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Mathematics Tricks (1st Edition)
Mathematics Tricks (1st Edition)
1
Edition
CHAPTER 01
Number systems are classified into Real numbers and
Complex Numbers.
Real Numbers are further classified into rational and irrational
numbers.
Learn How to Differentiate between a rational and an
irrational number in both ways:
i) by their definitions and ii) in the form of decimals.
𝒏 is rational if n is a perfect square. e.g. 9 = 3. If n is not a
perfect square then it is irrational.
π (pi) is irrational but it’s approximate values like 22/7 etc.
are rational.
Go through the properties of Real numbers.
Numbers with non-zero Real part and zero or non-zero imaginary part are
called complex Numbers and Each Real number is a complex number with its
imaginary part zero. Means that for a number to be complex , its real part
should be non-zero while imaginary part may or may not be zero. On the
other hand , Numbers whose imaginary parts are always non-zero and Real
parts are always zero are called Imaginary Numbers. For example : " 2+3i " is
a complex number but not an Imaginary number but " 3i " is an Imaginary
number and also a complex number. So , Each Imaginary number is a
complex number but each complex number is not an imaginary number.
Similarly , Each Real number is a complex number but no Real number can
be Imaginary number. Sometimes Imaginary numbers are also named as
pure complex numbers.
CHAPTER 02
Following are the key points that should be kept in mind
while preparing this chapter for Entry Test.
CHAPTER 03
"Following are the key points that should be kept in mind while
preparing for Entry Test.
if A and B both are symmetric matrices then A+B, A-B are always
symmetric.
If A and B are symmetric matrices and AB=BA, then AB is also
symmetric.
If A is symmetric matrix, then all +ve even integral powers of A are also
symmetric.
i.e
A², A4, A6,.... are symmetric.
If A is skew symmetric matrix then,
A², A4, A6,... are symmetric
and
A3, A5, A7,... are skew symmetric.
Sum of the principal Diagonal Elements in a square matrix is called
TRACE.
If a matrix becomes ZERO when raised to higher Powers , It is called
Nill-Potent Matrix.
The Trace of a square Nill-Potent Matrix is always Zero.
If a matrix becomes identity matrix when raised to higher powers then
it is named as Idem-Potent Matrix.
Study Page-130 of text book.
DETERMINANTS:-
If there is a matrix and you have to find its determinant, then
First of all check that the matrix is triangular matrix (weather
upper or lower) then, don't expand it just multiply its principal
diagonal elements and u will get ur answer.
SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM:-
a1x+b1y+c1z = 0
a2x+b2y+c2z = 0
a3x+b3y+c3z = 0
NON-HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM:-
a1x+b1y+c1z = k1
a2x+b2y+c2z = k2
a3x+b3y+c3z = k3
If |A| = 0, system will have infinite solutions or no
solution.
If, |A| ≠ 0 , system will have only one
solution(Unique Solution) and system will be
consistent.
CHAPTER 04
Given, ax2+bx+c = 0
1) If a+b+c =0, one root will be equal to 1. e.g. -x²-x+2=0
2) If a and c are of opposite signs, roots will be of opposite signs.
e.g. -x²-x+2=0
3) If b=0, roots will be additive inverse of each other. e.g.
2x²±4=0
4) If a=c , roots will be reciprocal of each other. e.g. x²+2x+1=0
5) If a+bi is one root then a-bi will be other root.
6) If 𝑎 + 𝑏 is one root then 𝑎 − 𝑏 will be other root.
7) If ax2+bx+c = 0 has roots α and β, then cx²+bx+a = 0 has roots
1 1
and
𝛼 𝛽
Example
−1
x²+7x+12=0 has roots -3 and -4 & 12x²+7x+1=0 has roots
3
−1
and
4
8) In standard form of a quadratic equation , if 'b=0' and 'a is not
zero' the Quadratic Equation is called PURE quadratic
equation.
9) The co-efficient of the terms equidistant from beginning and
end are equal in Reciprocal Equations that are reducible to
quadratic equations.
10) While solving a radical equation we first get a radical-
free equation and then solve this radical-free equation. Every
solution of Radical-free equation is not necessarily solution of
original radical equation but each solution of original radical
equation is necessarily a solution of radical-free equation.
CUBE ROOTS:-
FOURTH ROOTS:-
If an equation and its roots are given in MCQ, then you can simply
check your answer by putting the roots in the equation instead of
solving the equation. The roots of the equation satisfy the
equation.
Example:-
6 and -2 are the roots of given equation. If we put these roots in the
equation, it will satisfy the equation.
x=6: 2(6)²-8(6)-24 = 0
x=-2: 2(-2)²-8(-2)-24= 0 Both 6 and -2 satisfy the equation.
CHAPTER 05
Difference between a Conditional Equation and an Identity Equation.
Conditional is true for some specific values while Identity is a universal
Equation.
In a universal Equation the sign of Equality used is " ≡ ".
Difference between a Proper and Improper Rational Function.
Theorem of Equality of Polynomials.(Page:180).
Now to solve MCQ’s of Partial Fractions Quickly, you have two options.
CHAPTER 6
Learn all the formulas of this chapter by heart. This chapter is considered
very important for entry test of different universities. You should be very
quick to judge the type of sequence and which will be the next term.
Here are the key points of working out Vulgar fraction within seconds. The sign of
repeating is dot over the digit in text book. I am using ” ° “ sign here.
Examples:-
CHAPTER 7
Important MCQ’s
CHAPTER 8
Look Exercise 8.1. The Questions are like this:
1. 1+5+9+….+(4n-3) = n(2n-1)
2. 1+3+5+….+(2n-1) = n² and so on..
On the right side of equality, the formulas of Sum of series are given
and to the left side of equality nth term/General Term of series is given.
In Question 1, nth term is (4n-3) and formula for sum of series is n(2n-
1).
an= (4n-3)
Sn = n(2n-1)
Now if you put n= 1,2 and 3 in a n you will get 1,5 and 9 respectively.
a1=[4(1)-3]=1
a2=[4(2)-3]=5
a3=[4(3)-3]=9
If you put n=1 in Sn, you will get the first term as it is. S1=a1
S1= 1[2(1)-1]= 1
If you put n=2 in Sn, you will get the sum of first two terms of series.
S2=a1+a2
S2= 2[2(2)-1]= 6
If you put n=3 in Sn, you will get the sum of first three terms of the
series. S3= a1+a2+a3
S3= 3{2(3)-1]= 15
I hope this is clear to you. Now in MCQ’s , they will give you left side of the
question and you have to guess the right side from the options.
Example:-
1x3+2x5+3x7+…..+nx(2n+1)= ?
Condition:-
Binomial series converges if,
|x|<1 or -1<x<1 or x Є(-1,1)
Examples:-
1. (1+3x)-7 , Series is convergent if x=?
Applying condition,
1
|3x|< 1 |x|< 3
3
2. (1-4x)1/2 , Series is convergent if x=?
3 4
|4x| < 1 |x|< 3
3. (3+4x)-2
In this case, first take out 3 common and then check
4 4 3
3-2(1+3x)-2 Now, |3x|< 1 |x|< 4
Suppose you have to solve an identity or any trigonometric equation but you
don’t remember the formula then there is a very easy method to guess the
correct answer.
Just put any value from the domain of a trigonometric function in the question,
you will get some value(Note that). Now put the same value in all the given
options and check for which option your answer matches. It will be the answer.
Example:-
2sinθ =?
a. cos 3θ b. sin 3θ c. tan 3θ d. cot 3θ
Cos3θ =cos3(30°)=cos90°= 0
sin3θ =sin3(30°)=sin90°= 1
tan3θ =sin3θ /cos3θ =1/0=Undefined
cot3θ =cos3θ /sin3θ =0/1=0
This trick is very helpful. Specially in 9.3 9.4 and 10.3,10.4 also in chapter 13,14.
Where a long equation come to solve practice it. But remember the domain and
try it that a function should not become undefined as tan90 and cot0 etc.
Otherwise if in equation there come only sine and cos functions, solutions with
90,0 is more easy. Practice it maximum.
1. tan x + tan(180-x) = 0
2. cot x + cot(180-x) = 0
3. sin x – sin(180-x) = 0
4. cos x – sin(90-x) = 0
5. sin x – cos (90-x) = 0
6. cos x + cos(180-x) = 0
7. sin²α+cos²β=1 if α+β= 90°
8. sin nπ = 0
9. cos nπ= (-1)n n Є Z
𝜋
10. sin(2n+1) = (-1)n
2
𝜋
11. cos(2n+1) = 0
2
12. tan nπ= 0
13. cot nπ= ∞
𝜋
14. tan(2n+1) = ∞
2
𝜋
15. cot(2n+1) = 0
2
Let,
Then,
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Domain =
𝐵
Range = A (Range of Function)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Period =
𝐵
1
Frequency =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
e.g.,
y = 3 sin 4x
We know the Domain of sinx is R(All real numbers), Range is [-1,1] and
Period is 2π. So, for y=3sin4x
𝑅
Domain = =R
4
Range = 3 [-1,1] = [-3,3]
2𝜋 𝜋
Period = =
4 2
1 2
Frequency = =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝜋
Example:-
r:R:r1=?
Put the values from above
𝑎 𝑎 3
2 3
: 3
: 2
a
Multiply by 2 3
a : 2a : 3a
a will be cancelled
1:2:3
So,
r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3
CHAPTER 1
CONCEPT OF INTERVALS:-
There are many functions given in chapter 1. You have to determine their
domains and ranges. For few functions, it is very easy but for few functions
it is very difficult task.
For few functions there are some tricks to find Domain & Range which I have
discussed below.
DOMAIN:-
1. Fraction
2. Square Root
If fraction or square root is not present, then the domain of the function will be R(All
real numbers). But if Fraction or square root is present, then domain will not be R. It will
be changed.
Examples:-
1. y= X²+4
2. y= x3-x²+5x
In above two functions, whatever you put in place of x, you will get some definite value.
Hence the domain of above two functions is R.
1
3. y=
2𝑥 −2
In case of fractions, you have to see that for which value of x, you are getting 0 in the
denominator. Subtract this value from R. It will be your domain. e.g. If I put x=1 in above
function then denominator will become 2(1)-2=0 and hence our function will be
undefined. So, I cannot put x=0. I can put everything except 0 and function will give
some definite value. S, the domain of above function becomes:
Domain: {R-0}
In case of square root function, you have to check for which value of variable, you are
getting –ve sign in square root as it yields iota. Those values of variable, for which we
get iota, will not be included in the domain.
−𝑏
If a<0 then Range: [-∞,f( )]
2𝑎
MCQ:
What is the range of f(x)= x²+2x+2
a) R b) *0,+∞) c) *1, +∞) d) (-∞,1+
−𝑏 −2
= = -1 put it in f(x)
2𝑎 2(1)
−𝑏
f(x) = f( ) = f(-1) = 1
2𝑎
RATIONAL FUNCTION
SYMMETRY OF FUNCTIONS
1) y = x²+3
2) y²+x² = 25
put (-x,-y) in place of (x,y)
(-y)2+(-x)2=25
y2+x2=25
no change occur, this is symmetric about origin.
L-HOSPITAL RULE:-
If you find any limit problem, first of all try to put the value and solve it.
0 ∞
If you find form or form then L-Hospital will use.
0 ∞
The Rule is very simple.
i) Take derivative of numerator and denominator separately.
ii) Now apply the limit and check whether you are getting the answer or not. If
you get the answer then it is good but if you are not getting the answer then
again take derivative of numerator and denominator and again check by
applying the limit. Continue this procedure and finally will get your answer.
Examples:-
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
By applying limit we come to know that this is a 0/0 indeterminate form so let’s just
apply L’Hospital’s Rule. The derivative of sinx is cosx and derivative of x is 1.
(b)
In this case we also have a 0/0 indeterminate form so apply L’Hospital’s Rule.
(c)
We know that it’s the indeterminate form . So let’s apply L’Hospital’s Rule.
Now we have a small problem. This new limit is also a indeterminate form.
However, it’s not really a problem. We know how to deal with these kinds of
limits. Just apply L’Hospital’s Rule again.
𝟓/𝟑𝒙
TRICK FOR QUESTIONS OF THE TYPE 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙
𝟐
Just Multiply the second term and power. It will become the power
of e.
3𝑥 5
x = 5/2.
2 3𝑥
So,
3𝑥 5/3𝑥
lim𝑥 →0 1 + = 𝑒5/2
2
POINTS TO REMEMBER:-
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTION:-
fog(x) = f[g(x)]
fog ≠ gof
fof-1(x) = f-1of(x) = x Identity
f3(x) = fofof(x) = f(f(f(x)))
POINTS TO REMEMBER:-
If f is even and g is odd then fog or gof is even.
If f is odd and g is even then fog or gof is even.
If f is even and g is even then fog or gof is even.
If f is odd and g is odd then fog or gof is odd.
CHAPTER 2
y = f(x) (Function)
y+δy = f(x+δx)
δy=f(x+δx) - f(x)
𝛿𝑦 f(x+δx) − f(x)
= (Average Rate of Change or slope of secant)
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 f(x+δx) − f(x)
lim𝛿𝑥 →0 = lim
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 →0 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) (Instantaneous Rate of change or slope of tangent)
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
DIFFERENT NAMES OF ∶
𝒅𝒙
Derivative of f(x)
Slope of Tangent
Instantaneous Rate of change
Derived function of f(x)
Differential Co-efficient of f(x)
Gradient of f(x)
Rate of change
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
NOTATION:
𝑑𝑦
𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛..
𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝜕𝑥
Example:-
𝜕𝑧
If z = f(x,y) = y²+2x²y+2 then find 𝜕𝑦 .
That’s it…..
Some other symbols are also used for it. You should be familiar
with that.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= Fx = Fy
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION:-
Example:-
𝑑𝑦
Find if f(x,y) = x²y + x² + y²x + y² = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 +2𝑥+𝑦²
=- Answer.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥²+2𝑦𝑥 +2𝑦
Example:
y = x10+x²+2 ; Find y11
y11 will be zero.
2) If y = ex then all higher derivatives will be same.
3) If y = eax then yn = aneax
4) If y = ax then yn = ax.(lna)n
5) If y = abx then yn = (b lna)n abx
6) If y = logax then;
If n is odd yn= (n-1)! / xn lna
If n is even yn = -(n-1)! / xn lna
7) If y = lnx
If n is odd then yn = (n-1)! / x n
9) sin and cos functions Repeats their values after 4th Derivative
CRITICAL POINTS
3) f(x) = x2n+1 + c where nЄN has always one bend and has always
one point of inflexion.
CHAPTER 3
Guessing Answer from the options:-
Other Tricks:-
If the upper and lower limits of integration are additive inverse of each
other i.e. their sum is zero then check the integrant function:
2
−2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
Now cosx is even. Now I will change the limits and Multiply the integral
by 2 and I will get the answer. The thing you need to focus here is to
change the limits. Given limits are [–π to π+ and I am changing them
with *0 to π+ and multiply by 2.
𝜋
2x 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:-
MCQ
What is the order and degree of following Differential Equation?
First do simplification,
𝑑²𝑦 𝑑³𝑦
5(𝑑𝑥 ²)1/3 = x (𝑑𝑥 ³)3/2
𝑑²𝑦 𝑑³𝑦
5²(𝑑𝑥 ² )2/3 = x²(𝑑𝑥 ³ )3
Order=3 , Degree=4
PARTICULAR SOLUTION:-
CHAPTER 4
Consider Two Points A (x1,y1) & B (x2,y2)
If m1 ≠ m2 then distance = 0
If m1 = m2 then;
Line 1: ax+by = c1
Line 2: ax+by = c2
|c1−c2|
d=
𝑎²+𝑏²
In this formula, a & b of both lines should
be same. If not same, then make them
same before applying the formula.
Otherwise, it will not work.
If c1 = c2, lines will be co-incident i.e.
distance will be zero.
−𝑎1
Line 1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 m1=
𝑏1
−𝑎2
Line 2: a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 m2=
𝑏2
Parallel: m1=m2
Not-Parallel(Intersecting): m1 ≠ m2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Co-Incident: 𝑎2 = 𝑏2
=
𝑐2
Perpendicular: m1.m2 = -1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
Centroid:-
In-Center:
𝒂𝒙𝟏+𝒃𝒙𝟐+𝒄𝒙𝟑 𝒂𝒚𝟏+𝒃𝒚𝟐+𝒄𝒚𝟑
( 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
, 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
)
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
Constant = 0
+ve integral degree of each term equal
e.g. x3+x²y+y3=0
Proper: If f(x,y) = 0 and f(tx,ty) = tn f(x,y) then f(x,y) is
homogeneous.
The coordinates of 3 vertices of a rectangle are (5,7) (2,-2) and (8,4) the
forth vertex ?????
Just draw a simple graph and plot these points and join them by a line.
You will easily know about the position of fourth vertex. Similar
technique can be applied for Triangle.
CHAPTER 5
What is an Equation?
What is Inequality?
Keep in mind,
Region defined by one inequality has never a corner point.
Two or more inequalities may have or may not have a
corner point.
BOUNDED REGION:-
If the line joining any 2 points of the region lie entirely in the region
then it is convex region.
If the line joining any 2 points of the region does not lie entirely in the
region then it is concave region.
Region defined by one inequality is always convex.
Region defined by linear inequalities is convex but region defined by
Quadratic or high degree inequalities may or may not be convex.
IMPORTANT POINTS:-
1) X=c is a vertical line. x>c : Right half open. x≥c : Right half closed
2) Y=c is a horizontal line. y<c : Lower half open. y≤c : Lower half closed.
4) x+y ≥ 0 x+y = 0 If, 0≥0, origin test fails. Choose any other point.
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
The solution of vector product is comparatively tough. Determinant
method and other method are very long.
So in mcq we can take dot product of any one given vector to the
option. The option in which we get 0 result is the right answer as both
are perpendicular i.e. θ =90° and Cos90° = 0
Example:-
As we know Torque = r x F
Now r is not given in this question. So if you try to solve the MCQ by
determinant method, then first you have to find r and then solve. But it
is very time consuming. So, do the following to guess the right option.
For A) 1
For B) -6
For B) 0
so c is the answer
LOGARITHMS
There are 1-2 questions of log in ECAT. So, you should revise its basic concepts.
1. Logarithm:
Examples:
(ii). 34 = 81 log3 81 = 4.
1 1
(iii). 2-3 = log2 = -3.
8 8
2. Properties of Logarithms:
x
2. loga = loga x - loga y
y
3. logx x = 1
4. loga 1 = 0
1
6. loga x =
logx a
logb x log x
7. loga x = = .
logb a log a
3. Common Logarithms:
Examples:-
Mantissa:
A. log10 10 = 1
B. log (2 + 3) = log (2 x 3)
C. log10 1 = 0
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
log (2 + 3) log (2 x 3)
2. a b
If log + log = log (a + b), then:
b a
A. a+b=1 B. a-b=1
C. a=b D. a2 - b2 = 1
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
a b
log + log = log (a + b)
b a
a b
log (a + b) = log x = log 1.
b a
So, a + b = 1.
3. 1
If log10 7 = a, then log10 is equal to:
70
A. - (1 + a) B. (1 + a)-1
a 1
C. D.
10 10a
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
1
log10 = log10 1 - log10 70
70
= - log10 (7 x 10)
= - (a + 1).
A. 1 B. 3
C. 5 D. 10
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
5(5x + 1) = 10(x + 5)
5x + 1 = 2x + 10
3x = 9
x = 3.
5. 1 1 1
The value of + + is:
log3 60 log4 60 log5 60
A. 0 B. 1
C. 5 D. 60
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
= log60 (3 x 4 x 5)
= log60 60
= 1.
6. 9 1
If logx =- , then x is equal to:
16 2
3 3
-
A. B.
4 4
81 256
C. D.
256 81
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
9 1
logx =-
16 2
9
-1/2
x =
16
1 9
=
x 16
16
x=
9
16 2
x=
9
256
x=
81
7. If ax = by, then:
a x log a x
A. log = B. =
b y log b y
log a y
C. = D. None of these
log b x
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
ax = by
log ax = log by
x log a = y log b
log a y
= .
log b x
A. 210 B. 2100
C. 21000 D. 210000
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
log 2 x = 10 x = 210.
logx y = 100
y = x100
y = 21000.
C. 8 D. 16
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let log2 16 = n.
Then, 2n = 16 = 24 n = 4.
log2 16 = 4.
Remember this:
(A5)²= [A(A+1)25]
Examples:-