 Women and the Criminal Justice System 163

The Fight for Rights 163

Women as a Distinct Culture 16 4
Female Arrestees and Victims 167
Women and Policing 169
Policewomen 170
Interaction with the Police 1 73
xiv C O NTENTS

Females and the Courts 1 73

Sentencing 1 74
Capital Punishment and Females 174
Female Courtroom Personnel 175
Females and Corrections 1 76
Female Incarceration 1 76
Women in Jail 178
Females in Prison 1 78
Females Working in Corrections 181
Summaηr 183
Key Terms 18 4
Discussion Questions 18 4
For Further Reading 18 4
Notes 184

CHAPTER 8 The LGBT Community and the

Criminal Justice System 189
Public Attitudes About Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
People 190
Operationalization of Terms: Gay Versus Homosexual 192
Differences Between Male and Female Homosexuality 19 3
The History of Homosexuality and Gay Identities in the
United States 194
LGBT People and the Criminal Justice System 19 7
Hate Crimes and Victimization 19 7
Methods of Collecting Hate Crime Data 197
Incidents and Offenses 198
What the Data Shows 198
Is Hate Crime Legislation Really Necessary? 200
Challenges for LGBT People and PLWHIV in the
Criminal Justice System 201
LGBTs/PLWHIVand the Police 202
Gay Police Officers 2 03
Homophobia and Policing 203
Homophobia Within Policing 203
The Courts and LGBTs/PLWHIV 206
LGBTs/PLWHIV and Prison Life 2 0 8
Women, Homosexuality, and Prison Life 211
Summary 212
Key Terms 213
 Contents xv

Discussion Questions 2 14
For Further Reading 2 14
Notes 214

CHAPTER 9 The Elderly and the Criminal Justice System 218

Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y 21 9

Elderly Crime 2 2 0
Elderly Victims 2 21
Elderly Abuse 2 21
Elderly Offenders 2 2 3
Elderly Criminals and the Criminal Justice System 224
Types of Elderly Offenses 227
Shoplifting 2 2 7
Homicide 2 2 8
Sex Offenses 229
Drunk Driving 230
Formal Reactions to the Elderly Criminal 2 31
Elderly Inmates 233
Summa巧r 235
Key Terms 236
Discussion Questions 2 3 6
For Further Reading 237
Notes 237

CHAPTER 10: Juveniles and the Criminal Justice System 241

Definitions of Juvenile Delinquency 2 4 2

History of Juvenile Delinquency in the United States 243
Nineteenth-Century United States 243
Delinquency in the Early τwentieth Century 2 4 5
Delinquency in the 1960s-1970s 246
Delinquency from the 1980s and into the New Millennium 248
The Juvenile Population 24 8
Juvenile Victims 24 8
Juvenile Offenders 2 51
Juveniles and the Police 252
Juveniles and the Courts 2 5 4
Relative Rate Index 2 5 5
Juveniles and Corrections 2 5 6
Short-Term Facilities 258
xvi C O NTENTS

Institutional Life for Delinquents 25 8

如1ental Illness and Detention 259
Suicide and Institutionalized Youth 2 59
Delinquency, Detention, and Public Policy 260
Summary 260
Key Terms 2 61
Discussion Questions 2 61

For Further Reading 262

Notes 262

PART Ill INTERNAL ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AND MULTICULTURALISM

CHAPTER 11 Policing and Multiculturalism 267

Historical Policing 268
The Roots of U.S. Policing 268
Historical U.S. Policing 2 70
Slave Patrols and Black Codes 2 70
Three Eras of Policing 2 71
The Political Era 271
The Reform Era 272
The Community Era 274
Police Personnel Issues 2 77
Legislating Diversity in Policing 2 78
Integrating Policing 2 79
Steps to Diversify Policing 2 81
Police Practices 2 83
Police Discretion 2 85
Organizational Variables 286
Situational Factors 286
Officer Characteristics 286
Neighborhood and Community Influences 287
Police-Community Relations 288
Summaηr 291
Key Terms 292
Discussion Questions 292
For Further Reading 2 9 3
Notes 293
 Contents XVII

CHAPTER 12 Courts and Multiculturalism 297

Initial Appearance 299

Notice of Charges 2 9 9
Counsel and the Initial Appearance 3 0 0
Pretrial Release 301
Preliminary Hearing/Grand Jury 301
Arraignment 3 02
Trials 304
Jury Selection 3 0 5
Constructing the Venire 3 05
Voir Dire 307
The Body of the Trial 3 08
Jury Nullification 31 0
Enhancing Jury Trials 311
Sentencing 311
Discriminatory Sentencing? 312
Sentencing Structures 312
Appellate Courts 315
Multiculturalism and Courtroom Personnel 31 5
Summary 319
Key Terms 32 0
Discussion Questions 32 0
For Further Reading 32 0
Notes 320

CHAPTER 13 Corrections and Multiculturalism 325

The Organization of Corrections 326

The Correctional Population 32 7
Incarceration 32 8
Prison 330
Prison Life 331
Multiculturalism and Challenges in Prison 334
Jail 337
Community Corrections 338
Probation 339
Release from Prison and Parole 3 41
Correctional Staff and Training 3 4 3
Diversity and Correctional Staff 343
xviii C O NTENTS

Summaηr 345
Key Terms 346
Discussion Questions 347
For Further Reading 347
Notes 347

CHAPTER 14 Preparing for Multiculturalism in the Criminal

Justice System: Training and Policy 351
Training and Multiculturalism 352
The Role of Education 3 5 4
Training and Law Enforcement 3 5 6
Multiculturalism and Courtroom Personnel Training 3 6 0
Multiculturalism and Correctional Staff Training 3 63
The Limitations of Training 3 64
Policies and Multiculturalism 3 65
Global Perspectives 3 71
Summa巧r 372
Key Terms 3 73
Discussion Questions 3 73
For Further Reading 3 74
Notes 374

CHAPTER 15 The Future of Diversity and Multiculturalism in

Criminal Justice: Strategies for Success 377
Forecasting the Future 3 78
Forecasting Multiculturalism in the Criminal Justice System 3 79
Critical Issues Affecting Multiculturalism and Criminal Justice 382
Racial and Ethnic Profiling 382
Hate Crimes 3 8 3
Immigration 3 8 4
Globalism and International Crime 3 8 6
Progress? 389
Summaηr 392
Key Terms 39 3
Discussion Questions 3 93
For Further Reading 394
Notes 394

GLOSSARY 397
CREDITS 409
INDEX 411
 PREFACE

T he creation 叫s work stemmed from the ab … of a thorough work on diversity,

multiculturalism, crime, and justice. Many developments and incidents in relation to
the topics have prompted us to develop a book that comprehensively addresses the issues
in a reader－台iendly manner. Consider, for instance, the incidents and developments in
the last several years, and how justice-based practices have impacted police-community
relations and perceptions of justice. Some of these events are startling reminders of the
fragility of human life and the delicate nature of the relationships we form with others.
In thinking about these issues, which are discussed in each chapter, we note that there is
increasingly more evidence and research being done on the disproportionality within the
justice process and why it occurs. Unfortunately, much of the evidence is mixed or incon-
clusive and the answers to why discrimination occurs, and how it impacts our society,
continue to elude researchers, policy makers, and practitioners. Questions still remain
about whether the system is biased against minorities, whether offenders tend to come
primarily from minority groups, or whether they are so heavily represented in crime sta-
tistics due to greater attention given to certain neighborhoods by the police, which leads
to more arrests.
We hope that this text contributes to the multiculturalism narrative, particularly as it
relates to crime and justice. The significance of this book is evidenced by events such as the
recent episodes of White officers shooting Black men, and the subsequent backlashes, in-
cluding the killing of police officers, some of whom, ironically, were protecting protestors
at a demonstration against the excessive use of force by police officers. Other events, such
as the debate about whether transgender people should be allowed to use the bathroom of
their choice, have also had an impact on public policy and the public’s perception of race,
gender, discrimination, and other issues. Race, ethnicity, crime, and discrimination were
also central topics of discussion in one of the most sensational presidential campaigns in
recent memory, with two controversial and polarizing candidates, along with allegations
of impropriety and insensitivity launched at each party and candidate by both sides. All of
these events shape and define this country’s understanding of diversity and multicultural-
ism and their economic, social, and political impacts on its members.
XX PREFACE

This book focuses on marginalized groups and expands understanding of multicul-

turalism to the entire criminal justice field. Particularly, the work addresses how different
groups are impacted by law enforcement, the courts, and correctional agencies, includ-
ing discussion of the unique problems and issues each group faces. Most significant for
this book is coverage of how multiculturalism affects officials within the criminal justice
system. Thus, the chapters include coverage of the unique problems members of minority
groups face as individuals who work within the system.
The book provides a comprehensive view of multiculturalism as well as the problems
stemming from it in relation to all dimensions of the system. It is a valuable tool for pro-
fessors teaching a wide array of courses, but even those who strictly use it for courses on
diversity and multiculturalism will find it a compelling and comprehensive resource for
their students. Perhaps equally important, the book, while empirically accurate and bal-
anced in its presentation of various issues, is written in a style that is easy for students to
understand, and instructors will find it helpful for generating classroom discussion.
Within the discussion of the experiences of the various groups, some of the most con-
troversial and celebrated topics within criminal justice are explored. Examples include the
impact of police shootings upon minority communities, disparities in sentencing for Afri-
can Americans, drug trafficking and Hispanics, hate crimes against gays and lesbians, and
gang problems and human trafficking among Asian Americans. In addition, attention is
given to the cultural and social biases found in the processing of offenders, as well as the
host of internal problems faced by different employees within the criminal justice system.
The book is divided into three logically organized parts that would likely be the outline
for a course on this topic. Part I of the book deals with developing an understanding of
the difficulty in defining multiculturalism, race, and ethnicity. These topics are critical to
laying the foundation of the problems various groups face in American society. There is
also discussion of the structure and process of group dynamics, the various ways people
communicate and develop ideas, and the ways in which this leads to a perception of diι
ferent groups and cultures. We also address how these tendencies translate into problems
for disenfranchised groups.
Part II of the book addresses cultural specifics in the criminal justice system. It consists
of several chapters that include a description of cultural groups that are most likely to ex-
perience problems within the criminal justice system. These include African Americans,
Hispanic/Latinos, Asian American, Native Americans, women, the LGBT community,
the elderly, and juveniles. The problems each group experience are discussed in each of
these chapters, for instance as they relate to profiling, sentencing disparities, jurisdictional
issues, child trafficking, misuse of powers, hate crimes, health concerns (e.g., for elderly
inmates), sexual harassment, and immigration issues.
Part III of the book addresses the means by which multiculturalism affects criminal
justice personnel in particular and the system as a whole, preparing for and addressing
multiculturalism through policies and training, and the future of multiculturalism in the
criminal justice system. With chapters on police, courts, and corrections, the book ad-
dresses key components of problems internal to the criminal justice system. This is true
not only of the particular problems certain groups might face, but also how and in what
 Preface XXI

ways do criminal justice personnel interact with other cultural groups. In this section we
also address responses to diversity and multiculturalism with particular concern for train-
ing and policies. A final chapter offers a look to the futurεof multiculturalism, crime, and
criminal justice, which provides a suitable concluding chapter of the book.
Throughout the book, a comprehensive assessment of the issues and problems for each
group or topic are presented, with an eye toward a balanced description of the matεrial.
This approach is useful for instructors who wish to explore individual topics in morεdepth
and genεrate lively discussion. Thus, rather than simply being an historical account of each
group or simply a collection of characteristics of them, the problems and issues come alive
in the context of a discussion, which allows students to grasp the underlying factors that
contribute to the problems.
The book has many strengths not found in similar works focused on multiculturalism,
diversity, and criminal justice. To begin, it offers a thorough grounding in the foundational
chapters about the nature of social interaction, group dynamics, and communication. This
foundation provides context for the remaining chapters, which focus on a variety of differ-
ent groups and their involvement in crime and the criminal justice system. Second, care-
fully constructed boxed inserts conveying important issues and incidents alert students to
how these themes recur. These boxed inserts provide short examples of the issues in the
chapter, and are accompanied by critical thinking questions.
Further, boxed inserts of "You Make the Call'' provide examples of dilemmas as they
relate to multiculturalism. These real life scenarios challenge students to appreciate the
complexity and difficulty of decisions that are made regarding multiculturalism in the
criminal justice system. The organization of the book also sets it apart from many other
books, as it is divided into three logically organized sections. In Part 2, in particular, our
work differs from others in the sense that we devote entire chapters to particular groups
with regard to crime and criminal justice. Particularly, we focus closely on African Amer-
icans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, women, the gay com-
munity, the elderly, and juveniles. Other books comment on these groups, however our
directed focus on each sets this work apart.
Finally, both authors have published scholarly works addressing issues pertaining to
multiculturalism and crime/justice, and are familiar with the historical and recent research
literature in the area. As such, recent, relevant research is shared throughout the text.
Each chapter has learning objectives, a list of key terms, key terms in bold type, discus-
sion questions, and suggestions for further reading. There is also a complete list of refer-
ences, a companion website that acts as a student study guide with chapter outlines, study
questions, and update featur·εs, and an instructor's guide and test bank to assist professors
in the design and implementation of the course. Also, PowerPoint slides and transparen-
cies have been developed for each chapter.
One merely needs to consider recent events around the country (perhaps most notably
in Ferguson, Baltimore, New York, and Chicago) to recognize the significance of multicul-
turalism and diversity as they relate to crime and the criminal justice system. This book
addresses these and many other issues, while enlightening readers regarding three very
important areas: diversity, multiculturalism, and criminal justice.
XXII PREFACE

Many social issues currently challenge our society, however some pose more obstacles
than others. This book covers key aspects of important contributors to many of society's
concerns, and does so in a manner that brings the issues to life. We hope you enjoy read-
ing it, and that it encourages you to give due consideration to how injustices occur, what
can be done to prevent them, and how each one of us can continue to make the world a
better place.

ACKN 。 WLEDGMENTS

A project of this magnitude cannot be accomplished without a substantial amount of as-

sistance. While authors often get all the credit, success usually comes from those behind
the scenes making things happen for them. This is true in our cases, where we had many
people picking up the slack while we were distracted and encouraging us to work harder.
From a professional standpoint, we cannot express enough gratitude to Steve Helba, La-
rissa Albright, and Frank Mortimer from Oxford University Press for their support, en-
couragement, and belief in both the project and in us. We also owe our families a debt of
gratitude for their patience and understanding while completing this project. Families of
academics often bear a considerable cost that is often overlooked and it is something we
wish to acknowledge and we would like to express our thanks for the gift of being able to
pursue our passions. We would also like to thank the following reviewers for their input:
Scott Chenault, University of Central Missouri; Addrain Conyers, Marist College; Charles
Crawford, Western Michigan University; Nicole Doctor, Ivy Tech Community College;
B. C. Franson, Southwest Minnesota State University; Robert Haywood, Ivy Tech Commu-
nity College; Kelly Howard, Kean University; Karen McElrath, Fayetteville State University;
Tim Turner, Anderson University.
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

obert Hartmann McNamara is currently a professor of criminal justice at the Citadel. He

is the former associate provost and dean of the graduate college at the Citadel and the
former founding associate dean of evening undergraduate studies at the Citadel and found-
ing director of the 2 + 2 program in criminal justice. He is the author of twenty-five books,
including: Juvenile Delinquency: Bridgi,ng Theory to Practice; Problem Children: Special Populations
的 Delinquency; Multiculturalism in the Criminal Justice System; Homelessness in America, 3 vols.;
The Lost Population: Status Offenders 的 America; In My Father's Hands; Boundary Dwellers: The
Lives of Homeless Women in Transitional Housing; A New Look at American Society; Perspectives
on Social Problems; Understanding Contempora1γ Social Problems; Crossing the Line: Interracial
Couples in the South; Crime Displacement: The Other Side of Prevention; The Times Square Hustler:
Male Prostitution 的 New York City; Sex, Scams, and Street L伪： The Sociology of New York City's
Times Square; Beating the Odds: Crime, Poverty, and L伪 in the Inner City; Police and Policing; The
Urban Landscape: Selected Readings; and Social Gerontology. Dr. McNamara has also served as
a senior research fellow for the National Strategy Information Center, the Policy Lab, the
Police Executive Research Forum, in Washington, DC, and the Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation in Baltimore, Maryland.
Dr. McNamara has also published numerous articles on a variety of topics and has been
a consultant for state, federal, and private agencies on topics such as AIDS, drug abuse,
urban redevelopment, homelessness, policing, gangs, and healthcare. He also worked with
the Regional Community Policing Institute at Eastern Kentucky University to study school
safety in eight high schools across the state. He also worked with the Mexican government
and the National Strategy Information Center to develop an anti-corruption curriculum in
their public schools. In 2015, Dr. McNamara was a fellow at the American Council on Edu-
cation as part of the Emerging Leaders program, and was a fellow at the Executive Leader-
ship Academy at the American Leadership Institute in Washington, DC. He has extensive
leadership training and has worked with a number of institutions in higher education on a
variety of issues. Dr. McNamara holds a PhD in sociology from Yale University.

xx iii
xxiv ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Ronald Burns is department chair and professor of criminal justice at Texas Christian
University (TCU). He has published over seventy-five articles in areas such as multicultur-
alism in the criminal justice system, the criminal justice system, policing, and white-collar
crime. He is the author, coauthor, or editor of eight books, including Multiculturalism in the
Criminal Justice System; Environmental Law, Crime and Justice (2nd edition); Federal Law En-
forcement; Policing: A Modular Approach; Critical Issues in Criminal Justice; The Criminal Justice
System; Environmental Crime: A Sourcebook, and Policing and Violence. Dr. Burns graduated
from Florida State University in 1997 and has been at TCU ever since.
 PART I

AN INTR 。 DUCTI 。 N T
U LTICU LTU RALi
Another random document with
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 ATHENS.
She sits in glory on her eyrie high,
Far seen, the Pharos of antiquity;
And, through the dusky-woven veil of time,
She vents her sun-bright shafts, that pierce and shine
Like lightning, from the golden quivers drawn
Of high philosophy and Sophoclean song.
Around her feet in lucid currents wind
Two streams, through marble-paven channels, lined
By temples pillar-propt, whose snowy sheen
Glistens like silver through the olive’s green.
 ACHILLES’ SONG.
I.
Glory is in the balance laid,
An early doom and endless praise;
’Gainst these in adverse scale are weighed
The joys of peace and length of days.
Give me the grave—the glory give,
The field of honor, and the tomb!
What boots it like a hind to live,
And sink at last in lampless gloom?

II.
The soft embrace of love I yield,
The pleasures of the Sybarite;
And, rushing to the gory field,
With battle’s carnage feast my sight.
Though meteor-like my course may be,
Through blood and slaughter quickly run;
A growing fame remains to me,
While rivers flow, and shines the sun.
 ANASTASIUS.
Lands of the burning East, adieu!
I bid your Sun farewell!
To colder climates, strange and new,
My bark the winds impel.
From olives of the Grecian vale
To northern firs I go;
To darkness, snow, and rain, and hail,
From skies that ever glow.

There memories gloomy as the clime,

Like vulture-beaks will gnaw;
The ruined maid, the plundered shrine,
The violated law—
The life-blood, which my gory hand
From friendship’s bosom drew—
These drive me from my native land,
To regions cold and new.

Isle of my birth, I never more

Will seek thee o’er the wave;
For fast beside thy lovely shore
Is Helen’s early grave.
The billows of the ocean roll,
And murmur softly there;
To Mary Mother for her soul
Is uttered many a prayer.

Old Stamboul’s halls I ne’er again

In pleasure’s train shall tread,
Nor sauntering view, with slackened rein,
Her City of the dead;
Nor o’er the yellow desert far
 The dome of Ali spy,
Which in the distance, like a star,
Salutes the pilgrim’s eye.

Sole solace of my dark career,

A lovely boy is left;
My ruthless lust his mother dear
Of home and joy bereft.
Her phantom hovers ever nigh,
In sunshine and in shade,
Forevermore her gentle sigh
My bosom doth upbraid.

She loved me long, she loved me true,

I trampled on her heart,
My cold neglect the sweet one slew,
Like Asrael’s venomed dart.
Ah! white-robed saint, bend down on me
Thy features sad and mild;
My life a flowerless desert see,
All save thy gentle child.

The haughty Scian’s heart is riven,

His buoyant spirits flown;
For him there is no hope in heaven,
Below, no rest nor home.
Forgive me, O my slighted love!
Wert thou on earth again,
Believe me, thou shouldst not reprove—
My heart would own thy reign.

Already in my breast I feel

The immedicable ill,
The fell disease no art can heal,
Beyond the leech’s skill.
Sapped by its power my frame shall lie,
Mixed with its parent mould;
Once with those statues it could vie,
 Which Hellas loved of old.

Its day of splendor and of power

Even in my youth is past;
Its Phidian symmetry no more
Shall beauty’s promise blast.
Apostate to my father’s creed,
I from their heaven am banned;
How o’er Jehennan shall I speed,
By light Al Serat spanned?

The infernal surge, which moans below

Its gossamer arches frail,
Me, plunging to the gulfs of woe,
Will whelm in endless bale.
Would that my soul might share a part
Of perfect bliss with thee!
O, dark-eyed Smyrniote of my heart,
My wronged Euphrosynè!
 CYMINDIS.
Ορνιθι λιγυρη εναλιγκιος, ην τ’ εν ορεσσι
Χαλκιδα κικλησκουσι Θεοι, ανδρες δε Κυμινδιν.—Homer.

Beside my lattice cool at dead of night,

As I sat musing on unnumbered things,
With startled glance I saw a figure bright,

No larger than a star, on luminous wings

Borne towards me with a swift continuous flight,
From some green island in the Occident.

At first, methought that Hesper from his throne

Upon the forehead of the firmament
Had parted, and was gliding o’er the foam

Of ocean towards me; but my error soon

Became apparent—for a gorgeous bird,
Apparelled in full many a splendid plume

Of green, and gold, and purple, came and stirred

An olive’s foliage with its flutterings;
Where, perching on a slender flexile bough,

It stayed its flight and furled its weary wings.

Voiceless awhile, against a dark green spray
It leaned its breast; then making prelude low,

From its dim throat poured out a lengthened flow

Of moist Memnonian melody—a lay
More soft and sweet than ancient Pan could play

Through all the wild Circean realm of sound,

Did range this feathered minstrel’s dulcet tongue;
So that no note, or high or low is found,

That by its tuneful throat was left unsung.

Sometimes I heard a flute’s low silvery plaining,
And then anon a shepherd’s reed was blown;

And then a far-off clarion’s exclaiming

Aroused my spirit with its martial tone;
Which died ere long into a tender moan—

The wail of Indian lover, languishing

Beneath a guarded princess’ lattice high.
This ceased; and next a music rivalling

The spheral chime that fills the starry sky,

An intervolved Æolian harmony,
Stole through the porch of sound into the hall

Where my delighted spirit sat enthroned,

And from their cells the loftiest thoughts, that woned
Therein, rapt into ecstasy, did call—

A sudden shriek of keenest anguish broke

My breathless rapture, and the silver chain
Of that wild song, alas! Cymindis’ note

(Such was that Iris-feathered warbler’s name)

Was stilled forever. Him within the beak
Of a relentless vulture dead I saw,

That, swooping from the clouds, his descant sweet

Had hushed to silence, to appease the maw
Of famine in his eyrie on the steep.
 THE CEMETERY IN SUMMER.
The west wind in the piny bough
A low eternal threne
Weaves o’er the dead that sleep below
The sleep without a dream.
The night-leaved cypress’ shadow glooms,
The flexile willow sighs,
While gorgeous summer glows and blooms
In florid earth and skies.

On marble shaft and urnal stone

Glimmers the sunny beam,
And squirrels chirp and wild bees drone
About the alleys green.
Through leafy vistas, long and dim,
Where slanting sunlights fall,
I see a troop of spectres thin,
In cerement, shroud, and pall.

Shades insubstantial gliding slow,

The harvest of the years,
Above whose narrow dwellings flow
Bereaved affection’s tears.
The din of life from yonder towers
Is but a murmur here;
A bee-like hum amid the flowers,
It falls upon mine ear.

Ye tranquil sleepers, stretched below,

How pleasant is your rest!
Your pulseless hearts no longer know
The cares which life infest.
The silent Hours no longer bring
 Or good or ill to you;
And slander’s shaft no more can sting
The slumberer ’neath the yew.

In cool seclusion dark and deep,

Beneath the teeming mould,
Ye reck not of the summer’s heat,
The sleety winter’s cold.
The constellated stars at night
Through waving branches gleam,
And Titan’s arrows, swift and bright,
Across your couches stream.

Sepulchral Eros, mourning here

Forgetful of thy bow,
With torch reversed and falling tear,
And pinion-shaded brow!
The eyes are dim beneath your tread,
That sunned you with their light;
The lips, where you on kisses fed,
Are cold and lily-white.
All hail, my gentle household Lar!
My silent mansion ’mid the trees!
My devious steps have wandered far,
O’er lands of Eld beyond the seas.

Amid thine autumn fields I hear,

Prophet of rain, the whistling quail;
While from its sheaf the wheaten ear
Is beaten by the sounding flail.

In other climes this quiet home

Has risen star-like to my view,
When tired, dejected, and alone,
No friendly heart my sorrows knew.

’Twas years ago the passion came,

A vague desire, a longing wild
To visit lands, whose wondrous fame
Had charmed my fancy when a child.

When dreamy south winds softly blew

In spring time o’er the misty glebe,
And birds of passage wedge-like flew
To distant lake and arctic mead,

I felt the longing uncontrolled,

The yearning wish to be away,
Where splendid cities rich and old
In happier climates glittering lay.

Their towers have filled my sated eyes,

Their sins and follies all are known,
With quickened step the pilgrim hies
To greet once more his long-left home.

O silent house! O breezy shade!

Haven of rest and refuge sweet!
The great world’s din can ne’er invade
Thy lonely courts, my green retreat!

Like Sirmio’s minstrel travel-worn,

My own soft couch at length I press,
And thinking o’er the toils I’ve borne,
Forget in sleep my weariness.
 The singing masons
Building roofs of gold.—Shakespeare.

Pilgrim! within the hollow of this oak

Once hummed and toiled a commonwealth of bees.
And in all honeydom there were no folk,
Of swifter wing or sharper sting than these.
The waxen fragments, round the fountain strown,
With more than dædal artifice ywrought,
Once formed the structures of their fragrant town,
Which hung embosomed in this oaken grot.
Its name was Crocusburg. ’Twas built, they say,
By queen Iophile, whose early home
Was in a mountain cleft of Attica.
She with her bees was often wont to roam
The Ægean isles, in quest of flowery prey;
And so it fell one summer afternoon,
As she led thence her train, each wing and thigh
Clogged with the sweets of many an island-bloom,
Just off Mount Sunium’s marble forehead high,
A sudden rain-gust blew them all awry
A thousand leagues into the western sky.
Beneath their flight, a waste of surges wild,
Shoreless and gray the vast Atlantic rolled;
And o’er its waves no Tyrian galley toiled,
Whereon they might their gauzy pinions fold.
But they escaped, a saffron-scented wind,
Which blew from meads below the horizon’s rim,
Into this blossom-tessellated vale
They swiftly traced, a thin aerial clue
By their keen muzzles in the trackless blue
Of heaven detected, and they builded here
A honey mart, that grew without a peer.
Its cells and waxen magazines ran o’er
With brimful floods of lucent yellow dew,
The choicest sweets of every gold-eyed flower,
That on the earth’s green bosom ever grew.
Whether its leaves and scented buds expand,
At morn and eve by spicy breezes fanned,
Above the tropics’ hot volcanic mould,
O’er sunless magazines of gems and gold;
Or nature weaves it with less gaudy dyes,
In moister looms, upon a colder shore—
Each flower-clad vale beneath the purple skies
Its tribute yielded to their fragrant store.
 AGIMUR FATIS.
We are as wrecks upon a stormy sea,
The winds and currents bear us where they will;
Or dry leaves, that before the tempest flee,
Borne on to good or unevaded ill.

Ere weeping through the gates of life we came,

Our lots were fixed, each act and thought decreed:
In vain we strive—we stem the tide in vain;—
Alike the idiot’s brain, the sage’s rede.

Powerless before the unimpassioned Doom

The form of beauty and the lofty mind;
The shuttle speeds athwart the fatal loom—
Our lots are woven as the threads unwind.

Sorrow and gladness intertwined are ours,

Or woe unmixed, or pleasure undefiled;
Exult not, though thy path be strewn with flowers,
Oft mid their bloom the venomed asp lies coiled.

On the dark billows of the sea of fate

Full many a glorious shape floats wrecked and pale;
While meaner beings, haughty and elate,
A festal throng before the zephyrs sail.

And star-like eyes and lovely cheeks are dewed

With ceaseless tears, an unextinguished rain;
And youth and strength, and kingly fortitude
With dotard weakness struggle oft in vain.
 A HERMITAGE.
A Saxon eremite of old did rear
My mossy walls beneath this pine-clad slope;
From learned Iona, armed with clerkly lere,
He went in youth, and dealt a deadly stroke
Through all the lonely Arctic Cyclades
On Pagan creeds; and o’er the misty seas
In Suevia with Odin’s might did cope,
The chief of blue Valhalla’s deities;
Nor ceased, till from his forest temple dark
Had fled each white-stoled oaken hierarch.
His mission done, beneath my lowly roof
His days he passed, from all the world aloof.
I saw a snake-girt embryon, crowned and dumb,
Its rigid finger, pointed towards the sky;
From whence the fiery breath of life must come,
That kindles unborn lip and rayless eye.

I saw a demon beagle dark as night,

A shadowy maiden, hounding through the air;
And as she fled she shrieked with wild affright,
And, Mœnad-like, behind her streamed her hair.

The bridal couch of sad Proserpina

In grim Hephæstus’ realm mine eyes beheld;
The ravished bride bewailed her home afar—
Her temples bound with Stygian asphodel.

I saw the vast Plutonian gardens, where

That cursed pomegranate shed its deadly bloom,
Whose fatal fruitage, banned from upper air
Sad Ceres’ daughter till the seventh moon.

I saw the Pleiads, in their skyey tent,

Bemoan their starry sister, dead and cold;
His bow against her fierce Orion bent—
Orion zoned with belt of fretted gold.

I saw the Avengers with viperean hair

Above the palace roofs at Argos fly;
The matricide Orestes shuddered there,
Obscene with matted locks and haggard eye.

I saw the loaded tables of the Sun,

By ancient Nilus’ orbëd fountains spread;
Where wont of old the happy gods to come,
Twelve days by long-lived Ethiops richly fed.

Phantoms of air exhaled by dark madjoon,

And visionary fabrics dim and vast;
Like vapors gliding o’er the autumnal moon,
Before imagination’s eye they passed.
 LUCIFER REDUX.
Prince of the fallen stars,
Thy front shall lose its scars!
The fires shall cease to burn,
Thy legions shall return!

A ray shall pierce the gloom,

A voice dissolve the doom;
The victor shall relent,
The brazen chains be rent!

The demon’s crown of woe

No more shall gird thy brow;
The fires shall cease to burn.
Thy legions shall return.

The dark pavilions spread

Within thy kingdom dread;
The palaces of pain,
Like dreams, shall melt and wane.

And Eden’s flag unrolled,

Again thy helm enfold;
The fires shall cease to burn,
Thy legions shall return!

The mystic feud shall end,

Thy willing knees shall bend;
Once more the central throne
Thy homage bright shall own.

In heaven thy starred domain

Shall greet its chief again;
The fires shall cease to burn,
Thy legions shall return!

Thine ancient halls of state,

So long left desolate,
Shall ring with joy once more,
Shall bloom with wreath and flower.

The constellations bright,

The torches of the night,
Around thy steps shall chant
A pæan jubilant.

The wheels that o’er thee drove,

The sword thy mail that clove,
Shall lead thy glad return,
Before thy march shall burn!
 ANSALDO’S GARDEN.
Beautiful the hearts that keep
’Neath the frosts of age
Something of their youthful heat,
Tempered in its rage.

Teian-like, they laugh and sing,

Though the shadows gather;
For they feel the warmth of spring
In the wintry weather.

Minstrels ’neath the snows of time

Feel their bosoms glowing,
With a fervor as sublime
As when flowers were blowing.

Like to tomb-lamps’ beams, that spread

Lustre round decay,
To the last their hearts will shed
Sunlike haloes, fancies gay.

Thus Ansaldo’s garden bloomed,

June in January set,
While the frosty stars illumed
Orange leaf and mignonette.