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ெபா ளட க

ப னிர டா வ வ.எ தைல ப க எ

1 பல ெதரிக ( ெச , உைரநைட) 03

தமி 2 பல ெதரிக (த ற ) 07

3 இல கண ற 11
பய ச ைகேய
4 ப பத உ ப ல கண 12

5 ண ச 16

6 இல கண பய ச வ னா க 17

7 ெமாழி பய ச 25

8 வ னா க 29

9 த வ னா க ( வ னா க ) 38

10 ச வ னா க 40

11 ெந வ னா க 54

12 த ைண, ைற 85

13 அணி 88

14 இல க ய நய பாரா ட 90

15 ெமாழி பய ச (பழெமாழி கைத, ெமாழிெபய ) 96

16 மனன ெச 101

17 கைல ெசா க 105

18 /தைல - ஆச ரிய ெபய 106

19 மர ெசா க 108

20 ெசா ெபா 109

21 வ னா தா வ வைம 110

22 ெபா ேத வ னா தா 2022 113

23 த வ னா க (ஒ மத ெப ) 116
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10. உலக நா க மா ஆ றைல ேநா க ெச றா ம ேம வ ெவ பமயமாதைல க ப த
பல ெதரிக
இய -1 - இ ெதாட உண வ

1. இல க ய ைத ெமாழிைய ஒ ேசர ேப க ற இல கண அ) கா ப அ றஆ ற பய பாேட ேதைவயாக ற ஆ) ப ைம வா க அத கமாக ற

அ) யா ப கல காரிைக ஆ) த யல கார இ) ெதா கா ப ய ஈ) ந
இ) காலந ைல மா ப கற ஈ) வ ய இய க ேவ ப கற

2. "மீ அ த பழைம நல த " கவ ஞ ற ப பழைமநல

க) பா யரி ச க த ெகா வ த உ) ெபாத ைகய ேதா றய ங) வ ள கைள த த
இய -3
அ) க ம சரி ஆ) க, உ இர சரி இ) ங ம சரி ஈ) க,ங இர சரி
11. ச க இல க ய த இ லாத ெசா க , ச ககால ச க த நைட ைறய இ ளன
3. "மி ேன தனியாழி ெவ கத ெரா ஏைனய அைவ_____
த ேன இலாத தமி " - இ வ களி பய வ ள ெதாைடநய அ) அறேவா , றேவா ஆ) த மண ப
அ) அ ேமாைன, அ எ ைக ஆ) சீ ேமாைன, சீ எ ைக இ) ம ற க அைவக ஈ) ந த ய க
இ) அ எ ைக, சீ ேமாைன ஈ) சீ எ ைக, அ ேமாைன
12. ெபா தமான வ ைடைய ேத ெத க.
4. க 1: இய வழ க , ெதாடரைம எ ப எ வா , பயனிைல எ வ வேத மர அ) உரிைம தாக - 1. பாரசீக கவ ஞ
க 2: ெதாடரைம , ச க பாட க பலவ ற பற வ கற . ஆ) அ ஞா - 2. மணி
அ) க 1 சரி ஆ) க 2 சரி இ) இர க சரி ஈ) க 1 சரி, 2 தவ இ) ஜலா தீ மி - 3. ப தவ சல பாரத
ஈ) தமிழ ப ைற - 4. சாக த ய அகாெதமி
5. ெபா க
அ) 2,4,3,1 ஆ) 3,4,1,2 இ) 2,4,1,3 ஈ) 2,3,4,1
அ) தமி அழக ய - 1) பர . ெந ைலய ப
ஆ) ந ல - 2) த . . நடராச 13. இவ ைற வாய ேக ெச இ க ட வரேவ பாயாக எ ஜலா தீ மி ற ப வ
இ) க ைட - 3) ச ப பால ப ரமணிய அ) வ க ர ஆ) அவமான இ) வ சைன ஈ) இைவ அைன
ஈ) உ வழி - 4) க . ராஜநாராயண
அ) 4,3,2,1 ஆ) 1,4,2,3 இ) 2,4,1,3 ஈ) 2,3,4,1 14. "உவா உற வ
உ பத , ரவ ஒ தா " - யா யா ?

இய -2 அ) சடா , இராம ஆ) இராம , க இ) இராம , ரீவ ஈ) இராம , சவரி

6. ெபா க
அ) ர க - 1) க கைள தவ தன 15. "எ க த ைதய நாெட ற ேப ச னிேல - ஒ

ஆ) வ ல க - 2) மர களி வ தன ச த பற ச னிேல" - எ பாரத ய பாட ெவளி ப வ

இ) பறைவக - 3) ளிரா ந கன அ) தனி ப ைற ஆ) வ ரி த ப ைற

ஈ) ப க - 4) ேம சைல மற தன இ) தா வழி ச க ைற ஈ) த ைதவழி ச க ைற

அ) 1, 3, 4, 2 ஆ) 3, 1, 4, 2 இ) 3, 2, 1, 4 ஈ) 2, 1, 3, 4 3, 4, 2, 1
இய -4
7. நர க ைண மீ ெகா கற எ அ ய ப மாதவ ற ப வ 16. "காவ ென கலேன; க ென கல ைப" - இ ெதாடரி 'கல ' உண ெபா
அ) ரிய ஒளி கத ஆ) மைழ ேமக க இ) மைழ ளிக ஈ) நீ ந ைலக அ) ேபா க வ ஆ) த க வ இ) இைச க வ ஈ) ேவளா க வ

8. ெவ ள சமெவளிக அழிய காரண 17. ரதா நட த ய கவ ைத இத

அ) ப வந ைல மா ற ஆ) மண அ த இ) பாைறக இ லாைம ஈ) ந ல த நீ உற ச ப த அ) இல க ய ஆ) காவ ய இ) ஊ வல ஈ) வ மீ

9. ெபா யா வான ெபய ெபாழி தன - த த ெசா இல கண ற

18. "வ ேவ ;வ ெவளிய இய க ற
அ) வ ைன ெதாைக ஆ) உரி ெசா ெதாட ெவ மத ெச கத க ேவ " - இ ெதாட த ைமயான ெபா
இ) இைட ெசா ெதாட ஈ) ஈ ெக ட எத மைற ெபயெர ச அ) வ ெவ மத ேவ ேவ ஆ) வ ெவளி ெச கத ேவ ேவ
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இ) ெவ மத க ேவ ேவ 27. ஏ ஆ இய ற ஓ ஈரா ஆ கழ ம ன கா ட ......
ஈ) வ ,வ ெவளிய உ ள ெவ மத , ெச கத , க அைன ேவ ேவ ெதாட களி ெவளி ப ெச த க
1. மாதவ ஏ ஆ க வைர நா ய பய றா .
19. வ ேயா ெபா தாத ஒ ைற ேத ெச க.
2. ஈரா வயத அர ேக ற ெச ய வ ப னா .
அ) வச ஆ) மண த காளிய ைல சா இ) க கா ஈ) மாவ ைல கரி
அ) 1 சரி 2 தவ ஆ) 1 தவ 2 சரி இ) 1 தவ 2 தவ ஈ) 1 சரி 2 சரி

20. ' ழிமா 'எ த ைறேயா ெதாட ைடய ெசா ?

28. ெபா க
அ) இல க ய ஆ) கணித இ) வ ய ய ஈ) ேவளா ைம
அ) ஆம த ரிைக - 1) ப ட யாைன
ஆ) அர உவா - 2) க
இய -5 இ) கழ - 3) இட ைக வா த ய
21. ெச ைன ெவ நகர ம ம ல, அ ந ப ைக ைமய - காரண ஈ) கைழ - 4) எைட அள
அ) ேநர , மைற க ேவைல வா களி கள அ) 3,1,4,2 ஆ) 4,2,1,3 இ) 1,2,3,4 ஈ) 4,3,2,1
ஆ) ெம ெபா ,வ ெபா வாகன உ ப த ய ப
இ) ெம ெபா ஏ மத ய னிைல 29. ேவ ப டைத ற ப க.
ஈ) அ ஆ இ - அைன . அ) அ ைம கா ச ணி ஆ) ேச ைம கா ச ணி
இ) ந கா ச ணி ஈ) கா ச மைற
22. : இ த யாவ பல ப த களி இ ெநசவாள க ெச ைன ேநா க வ தன .
காரண :கழ க தயந வன த வணிக ணி சா ததாகேவ இ த . இய -7
அ) சரி, காரண தவ ஆ) தவ காரண சரி 30. 'பல ச தா சா ' - வ ழி த தவ அவைர பா யவ
இ) தவ , காரண தவ ஈ) சரி, காரண சரி அ) ேசாழ ெந க ளிைய, பரண ஆ) ேசாழ நல க ளிைய, ேகா க ழா
இ) கைண கா இ ெபாைறைய, கப ல ஈ) கரிகாலைன, உ தர க ணனா
23. ெபா க
அ) த வ ேகணி ஆ - 1) மாவ ர ெசல 31. அத சய மலரி னைகைய ப தவா தமி நத கட க ெசா வ

ஆ) ப க கா கா வா - 2) க ேகாடரி அ) கட தகால யர கைள ஆ) ஆ கள ற ெபா ைத

இ) ப லாவர - 3) அ கா ச யக இ) ப ைசய இழ த ந ல ைத ஈ) அைன ைத

ஈ) எ - 4) வ
32. ச த இல க ய எ ப
அ) 1, 2, 4, 3 ஆ) 4, 2, 1, 3 இ) 4, 1, 2, 3 ஈ) 2, 4, 3, 1
1: கைத வ வ லான வ வ ைடய . 2: ெபரிய எ தக எ அைழ க ப வ
அ) 1 சரி, 2 தவ ஆ) 1, 2 சரி
24. 'உ ெளா ைவ ற ெபா ேப வா ' - இ ெதாட உண ப
இ) 1, 2 தவ ஈ) 1 தவ , 2 சரி
அ) ேந மைற ப ஆ) எத மைற ப இ) ர ப ஈ) இைவ அைன

25. 'வ ளியற ஞம ' - இத ற பட ப வல எ ? 33. உ பற வள த இட தனி - இ ெதாடரி ெபயெர ச

அ) உ ஆ) ப ற இ) வள த ஈ) இட தனி
அ) எ ஆ) த ைர இ) நா ஈ) யாழி

34. யாைன க ல ேபால - இ வைம ெபா தமான ெதாட

இய -6 அ) தன பய ப ,பற பய படா ஆ) தன பய படா , ப ற பய படா

26. ஆ பரி கட அத அ தள ெமௗன ; மகா ெமௗன -அ க ல ப வ ஆ) ப ற பய ப , தன பய படா ஈ) தன பய ப ,பற பய ப

அ) இைர ச ஆ) ைற தா
இய -8
இ) ந ைற ட நீ த ப இ ஈ) ற அைச க அக த ைன அைச க இயலா 35. ச பாணா பைட கா பா ைட தைலவனி இ ைறய ந ல ப த
அ) உதகம டல ஆ) வ ர இ) த வன ஈ) த ம ரி
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36. ெபா தாத ஒ ைற க டற க. இ) ஊழி ெப வ யாஉள ம ஒ
அ) தனி தமி த ைத - 1. . வரதராசனா ழி தா உ .
ஆ) ஆரா ச ேபரற ஞ - 2. மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி
4. கீ கா கவ ைத ெபா த றைள எ க..
இ) தமி ெத ற - 3. த .வ .க
உய அ வலரி வ ைக
ஈ) ெமாழி ஞாய - 4. ேதவேநய பாவாண
அ வலகேம அ லா
37. ச. த. ச ணரி உைரைய ேக ட ெப ற மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி எ தய . அவ ைடய ச ன அைனவ அற தேத
ேகா கைள வ ைர க
அ) ெபௗ த தமி ஆ) இ லா தமி இ) சமண தமி ஈ) க ற தவ தமி
ஒ ெச ய
38. நா ெவ ெவளிய அைல ெகா க ேற என க ைத ேத யப எ க த ேநர த இ க ேவ
ப ரமணிய ேத வதாக ற ப வ . வ ைரக ற மன
அ) தம கவரிைய ஆ) தம ப ைத இ) தம அைடயாள ைத ஈ) தம பைட கைள பரபர மனவ த மா
வ ைய எ க ேற
39. கைடெய வ ள களி வரிைசைய சாராத ம ன க காைல க ெகா க ற ழ ைத
அ) ஆ அ ர அத க ஆ) ந ய ேகாட மர 'ேபா அ த ப க '
இ) ந ளி ஓரி ஈ) பாரி காரி உதற ெச க ேற ழ ைதைய.

த ற - வ னா க வ ைட: ெச இட கா பா ச ன கா பா அ இட
கா க எ காவா கா எ ?
இய -3
1. பட ெபா தமான த றைள க ப க.
5. ெபா க
1. ெவ ளி - சன
அ) அ அற உைட தாய இ வா ைக
ப பய அ . 2. ைண - ெத ப

ஆ) ைவய வா வா வா பவ வா ைற 3. ஏம - பா கா
ெத வ ைவ க ப . 4. த - ெச வ
இ) ச ன எ ேச தாைர ெகா இன எ
ஏம ைணைய .
6. ைவயக வானக ஆ றலரி எத ?
அ) ெச யாம ெச த உதவ ஆ) பய கா ெச த உதவ
2. கட ெபரிய இ) த ைன ைண ந ற ஈ) கால த னா ெச த ந ற
அ) உ ற கால த ெச த உதவ ஆ) பய ஆராயாம ஒ வ ெச த உதவ இ) த ைனயள ெச த உதவ
7. பைக உளேவா ப ற? - ெபா க
3. ப வ நால யா பாட ெபா ெபா தமான த றைள க டற க.
வ ைட: ச ன ைத ேபா ற பைக ேவ எ இ ைல.
ந லா நயவ இ ப நய இலா
க லா ெகா றாக ய காரண - ெதா ைல
8. ெபா க
வ ைன பய அ ல ேவ ெந க ணா
அ) ைவய வா வா வா பவ - 1) ேச தாைர ெகா
ந ைன ப வ வெதா ற
அ) இ ேவ உலக இய ைக; த ேவ ஆ) பய கா ெச த உதவ - 2) ஞால த மாண ெபரி

ெத ளிய ஆத ேவ . இ) ச ன - 3) ெத வ ைவ க ப
ஆ) ந லைவ எ லா தீயவா தீய ஈ) கால த னா ெச த ந ற - 4) ந ைம கட ெபரி
ந லவா ெச வ ெசய .
அ) 4,3,2,1 ஆ) 3,4,1,2 இ) 1,2,3,4 ஈ) 2,3,4,1
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இய -6
15. ந ப யான ப இ லாதவ
9. பட த ெபா தமான த றைள க ப க.
அ) வர ேபாவைத னேர அற கா ெகா ள யவ ஆ) மன த ப உைடயவ

இ) அரசைர சா வா க றவ ஈ) தா மிட த கால கழி பவ

அ) எ ணிய எ ணியா எ பஎ ணியா
த ணிய ஆக ெபற .
16. எளிய , அரிய எ பன
ஆ) உ க எ ளாைம ேவ உ ெப ேத
அ சாணி அ னா உைட . அ) தீய ன த ைண - ந ன த ைண

இ) வ ைன த ப எ ப ஒ வ மன த ப ஆ) ெசா வ - ெசா யப ெச வ
ம ைறய எ லா ப ற.
இ) ச ைம பல ெச வ - பைகவ ெதாட

ஈ) ெம ெபா கா ப - உ க எ ளாத
10. கவ ைத ெபா த றைள க டற க.
17. ெபா க.
மனேமா மா வ அ) எ வ உைறவ உலக உலக ேதா
அ) பா ேபா உட உைற த - 1) தீ கா வா
பாைதெயா க ேபாக ந ைன மா அ வ உைறவ அற .
ஆ) ெச தா - 2) சீ அழி
இ ப இ தா எ ப நக ஆ) ெச ற இட தா ெசலவ டா தீ ஒரீஇ
இ) வ ைம த வ - 3) க உ பவ
வா ைக ச கர ந ற பா உ ப அற .
ஊ ேபா பாைதய இ) அற வ ற கா க வ ெச வா ஈ) இக ேவ த ேச ஒ வா - 4) உட பா இலாதவ
ச கர உ டா உ ளழி க ஆகா அர . அ) 1,2,3,4 ஆ) 2,3,4,1 இ) 4,1,3,2 ஈ) 4,3,2,1
அ ேவ அற ; அ ேவ ெதளி .

ெதரி ெதளிேவா
11. ப வ நால யா பாட ெபா ெபா தமான த றைள க டற க.
அனய - ந ைறவான (இய - 3) (இய 4)

அ) பைழய என க த ப அ ல ெச எ ெசௗ தவ - ஏைழ எளியவ வ த யார ப -க வ ெதாட க

சீரியா ேக ைம ச ற த ச ற ப றா ெக தைகைம ேக த . கீழ தா - ெச ய ஒ ப த வ த யா ப யாச -க வ பய ச

மாரிேபா மா ட பய ததா - மாரி ஆ) எத ரதா கா அற வ னா இ ைல ெகாரா - க ராம ந வாக அ வல
உபா த யாய - ஆச ரிய
வற த கா ேபா ேம வால வ நாட! அத ர வ வேதா ேநா . த ைண - த ைண
அ ரா ப யாச -எ பய ச
ச ற த கா சீரியா ந . இ) ந ன த ஊ ைணய ைல; தீய ன த
ேராச - உர த
கீ வாய ல க -ப ன எ ணி கீ ெதாைக
அ ல ப ப உ இ .
வா த கமாக - இண கமாக
ேம வாய ல க -ப னஎ ணி ேம ெதாைக
12. அ ல ப ப உ இ - எவேரா பழக னா ? த ைக - மா அைர க

அ) வா ேபா பைகவ ஆ) ெம ெபா கா பவ இ) எ ணியா எ பவ ஈ) தீய ன தா ழிமா - ெப க வா பா

க - ச ற ய ந ல பர

கடக - ஓைல ெப சீதாள ப த ர - தாைழ மட

13. த ணிய எ பத ெபா
ப ைச - ெச நவ ப - வ காள த உ ளஓ ஊ
அ) அற ைடயவ ஆ) மன உ த ைடயவ இ) தீ கா வா ஈ) அற வ னா
ெகாடவா க - ெகா க வா க
14. ஆரா ெசா க றவ

அ) அரச ஆ) ெசா யப ெச பவ இ) வ ஈ) உறவ ன

 11 12
ப பத உ ப ல கண
இல கண ற
இய -1
ப ெதாைக வ ைன ெதாைக எ ைம உரி ெசா ெறாட 1. சா பா - சா + + +ஆ
சா - ப த
ெச பரித (இய 1) தா கட , (3) அ அற (3) மாதவ (3)
- ச த
ெச தமி (1) வய ெமாழி (4) அற க (4) மாமய ைல (5)
- எத கால இைடந ைல
ெச ந ற (1) வள தல (5) ஆட பாட , (6) தட ைக (8) ஆ - பட ைக ஆ பா
ெவ கத (1) கா ெந (7) வ ைன வ த
ெப (2) வ ரிகட (8)

ெகா ேகா (2) 2. வ க ற - வ +க +அ

வ ைனெய ச
வ - ப த
ந கல (3) சவ (1) இ னிைச
ெபயெர ச அளெபைட க - ந க கால இைடந ைல
ெப கட (5) ேபா (8)
க (7) அ - ெபயெர ச வ த
ப ப உ (6)
ெதா ெநற (6) ெவ (8)
ெசா ற (8)
க தட (8) சன (8) 3. வ ய - வய+ ( )+ +உ
த த ய (8) - ப த
ெவ த (8) வய

அ தற (8) வா த (8) - ச த ( ஆன வ கார )

ஈ ெக ட எத மைற ெசா ைச
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
ெந வழி (8) உவ ப (8) அளெபைட
ெபயெர ச உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த
ெந ேவ (8) ெகா த (8) வைளஇ (2)
ெபா யா (2)
ெவ ள வ (8) ஈ த (8) ெவரீஇய (5) 4. இ தா - இ + ( )+ +ஆ
அைடயா (4)
ந ெமாழி (8) ஒரீஇ (6) இ - ப த
அற யா (7)
ந னா (8) - ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
ஆ - னிைல ஒ ைம வ ைன வ த
அ ெதாட வ ைனயாலைண இைட ைற ெச ளிைச
ெபய அளெபைட
தா (1) இலாத (1)
உய ேதா (1) ச றாஅ (4) 5. உய ேதா - உய + ( )+ +ஓ
ஊ றஊ ற (8)
உள (3) உய - ப த
ெச றவ (3) பாதக (8) உழாஅ (5)
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
கவாஅ (8)
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
ெதாழி ெபய ஆ ெபய இர டா ேவ ைம உவைம ெதாைக ஓ - பல பா வ ைன வ த
உ பய உட
மற த (3) உல (இடவா ெபய ) (3) ெதா க ெதாைக மலர , (5)
6. வ ள க - வள +இ
ெசா த (6) நீல (8) அரவ கட (8) கட தாைன (8)
வள - ப த
மைலத (8
இ - வ ைனெய ச வ த
ம உ னிைல ப ைம ஏவ ப ைம உ வக
வ ைன வ ைன
ைத (3) வ ய ைவ ெவ ள (1) 7. வ - வா (வ) + ( )+ +உ
உ ன (8) ஓ மி (8) வா - ப த (வ என கய வ கார )
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த
 13 14
இய -2 15. அம தா - அம + ( )+ +ஆ
8. கல க - கல +இ அம - ப த
கல - ப த - ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
இ - வ ைனெய ச வ த - இற தகால இைடந ைல
ஆ - ஆ பா வ ைன வ த

இய -3
9. த தன - தா (த) + ( )+ +அ +அ 16. ெச த - ெச + +அ

தா - ப த (த என கய வ கார ) ெச - ப த

- ச த ( ஆன வ கார ) - இற தகால இைடந ைல

- இற தகால இைடந ைல அ - ெபயெர ச வ த

அ - சாரிைய
அ - பட ைக ஆ பா வ ைன வ த 17. சா ற - சா +இ
சா - ப த

10. ெபா தா - ெபா + ( )+ +ஆ இ - வ ைனெய ச வ த

ெபா - ப த இய -6
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார ) 18. ெதா தன - ெதா + +அ +அ
- இற தகால இைடந ைல ெதா - ப த
ஆ - ஆ பா வ ைன வ த - இற தகால இைடந ைல
இய -5 அ - சாரிைய
11. ந ைன க ற - ந ைன + +க +அ அ - பட ைக பல பா வ ைன வ த
ந ைன - ப த
இய -7
- ச த
19. அற - அற + ( )+ +உ
க - ந க கால இைடந ைல
அற - ப த
அ - ெபயெர ச வ த
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
12. ைவ - ைவ + + +உ
உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த
ைவ - ப த
- ச த
20. அ - அ + + +உ
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
அ - ப த
உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த
- ச த
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
13. ேப வா - ேப + +ஆ
உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த
ேப - ப த
- எத கால இைடந ைல இய -8
ஆ - பல பா வ ைன வ த 21. பைக த - பைக + + +அ
பைக - ப த
14. க டா - கா (க )+ +ஆ - ச த
கா - ப த (க என கய வ கார ) - இற தகால இைடந ைல
- இற தகால இைடந ைல அ - ெபயெர ச வ த
ஆ - ஆ பா வ ைன வ த
 15 16
22. கைள - கைள + ( )+ +உ ண ச வதக
கைள - ப த ஈ ேபாத
1. ெச பரித - ெச ைம + பரித (இய - 1)
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
ஈ ேபாத ெச + பரித = ெச பரித
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
2. ந ெமாழி - ந ைம + ெமாழி (8)
உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த

ஈ ேபாத , இனமிக
23. பழி தன - பழி + + +அ +அ
1. அ கான - அ ைம + கான (3)
பழி - ப த
ஈ ேபாத அ + கான
- ச த
இனமிக அ + + கான =அ கான
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
2. ெப ேத - ெப ைம + ேத (6)
அ - சாரிைய
3. ெப கட - ெப ைம + கட (5)
அ - பல பா வ ைன வ த

ஈ ேபாத , னி ற ெம த ரித
24. இ - இ + ( )+ +உ
1. ெச தமிேழ - ெச ைம + தமிேழ (1)
இ - ப த
ஈ ேபாத ெச + தமிேழ
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
னி ெம த ரித ெச + தமிேழ = ெச தமிேழ
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
2. ெவ கத - ெவ ைம + கத (1)
உ - வ ைனெய ச வ த

இய ப வதய ந ற உய கசதப மி
25. ஈ த - ஈ+ ( )+ +அ
1. தைல ேகா - தைல + ேகா (6)
ஈ - ப த
இய ப வதய ந ற உய கசதப மி தைல + + ேகா = தைல ேகா
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
2. எ த ைச - எ + த ைச (4)
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
அ - ெபயெர ச வ த
ஈ ேபாத , இய ப வதய ந ற உய கசதப மி
1. ெபய - ைம + ெபய (2)
26. அம தன - அம + ( )+ +அ +அ
ஈ ேபாத + ெசய
அம - ப த
இய ப வதய ந ற உய கசதப மி + + ெபய = ெபய
- ச த ( ஆன வ கார )
- இற தகால இைடந ைல
ம ஒ றழி உய ரீ ஒ ப
அ - சாரிைய
1. இனந ைர - இன + ந ைர (2)
அ - வ த
ம ஒ றழி உய ரீ ஒ ப இன + ந ைர = இனந ைர

27. தா க ய - தா + இ( )+ +அ
ெபய இனெம ைம ேதா
தா - ப த
1. பாவா - + பாவா (5)
இ( ) - இற தகால இைடந ைல
ெபய இனெம ைம ேதா + + பாவா = பாவா
- உட ப ெம ச த
அ - ெபயெர ச வ த
உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப
1. வானெம லா - வான + எ லா (1)

உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப வான + எ லா ( +எ=ெம)=வானெம லா
2. உர ைட - உர + உைட (8)
 17 18
உய வரி உ ற ெம வ ேடா , உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப
1. ஆ கவ - ஆ + அவ (1) 4. தமிழி ப ைழய ற எ வத ேம ெகா ள ேவ ய ய சக யாைவ?

உய வரி உ ற ெம வ ேடா ஆ + அவ 1. ப ைழய ற எ த ற ெந ேவ பா கைள ெதரி ெகா ள ேவ .

உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப ஆ + அவ ( +அ= ) = ஆ கவ
2. மய ெகா ப ைழகைள தவ தா ெசா ர பா , ெபா ர பா வரா .

3. வ ன மி இட , மிகா இட இவ ைற ெதரி ெகா ள ேவ . இதனா

தனி ற ஒ உய வரி இர , உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப
1. உ ெளா - உ +ஒ (5) ச த ப ைழைய தவ கலா .

தனி ற ஒ உய வரி இர உ +ஒ
உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப உ +ஒ ( +ஒ=ெளா) = உ ெளா இய -2
2. ைட - + உைட (8) 5. தமிழி த ைண பா பா ___________அ பைடய ப க ப ள .

3. ெச ட - ெச + இட (3) அ) ெபா ற ஆ) ெசா ற இ) ெதாட ற ஈ) எ ற

இ ஈ ஐ வழி ய , உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப 6. "உய த ைண எ மனா ம க ேட

1. தனியாழி - தனி + ஆழி (1)
அஃற ைண எ மனா அவரல ப றேவ" - இ பா இட ெப ற இல கண ___________
இ ஈ ஐ வழி ய தனி( +இ) + +ஆழி
உட ேம உய வ ஒ வ இய ேப தனி + + ஆழி ( +ஆ=யா) = தனியாழி அ) ந ஆ) அக த ய இ) ெதா கா ப ய ஈ) இல கண வ ள க

2. உ ைனய லா - உ ைன + அ லா (1)

3. ஒ ைம ட - ஒ ைம + உட (5) 7. யா ? எ ? ஆக ய வ னா ெசா க பயனிைலயா அைம , உண த ைணக ைறேய__________

4. ஏைழெயன - ஏைழ + என (8) அ) அஃற ைண, உய த ைண ஆ) உய த ைண, அஃற ைண

இ) வ ர த ைண, அஃற ைண ஈ) வ ர த ைண, உய த ைண

இல கண பய ச வ னா க
இய -1
1. ப ைழயான ெதாடைர க டற க. 8. ெபா த வ ைட ேத க.

அ) காைளகைள வயைல உ தன . அ) அவ அவ அவ - 1) உள ப தா த ைம ப ைம

ஆ) மைலமீ ஏற க ெவ கைள க டற தன . ஆ) நா க ய ச ெச ேவா - 2) உள பா த ைம ப ைம

இ) காைளய தம ைக மன சய . இ) நா ய ச ெச ேவா - 3) த ைம ப ைம ெபய க

ஈ) ெந பய க மைழநீரி க ன. ஈ) நா க , நா - 4) பத ெபய க

அ) 4,1,2,3 ஆ) 2,3,4,1 இ) 3,4,1,2 ஈ) 4,3,1,2

2. ேப தமிழி அைம த ெதாடைர ேத க.

அ) அவ ந ல ெக ட ந லா ெதரி . 9. ெமாழிய ெசா ெறாட அைம ைப வ ள க ெகா வத பய ப வத உத வன எைவ?

ஆ) தக க கா ச நைடெப கற . ெமாழிய ெசா ெறாட அைம ைப வ ள க ெகா வத பய ப வத உத வன த ைண,

இ) வற ச எ லா இட கைள பாத ள . பா , எ , இட ஆக யனவா .

ஈ) மய க வற யைர ேபா ஆ க றன.

10. உய த ைண ப ைம ெபய க , ப ைம வ த ெப வ மா இர ெதாட கைள எ க.
3. தா தரலா , தா தரலா - இ வ ெசா ெறாட க உண ெபா ைள அற மாணவ க ப ளி ெச றா க .
ெதாட அைம க .
மாணவ க க ைர ேபா ய கல ெகா டா க .
1. தா தரலா - ஏைழ ழ ைதக உதவ கைள தா தரலா .

2. தா தரலா - ேவைலயா ரிய ஊத ய ைத ேவைலைய தா தரலா .

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 19 20
இய -3
11. ெபா ழ பமி ற எ வத ரிய காரண க ெபா வைத ேத க. 17. த வள ெச வ த வள ெச வ - இவ ற சரியான ெதாட எ ? அத கான இல கண வ த
யா ?
அ) ேதைவயான இட களி இைடெவளி வ டாம எ த .
சரியான ெதாட : த வள ெச வ , வத : வ ைன ெதாைகய வ ன மிகா .
ஆ) ேதைவய ற இட களி இைடெவளி வ எ த .

இ) ந த ற கைள உரிய இட களி இ எ த . இய -4

ஈ) வ ன ெம கைள ேதைவயான இட களி இடாம எ த . 18. ெவ பாவ ஏ பஅ த சீ எ னவாக அைம கலா ? ெபா தமான சீரிைன ெகா
ேகா ட இட கைள ந ர க .
12. வ ன மி , மிகா ெதாட களி ெபா ளற ெபா க. அ) அ ேப தகளியா (ஆ வமா / தகளியா )

அ) பாைல பா னா - 1) ேதைர எ உய ரின ைத பா தா ஆ) வா மைழ ற ( ற / ெபாழி த )

ஆ) பாைல பா னா - 2) ேதரிைன பா தா இ) க ணிர இ லா (இலாதா / இ லா )
இ) ேதைர பா தா - 3) பா ைன பா னா
ஈ) ெவ ணில கா க ற (கா க ற / ஒளி க ற )
ஈ) ேதைர பா தா - 4) பாைல த ைண பா னா
உ) ெவ ேயா ஒளி த ட (கா த ட / ஒளி த ட)
அ) 4,1,3,2 ஆ) 2,3,1,4 இ) 4,3,1,2 ஈ) 2,4,1,3

19. றாவ சீ அைம எ க.

13. ேவெறா ெபா அைம மா ெசா கைள ேச ெதாடரைம க.
அ) க வ கைரய ல க பவ
மாணவ க வரிைசய ந அற வ ய க கா ச ைய க டன .
ஆ) க லாேர ஆய க றாைர
மாணவ க வரிைசய ந , அற வ ய க கா ச ைய க டன .
இ) ந லைவ ெச ய இய பா
14. கீ கா ெசா கைள ப ரி ேச இ ேவ ெதாட கைள அைம க. ஈ) அவமத ஆ ற மத
- அவ வ ற னா . உ) உ ணா ேநா பா ெபரிய
அவ வ ற னா .

தாேன - அவ தாேன ப தா . 20. ெபா க

அவ தாேன ப தா . அ) மா சீ - 1) க வ ள , வள
ெகா - உடைல வ த ெகா ஆ னா . ஆ) கா சீ - 2) நா , மல
உடைல வ த ெகா டா னா . இ) வ ள சீ - 3) ேதமா கா , ளிமா கா
வ டா - அவ ஆ ட ைத ஆ வ டா . ஈ) ஓரைச சீ - 4) ேதமா, ளிமா
அவ ஆ ட ைத ஆ வ டா . அ) 1,2,4,3 ஆ) 4,3,1,2 இ) 2,3,1,4 ஈ) 3,4,2,1

15. கா ளி இடாம எ வதனா ஏ ப ெபா மய க த சா த க.

21. கீ ள ெசா கைள ஈ சீராக ெகா ற ெவ பா / ேநரிைச ெவ பா / இ னிைச
வ ைட: அவ பா எ வ தா .
ெவ பா எ த ய ச ெச ய . கட , வா , மைழ, ேத , மர
அவ பா , எ வ தா .
அ). வா மைழ ெபா ப த வள றா
உலக வய கட .
16. சல சல, வ வ , கல கல, வ மி வ மி இவ ற இர ைட க ளவ ெதாட கைள எ த
ஆ). மரம ம க ச ரம ம பைதைய
அவ ைற எ ைறைய க.
ம ணிேல வாழைவ வா .
இர ைட க ளவ க : 1. சலசல 2.கலகல இ). ப வ தவறாம ெபாழி மனிதனி
இர ைட க ளவ கைள ேச எ த ேவ . ப ரி தா ெபா தரா . உ ள கவ மைழ.
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ஈ). வ றாத நீரினி ெபா றா மைரமல ேதா ற ைத அ ல த மர த ேதா ற ேதா இைண க ற ஓ உ ளா தஒ டா .
ஏ தட மைழேய ேத .
உ). கா ைற ெகா ைவகனிைய ந க இய -6
கட வர ந மர . 29. ஐ ெப கா ப ய எ ெசா ெறாடைர த உைரய ற ப டவ

அ) ச வஞான னிவ ஆ) மய ைலநாத இ) ஆ கநாவல ஈ) இள ரண

22. ெவ பாவ ரிய தைளக யாைவ?
ெவ பாவ ரிய தைளக இய சீ ெவ டைள, ெவ சீ ெவ டைள ஆ .
30. 1: கா ப ய எ ெசா கா + இய என ப ரி மரைப கா ப , இய வ ,

ெவளி ப வ , ெமாழிைய ச ைதயாம கா ப எ ெற லா ெபா த கற .

23. ஒ வ க ப , பல வ க ப எ றா எ ன?
2: ஐ ெப கா ப ய க ஒ நீலேகச
ஒ வ க ப : ெவ பாவ அைன அ க ஒேர எ ைக ெப வ தா அ ஒ
அ) 1 சரி, 2 தவ ஆ) 2 சரி, 1 தவ
வக ப ட வ ள ெவ பா எனலா .
இ) இர சரி ஈ) இர தவ
பல வ க ப : ஒ ெவ பாவ ஒ ற ேம ப ட எ ைகக இட ெப றா அ பல

வ க ப தா வ த ெவ பா எனலா .
31. சரியானவ ைற ெபா த ேத க :

இய -5 அ) காைத - 1) க த ராண
24. ப ம எ பத ெபா
ஆ) ச க . - 2) சீவகச தாமணி
அ) ெசா ஆ) ெசய இ) கா ச ஈ) ஒ இ) இல பக - 3) ளாமணி

ஈ) படல - 4) ச ல பத கார
25. 'காைல இள ெவய ந றாக ேமய, ப ளிவ ெவய ' இ கவ ைதய ______________
அ) 4, 3, 2, 1 ஆ) 3, 4, 1, 2 இ) 3, 4, 2, 1 ஈ) 4, 3, 1, 2
பய வ ள .
32. தவறான இைணைய ேத க
அ) பய ப ம ஆ) வ ைன ப ம இ) ெம ப ம ஈ) உ ப ம
பாவைக இல க ய

26. : உவைம உ வக ேபால ப ம வ ைன, பய , ெம , உ ஆக யவ ற அ பைடய அ) வ த பா - நால யா

ேதா . ஆ) ஆச ரிய பா - அகநா

காரண : எ வைகயான ப மமாக இ தா அ கா ச வழிேய க த ைன வ ள வத ைல இ) க ெவ பா -

அ) சரி, காரண தவ ஆ) தவ , காரண சரி ஈ) ற ெவ பா - த ற

இ) சரி, காரண சரி ஈ) தவ , காரண தவ

33. கா ப ய எ தைன வைக ப ? அைவ யாைவ?

27. ெம ப ம ரிய பாடைல ேத ெச க கா ப ய இர வைக ப . அைவ ஐ ெப கா ப ய ஐ ச கா ப ய ஆ .

அ) ெந ச க க மல பய தா .... ஆ) க நண இழிச ன ைகய ...... ஐ ெப கா ப ய க : ச ல பத கார , மணிேமகைல, சீவகச தாமணி, வைளயாபத , டலேகச

இ) பாச மணி க சவ ேகா க .... ஈ) ெவ தா ெபா னி அ த ப.... ஐ ச கா ப ய க : ளாமணி, நீலேகச , உதயண மா காவ ய , நாக மார காவ ய ,

யேசாதர காவ ய .
28. "மா ேதா வச த த ப டாைட உ தய க ற " - இத எ வைக ப ம ெவளி ப க ற ?

 இ பாட அ ய ெம ப ம ெவளி ப க ற . 34. கா ப ய ைத ற ப ற ெபய க யாைவ?

 க தளி க மாக ப டாைடைய மர ேபா தய பதாக கா அைத ெப ணாக ெபா ெடாட ந ைல ெச , கைத ெச , அகல கவ , ெதாட நைட ெச ,வ த

கா ச ப கற இ கவ ைத. உவைம உ வகமி ற ப டாைட உ த ய ெப ணி ெச , உைரய ைடய ட பா ைட ெச , மகாகாவ ய .

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35. கா ப ய ச க ச லவ ைற எ க. 42. ேப வழ க ெதா ம ெவளி ப இ ெதாட கைள எ க.

காைத, ச க , இல பக , படல தலானைவ கா ப ய த ச களா . அேதா ச னி வ க றா

இவ ெபரிய அரி ச த ர பா
36. பாவ க - வள க.

 "பாவ க எ ப கா ப ய ப ேப" ஆ . (த . பா. 89) 43. உ மன ஒ பா கட

 கா ப ய த கவ ஞ வ தவ அ பைட க த ைனேய பாவ க எ ப . அைத கைட தா

 'ப றனி வ ைழேவா க ைளெயா ெக 'எ ப க பராமாயண த பாவ க ஆ . அ த ம ம ல

ஆலகால ெவளி ப எ பைத

இய -7 நீ அற வா அ லவா? - இ கவ ைதய ெவளி ப ெதா ம யா ?

37. ப வ வனவ ெதா ம த ெபா தா ஒ ைற ேத க. பா கட , அ த , ஆலகால ஆக ய ெதா ம ெச த க இ கவ ைதய இட ெப ளன.

அ) க ண ேதா றா ேபா. ஆ) வயத ச ற யவ , ஆனா தைலவ !

இய -8
இ) இ த நாரதரிட எ சரி ைகயாக இ . ஈ) இ தா ேபாறா த ம .
44. ற கைள ெபா க

அ) ெப - 1) சமாதான
38. ெதா ம ப றய க தவறான ஒ ைற ேத க.
ஆ) றா - 2) ர
அ) உ வா க ப இ க வ டவ வ க . ஆ) பழ கைதைய ெகா க ைத வ ள வ .
இ) தரா - 3) வ ள
இ) ந ப யாத ேபா ேதா நக சக ெச த க .
ஈ) ச க - 4) நீத
ஈ) வ ள காத க கைள பழெமாழிய ல வள வ .
அ) 2, 4, 1, 3 ஆ) 2, 4, 3, 1 இ) 3, 1, 4, 2 ஈ) 3, 1, 2, 4

39. 'சாபவ ேமாசன ', ' அக ைக' கைதகளி ெதா ம கைள பய ப த யவ

45. : 19 ஆ றா ற ய ஓ இல க ய ேகா பாடாக உ ெப ற .
அ) . அழக ரிசாமி ஆ) ைம ப த இ) ெஜயேமாக ஈ) எ . இராமக ண
காரண : ெபாதேல , ைர ேபா, ெவ ேல , ம லா ேம தலானவ க ற ய ைத வள தா க .

40. ப ற கைள கைதமா த கேளா ெபா க. அ) சரி, காரண தவ ஆ) சரி, காரண சரி

அ) அற - 1) க ண இ) தவ , காரண தவ ஈ) தவ , காரண சரி

ஆ) வ ைம - 2) ம நீத ேசாழ
46. ச க இல க ய த , அக த ைண மா த களி உ ள உண கைள ற பாக உண
இ) நீத - 3) ம
ற க
ஈ) வ ள - 4) த ம
அ) உவைம ஆ) உவேமய இ) உ த ஈ) உ ைற உவைம
அ) 3, 2, 1, 4 ஆ) 4, 3, 2, 1 இ) 2, 4, 3, 1 ஈ) 4, 3, 1, 2

47. 'த ட ' எ தைல ப 'வர க சாப க ஆ ெம றா இ ேக தவ க எத காக? எ

41. ெதா ம -வள க த க.
எ த ப ள கவ ைதய 'வர ' எத ற டாக ற .
ெதா ம எ றா பழ கைத
அ) அ த ரப ஆ) ஆத ைர ப ைக இ) த ட ஈ) பயன ற வ ைள
. ராண எ ெற லா ெபா உ ள . ெதா கா ப ய ற ப வன க 'ெதா ைம' எ ப
ஒ றா .ந ப யாத ெச த கைள நக ச கைள ெகா இய க ற பழைமயான
48. மைற ெசா ல மி ெசா ல அ த ெசா ல பய ப இல க ய உ த எ ?
கைதகைளேய ெதா ம எ வ .
அ) ற ஆ) ப ம இ) அ கத ஈ) ெதா ம
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49. ற உ தய ஒ கவ ைத எ க. ெமாழி பய ச
இைல த கால இ லாமேலேய
இய -1
உத க றன உய த ைண மர க .. (தமிழ ப )
தமிழா க .
உய த ைண மர க - ப னியா சா ம க ற டாக ற
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.

50. வ ய ைவ கவ ைதய ெவளி ப ற கைள ற ப க. க ற எ ப மிக ெபரிய ெச வ ; அ , த ைன உைடயவைர அவ ெச இட க ெக லா

வ ய ைவ ப ெதாட .

இ த 2. A new language is a new life.

ஆத ைர ப ைகக த ய ெமாழிைய அற வ , வா வ வழியா .

வ த 3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language.

மி பா த ர ம க உ ைன ரி ெகா ள ேவ மானா நீ அவ க ெமாழிய ேப .

அ த ரப - (பா த,அ ர மா ) 4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.

ஆத ைரய ட ப ைகய னா அ த ரப ய உண வள ெகா ேட இ த ேபா உலக ப ெமாழி அற எ ப , அற வள ெபற வாய லா .

உைழ பா ெசழி வள க ற எ பேத இ கவ ைதய க தா . 5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.

1. வ ய ைவ ளி - ஆத ைர ப ைக எ ெமாழிய அளேவ நா ெச உலக எ ைலயா .

2. ெசழி - அ த ரப ற டாக ற .
உவைம ெதாட கைள ெசா ெறாட களி அைம எ க.

51. ற உ தய அ பைட இல கண கைள எ க. 1. தாமைர இைல நீ ேபால: இ லக வா வான தாமைர இைல நீ ேபால ப ற றதாக இ த

 ய ெபா ற ெபா ஏேத ஒ ெதாட இ த ேவ . ேவ .

 ெபா எ ப எ ேலா அற த ஒ றாக இ த ேவ . 2. க ண தவைள ேபால: அ த ப த தா கண தவைள ேபால அற யாைம ட

 ற ெபா ணிய ைறய ெவளி ப த பட ேவ . இ தா .

3. எ ைன ேபால: மன ஒ படாத அ ண த ப எ ைன ேபால வா தன .

4. அ சாணி இ லாத ேத ேபால: த ைதைய இழ த ப அ சாணி இ லாத ேத ேபால அ ல ப .

5. உ ள ைக ெந கனி ேபால: கைலவாணி மி த ய ச ட ப ததா ந ல மத ெப

ெதரி ெகா ளலாேம...
ெப வ உ ள ைக ெந கனி ேபால ெதரி த .
ப ம - தாமைர த
ப ம ஷ - தாமைர அணி
காைத - ச ல பத கார , மணிேமகைல
ப மவ ஷ - தாமைர ெச வணி ற களி மைற த தமிழற ஞ கைள க ப ேபா .
ச க - ளாமணி, பாரத
Poeticalness - கவ ைத தன /இல க ய தன (தமி ஒளி, அ ைப, ேகாைத, அேசாகமி த ர , ைம ப த , டாமணி, ெஜயகா த , மைறமைல அ க ,
இல பக - ச வகச தாமணி
Artistic whole - கைல ைம கவ மணி)
படல - க த ராண , க பராமாயண Sound texture - ஒ ப ன
1. கவ ஞ ; ஈ ற ெசா லா அணிகல ெச யலா - கவ மணி
கா ட - ச ல பத கார , க பராமாயண Transform - மற தா க
Compound words - ெதாைகந ைல 2. தமிழற ஞ ; த எ களா மைற கலா - மைறமைல அ க

3. தா ெமாழி; ஈ ற எ க ெவளி ச த - தமி ஒளி

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4. ச கைத ஆச ரிய ; த பாத ந ன - ைம ப த 5. ஆச ரிய கீ ப த எ ண ,உ ைமயானவ ைற ெதரி ெகா , அற யாைமய ைன

5. ென அரச ;ப ென தமி மாத - ேகாைத அக ற பல ந லனவ ைற க ெகா .

ஆச ரிய கீ் ப த எ ண ,உ ைமயானவ ைற ெதரி ெகா , அற யாைமய ைன

இய -2 அக ற பல ந லனவ ைற க ெகா .
மய ெகா ெசா கைள ஒேர ெதாடரி அைம எ க.

1. வ ைல, வ ைள, வ ைழ - கா ப வ த ந றாக வ ைள ததா தானிய களி வ ைல ைறயாம க ெபா தமான ேவ ைம உ கைள ேச ைறயான ெதாட களாக ஆ க.
1. மர பா ேத .
ஏ மத ந வன ட ஒ ப த ெச ெகா ள வ ைழவதாக அர அற வ த .
மரைன பா ேத .
2. தைல, தைள, தைழ - ஆ க த த தைள நீ க ய ட தைல சா தைழைய த ற .
2. மாற ேப தற யா ெவ ல .
3. கைல, கைள, கைழ - கைழ தா த கைல த றைன ச ற பாக ெவளி ப த யதா ட கைள
மாறனி ேப த றைன யாரா ெவ ல ?
க ய .
3. ேபா ெவ ற ெப ற கைல ெச வ பாரா க வ தன.
4. அைல, அைள, அைழ - கட ஆ பரி அைழ ப ேபா எ த அைலக ந க வா
ேபா ய ெவ ற ெப றதா கைல ெச வ பாரா க வ தன.
அைளய த .
4. காைல எ ப நம ந ைம ஏ ப .
இய -3
காைலய எ ப தா நம ந ைம ஏ ப .
வ ன ெம கைள இ நீ க எ க.
5. அைனவ அ அைழ தவ ப தர யா மன வ .
1. எ ைடய ந ப ைக வ ேம த ய தைல ைற மீ தா ; அவ க எ லா ப ர ச ைனகைள ஒ
அைனவைர அ ட அைழ தவ ப தர யா மன வ .
ச க ைத ேபால எத ெகா தீ பா க .
6. சா ேறா மத ெகா வா உயரலா .
எ ைடய ந ப ைக வ ேம த ய தைல ைற மீ தா ; அவ க எ லா ப ர சைனகைள ஒ
சா ேறா மத ெகா தா வா வ உயரலா .
ச க ைத ேபால எத ெகா தீ பா க .

இய -4
2. எ தைன ைற நீ ம றவ க ேனற ெச வதைன க ஒ ெச வதற யா ந ப ைகய ற
ெதாடரி உ ள ப ைழகைள நீ க எ க.
வா . ந ைறய த ன ப ைக ெகா .
1. ந மானில இ தஆ வர ச யா பாத க ப ட .
எ தைன ைற நீ ம றவ க ேனற ெச வதைன க ஒ ெச வதற யா
ந மாந ல இ தஆ வற ச யா பாத க ப ட .
ந ப ைகய ற வா . ந ைறய த ன ப ைக ெகா .
2. எ க ஊரி லக க ட க ட அற நத ஒ கய .

எ க ஊரி லக க டட க ட அர நத ஒ கய .
3. ந வா ைகய தர நம கவன த தர ைத ெபா த கற . தக ப ெபா த
3. ர க ெவ கல பா த ர கைட ைவ த க றா .
கவன அற ைவ ெப வத கான அ பைட ேதைவயா .
அர க ெவ கல பா த ர கைட ைவ த க றா .
ந வா ைகய தர நம கவன த தர ைத ெபா த கற . தக ப ெபா த
4. மான பா த மிய பய வைகக பய ரிட ப க றன.
கவன அற ைவ ெப வத கான அ பைட ேதைவயா .
வான பா த மிய பய வைகக பய ரிட ப க றன.
4. மாணவ க ெப ேறா கைள தம ந ப களாக பாவ ந ெகா ள ேவ . தம இ ப 5. ஐ பச அைடமைழய ஊ னி ந ைற த .
ப கைள ெப ேறா க ட பக ெகா ள ேவ .
ஐ பச அைடமைழய ஊ ணி ந ைற த .
மாணவ க ெப ேறா கைள தம ந ப களாக பாவ ந ெகா ள ேவ . தம இ ப 6. இ னி சாய கால கப ேபா நைடெப .
ப கைள ெப ேறா க ட பக ெகா ள ேவ . இ சா கால (மாைலய ) கப ேபா நைடெப .
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4. த மலெரா பற க ற கா ற
ெசா ைல ப ரி ேச ெதாடரைம க.
5. வான அ கற மி ச ரி க ற மி ன
1. பலைக : பலைகயா ஆன ேமைசய உண உ டன .

பல ைக : பல ைகக ஒ ற ைண ெவ ற ைய தமதா க ன. இய -6

2. தாமைர : தாமைர ந ைற த ள அழகாக கா ச யளி . கீ கா ெதாட களி அைட உ ள ெபய ெசா ைல ெதாட க ஏ றவா

தா மைர : தா க ற மைர (மா ) கா ளி த ரி த . மா ற எ க.

3. ேகாவ : ேகாவ இைறவழிபா ெச தன . 1. கப ல த றைமயானவ எ மர ( மர ) ெதரி .

ேகா வ : ப ைடய கால த ேகா (அரச ) வ ஏ த ேபாரி டா . 2. ேந த அைணய (அைண) நீ ம ட உய வ கற .

4. ெவ காய : ெவ காய உணவாக ம தாக பய ப கற . 3. உ க யாரா (யா ) ந ைம என ந ைன க றீ க .

ெவ காய : ெவ காய ப டா காய த ம தடவ ேவ . 4. க ேவகமாக (ேவக ) ெச ேப ைத ப க இயலவ ைல.

5. தைலைம : ப ளிய இல க ய ம ற வ ழாவ இள ேகா தைலைம தா க னா . 5. ந ைடய ேதைவய (ேதைவ) அள ைற தா மக ச ெப .

தைல ைம : தைலய ைம தட வ உட தீ வ ைளவ .

ெபா ேவ பா அற ெதாட அைம க.

இய -5 1. கள , கல - ேபா கள த ப ட ர க கல த நீ தர ப ட .
ேப வழ ைக எ வழ காக மா க.
2. வல , வள - ஆ ற வல ற உ ள வய க நீ வள தா ெசழி த தன.
1. இ ப என ரி ேபா . நீ ரி ேகா.
3. , - தைரய இைர ேத ய .
இ ெபா என ரி வ ட . நீ ரி ெகா .
4. உைழ, உைள - க ைமயாக உைழ ததா ச ல ேநர த மன உைள ச ஏ ப .
2. ந ல த ெகளற டா அ பதா வ ந ைற .
5. கா , கா - கா ெச கைலமாைன கா எ றா ஆச ரிய .
ந ல ைத க ளற ேவ ; அ ெபா தா வய ந ைற .
6. ஊ ,ஊ - உட நலனி அ கைற ெகா டவ க ஊணாக ஊ எ ெகா ள மா டா க .
3. அ ைண அவ பண ஒதவ ய க ேவ யதான.
(ஊ - உண , ஊ - இைற ச )
அ ைற அவ பண ெகா உதவ ய க ேவ ய தாேன.
7. த ைம, த ைம - த ைமைய அழி பத த ைம ஏ ேபா . (த ைம - தீைம, த ைம - வ ைம)
4. டா ட ெவைளயா ட ெகாய ைதைய அ பா எ க இ க ேபானா .

ட க வ ைளயா ய ழ ைதைய, அ பா எ ேக அைழ ெகா ேபானா ? கீ கா நா ெசா கைள ெகா ெதாட எ க.

5. ைள உட சரிய ைல நாளா ச ரம ப .
1. வான , பற, ந ல , ெதா - வான த பற ேபா ; பற ந லைவ ெதா ேவா .
ப ைள உட ந ைல சரிய ைல, நாளாக ச ரம ப க ற .
2. ச ,வ ,ம , அைல - ச வ த ம ணி ; ப ன கா றா அைலேபா தர ட .
6. ரைவ ச த பன காவ ேபாவ ெசா .
3. வ மீ , ஒளி , எரி, வ - வ மீ க க ஒளி எரி வ தன.
இர ச ற ய த ைதைய காவ ேபாக ெசா .
4. த ைர, ேவக , ஓ , தா - த ைர ேவகமாக ஓ ேவ ைய தாவ ய .

5. ழ ைத, நட, தளி நைட, வ - ழ ைத நட க எ , தளி நைடயா வ த .

ஈ ற எ த ளி பாைவ ந ைற ெச க 6. த ைர, கா , ைகத ட , ம க - த ைரய ,அ கலா அவ கைள கா ப த , ம களி
1. ய ச ரி க ற ைல
ைக த ட அத கமாக இ த .
2. வ மர க அழி கா பாைல

3. அ ப ெய ன ெசா ய கா த தா க ற ேமக இ ேயாைச

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இய -8
இய -7 வ ைட ேக ற வ னா அைம த .

மர ெசா கைள ெதாடரி அைம எ க. 1. ப எ ற ெசா த த த றளி தா இட ெப ள .

1. ஆற அமர - மாணவ க அ எ னப கலா எ பைத ஆற அமர ேயாச க ேவ . வ னா - ப எ ற ெசா த த எ த இட ெப ள ?

2. ஆணி அ தா ேபால - வ வ ,ஒ க ப ற றயக க ஒ ெவா மாணவ க 2. ந வ அர 2005 ஆ ஆ ச ப 23 அ ேதச ய ேபரிட ேமலா ைம ஆைணய ைத அைம த .

மன த ஆணி அ தா ேபா இ த . வ னா - ந வ அர எ ேபா ேதச ய ேபரிட ேமலா ைம ஆைணய ைத அைம த ?

3. அகல கா - ெதரியாத ெதாழி அகல கா ைவ காேத. 3. சாைலகளி இட ெப ற ற க ேபா வர த ைன சீ ெச ய பா கா பாக

4. வழிவழியாக - ேவலனி ப தன ம வ ைத வழிவழியாக ெச வ க றன . பயணி க உத க றன.

5. க ைட - தலாளி எ ேலா ஊ க ெதாைக ெகா பதாக ெசா ன , ெவ வ னா - சாைலகளி இட ெப ற ற க எவ ற ெக லா உத க றன?

க ைட பாக ேபா வ ட . 4. 1856 இ ெத னி த யாவ த ெதாட வ ந ைலய இராய ர த அைம க ப ட .

வ னா - ெத னி த யாவ த ெதாட வ ந ைலய எ , எ ேபா அைம க ப ட ?

ெதாடரி இட ெப ள மர ப ைழகைள நீ க எ க. 5. "யதா த ந க ைவ பைட பா ைம ட ெவளி ப வேத ஆவண பட " எ க றா க ரிேயா ச .

1. வாைழ கா ய க அலற ெகா காக க வ ெகா இ தன. வ னா - க ரிேயா ச , எதைன ஆவண பட எ க றா ?

வாைழ ேதா ட த ய க வ ெகா காக க கைர ெகா இ தன.

2. க ேசா சா ப பா தா . ெச வ னா க
க ேசா உ பா ப க னா . இய -1

3. ேகாவ த ய க வ க ைர அைம தா .
1. கவ ஞ ச ப எவ ைற வ ய பாட, தமிழி ைண ேவ எ க றா ?
ேகாவ த ய க வ எ ப ைர ேவ தா .
மாைல கத ரவனி மைறவ ேபா ேதா வான ேபா , உைழ ப ச வ த ைககைள உைடய
4. வனவ ல கா பக த ச க யாைன க ேட . ெதாழிலாள களி ேதா மீத வ ய ைவ ளிக தா ற . அவ ைற வ ய பாட,
வனவ ல கா பக த ச க ைள யாைன க க ேட . தமிழி ைண ேவ எ க றா கவ ஞ ச ப பால ப ரமணிய .

5. ஆ ெதா வ ைத ற எ க ெபா க அைம த தன. இய -2

ஆ ப ைய ற எ க வைளக அைம த தன.
2. இனந ைர ப ரி ண ச வத எ க.
6. பைன ம ைடயா ைர ைவ த தன .
இனந ைர - இன + ந ைர வத:ம ஒ றழி உய ரீ ஒ ப .
பைன ஓைலயா ைர ேவ த தன .
2. 'நகர ப ைட தீ ய ெவ ைள ைவரமாக ற ' - வ ள க த க.
ப த ைய ப ேதைவயான இட களி ந த ற கைள இ எ க. மைழ கால ஆய த ெரன ெவளி ப ட கத ரவனி ெவளி ச தா நகர ெபா

இள ேகாவ க சா தனாரிட ெச த வ ைன ந ைறேவ கால எ றீ கேள அவ க ைடய ெப ற ேபா ஒளி க ற . இதைன' நகர ப ைட தீ ய ெவ ைள ைவரமாக ற ' எ க றா கவ ஞ .

ைதய வ ைன யா அத வ ைள எ ன நக த கால யா அைத நீ க அற த தா க இய -3

என ேக டா .
3. ந ைலயாைம ற , சவரி உைர க யா ?
வ ைட: இள ேகாவ க சா தனாரிட , " ெச த வ ைன ந ைறேவ கால எ றீ கேள!  இராமைன க டதா எ ெபா யான உலக ப அழி த .

அவ க ைடய ைதய வ ைன யா ? அத வ ைள எ ன? ந க த கால யா ? அைத நீ க  அளவ ற கால நா ேம ெகா த தவ ப த .

அற த தா க" என ேக டா .  எ ப றவ ேநா ஒழி த எ ந ைலயாைம ற தக ைத சவரி ெவளி ப த னா .

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4. எத பாராத ந க கைள ஜலா தீ மி எ வா உ வக ப க றா ? இய -5
ஜலா த மி அவ க எத பாராத ந க களான ஆன த , மன ேசா , அ ப தன ,
12. க வ ழா, ஒ வ ழா - வ ள க த க.
வ ழி ண ஆக யவ ைற எத பாராத வ தாளிகளாக உ வக ப க றா .
க வ ழா: எ ச த வ ழா. அதாவ மய ைலய எ ச மி க வ ழா க நைடெப .
5. ' உள எனி அ ேறா க உள ' எ ற இராமனி ப வ இ பழெமாழிகளி
ஒ வ ழா: ஆரவார வ ழா.அதாவ கபா ர இைறவ ப னி உ த ர ஆரவார வ ழா நைடெப .
எத ெபா ?
13. 'த மமி ெச ைனய க தேகா ட வள தலேமா க தேவேள' ெதாட பத ைர எ க.
அ) ந ழ அ ைம ெவய ெதரி . ஆ) ச ப த உத .
த மமி ெச ைனய - அற ெச ேவா ந ைற த ெச ைனய
இராமனி 'ந ழ அ ைம ெவய ெதரி 'எ ற பழெமாழி ெபா தமாக உ ள .
க தேகா ட - க தேகா ட த ேகாவ
6. ய வா எ லா தைல என வ வ யாைர க றா ?
வள தலேமா க தேவேள - ஓ க எ த ளிய கேவேள!
அற த இய ேபா ப வா ைக நட பவைர ய வா எ லா தைல என வ வ
க றா . 14. 'ெப கட ேவ ட ச பரதவ ' - ெதாடரி உ ள ர நய ைத ற ப க.

பரதவ , மீ ப கடேலா ெபரிய ; அவ க வா இடேமா ச ற ய .

7. ஞால த ெபரிய எ ?

உரிய ேநர த ஒ வ ெச த உதவ அளவ மிக ச ற யதாக இ தா அ இ த உலக ைத வ ட ர நய : ெப கட xச

மிக ெபரியதா . இய -6
8. மற க டாத , மற க ய எவ ைற?
15. எ வைக ெம பா க யாைவ?
மற க டாத : ஒ வ நம ெச த ந ைமைய மற க டா .
ச ரி ,அ ைக, ச ைம, வ ய , அ ச , ெப மித , ச ன , மக ச ஆக யன எ வைக ெம பா க
மற க ய : ஒ வ ெச த தீைமைய அ ேபாேத மற வ ட ேவ . ஆ .

9. ெச வ இ பத கான வழியாக வ வ உைர பன யாைவ? "நைகேய அ ைக இளிவர ம ைக

ஒ வ ைடய ெச வ ைறயாம இ பத கான வழி எ ெவ றா , அவ ம றவ ைடய அ ச ெப மித ெவ ளி உவைகெய

ைக ெபா ைள வ பா இ பதா . அ பா எ ேட ெம பா எ ப". (ெதா - 1197)

10. ச ன ைத ஏ கா க ேவ ? 14. ஒ க எழினி, ெபா க எழினி - ற எ க.

ஒ வ த ைன தாேன கா ெகா ள வ ப னா த ச ன ைத கா க ேவ . அ வா ஒ க எழினி: ேமைடய ஒ ற த ம ற த ெச மா அைம க ப வ

கா காவ டா அ த ச னேம, அவைன அழி வ . ஒ க த ைர.

ெபா க எழினி: ேமைடய இ ற த ந வ ஒ ேறா ஒ ெபா மா

இய -4
அைம க ப வ ெபா க த ைர.
12. இைட - எவ ைற ற டாக ற ப கற ?

இைட எ கவ ைத கவ ஞரி கவ ைத சா தஎ ண , அதைன ெவளி ப வ ண , 15. ' ந வ டா ேப அட ' - கவ ைத ெபா தமான பழெமாழி ஒ ைற எ க.
எ த ப ட கவ ைதைய உ வா வாசகனி மனந ைல ேபா றவ ைற ற டாக ற ப கற .
எரிவைத ப க னா ெகாத ப அட க வ .

13. 'எ த ைசய ேசா த டா க ' - யா ? ப ேபானா ெசா ேபா .

கைல ெதாழி வ லா இ லக எ த ைச ெச றா அ த ைசய உண தவறாம இ வைர ேப இ .

க .
15. மன ைத அத ேபா க ெச ல வ ட டா எ வ வ வ ஏ ?
11. வசன , கவ ைத - ேவ பா த க.
மன ைத அத ேபா க ெச ல வ டா , அ தீய வழிய ெகா ெச . அதனா மன ைத
வசன : எ ைக ேமாைன ேச காம அ அள இ லாம எ வ வேம வசனமா .
அத ேபா க ெச லவ டாம தீைமய வ ல க ந ல வழிய ெச த ேவ .
கவ ைத: யா ப ல கண வ த க உ ப எ வா ைதகேள கவ ைதயா .
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16. உ க எ ளாைம ேவ உ ெப ேத அ சாணி அ னா உைட -இ ற பாவ இய -7
உவைமைய ெபா ேளா ெபா க.
26. எ த ஒ ெபா ைள பய ப ேபா அத ப னா உ ள மனித களி உைழ ைப நா
உவைம : ெபரிய ேத ஓட ச ற ய அ சாணி இ ற யைமயாத . ச த பத ைல. ஒ ேதநீைர ப ேபா அத ப னா உ ள மனித உைழ ைப ச த
ெபா : ஒ வரி ேதா ற ைத க இகழ டா . உ க க ைத எ க.

ெபா த : உ வ த எளியவ , ெபரிய ேத உ வத த ைமயாக இ அ சாணி ேபா றவ .

ேதநீ ரிய ல ெபா க ேதய ைல, ச கைர, பா ஆக யனவா .

17. மன உ தய ேதைவ ப ற த ற யா கற ? ேதய ைல ேதா ட த ேதய ைல பற ெதாழிலாள களி ந ைலய ைன , இனிய ைவைய
ந ல ெசயைல ெச வத மன உ த ேய ேதைவ. அ ெசயைல ெச வத அவனிட உ ள ம ற த க ற ச கைரைய தயாரி ெதாழிலாள களி உைழ ைப , பா காக கா ேல ேம
த தக எ லா அ வளவாக பய படா. ைல ெகா மா வள ெதாழிலாள களி க ன உைழ ைப ேதநீ அ
ேநர த லாவ நா ந ைன பா க ேவ .
18. ந பவ என வ வ யாைர இ ைர க றா ?

உற க யவ இற தவைர வ ட ேவ ப டவ அ ல . அ வாேற க உ பவ ந ைச உ பவ ஆவா 26. அற ைட ேவ தனி ெநற ற , ப ச ரா ைதயா வன யாைவ?

என வ வ இ ைர க றா . ஒ மா அள ட இ லாத ந ல த வ ைள த ெந ைல உணவா க கவளமாக ெகா தா , அ

யாைன பல நா க உணவா . அ ேபால அற ைடய அரச ம களிட வரி த ர ைறைய
19. அரசேரா ந பாரா னா ெச ய தகாதன யாைவ?
அற வரி த ர னா நா , ேகா கண க ெச வ ைத ெப ெசழி பைட .
அரசேரா ெந கய ந ைடயவரா உ ேளா என ந ைன , த த அ லாத ெசய கைள
ெச தா அ த உரிைம அவ ேக ைனேய த . 27. ெசவ யற உ ைறைய வ ள க.

அரச ெச யேவ ய கடைமகைள ைற தவறாம ெச மா அவ ேக க அற த ,

20. பைகவரா அழி க யாத அர எ ?
ெசவ யற உ ைறயா .
பைகவரா அழி க யாத அர அற வா ; அஃ அழி வராம கா க வ மா .
இய -8
21. அ ச த தன, அ ச தகாதன என வ வ ற ப வ யா ?

அ ச த தன: உற உைடேயா ேபா ந உ பைக ெகா டவரி ந அ ச ேவ . 28. க கவரிய ேபானத க த ப ரமணிய காரண ைத எ க.

அ ச தகாதன : வா ேபா ெவளி பைடயாக ப ெச பைகவ அ ச ேவ யத ைல.

 க க ட க கல ததா , என க ைத காணவ ைல.

22. வ ைம ச ைம த வ எ ?  என ேள எ ைன ெதாைல தப ற என க கவரிய ேபான .

ஒ வ ப பலவ ைற உ டா க அவ ைடய கைழ ெக க ற ைத ேபா  எனேவ, த க ைத ெவ ெவளிய ேத யப அைலவதாக க த ப ரமணிய க றா .

வ ைம ச ைம த வ ேவெறா இ ைல.
28. இைறமகனாரி இ னைல க ம க எ வத ல பன ?
23. நீ க ப தத ப த றைள எ த , காரண ைத ற பட  இ தைன ெகா ைமக பற இ லக பள ெவ கவ ைலேய! இ எ ேன!
எத ரதா கா அற வ னா இ ைல
 வான இ வ ழவ ைலேய! இ எ ேன!
அத ர வ வேதா ேநா .
 கட நீ வ ற ேபாகவ ைலேய! இ எ ேன!
ப வர ேபாவைத ேப அற கா ெகா அற ைடேயா உட ந ப யாக
 இ த உலக இ அழியாம தாமத ப ஏேனா? என ம க பலவா ல பன .
வர ய ப எ மி ைல. க கேவ ய கால த ைறயாக க றவ எத கால மிக
ச ற பாக அைம .
உைரநைட வ னா க
24. உலக த சற த ைணயாக பைகயாக வ வ எவ ைற ற ப க றா ?
இய -1
உலக த ந ல இன ைத வ ட ச ற ததாக ய ைண இ ைல; தீய இன ைதவ ட ப ைத
1. நைட அழக ய ப ற ெதா கா ப ய க ைத ற ப க.
தர ய பைக இ ைல.
கவ ைதய இய கா ற தா நைட. ெமாழி இ ஒ வ ைமமி க ஆ ற கவ ைத காக
25. கீ நீ ளி தாைன தீ ரீஇ ய - ெபா க. இல க ய காக த ைன ெவளி ப த ெகா க ற .
கீ நீ ளி தாைன தீ ரீஇ ய - நீரி க ய ஒ வைன தீ ப த ெகா ேத வ ேபா ற .
*'நைடெப ற ய ', 'நைடநவ ெறா ', ஆச ரிய நைட ேத வ ச ; ஏைனய ெவ பா நைட ேத க .

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அழக யைல உ வா வத தள அைம த க ற ெதா கா ப ய இல க ய ைத இய -5
ெமாழிைய ஒ ேசர ேப க ற இல கணமா .எ ைத ெசா ைல ேபா ேற ெச ைள ஓ
9. கீ த ைச வ லக ற எ க.
உ ளைம பாக ெதா கா ப ய க கற .
 கீ த ைச வ க லக கா ெம க சய ெதா கைள அ பைடயாக ெகா 1869
2. "படாஅ ஈ த ெகடாஅ ந ைச
ஆ ஆ உ வா க ப ட .
கடாஅ யாைன க மா ேபக" - இ ச க கவ ைதய அ களி ஓைச நயமி க ெசா கைள
 இ லக அரிய ஓைல வ க , தா வ க , தக க என ெப ெதா கைள
அவ ற கான இல கண ற கைள எ எ க.
ெகா ட .
ஓைச நயமி க ெசா க : படாஅ , ெகடாஅ, கடாஅ - ெச ளிைச அளெபைடக இய -6

3. வ ய , வன - இ ெசா கைள ஒ க ைண ெதாட அைம க.

10. ப னணி இைச பட த கா ச யைம எ வா உய ? சா த க.
அத காைல வ ய ெபா த ேதா கத ரவனி வன மன ைத மக வ .
 த ைர பட த உண கைள ெவளி ெகாணர உத ம ெறா கைல ப னணி இைசயா .
இய -2 ப னணி இைச ேச , ச ல ேவைளகளி ம ன த ைரய உண கைள ெவளி ெகாணர

4. 'ஆ ெகா மர வள ேபா ' எ ழ க ெதாட வாய லாக எவ ைற வ வா ? உத க றன.

 'மர தைழ கா மனித ல ந ைல கா ', 'மர மனித இய ைக ெகா த வர '  இைச, பா த ர களி மன கவைலக , அைல கழி க ஆக யவ ைற எத ெரா பதாக
 மனிதனி ற மர க வா . மர களி ற மனிதனா வாழ யா . அதனா , மனித தா எ கா வதா அைமவேதா பா த ர களி உண க வ ரி ைர வழ வதாக
வா கால த ஆ ெகா மர ைதயாவ வள க ேவ .வ கால ச தாய ைத கா க இ க ற .
ேவ .
இய -7
5. மனித த ேபராைச காரணமாக இய ைக வள கைள க ைமயாக ேசத ப த யத வ ைளைவ
11. ப வ ேத பய ெச - ேநர ேமலா ைமேயா ெபா த எ க.
இ ச த ெகா க றா - இ ெதாட களா க.
ப வ ேத பய ெச எ ற ெதாட , கால த உ னத ைத உண ெபா ட ந வாக ெநற ைய
மனித த ேபராைச காரணமாக இய ைக வள கைள க ைமயாக ேசத ப த னா .
கைட ப தா ேவளா ைம ெசழி எ உண கற . அதாவ ைறயான பய ைர
அவ அ வா ேசத ப த யத வ ைளைவ இ ச த ெகா க றா .
ேத ெத உரிய கால த வ ைத தா தா , அ வ ைத ைள ந ல பயைன த .

இய -3
இய -8
6. க ,த மைன - ச ற எ க.
12. 'தமிழ வள த அழ கைலக ' ப ற ற வைரக.
க : ச ல இட களி த கா கமாக த மிட .
 தமிழரி கைல த றைன எ ேதா 'தமிழ வள த அழ கைலக ' எ ,
த மைன : த மண த ப கணவ மைனவ ெப ேறாரிடமி ப ரி , தனியாக
கவ கைலக ற தமிழி ெவளிவ த ைமயான த ஆ .
வா மிட .
 த கால தமி ச க தன பைழய அழ கைல ெச வ கைள மற த ெப ைம
7. ச க கால த தா வழி ச க ைறய ெப க ெப ற த உரிைமக யாைவ?
தானற யா ச கமாக இ வ வைத ந ைன மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி அவ க இ ைல
தா வழி ப களி ெப கேள ல ெதாட ச உரியவ களாக இ பதா ெப
எ த னா .
ழ ைதகளி ேப த ைமயாக வ ப ப ட . தா வழி ைறய ப த ெசா வள க
ெச வ க ெப க ெச ேச தன. 13. 'வ ரிெப தமிழ ேம ைம

ஓ க ட ெச வ ெதா ேற
இய -4
உய பணியாக ெகா ேடா ' - யா , யாைர ப ற , எத காக க றா ?
8. அ கால க வ ைறய மனன பய ச உதவ ய க எைவ?

தமிழி நக , ந , காரிைக, த யல கார , நீத க , ஆ த , ெகா ைறேவ த ர ச கவ ஞ பாரத தாச அவ க மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமிைய ப ற பாரா ற ளா .

த யன , கணித த கீ வாய ல க , ேம வாய ல க , ழிமா த ய பலவைக வா பா க

தமி வள ச ைய தமிழ வள ச ைய த உய சாக ெகா ட மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி
அ கால க வ ைறய மனன பய ச உதவ ய களா .
அவ கைள ேபா ற பாரத தாச அவ க இ பாடைல பா ளா .
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த வ னா க இய -8
ெச
10. இர சணிய யா த ரிக த ப வ கைள எ க.
இய -1
இர சணிய யா த ரிக ஆத ப வ , மார ப வ , ந தான ப வ , ஆரணிய ப வ , இர சணிய ப வ
1. த யல கார ப ரி க எ தைன? அைவ யாைவ?
என ஐ ப வ கைள ெகா ட .
த யல கார ப ரி க . அைவ, ெபா வ ய , ெபா ளணிய ய , ெசா லணிய ய

இய -2
உைரநைட வ னா க
2. ைண மீ ெகா பைவ எைவ?
இய -1
ைக ஏ த வா க ய மைழ ளிக , நர க ைண மீ ெகா க றன.
1. கைல ைம எ றா எ ன?
3. ெந ந வாைட ெபய காரண த க.
இல க ய த ேநா க அ ல அற வ ய சா த க ந ைலக , கைல உ வா க த ேபாேத
தைலவைன ப ரி த தைலவ பமி த யா ெந வாைடயாக ேபா பாசைறய
சரிவர இைண த க ேவ எ பதைன கா ள . இ தைகயெதா ைமதா ,
தைலவ ெவ ற ெபற ஏ வான ந வாைடயாக இ பதா ெந ந வாைட எ ெபய
கைல ைம என ப க ற .
ெப ற .
2. ெமாழிய இய வழ கைள கைலய ய வழ களாக மா பைவ எைவ?
இய -3
4. த றளி உ ள இய களி எ ணி ைக எ தைன? அைவ யாைவ? உவைம, உ வக , எ ச , ற ,உ ைற, இைற ச ேபா றைவ, ெமாழிய இய வழ கைள
கைலய ய வழ களாக மா பைவயா .
த றளி உ ள இய களி எ ணி ைக ஒ ப . அைவ, பாய ரவ ய , இ லறவ ய ,

றவறவ ய , ஊழிய , அரச ய , அைம ச ய , ஒழிப ய , களவ ய , க ப ய . 3. பாட ஒ ப ன எ றா எ ன?

5. த ற உைர எ த ேயா யாவ ? எ த ெமாழி ஒ ய இைசய ெதாட கற . ெமாழி சா த கவ ைத

த ம , மண டவ , தாம த , ந ச , பரித , பரிேமலழக , த மைலயா , ம ல , பரி ெப மா , இைசேயா இைச க வ ேயா தா பற கற . ஓைச ெபா இைண கைலவ வ
ெகா க றன. இதைனேய பாட ஒ ப ன எ க ேறா .
காளி க

இய -5 4. கவ ைத ம தைல ெதாட எ றா எ ன?

6. அகநா ற உ ள ப ரி க யாைவ?
ெதாடரைம எ ப , எ வா + ெசய ப ெபா + பயனிைல எ வ வேத மர . ஆனா ச க
அகநா ப ரி கைள உைடய . அைவ, களி யாைனந ைர (120 பாட க ) மணிமிைடபவள பாட க பலவ ற இ மர ப ற வ க ற . இ ேவ, கவ ைதய ம தைல ெதாட என ப க ற .
(180 பாட க ), ந த ல ேகாைவ (100பாட க )
இய -2
இய -6
5. ப ைம வா க எ றா எ ன?
7. ச ல பத கார த வழ க ப ேவ ெபய க யாைவ?
கா ப - ைட - ஆ ைச , மீ ேத , ைந ர ஆ ைச , ஓேசா , நீ வா ேபா றவ ைறதா
ம க கா ப ய , ேவ த கா ப ய , ர ச கா ப ய , தமி கா ப ய , ெபா ைம கா ப ய ,
ப ைம வா க எ க றா க .
ஒ ைம கா ப ய , வரலா கா ப ய , உைரய ைடய ட பா ைட ெச .

இய -7 6.ெவ ள ெப ஏ ப வத காரண எ ன?

8. அத சய மலெரா எ வா ச ரி த ? இ ஆ ற பாைறக ெதரி அளவ மண அ ளியதா ெவ ள சமெவளிக அழி

மர க இ லாத ெபா ட ெவளிய ேபா ப பற த ழ ைதேபா , இத வ ரி த ெவ ள ெப ஏ ப கற .

அ ெபா , அத சய மலராக ச ரி த . இய -3

9. ேதய ைல ேதா ட பா எ வாெற லா அைழ க ப க ற ? 7. மண தக எ ப யா ?

ெவ சன இல க ய , ச த இல க ய , ஜி க , காலணா அைரயணா பா தக க , கணவ மைனவ ேச இ லற வா வ ஈ பட ய ெதாட க க டேம 'மண தக '

ெபரிய எ தக க , ெத பாட க என பலவாறாக அைழ க ப டன. என ப க ற .
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இய -4 இய -8

8. எ தாணிய வைககைள க. 16.மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி எ தய க யாைவ?

மட ெக தாணி, வாெர தாணி, ெட தாணி என வைக ப . கற வ தமி , ெபௗ த தமி , சமண தமி , கள ப ர ஆ சய தமிழக , தமிழ
வள த அழ கைலக , தமி நா வரலா , சாசன ெச ம சரி, மைற ேபான தமி க ,
9. நாராச எ றா எ ன?
ப ெதா பதா றா தமி இல க ய , மைற ேபான தமி க .
இர ைட ைள ள ஏ களி ஒ ைளய ெச க ப அ ல க ச ைய ெச க
க வா க அத நாராச எ ெபய . 17. மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி ெதாட ெகா த அற ஞ ெப ம க யாவ ?

10. ைற ைவ எ எதைன வா க ? வ லான த அ க , கா. ப ரமணிய , த .வ .க, ெத.ெபா.மீ, ச.த. ச ண

உபா த யாய ஒ ைற ெசா ல அைத மாணா க க பல ேச ெசா வைத ைற ைவ எ 18. மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமிய ஆ க ைரக எ ெத த இத களி ெவளிவ தன?

வா க .
யர , ஊழிய , ெச தமி ெச வ , ஆர பாச ரிய ,ல மி

11. ைமயாட வ ழா எ றா எ ன?
ெச ச வ னா க
ஓைல வ களி உ ள எ க ெதளிவாக ெதரிவத காக, ைம தடவ வாச க ெதாட வ .
இய -1
இ தஅ ரா ப யாச 'ைமயாட வ ழா' என ப .
1. 'ெச பரித மைலேம தைலைய சா பா ெச ந ற காடா வானெம லா ' - ெதாட
இய -5
ெவளி ப கா ச நய ைத வ ள க.
12. ெச ைனய ஓ யஆ க யாைவ?
 ச வ த கத கைள பர மாைல ேநர ரிய மைல க களி ெம ல மைறக றா .
வடெச ைனய ெகா றைலயா , ம த ய ெச ைனய வ ஆ , ெத ெச ைனய அைடயா , இதைன கவ ஞ ச ப அவ க , ெச பரித மைறக றா எ றாம ெச பரித தைலைய
அத கீேழ பாலா என நா ஆ க ஓ ன. சா பா என ந க அ வழ கா ச ைய ெகா வ ந க றா .

இய -6  கத ரவ மைற மாைல ேநர வான சவ நற த கா ச யளி . இதைன கவ ஞ ச ப,

13. லேஷா வ ைள எ ப யா ? சவ நற கா ேபா கா ச அளி க ற என க றா .

மாட ைட த ைர பட த ஒ கா ச ய ெச மற யா க ய ெச க றன. அ த 2. 'ஏ ெகா நீ ஞால இ ளக ' - இட ெபா வள க.

கா ச ய மனித க ஒ ெதாழி சாைல ய ெகா ைழக றன .

இட : தமிைழ கத ரவ ட ஒ ப அவ ற ெசய பா ைட த யல கார உைரேம ேகா பாட
ெதாழி மயமா க ப ட ச க த மனித க , ம ைதக ஆவைத இ கா ச களி இைண
கற .
உண க ற . கா ச கைள மா ற மா ற ைவ பத ல ெவ ேவ கா ச கைள உ வா க கா ட
. இ வா கா வைத லேஷா வ ைள எ ப . ெபா : ஒ அைலகைள ைடய கடலா ழ ப ட உலக த இ ைள ேபா எ ப
இ வ ய ெபா ளா .
14. ேநேர ட (கைதெசா )எ பவ யா ?
வ ள க : கட த இ லக ற இ ைள அக வ ஒளி கத ரவ ஆ . ஆனா ம களி
த ைரயர க ம ன பட க ஓ ெகா க, த ைர அ க மி கான உைடயணி
அற யாைம எ அக இ ைள ேபா சற ைடய தமி எ ப இ வ ய வாய லாக
ஒ வா க ைய ப ஒ வ கைதைய ெசா ெகா ேட வ வா . அவ ேநேர ட என ப டா .
உண த ப ட .

இய -7 3. ப வ இ பா களி க களி ள ேவ ைமைய எ கா க.

15. கட வழ க ப ேவ ெபய கைள எ க.
பைழயன கழித த யன த மீ ம த பழைமநல த

கட வழ க ப ேவ ெபய க அரைல, அரி, அைல, அ வ , அள , அள க , ஆ க , ஆழி, வ வல கால வைகய னாேன ெம ச க தமி ய ேல! வ வா, வா!
ஈ நீ , உவரி, த ைர, பான , ெப நீ , ழி, நீராழி, ண , ெத நீ , ெபௗவ , நீ , வரி, ஓத , வலய -ந -ச ப பால ப ரமணிய
எ பனவா .

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 இ லக பழைமயான ச ல நைட ைறக பய பா மைறவ ைமயான ச ல  ப ன ேம மைலைய றவ கத ரவனி மகனான ரீவனி ந க ைட தப
நைட ைறக த தாக ேதா வ றமாகா : கால த ஏ ப மா த கைள ஏ உட ப ற ேதா அ வ ஆேனா .
ெகா வ க டாயமா எ கற ந .
 உ ள த அ ெகா எ களிட வ தஅ பேன உ ட ேச எ வ ஆேனா .
 தமிேழ! நீ பா யரி ச க த தைலைம தா க ய ; பாரி தலான வ ள கைள ஈ ற
 எ ைன கா அ பய உ த ைத தயரத , இதனா த த வ கைள ெப
ேபா மீ அ த பழைம நல ைத த உட ச தமி ய ேல வ வா,
ெப ைம அைடக றா எ இராம டணனிட மன ெநக ற னா .
வா எ க றா ச ப பால ப ரமணிய .
7. "வ பவ எவராய ந ற ெச " - இட ெபா வள க.
 பழைமயானவ ைற நா ற ஒ கவட யா . அவ பல நல பய ெச த க
இ கலா . அதனா தா கவ ஞ ச ப அவ க , ச தாய வ ழி ண ைவ ெப ம மல ச இட : இ கவ ைதய அ எ . ச தய த ெமாழிெபய த ஜலா தீ மிய 'வ தன இ ல '
அைட த ட பழைமைய ப க ேவ எ க றா . எ கவ ைதய இட ெப ள .

இய -2 ெபா : மனமாக ய வ தன இ ல த வ க றவ எ தைகய ந ைலய னராக இ தா

4. 'நீ ந ைலகளி உத க வ உற கற ஒளி கத க ' - இ கவ ைதய அ , ' கா ண இ ற ந ற ெசா ல ேவ .

பனிநீைர வா கத ேராேன' எ நா ற பாட ெதாட ச யா அைமவைத ப ற எ க.
வள க : வ ெவ ப ற ந ைம வ தைட வ கர , வ சைன, அவமான தலானவ ைற
 ரியனி ெவ ப தா ஆ , ள , ைட தலான நீ ந ைலகளி உ ள நீ ஆவ யாவைத வாய ேக ெச இ க ட வரேவ க ேவ . ஏென றா , ஒ ெவா வ
அைனவ அற த ேபா . ெந ெதாைலவ நம வழிகா வத காகேவ அ ப ப க றா க . எனேவ, வ பவ
எவராய , வரேவ ந ற ெச த ேவ எ க றா .
 இ கவ ஞ அவ க , கத ரவ தாக எ , த உத கைள வ மைழநீைர
உற வதாக பா க றா . 8. சடா ைவ த ைதயாக ஏ , இராம ஆ ற ய கடைமைய எ க.

 சீைதைய ச ைற எ த இராவணைன எத ேபாரி ட சடா , இராமனிட ெச த ைய ற

 நா ற பாட , நா ேதா னிய காண ப பனி ளி, கத ரவ உத த
இற வ க றா . அ க ேவ தைன த த ைதயாகேவ க த இராம அவ இ த
மைறவைத க , பனி ளி னிய வதாக அதைன கத ரவ ஒளி கர தா
சட க ெச க றா .
வா வதாக பாட ப ள .

 "எ ப ப ட ச ற பான வற க இைவ" எ க டவ வய ப யான கரிய அக

 நா ற பாட ெசா லான இனிய ஓைச நய ட அைம ள . கவ ைதய
க ைடகைள ச தன க ைடகைள இராம ெகா வ ைவ தா .
'உத க வ உற கற 'எ ப கவ ஞரி க பைன வள ைத எ கா கற .

 ேதைவயான அள த ைப கைள ஒ காக அ க னா . அத ேல மல கைள

5. வாைட கால த ேகாவல க எ வா பா கா ைப ேத ன ?
ெகா வ வ னா .
 வாைட கால த ேமகமான உலக ளி மா த ய மைழைய ெபாழி த .
 மண னா ேமைட அைம தா .ந னீைர எ வ தா .
 ேகாவல க , தா க த கய த தா வான ப த களி ெப க ய ெவ ள ைத ெவ ,
த ைடய எ ைம, ப , ஆ ஆக ய ந ைரகைள ேவ ேமடான ந ல களி ேமயவ டன .  இ த சட ெச ய ய ேமைட த த ைதயாக ய சடா ைவ க வ தா .
ெசா லேவ யஉ த ெமாழிகைள ற ச ைத எரி னா .
 தா பழக ய ந ல ைத வ ெபய ந ைலயா வ த அைட தன .
11. இ வா ைக ச ற ற அறெநற ேயா வா த கய வ ைத வ வ வழி ந வள க.
 அவ க தைலய ய த நீ ட இத கைள ைடய கா த மாைல கச க ய .
 இ வா ைக எ ப அ அற உைடயதாக வள கற . அ ப வள வேத
 க ைமயான ளிரி காரணமாக பல ட ேச ெகா ளி ெந ப னா ைகக இ வா ைகய ப பய ஆ .
ேட ற ய ேபாத அவ கள ப க ந க ன.
 அற த இய ேபா இ வா ைக வா பவ எ பவ , ப ேவ ய ச கைள ெச , உய
இய -3 அைட தவ கைள கா ேம ப டவ ஆவா .

6. கேனா ஐவராக , டணேனா எ வரான ந க கைள கா க.

 உலக த வா ேபா , வாழ ேவ ய அறெநற ய ந வா க றவ , வா லக த உ ள

 க ைடய ந க ைட த ப ற நா வராக இ த நா க ஐவராக ஆேனா . ெத வ த இைணயாக மத க ப வ எ ,வ வ ற ளா .

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12. எவ ைறெய லா வடந ற உய த ?- ற வழி வ ள க.  'க மா ேதா ற ெந மா அ ச ' - வ ைர ஓ த ைரைய ெகா டவ ெந மா அ ச.

 தா ஓ உதவ ெச யாத தன உதவ ெச த ஒ வ ம லைக இ வ அத யமானி ர ைத ெவளி ப கற .

வ லைக ைக மாறாக ெகா தா ஈடாகா .

 'த அற யல ெகா '? - ெந மா அ ச த த த ைய அற யாேனா? இ வ அத யமா

 உரிய கால த ஒ வ ெச த உதவ அளவ ச ற யதாக இ தா அ உலக த அளைவ வ ட த த யற ெகா ப ைடயவ எ பைத ற ப கற .
மிக ெபரியதா .
 அத யமானி ெகாைட சற , ர சற ெவளி ப வதா இ பாட பாடா த ைண
 பயைன எத பா காம ஒ வ ெச த உதவ ய அ ைடைமைய ஆரா தா அ கடைலவ ட சா றாக அைம ள .
ெபரியதா .
இய -5
 இ வா வா லக , ந ல லக , கட ஆக யவ ைறவ ட 'ந ற ' உய த என வ வ க றா .
14. இராம கஅ க க தேவளிட எ தைகேயா உற ேவ ெமன ேக க றா ?
13. ச ன தா வ ேக ைன க.
 க தேவேள! என ஒ ெநற ப ட மன ைடய உ ைடய மல ேபா ற த வ கைள
 தீைமயான வ ைள க அைன ச ன தா ஏ ப க றன. அதனா , எவரிட த சன ந ைன க ற உ தம த உற ேவ .
ெகா வைத மற வ ட ேவ . ஏெனனி , கமல ச ைய அகமல ச ைய ெகா க ற
 உ ள த ஒ ெவளிய ஒ மாக ேப வ சக த உற எ ைன ப றாதவா கா க
ச ன ைத வ ட ேவ பைக இ ைல.
ேவ என இராம கஅ க ைறய க றா .

 ஒ வ த ைன தாேன பா கா ெகா ள வ ப னா , ச ன ெகா ளாம பா ெகா ள

15. ப னி உ த ர த வ ழா நைடெப ற ைறைய த ஞானச ப த எ வா பத ெச க றா ?
ேவ . அ ப கா காவ டா , ச னேம அவைன ெகா வ .
 த மய லா எ அைழ க ப த மய ைல, ெச ைன நகரி ஒ ப த யா . இ
 சன த ைன ேச தவைர அழி பேதா , அவ பா கா பாக வ ள றமாக ய
த வ ழா க பல நைடெப .
ெத ப ைத டழி .
 த ஞானச ப த ' பாைவ' எ ெப ைண அைழ , இள ெப க ஆரவார ட
இய -4
ெகா டா த வ ழா க ந ைற த த கைள உைடய ெபரிய ஊ த மய ைல.
9. " றான கால ேபா ஒ " - எைவ? ஏ ?வள க.
 எ ச மி க வ ழா க நக த மய ைல கபா ர எ ேகாவ ற க ற
 எ ண , ெவளி , ேக ட இ றான கால ேபா ஒ . இைறவ ைசய ப னி உ த ர வ ழாவ ஆரவார ைத காணாம நீ ெச வ
ைறயா மா? என வ ளி க றா ச ப த .
 இற தகால , ந க கால , எத கால எ ெவ ேவறாக இ ப கால எ
ற ப ெபா ஒ றாகேவ க த ப க ற . 16. 'ெந ேநேர ெவ க உ ' - இ ெதாடரி வழி ப டமா வணிக ைத வ ள க.

 உ ள த ேதா எ ண , அைத ெவளி ப ெவளி , ப ற ெவளிய ேபா ேக  ப ைட கால த ம க தா க வா த நல த இய ஏ ப ெதாழி ெச வா

ேக ட இைவ எ ெபா ஒ ற ல. வ தன .

 எ ண , ெவளி , ேக ட இ ைற ஒ ெற றா றான கால ேபா ஒ ேறயா .  கட கட சா த இடமான ெந த நல த வா தம க கட மீ ப த , உ பள களி

உ தயாரி த , ப ற நா க கட வழி ெச வாணிப ெச த தலான ெதாழிைல
10. வாய ேலாேய என ெதாட ஔைவயாரி றநா பாட பாடா த ைண உரிய ேம ெகா டன .
எ பைத ந க.
 ம தநல த வா தம க த க ைடய வய ெந ைல உ ப த ெச தன .
பாடா த ைண: பா +ஆ + த ைண பாடா த ைணயா . பாட ப ஆ மகனி க ,வ ைம,
ெகாைட, அ ேபா ற இய கைள ச ற ப வ பாடா த ைண ஆ .  ெந த நல த வா த ம க , ம தந ல ம களிட உ பள களி தயாரி க ப ட உ ைப
ெகா ெந ைல ப டமா றாக ெப ெகா டன .
வாய ேலாேய எ பாட பாடா த ைண:
 'ெந ேநேர ெவ க உ ' எ இ ெதாடரி ல ப ைட கால த ம களிட
 'பரிச ல அைடயா வாய ேலாேய' - வாய ைல அட காத காவலேன எ பதா . இ வ
ப டமா வணிக நைடெப றைத அற ய கற .
அத யமா பரிச ல த ெகாைடவ ள எ பைத ெவளி ப கற .
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இய -6 'இ பத ெக தா வ க ேறா இ லாம ேபாக ேறா ' எ க றா .

17. நா ய அர க அைம ைப இள ேகாவ க கா ச ப பா ற ,உ க க ைத எ க. நா வ வைத ந த வ டா நம அைன ெசய பா க அட க வ எ பைத கவ ஞ

ந ல
 நா ய அர க அைம பத த ந ல ந ல ைத ேத ெத தன .
' ந வ டா ேப அட ' எ க றா .
 மைலகளி நீ வள த க களி இைடேய ஒ சா அள க கைள ெகா ட
க கைள ெகா வ த ைக ெப வ ர இ ப நா அள ெகா டதாக கட ேம பர ப அைலக ேபெரா கைள எ ப னா அத ைடய அ ப த அைமத யாக தா

அ க ைல ெவ ன . இ .எ பதைன கவ ஞ

 ஏ ேகா அகல எ ேகா நீள ஒ ேகா உயர உைடயதாக அர ைக அைம தன . 'ஆ பரி கட அத அ தள ெமௗன ; மகா ெமௗன ' என எ ைர க றா .

 அர க உ ேள ெச ல , ெவளிேய வர இ வாய கைள அைம தன . இ வா கவ ைதய ல க நட பவ ைற பட ப கா மனத அத ேக ற

எ ண கைள எ ப அவ ைற ெசா ச மிழி அைட க ற ய சய கவ ஞ ந ல அவ க ெவ ற
 களி நழ நாடக அர க வ ழாதப ந ல அழகான ந ைல வ ள கைள ந தன .
ெப க றா .
 ஒ க எழினி, ெபா க எழினி, கர வர எழினி என வைக த ைர சீைலகைள
சற ட அைம தன . 18. அற வ ேம ைம ப ற த ற வழி நீவ க வன யாைவ?

 ஓவ ய ேவைல பா மி க ேம வ தான ைத அைம , சற த களா ஆன மாைலகைள  அற அழி வராம கா க வ யா . அ பைகவரா அழி க யாத பா கா
அர க வ ெதா கவ டன . அரணா .

 இத ல நா ய அர க நீள , அகல , உயர எ வா அைமவ சற எ பைத ந மா  மன ைத அ ேபா ேபா க ெச லவ டாம தீைமய வல க ந ல வழிய
ரி ெகா ள கற . நக நைடெப ேபா அ ந க ைவ அைனவ கா வைகய ெச வேத அற வா .
கா ச ப தேவ அர அைம க ப க ற . ேம , அர க சா த எ ண ற காரண கைள
இள ேகாவ க ெதளி பட கா ச ப த ளைமைய ந மா ெத ள ெதளிவா அற ய  எ த ெபா ைள யா ெசா ல ேக டா அ ெபா ளி உ ைம த ைமைய அற வேத

கற . அற வா .

18. ஏேத இர ெம பா க ேதா வத கான ந ைலைய க பைனயாக பைட க.  உலக எ தைகய உய த ெநற ய ெச க றேதா அ ெநற ய தா உலக ேதா இைண
ெச வேத அற வா .
அ ச : மனித அ வ ேபா கா ச , இ ம , சளி வ வெத ப இய பான ஒ றா .
ெகாேரானா கால த இைவக தா அவ ற அற றக எ ற ட சாதாரண கா ச , இ ம , சளி  ப வர ேபாவைத னேர அற கா ெகா அற ைடேயா அவ

இ தாேல ெகாேரானா வ வ டேதா என ம க பல அ சமைட ளன . க கவச அணிய ந ப யான ப ஒ மி ைல.

தய க யவ க க கவச அணி தன . ைககைள ந றாக க வ சானிைடச தடவ ெகா டன .

 எனேவ, அற வ ேம ைமயா அழி வராம , மன ேபான ேபா க ேபாகாம , வ

ெப மித : ச வா எ ற மாணவ ேப வசத ேய இ லாத க ராம த வா பவ . த ைதைய இழ தவ . கா ப உைடயவராக இ கலா எ பைத இ த ற பா களி ல

தா வச க ராம த அ க ள அர ேம ந ைல ப ளிய ப னிர டா வ ப அற ெகா ள கற .

ேம ந ைல ெபா ேத வ தா ப ப ளிய த மத ெப எ க றா . ஆச ரிய களி

19. மன த ப அவச யமான ப எ பைத ற ெநற ந வள க.
வழிகா த ம வ ப ப கான நீ ேத ைவ எ த னா . நீ ேத கான
ெவளிய ட ப க ற . ந ல மத ெப கைள ெப அர ம வ க ரிய ம வ ப ப  வ ைன த ப எ ப ஒ வ மன த ப : எ த ெசயைல இனிேத பத மன த உ த

ேச க றா . இதனா இவரி தாயா ஆச ரிய க ப ளி ெப ைம க ைட க ற . ேவ . அவனிட அ ெசய உரிய ம றைவ எ லா பய படா.

19. கவ ைத எ ப க ந க வைத மனத ந க வைத ெதாட ப த ெசா ச மிழி  எ ணியா த ணிய ஆக ெபற :ஒ ெசயைல ப ற எ ணியவ மன உ த உைடயவராக

அைட ய ச ேய எ பைத ந ல கவ ைதைய ெகா ந க. இ தா , அவ எ ணிய ெசயைல எ ணியவாேற அைடவ .

இ லக நா நீ நீ ட நா வாழ ேவ எ ேற எ க ேறா . ஆனா த ெரன நா  உ க எ ளாைம ேவ : ஒ வரி ேதா ற ைத க இகழ டா . ெபரியேத

இ லாம மைற வ க ேறா . நா ந ைலயானைவ எ ந ைன தைவ எைவ ந ைலயாக ச அ சாணிதா இ ற யைமயாததா . எனேவ, மனிதனி வா வ மன உ த ேய
இ பத ைல எ க ைத கவ ஞ அவச யமான ஒ றா எ கற த ற .

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20. ச றன ேசராைம , ந ன த ைண மாக வ வ உைர பன ப ற நீவ அற வனவ ைற 25. எ க ேதா வ க ற
எ க.
வ ண ச ெயா
 ம க இய ைக அற எ ப , அவரவ மன தா ஏ ப வேத ஆ . ஆனா , ஒ வைன
பறைவக வர நாைள - இட ெபா வள க.
இவ ந லவ எ ேறா தீயவ எ ேறா ற ெப வத காரணமாக அைமவ அவ சா த
இனேமயா . இட : தமி நத இய ற ய 'அத பற எ ' எ அத சய மல எ தைல ப
இ பாட இட ெப ள .
 ந லவனிட ந ைவ தா ந லவ எ , தீயவனிட ந ைவ தா தீயவ எ
ற ெப வ . அதனா தா உலக த ந ல இன ைத வ ட ச ற ததாக ய ைண இ ைல; தீய ெபா : கைள ேத வ ண ச வ வைத ேபால பறைவக வ .

இன ைத வ ட ப த பைக இ ைல என வ வ ற ளா .
வ ள க : ஈழ கவ ஞ தமி நத , மைழ ெபாழி ேபாரினா பாத க ப மீ வா
ஈழ ம களி வா ைவ பட ப கா ட வ ப னா . ப ற த ழ ைத ச ரி ெகா ப
ேபால ெமா கைள வ ரி த ெச . அ யாைனக உ இ ெச றஎ ச த ைள த .
21. வாைள பா ைப எ வைக பைக சா றாக வ வ க றா ?
அ ெச ய த மலரி ேதைன ைவ பத காக வ ண சக வ க றன. இ மர க
ெவளி பைடயான பைக: வாைள ேபா ெவளி பைடயாக ப ெச பைகவ அ ச வள த பறைவக ந சயமாக வ என கவ ஞ இ கவ ைதய ல நம எ ைர க றா .
ேவ யத ைல. ஆனா , உற ைடயவ ேபா ந உ பைக ெகா ேடாரி ந அ ச
ேவ . 23. 'யாைன க ல ேபால தா உ ணா உலக ெக ேம' - உவைமைய ெபா ைள
ெபா த வள க.
உட படாதவேரா வா வ : உ ள த உ பைக ெகா உட பா இ லாதவ ட ேச
வா வா ைக, ஒ ைசய பா ட வா வைத ேபா ற என வ வ க றா . இ பாடல , அரசனி ந வாக சீ ேக டா நா நல பாத க ப வைத க ப ச ரா ைதயா
அற த பா ய றநா பாட இட ெப ள .
22. க ேக த - த ற வழி வ வரி க.
உவைம: ச ற ய வய வ ைள த ெந ைல அ உணவா க கவளமாக ெகா தா யாைன

 க ஒ வனி இய ைக அற ைவ அழி ப பலவ ைற உ டா க பலநா உணவா . மட ெபரிய வய வ ைள த ெந ைல யாைன தனி ெச

அவ ைடய கைழ ெக . உ மாய , வாய வைத வ ட காலா அழிவேத அத கமா .

 தா மிட த ஒ வ ைடய கால கழி மானா , அ ேவ அவ ைடய பர பைர ெச வ ைத ெபா : அரச ம கைள வ த ெநற ைற தவற வரி த ர னா அ த பண அவ

இய பான ந ப ைப ெக என வ வ த தீைமைய எ ைர க றா . பய படா .ெந பாழாவைத ேபா நா அழி எ பேத இத க தா .

 உற க யவ இற தவைர வ ட ேவ ப டவ அ ல ; அ வாேற க டவ ந உ டவ இய -8

ஒ பானவ ஆவா .க மய க யவனிட ந லன ற த த ய ச ெச வ , நீ

24. கைடெய வ ள கைள அவ க ெச த ெசயைல அ டவைண ப க.
க ய ஒ வைன ைகய தீ ப த ஏ த ெகா ேத வத ஒ பா என வ வ
க ண தீைமைய எ ைர க றா .

இய -7 வ ள க ஆ டப த ெச த ெசய க

24. அத சய மலரி ெச எ வா ைள ததாக, தமி நத க றா ? ேபக ெபாத னிமைல ப வ தவறாம மைழ ெபாழி வளமி மைலய வா மய ,
(பழனி) ளிரா ந வதாக எ ணி த ைடய ஆைடைய ெகா தவ .
 ெபா ட ெவளிய ேபாரி ப பற த ழ ைதயாக அத சய மலெரா ெமா இத வ ரி
ச ரி க ற . பாரி பற மைல மல கைள ைடய ைல ெகா ஒ ப ற படர, தா ஏற வ த
ெபரிய ேதரிைன ஈ தவ .
 ஆ க இ லாத ேநர த ற த ரி த யாைனகளி எ ச த வ த வ ைதெயா
ெச யாக ைள த கலா . காரி மைலயமா த ைரகைள ஏைனய ெச வ கைள இனிய ெமாழிக ட
(த ேகாவ ) இரவல இ ைலெய றாம ெகா பவ .
 எவ ைடய காலணிய (ெச ) ப ற ஒ வ த வ ைத, உய தரி ெச யாக
ைள த கலா என தமி நத க றா .
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உைரநைட ச வ னா க
ஆ ெபாத யமைல ஒளிமி க நீலவ ண க ைல நாக ெகா த ஆைடய ைன
மனவ ப ெகா ஆ கீ அம த இைறவ இய -1
ெகா தவ .
1. ச க பாட களி ஒ ேகால ற பட த கஒ ப பா - வள க.
அத யமா தக உய ந ைலெப வாழ உத அ த ைத ஒ த அரிய
ெந கனிைய தா உ ணா ஔைவ வழ க யவ . ெமாழி, சமி ைஞய இைசய ப ற க ற . ெமாழி சா த கவ ைத இைசேயா
இைச க வ ேயா தா ப ற க ற . ஓைச ெபா இைண கைலவ வ ெகா க றன.
ந ளி நளிமைல (ஊ ) த னிட உ ள ெபா ெச வ ைத இ ைலெய னா ந இதைனேய அ த பாட ஒ ப ன எ க ேறா .
ெகா டவ உ ள மக ச அைட மா ற பற வழ க யவ .
'கட த தாைன வ
ஓரி ெகா மைல மண மல க ந ைற த, ர ைன மர க த ச ற ய மைல உட றனி ஆய பற ெகாள கரிேத'
நா ைட த பரிசாக வழ க யவ . எ ற றநா பாட வ ைமயான உண ச ைய கா க,த,ட,ற த யவ ன ெம க , ப ற
ெம ன, இைடய ன ெம கைள கா அத கமாக வ ளன.

24. 'ஈச மக ந றன ஓ ஏைழெயன ஓ மி ' இட ெபா வள க. படாஅ ஈ த ெகடாஅ ந ைச

இட : இ பாடல எ .ஏ. க ணனா இய ற ய 'இர சணிய யா த ரிக ' எ இட கடாஅ யாைன க மா ேபக ( ற . 145)
ெப ள . ணரி ணரா ெபா ேள ...... (ந .16)

ெபா : இைறமக இேய ெப மா ஓ ஏைழைய ேபால அைமத யாக ந றா . இைத நீ க ைத த ைத இவ த ைத த ைத ( ற . 290)

எ ணி பா க இ பாட வரிகளி , உய ஒ க ெசா க மீ மீ வ ெசா வ ைளயா

நக வைத காணலா . இ வா , ச க பாட களி ற பட த க ப பாக ஒ ேகால
வ ள க : இைறமக த ைன த க கய றா க ேபா அத உட ப ந றா . அ ெசய
அைம ளைத காணலா .
சாதாரண மனிதனிட கா அ ெசய அ . த ைன இழி ப இவ க த வா நா
வ ப ப வா க எ ற இர க த னா நக த ெசயலா . உ ள த அ இர க இய -2
ெகா ட அவ , எ த உதவ ெச ய இயலாத ஓ ஏைழைய ேபால அைமத யாக ந றா . இைத நீ க
2. மைழெவ ள பாத ப கா ெகா ென சரி ைக நடவ ைககைள ற ப க.
எ ணி பா க எ க றா ஆச ரிய .

 மைழ ெவ ள கைள தா வைகய தயக மான கைள அைம க ேவ .

25. ெகாைட வழ த நீ க ப ப றவ வனவ ைற எ க.

 ச க கால த அரச க , நல ம ன க ெகாைட வ லவ களாக இ த க றா க .  நீ வழி பாைதக கான ெதளிவான வைரபட உ வா க ப அ பாைதகைள ெதாட
அவ க த ைம பா வ லவ க ம றவ க ெபா ைன ெபா ைள பராமரி க ேவ .
ெகாைடயாக ெகா மக த க றா க .
 ச க கா க வள த ட கைள ச க இய கமாக வள ெத க ேவ .
 ந ேனா கைள ேபால நா ெபா ைன ெபா ைள ெகா காவ டா க ைண ,
உ ண உணைவ , உய ைர கா க த ைய , இ ெகாைடயாக வழ கலா .  கட கைர ஓர களி ச ந ல கா கைள வள த ேவ .

 ஒ ேவைள உண ேக அ ல ப ழ ைதக ம ப ைளகளா ைகவ ட ப ட  பத றமைடதைல தவ , வானிைல ஆரா ச ைமய ெவளிய ய , மைழ ெதாட பான
த ேயா க உணைவ ெகாைடயாக வழ கலா . தகவ களி அ பைடய ம க ெசய பட ேவ .

 ஒ ைறயாவ ெகா பா த; உ உட உ த யாவ உ த. ம வமைனய  மைழ ெவ ள ேநர த ம க பா கா பாக த வத பா கா ைமய கைள ம வ

த காக அ ல ப பவ க தய கமி ற ஒ ைறயாவ த ெகாைட வழ க கைள தயா ந ைலய ைவ த க ேவ .
ேவ .
 ள , ைட, ஏரி, வ கா பாைத தலான இட களி வ ட ேதா வா பணிைய
 ப றவ ய ேலா, வ ப த ேலா க ைண இழ தவ க இற ப பற த க ைடய இ ேம ெகா ள ேவ .
க கைள ெகாைடயாக வழ க அவ க ைடய வா வ ெவளி ச ைத ெகா கலா .

 க ற சற வள வ ைமய ச க தவ ஏைழ மாணவ க க ற கான

ெபா கைள ெகாைடயாக வழ கலா .
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3. ேபரிட ேமலா ைம ஆைணய வள க த க. 7. மண எ தய த த கால வைர எ ைறய ஏ ப ள மா ற கைள ெதா ைர க.

 ந வ அர 2005 ஆ ஆ ச ப 23 அ ேதச ய ேபரிட ேமலா ைம ஆைணய ைத  அ கால த ைண ப ளி ட த மண பர ப , அத மீ எ தக ெகா தன .

அைம த .
 ஆச ரிய த மண எ த அத ேம ப ைளக எ வா க . ப ற தாேம எ த
 ய , ெவ ள , ந ல சரி , தீவ ப , றாவளி, பனி ய , ேவத வ ப க தலான ேபரிட க பழ வா க . இ வா எ வதா எ க வரிைசயாக ந றாக அைம தன.
நக ேபா ப ேவ அைம கைள ஒ க ைண ெசயலா ற இ த ஆைணய உத க ற .
 ப ற , பைன ஓைலய தாைழ மட எ தாணி ெகா எ தன .
 மாந ல , மாவ ட , ஊரா ச , ச ரா ச என அைன ந ைலகளி க அைம
 அதைனய , ச ேல பல ப வ தன. காக த த எ வத ெப ச ப ைன
ேபரிட கால களி ெசயலா ற, ேபரிட ேமலா ைம ஆைணய வழிவைக ெச ள .
ேபனா க ைம ஊ ேபனா க வ தன.
இய -3
 த கால த அற வ ய வள சய காரணமாக கணினிய எ த வ க றன .
4. ப ைடய வ ரி த ப த ெதாட ச ேய இ ைறய ப -வள க எ க.
இய -5
ச ககால த தனி ப அைம வ ரி ெப இவ க ட ெப ேறா ஒ வரி த ைத உட
8. ெச ைனய ப பா அைடயாள களி இ ந ைல இ பனவ ைற ற ப க.
வா வ ரி த ப ைறைய காண க ற . கணவ மைனவ மக ஆக ேயா ட த ைத ேச
வா த ேந வழி வ ரி த ப ைறைய ஒ மாசா த யாரி றநா பாட (279) கற .  இ த ய சாரசனி க டட கைல பாணிய க ட ப ட பல க டட க இ ெச ைனய
பழைமைய பைறசா க றன.
இ கால த சேகாதர சேகாதரிக , தா த ைதய இைண த ப வள , இ ைறய
பமாக வள ச அைட ள . இ வைகய ப ைடய வ ரி த ப த ெதாட ச ேய  ஆவண கைள ைறயாக ைகயா பழ க ெகா ட ஆ க ேலய உ வா க ய 'ெம ரா
இ ைறய பமாக வள ள . ெர கா ஆ ' சாரசனி க டட ைறய அைம த .

5. தா த ைத பணி ெச இ ைறய ழ ப உ பன எ ற ைறய நீ க  'ெம ரா ெர கா ஆப 'இ தமி நா ஆவண கா பக எ வழ க ப க ற .

ப த ெச உதவ க யாைவ?
 ெத னி த ய வரலா ைற அற வத ப பா ைட ரி ெகா வத ேப தவ ரி
 எ னா த ேவைலகைள ெப ேறா க ெச ேவ .
எ அ கா ச யக னித ஜா ேகா ைட அ கா ச யக ெச ைனய
 வ ைற நா களி எ ைடய ஆைடகைள நாேன ைவ ேப . அைடயாள ைத பா கா பைவயா .
 த ணீ ப த , பா த ர க த , ைட த ெச த தலான ேவைலகைள நா
ெச ேவ .  இ த யாவ த ெபா லகமான க னிமாரா லக ந னமாக வள வ ெபரிய லக
ஆ .
 கைட ெச பா ம மளிைக ெபா கைள வா க வ ேவ .
 பமாக வா க றஎ க , தா தா பா உதவ ெச ேவ .  இ த ய த ைர பட ைறய வள சய ெப ப கா ற ய ெச ைன த ைர பட ெதாழி
 ெப ேறாரி உதவ இ லாம ப ளி ெச வ ேவ . சா த இட க , த ைரயர க ஆக யைவ ற ப ட த க அைடயாள களாக வ ள க றன.

இய -4 இய -6

6. நீ க ஆச ரியரானா மாணா கைர அ ப னா எ வைகய ெநற ப க ? 9. த ைர பட த கா ச ய ஆ றைல எ கா ட ல ப க.

 க ற அவச ய ைத மாணவ க எ ைர ேப .  த ைர பட த கா ச எ ப கைத நக உத வ . கா ச க ச ற பாக அைம தா

 மாணவ க தவ ெச ெபா , த காம அவ க தவ எ பைத உணர வசன த ட இர டா இட தா .
ைவ ேப .
 நாடக த வ ள ைக அைண த ைரைய இற க கா ச மா ற ைத கா ப பா க .
 நா மாணா க க மீ அ கைற ெகா ளைத, த அவ க ரிய ைவ ேப .
ஆனா , த ைர பட த வசன இ ற, கா ச கைள அ த ைவ பத ல கைத
 மாணா க களி ப த றைமகைள உலக ெவளி ெகா வ ேவ .
ெசா வா க .
 மாணவ க அைனவைர ேவ பா பா கா சமமாகேவ மத ேப .

 அ பான வா ைதகைளேய பய ப த , அவ களிட உய தஎ ண கைள வ ைத ேப .  த கா ச ய ேதாழி ஒ த கதாநாயக ய ட ெதாட வ பயண சீ ைட ெகா பா ; அ த

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கா ச ய கதாநாயக ெதாட வ ய இ பா ! "எ 7, ைரயா ெத ...." எ ஒ வ  மைலயாள , க னட , சம க த , பா ,ஆ கல ஆக ய ெமாழிகளி பய ச ைடயவ .
கவரிைய ெசா ெகா ேபாேத அ த கவரிய ெச கா ச ந .
 ம ைர காமராச ப கைல கழக 'தமி ேபரைவ ெச ம ' எ றவ த ைன இவ அளி த .
 த ைர பட த ந பவைர பல ேகாண களி கா ட . இதனா தா த ைர பட ைத
 பல அரிய ஆ கைள த த இ மாமனித அற ஞ க பல ஒ ெச ைன
பரிமாண கைல எ அைழ க றா க .
ேகாகேல ம டப த மணிவ ழா எ 'ஆரா ச ேபரற ஞ ' எ ற ப ட ைத வழ க ன .
 ஒ வ ஓ வ வைத கா வ அைத பா பவ ஏ இ ப ஓ வ க றீ க எ ேக க
ேவ யத ைல. 'எ னா ?' எ ேக டா ேபா . இ கா ச ெமாழிய த ைம.
உண ச கைள கா ப க க ைத ம ேம கா ப தா ேபா . அ ேபால க ப த ெச ெந வ னா க
யாத ேகாப எ றா ந க க த ச ேபா வைத கா ட ேவ ய அவச யமி ைல. ைகய
இய -1
ப த க ணா வைளைய இ க ப உைட பைத கா னா ேபா .
1. தமிழி சீரிளைம த ற வய கவ ஞ ச ப பால ப ரமணிய வனவ ைற ெதா எ க.
 இ ைறய த ைர பட களி ஒ வைர அ ெநா வைத கா வத ெகா பேரா டா
ேபா வைத கா ப பா க . இ வா ஒ த ைர கைதய நக த ைர பட கா ச மிக ைர:

இ ற யைமயாததாக அைமக ற .
பழைமயான ெமாழி, ப ப ட ெமாழி, வா ேக இல கண வ த வளமான ெமாழி அ தா

இய -7 ேதனி இனிய ந தமி ெமாழி. வரலா க மண கம தமி ெமாழிய சீரிளைம தற

வய கவ ஞ ச ப பால ப ரமணிய வனவ ைற இனி பா ேபா .
10. ேவளா ேமலா ைம ற நீவ பரி ைர பனவ ைற எ க.
சற த ைண
 சரியான பய ைர ேத ெத த .
 உரிய ேநர த வ ைத த . ச வ த கத கைள உைடய ரிய மைல உ ச ய தைலயைச ேபா வானெம ெச ந ற
காடாக ேதா . அ த ெச வான ேபா ெச ந ற ைத த க உட ெப மா க னமாக
 நீ ேமலா ைமைய ெநற ப த .
உைழ உைழ பாள களி ப த ேதா களி வ ய ைவ ளிக தா அ ப ந .
 அ வைட ப பா கா த .
இவ ைறெய லா வய பா வத ,உ ைனய ற சற த ைண ேவ உ ேடா? நீேய வாயாக!
 உரிய வ ைல வ வைர இ ைவ த .
இ வா , ஒ ெவா க ட த வ ழி ண ெபா ண ந வாக ெநற தமிழி ெப ைம:
இைண தா தா ேவளா ைம ெசழி .
எ உ ள த வ கவ ைத ெவற உணவா இ பவேள! இய இைச நாடக என
இய -8 தமிழா வள பவேள! ஒ நா நீ பா யரி ச க த சற ட ற தா ! பாரி
தலான கைடேய வ ள கைள ெப ெற தா !
11. மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி ந ைன சற க ெச த க உ வா க த க.
எ தமிேழ! உட ச மா பழைம நல ைத ப பத காக நீ மீ தமி ய லாக
 ெச ைன மய லா ரி ச தம வ சீனிவாச எ பவ மகனாக ப ற த மய ைல சீனி.
இ னிைசேயா வேவ . ளி ெபாத ைக தவ ெத தமிேழ! தைடக இ தா ைன
ேவ கடசாமி இத ஆச ரியராக வா ைகைய ெதாட க ப ளி ஆச ரியராக இ ப ைத
உைட எ ச க ேபால சீற வரேவ என கவ ஞ ச ப அைழ க றா .
ஆ க பணியா ற னா .
ைர:
 வ லான த அ க , கா. ப ரமணிய , த .வ .க, ெத.ெபா.மீ, ச.த.ச ண ஆக ய அற ஞ
ெப ம களிட ந ெகா தா . "இ தமிேழ உ னா இ ேத இைமேயா
வ தமி த எ றா ேவ ேட "
 இவர ஆ க ைரக யர , ஊழிய , ெச தமி ெச வ , ஆர பாச ரிய ,ல மி தலான
எ வாேனா அமி த ைத வ ட ச ற த தமி ெமாழி, இ றள ேப சளவ ஏ டளவ
இத களி ெவளியாக ன.
க னி தமிழாக அழியாம இ க ற . கால த ேக ப ச ல மா ற கைள ெப சீரிளைம
 'க ற வ தமி ', 'ெபௗ த தமி ', 'சமண தமி ' ஆக ய கைள இய ற னா . தற ட வள க ற .

 இவ ைடய தமிழர கைல த றைன எ ேதா 'தமிழ வள த அழ கைலக ' எ

கவ கைலக ற தமிழி ெவளிவ த ைமயான த லா .
 57 58
இய -2 உத க றா . கா இராம பமைடவாேன என க வ க றா . அவ மனந ைலைய உண த
இராம ,' ப இ தா தா இ ப எ ப ல ப 'எ ைர , உற எ ப எ க நா வேரா
2. ெந ந வாைடய ந கீர கா மைழ கால வ ணைனைய ெசா வ க.
ந வ டவ ைல "அ உள இனி நா ஓ ஐவ க உள ஆேனா " என கைன உட ப ற தவனாக
ைர: ஏ ெகா க றா இராம .

ப பா க ஒ றான ெந ந வாைட ச க லவ ந கீரரா பைட க ப ட . சடா (பறைவ)

தைலவைன ப ரி த தைலவ பமி த யா ெந வாைடயாக ேபா பாசைறய
தைலவ ெவ ற ெபற ஏ வான ந வாைடயாக இ பதா ெந ந வாைட எ ெபய ெப ற . இராம இல வேனா சீைதைய கா ேத ெச றேபா , சீைதைய ச ைறெய ெச ற

ஐ பச , கா த ைக மாத களி மைழ அத கமாக ெபாழி . இ ப வ கால ைத பழ தமிழ இராவண ட ச ைடய காய ப கட த க ேவ த சடா ைவ கா க றா . தா சீைதைய

வாைட கால எ அைழ தன .ெந ந வாைடய வாைட கால வ ணைனைய கா ேபா . மீ க இராவணேனா ேபாரா காய ப டைத ற உய ற க றா சடா . இராம , த த ைதய
ந பனான சடா ைவ த த ைதயாகேவ க த மக ந ைலய இ த சட கைள ெச தா .
த ய மைழ ெபாழித :
சவரி ( எளிய த யவ )
தா த கய த மைலைய வல ப கமாக எ த ேமகமான உலக ளி மா தய
மைழைய ெபாழி த . மைலைய அ ள தா வான ப த களி ெவ ள ெப ெக ஓ ய . இராமனிட மி த யான அ ைப ப த ைய ெகா டவ சவரி சீைதைய ேத வ இராமைன
ரீவ ட ந ெகா மா ெச தவ . கா ப ய த ேபா க த ப ைத ஏ ப த யவ . இராம
ேமடான ந ல களி த சமைடத :
சவரிய ட தாய ட கா அ ைப கா னா . த ெபா ளாக ய இராம சவரிட இனிதாக

தா வான ப த களி ெப க ய ெவ ள ைத ெவ த ஆய க எ ைம, ப , ஆ ஆக ய ந ைரகைள ேபச னா .த ைனேய ந ைன தவ இ த சவரிய ட , "இ வள கால நீ ப ஏ மி ற நல ட

ேவ ேமடான ந ல களி ேமயவ டன . தா பழக ய ந ல ைத வ நீ க யதா வ த அைட தன . இ தா அ லவா"? எ பரி ட ேக டா .

அவ க தைலய ய த நீ ட இத கைள ைடய கா த மாைல கச க ய . பல ட ேச

ரீவ (வானர )
ெந ப ைகக ேட ற ய ேபாத அவ கள ப க ந க ன.
இராம இல வைர க ட அ ம , ந பனாக ஏ க த க ரீவைன அைழ வ தா . இராம
உய ரின க ஏ ப ட யர :
ரீவனிட "இனி நா ெசா வத எ ன இ கற ? வ ணி ம ணி உ ள உ பைகவ

வல க ளி மி த யா ேம சைல மற தன. ர க ந க ன. மர களி த கய த எ பைகவ ; தீயவராக இ தா ட உ ந ப க எ ந ப க ; உ உறவ ன எ உறவ ன ;

பறைவக நல த தன. ப க பா ண வ த க கைள தவ தன. மைலையேய ளிர அ மி தஎ ற தன உ ற த ன ; நீ எ உய ந ப எ றா .

ெச வ ேபா ற த அ ளி கால ந ளிர .

டண (பைகவ த ப )

ைர:
இராம இல ைகய கா பத தேபா த ந ைரைய ஏ கா க ைர த அ ண
கா கால த ெதாட ச ளி கால . ப வ மா ற களா உய ரின களி இய வா ைக மா ற இராவணைன ெவ , டண இராமனிட அைட கல தா . அர க ல த ப ற தவனாய
ெப கற . ைல ந ல ம க , பறைவக , வ ல க இவ ற வா வ மைழ ளி ஏ ப அவனிட , " கேனா ஐவராேனா ; வா மகெனா அ வ ஆேனா ; ந ெனா எ வ
மா ற ைத ந கீர அவ க அழகாக வ ணைனயாக பத ெச ளா . ஆேனா " எ ற த உட ப ற தவனாகேவ டணைன ஏ க றா .

இய -3 ைர:

2. ப ப ப மமாக பைட க ப ட இராம , ப ற உய க ட ெகா த உற ந ைலைய பாட ப த இராம மா த களிட , மா களிட , ம பைதய வா பறைவகளிட அ பாச
வழி ந க. ெகா வ ள க னா . அவ ைடய அ ப ேவட , பறைவ, எளிய த யவ , வானர , பைகவனி
த ப எ க ற ேவ க இ ைல.
ைர:
3. ெச ந ற யற தேல அற எ பைத வா ைற வா த ைணெகா ந க.
இராம அ ப நாயக ; ப ப ப ம ; ந ப அைடயாள எ பைத க பராமாயண த
அேயா த யா கா ட , ஆரணிய கா ட ,க க தா கா ட , த கா ட வாய லாக கா ேபா . ைர:

க (ேவட ) ெச ந ற எ ப நம உதவ ெச தவ கைள மற காம அவ க ெபரி ந ற

உைடயவ களாக இ உண வா . இதைன, வ வ ெப தைக 'ெச ந ற யற த ' எ
கானக ெச ற இராம , ேவ வ தைலவ கைன ச த க றா . க க ைக ஆ ைற கட க
அத கார த ல மா ட த அற ைரயாக வழ க றா .
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ம லக வ லக : ச னேம பைக:

தா ஓ உதவ ெச யாத தன உதவ ெச த ஒ வ ம லைக ச னமான கமல ச ைய அகமக ச ைய அழி வ . அ தைகய ச ன ைதவ ட ேவ பைக
வ லைக ைக மாறாக ெகா தா ஈடாகா . நம க ைல. ஒ வ த ைன தா கா ெகா ள வ ப னா , ச ன வராம கா ெகா ள

உலக ைத கடைல வ ட ெபரிய : ேவ . கா காவ டா , ச னேம அவைன அழி வ .

உரிய கால த ஒ வ ெச த உதவ அளவ ச ற யதாக இ தா ,அ உலக த அளைவ வ ட சன எ ப ,த ைன ேச தவைர அழி ெந ேபா ற .அ ம ம லாம அ த

ெபரியதா . ச னெம ெந பான ஒ வ பா கா பாக அைம ற தவராக ய ெத ப ைத

எரி வ .
பயைன ஆராயாம ஒ வ நம ெச த உதவ ய அ ைடைமைய ஆரா தா , அத ந ைம
கடைலவ ட ெபரியதா . ைர:

த ைன பைன: ேகாப ைத, மனித தன தாேன அைம ெகா டஆ ைற சாதன எ ப . ேம றய

சன ப றய க கைள பா க றெபா ச ன ைத கா தேல வா ேம பட வழியா
ஒ வ த ைனயள உதவ ெச தா அத பயைன ெதரி தவ க அதைன பைனயள
எ பதைன அைனவ உணரலா .
ெபரியதாக ெகா ேபா வ .

மற க டாத மற க ய :
இய -4

ஒ வ ெச த ந ைமைய மற க டா . 5. கவ ைத எ த அற ய ேவ வனவாக ரதா வனவ ைற வ வரி க.

ஒ வ ெச த தீைமைய அ ெபா ேத மற வ டேவ .

ைர:
உதவ ைய மற தா உ வ ைல:
கவ ைத எ வத ரிய இல கண வழி ைறகைள கவ ஞ ரதா அவ க 'இத ெவ ற ெபற'
எ த உதவ ைய மற தவ அத த ப ப ைழ க வழி உ . ஆனா , உரிய ேநர த எ தைல ப அைனவ வள வ ண மிக எளிைமயான ைறய கவ ைதயாக
ஒ வ ெச த உதவ ைய மற தவ அத த ப ப ைழ க வழிேய இ ைல. பைட ளா .

ைர: வசன கவ ைத:

ஒ வ ெகா வ உதவ இ ைலேய உல மி ைல உய க மி ைல. பறைவக வல க கா க றக ேவ ; க வ யா ெப க ற அற க ேவ . அதைன ேபா உைரநைட எ ப

ட உதவ வா க றன. ப தற ைடய மனித உத வத வய ப ைல. உதவ ைய ெப க றற ேதா பைட கவ ைத ேவ ேவறானைவயா .
அ பவ மற தவ மனிதேர இ ைல எ பைத வ வ அழ ற ெச ந ற அத கார த
அரிச ைய உைலய ஆ க னா ேசாறாக ற . அ இத வ ரி தப வாக ற . அ ேபா
ற ளா .
ெசா ைல ேச ேபா எ ைக ேமாைன ேச காம அ யளைவ பா காம வ வ வ வசன .
4. ச ன ைத கா த வா ைவ ேம ைம ப - இ ைற பா வழி வ ரி ைர க. எ , அைச, சீ , தைள, அ , ெதாைட எ யா ப உ கைள ெகா , யா ப ல கண ைற ப
அைம ப கவ ைதயா .
ைர:

க வ ப பவ கட ைள இழ க றா ; ெபாறாைம ப பவ ந பைன இழ க றா ; ேகாப ப பவ கவ ைத எ த அற ெகா ள ேவ வன:

த ைனேய இழ க றா . ச ன ைத கா பேத ஒ வனி வா ைவ ேம ைம ப வழியா
ந ப த பழேம சா த . நீ பா தநல த தா உழ ெச ய ஏ க வ . அ ேபா எ
எ பதைன பா வழி இனி கா ேபா .
இ தா அைசக வ . இர சீ ேச தா தைளக வ . தைளக ஒ ேறா ஒ ேச தா
ச ன ைத கா த : அ க வ .அ க கீ அ க இ தா ேமாைன, எ ைக வ . எ ைக, ேமாைன ெதாைடக ச ற பாக
இ தா பா களாக மா . இ த யா ைறகைள ெதரி ெகா கவ ைத எ த ெதாட க
சன ெச ப யா ெம யவரிட த ெகா ளாம கா பவேர உ ைமய சன கா பவ ஆவா .
ேவ .
த ைனவ ட வ யவரிட ச ன ைத கா தா எ ன? கா காவ டா எ ன?
பாட அைம ைற:
தீய வ ைள க ச ன தாேலேய ஏ ப ; ஆகேவ, யாரிட சன ெகா ளாம அைத மற வட
ேவ . சீ களிேல ேதமா ளிமா கா . ச ஏமா தா தைளத . ெவ பாவ ஈ சீ கா

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த . ெச ய த மீ வ வ த வ ேபா ந ல லவ களி பாட களி ெவ ற த . ைர:
அ ட எளிய சாதாரண ம க அற வ ண கவ ைதகைள தமிழி பைட க ேவ . வய
த ஞானச ப த அ ளிய த மய ைல பத க தா மய லா ரி சற , ெச ைனய
எ இ வதா பய ெசழி வள . ந ல ேக வ கைள எ வதா ஆரா ச வ ைள .ந ேனா
அைம ள க தேகா ட , அற ெச வா ந ைற த எ ெச த வ ளலா பாடலா
ேபா க ேதா க றா , கவ ைதகளி அற , ெபா ெவளி ப . மி த அற வ னா க
கா ச ப த ப ளன.
வ ைள . இவ ைறெய லா ெதரி ெகா ளாம எ ேவா க சற எ க ைட ?
இய -6
ைர:
7. அற ைடைம வா வ உய ைண ந எ பைத வ வ வழிந ந க.
யா ைறய சீ , தைள ,அ ெதாைட , ச ற பாக அைம தா பா ெசழி பாக இ
எ பதைன கவ ஞ ரதா அவ க மிக அழகாக த ைடய கவ ைதகளி எ ற ளா . ைர:

இய -5 வ வ க வ ைய 'ேக வ ெச வ க வ' எ றா . க லா வல க சம எ றா .
இ ப க வ ப ற ற ெகா ேட வ த வ வ க வ யா ெப வ அற . அ ேவ வா வ
6. ெச ைனய உ ள மய லா , க த ேகா ட ப த க ெச ளி எ வத கா ச ப த ப க றன?
உைடைம எ றா .
ைர:
அற வ சற :
ெச ைனய ப த களாக அைம தைவ மய லா க த ேகா ட . அ த மய ைல எ
அற ெவ ப ஒ வ அழி வராம கா க வ யா . அ ற அ பைகவரா அழி க
அைழ க ப ட மய லா ரி கபா வர ெகா ளா . க தேகா ட த க ெப மா
யாத பா கா ேகா ைடயாக அைம சற ைடயதா .
ெகா ளா . இத காரணமாக இ இ ப தக சற ெப வள க றன.
அற வ இல கண :
மய லா
மன ைத அ ேபா ேபா க ெச லவ டாம தீைமகளி வ ல க , ந ல வழிய ெச வேத
அ ப வ வ ழா ஆ ேதா ச ற பாக நைடெப இட த மய ைல ஆ . ஞானச ப த
அற வா . ேம , எ த ெபா ைள யா ெசா ல ேக டா அ ெபா ளி உ ைம ெபா ைள
எ உ வ இ த பாைவைய மீ ெப ணாக மா ற ய இட . இ த சற மி மய லா
ஆரா வேத அற வா .
வ ழா க ந ைற த ப த யா . இ வ ழா க ப ற ச ப த த பாட ற ப க றா .
உலக எ தைகய உய த ெநற ய ெச க றேதா, அ ெநற ய தா உலக ேதா இைண
இள ெப க ஆரவார ேதா ெகா டா த வ ழா க ந ைற த த கைள உைடய ெபரிய ஊ
ெச வேத அற வா .
த மய ைல. அ எ ச மி க வ ழா க நக மய ைல கபா சர எ ேகாவ ற
இைறவ ைசய ப னி உ த ர வ ழா நைடெப . அைத நா க களி கலா . அற வ னா உ டா பய :

க தேகா ட : ப ன வர ேபாவைத னேர அற கா ெகா அற ைடேயா , அவ

ந ப யாக வர ய ப எ இ ைல.
ேகா ட எ ப ேகாய ைல ற ெசா . க தேகா ட எ ப கனாக ய க த
ெகா ள தலமா . க தேகா ட இைறவைன வட வ ளலா தா ெச ைனய வா த ைர:
நாளி வழிப வ ளா . ெச ைன, வ ளலா பாடலா த மமி ெச ைன எ ற ச ற ைப ெப ற .
மனிதனி சற தஆ த அற வா . அ த அற ேவ அவைன வ லவனாக ந லவனாக மா .
 ஒ மன ட உ ைடய மல ேபா றத வ கைள ந ைன க ற உ தம த உற ேவ . எனேவதா வ வ அற ைடயாைர எ லா உைடயா எ றா .
 உ ெளா ைவ றெமா ேப வாரி உற எ ைன ப றாதவா நீ கா கேவ .
8. த ற ஒ வா வ ய இல க ய - ந க.
 நன க ேபச ேவ . ெபா ைம ேபசாத க ேவ .
 ந ெனற ைய கைட ப க ேவ . மதெம ேப எ ைன அ கா இ க ேவ . ைர:
 ெப ணாைசைய மற கேவ ேவ .எ உ ைன மறவா இ க ேவ .
த ற நீத இல க ய ம ம அ ஒ வா வ ய இல க ய . இர டாய ர ஆ க
 அற , க ைணயாக ய ந த , ேநாய ற வா உைடயவனாக நா இ கேவ .
ப ட மனித காக ம ம ல இ றா த ய தைல ைறய ன வழிகா ர ச
 ஆ க கைள உைடய ெத வமாக ய மணிேய இ தைகய ச ற கைள நீ என த த ள
இல க ய . வ வ த ெபா ைம கால ேதா தய தயக தா க கைள த ெமாழி, இன ,
ேவ என வ ளலா க ெப மானிட ேவ க றா .
நா எ எ ைலகைள கட மனித வா ைகைய வள ப கற .

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அற ேவ ச ற த க வ : இய -7

அற , ஒ வ அழி வராம கா க வ யாக இ பேதா , பைகவரா அழி க யாத 10. எளிய ம களி வ கைள நா ற இல க ய வ வ கேள ைமயாக ப ரத ப க றன - ந க.
பா கா அரணாக வள க ற .
ைர:
அற வ ற கா க வ ெச வா
நா ற இல க ய வ வ க கைத, கைத பாட க , மி, பழெமாழிக , வ கைதக , ராண க
உ அழி க ஆகா அர .
என பலவைக ப . இைவ பாமர ம களி வா ைகைய ப ரத ப பதாக அைமக றன.
ைண பைக :
கைத பாடலாக வ ேதய ைல ேதா ட பா எ மி பாட எளிய ம களி வ கைள

உலக த , ந ல இன ைதவ ட ச ற ததாக ய ைண மி ைல; தீய இன ைதவ ட ப ைத த ப ரத ப பைத கா ேபா .

பைக மி ைல. ந மவ கைள அ ைம ப த

ந ன த ஊ ைணய ைல; தீய ன த "ைக ெதாழி ஒ ைற க ெகா கவைல உன க ைல ஒ ெகா " எ பா க .

அ ல ப ப உ இ .
ந நா ேக உரிைமய லாத ெவளிநா டவ இைடய வ , ஆ ச உரிைமைய ைக ப ற ,
உ த ேய உய த :
ைக ெதாழி சற வ ள க ய ந மவ கைள ைற த ஊத ய ெகா அ ைம ப தன .

ஒ ெசயைல ெச ய எ ணியவ மனஉ த உைடயவராக இ தா அவ எ ணியவ ைற

ச இைரயா த
எ ணியவாேற அைடவ .
ேவைல ஆ க ேதைவ, அத க ச பள , ைற த ேவைல என வ தவ தமாக ேபா வா ைதகைள
எ ணிய எ ணியா எ பஎ ணியா
ற , ஆைல க ேபால வா வைத , ர ைக ேபால ஆ ைவ க ெவ ைள அத காரிக வ
த ணிய ஆக ெபற .
அைழ தன . அ ைம பணிய அம தன .
ந உ பா :
ேவைல ெச த அ த எளிய ம கைள வர ெசல ற ேப , எ ெபா கட
ைய ெக . அதனா தா வ வ , க உ பவைர ந உ பவ எ இ ப யாக ச ற ய ெதாைகைய ெகா வ ெப ெதாைகைய ெப ெகா ட ேபால
அைழ க றா . ெபா கண எ த ன . வரேவ ய பா க காக அவ கைள இல ைக, அ தமா ேபா ற தீ களி
உ ள ேதய ைல ேதா ட த ெசா ப களாக ேவைல அம தன .
ச னா ெச தாரி ேவ அ ல எ ஞா
ந உ பா க உ பவ . வா ைக ேபாரா ட ::

வ ைம ச ைம த வ : உ க ற உணவ ைக ெசல க பண இ லாம , ேவைள உண க ைட காம

ம ேளேய வா அத ேளேய உணைவ ேத ெகா ம ளி பா ைப ேபால
ஒ வ ப க பலவ ைற உ டா க வ ைம ச ைம த வ தா .
ேதய ைல ேதா ட த மைனவ ம க ட வா வ தன .
ச ைம பலெச சீ அழி த
க வ யற வ அவச ய :
வ ைம த வ ஒ இ .

ைர: ேதய ைல ேதா ட த ேல இ த ய ம க ப ப வத காரண க வ யற இ லாத ைறதா .

எனேவ, இதைன க ட ப றகாவ உ க ழ ைதக ஏ ற த க வ ைய ெகா ஒ
மனித இன த வழிகா வ வைர ந ப ேனா ெக வத ைல. ம க அைனவ நா ேதா
ைற மி ற ஒ ைமயாக வாழ ைற ப க ெகா க என கவ ஞ இ த யாக
வ வ வழிைய ப ப ற னா உலக நல ப வைக தீைமக நீ க இ ப ம ேம ெப .
அற க றா .

ைர:

இ வா கவ ஞ க ம இரா த அவ க ேதய ைல ேதா ட த ெகா த ைமகளாக மாற ய ந

ம களி வ கைள வா ைக அவல ைத 'ேதய ைல ேதா ட பா ' எ ற கவ ைதய மன
ற ட ெவளி ப த ளா .
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உைரநைட ெந வ னா க

இய -8 இய -1

1. கவ ைதய நைடைய க டைம அழக ய கைள எ கா வள க.

9. எ . ஏ. க ணனா 'க ற வ க பேர' எ பைத பாட ப த வழி ந க.

ைர:
ைர:

தமிழ களி அழ ண , மல மண ேபால கவ ைத ட இர டற கல ள .

க ப இய ற ய க பராமாயண எ . ஏ. க ணனா இய ற ய இர சணிய யா த ரிக
கவ ெபா ைள அைம க ற வத த தீ கவ கைள ெசவ யாற ப க ெச க ேபா இதய கனி
ெசா லைம ப நைட ச ற ப ஒ ேபா ச ற ப ைன ெகா ளதா எ .ஏ.க ணனா
வ ண பைட அழக ய உண ப ைடய கவ ஞ க இய பாகேவ இ த . வரலா
கற வ க ப எ அைழ க ப க றா .
கால த ெதாட கமாக அற ய ப ட ச ககால த பைட க ப ட ச க இல க ய ற ப ட சல
அைம : அழக ய கைள ெகா ள . அவ ைற இனி கா ேபா .

க ப த த க ேதவைர ப ப ற வ த பாவ இராமாயண பா னா . எ .ஏ.க ணனா ெமாழிசா கைல:

க பைர ப ப ற வ த பா க வாய லாக இைறமக இேய வ வா ைவ கா ப யமா க னா .
அழக யைல உ வா வத தள அைம த க ற ெதா கா ப ய இல க ய ைத
க ப வடெமாழிய வா மீக எ தய ராமாயண ைத த வ தமி மர ஏ ப பா னா .
ெமாழிைய ஒ ேசர ேப க ற இல கணமா .எ ைத ெசா ைல ேபா ேற ெச ைள ஓ
எ .ஏ.க ணனா ஆ கல த ஜா ப ய எ தய ப க ரி ேராக ர எ ைல த வ
உ ளைம பாக ெதா கா ப ய க க ற . உவம , உ வக , எ ச , ற , உ ைற, இைற ச
இர சணிய யா த ரிக பைட தா .
த யைவ ெமாழிய இய வழ கைள கைலய ய வழ களாக மா பைவயா .
க பனி காவ ய க ணனாரி ஓவ ய :
கைல ைம:
இராம வ ழா ந க சக நட ெகா க றன. அ த இர ெபா த அ தநா
ெதா கா ப ய மிக ெதளிவாக, இல க ய த ேநா க அ ல அறவ ய சா த
வ ழா. னி ைகேகய ய அர மைன ந ைலைய மா க றா . ைகேகய தசரதனிட
க ந ைலக , கைல உ வா க த ேபாேத சரிவர இைண த க ேவ எ பதைன
ெப ற வர த ல இராம வனவாச ெச ல மர ரி தரி ந ைல ெகா ெச க றா .
கா ள . இ தைகயெதா ைமதா கைல ைம என ப க ற .
இராமனி ேகால ைத க வச ட த ைக க றா . அ க த அைனவ அ தன . நாடாள
ேவ யவ காடாள ேபாக றாேன என ம க பலவா ல பன . நைடய ய வள க :

அ ேபா இராம , த ச ற ைனயாக ய ைகேகய ய ட , 'ம னவ பணிய றாக பணி பா அ ல கவ ைதய நைடய ய களி ஒ ேகால க ெசா களி ல ெதாடரிய
ம ேபேனா? என க றா . இ தைகய கைத ெசா பா ைக எ .ஏ.க ணனா க பனிடமி ேத ேபா க மிக க யமானைவயா . கவ ைதய இய கா ற தா நைடயா .

க றா எனலா .
ஒ ேகால க :

ெகா மன பைட த ரட க இைறமக இேய வ ைகய த ேகா ைன ப க எ

உலக உ ள ெதா ைமயான ெமாழிக யா சமி ைஞய இைசய தா
ெகா டன . ட ப ட அவ தைலய வ ைமயாக அ ேவதைன ெச தன . ேம ,
ெதாட க றன. ெமாழி சா த கவ ைத இைசேயா இைச க வ ேயா தா ப ற க ற . ஓைச
அவ ைடய த க த எ ச ைல உமி ேக ெச தன . இதைன க ட ம க ...
ெபா இைண கைல வ வ ெப க ற . இதைனேய பாட ஒ ப ன எ க ேறா . இ த
எ ெகா ேமத னி கீ ெவ தல எ பா ! ஒ ேகால ச க பாட களி க யமான ஒ ப பா .
எ ெகா வான இ வ தல எ பா !
ெசா ல :
எ ெகா வாரித நீ வறாத எ பா !
எ ெகாேலா இ ைண தா த எ பா ! என பலவா ல பன . ெசா தா உண ெபா ெபாத கட க றன. கைல ப பா வரலா

ைர: அரச ய ெபாத கட க றன. ெசா வள எ ப ,ஒ ெபா ற வ பல ெசா லா பல

ெபா ற வ ஒ ெசா லா வ த பல ைறக பல ழ க பல
எ .ஏ.க ணனா கைத ெசா ைறய க பைர ப ப ற இய பாகேவ அவ கா
உண க உரியதா வ த உண ெதளி ெகா டதா வ த ஆ . ச க
கா ச கைள ெசா ேலாவ யமாக இர சணிய யா த ரிக த ெகா வ கா ளதா அவைர
இல க ய த இ மல கனி கட கற .
கற வ க ப என சால த .
 67 68
ெதாடரிய ேபா க : அ த :எ ன ெநக ழியா ேநா ட ஏ ப மா? அ ப யானா ெநக ழிைய இ ேற க

ஒ ேகால ெசா ல ெசா ெறாட ந ைல பாட தள ைத ஏ நட த ப ப த எற வ க ேற ஐயா.

ேபாக றன. பா த க வர ய பணிகைள ெதாடரிய வ வ ெச க ற .
ப ைமதாச : ெநக ழி ைபகைள ந ல த க வ தவ தா . ெநக ழி ெபா க ம ேணா
உைரநைட வழ , ேப வழ உ ளி ட இய வழ க , ெதாடரைம எ ப எ வா +
ம ணாக ம வத பல ஆ க ஆ . அதனா மைழநீ மி ெச ல
ெசய ப ெபா அ ல ப றவ ட ய அைம + பயனிைல எ வ வேத மர . ஆனா ,
ச க பாட களி இ பற வ க ற . இ ேவ, கவ ைத ம தைல ெதாடரா . தைடப . ம காத ெநக ழி ெபா க ேவளா ந ல களி த க அத வள ைத

ைர: ைற பய வள ச ைய பாத . ேம கா வா களி அைட ெகா வதா

தமி அழக யைல க டைம பத ச க இல க யேம த ைமயான ஆதாரமா .ேம ,

நீ வழிக அைடப மைழ கால களி ெவ ள ெப அபாய ஏ ப .
அத ைடய தனி வமி க ச க - ப பா தள த ற ப ட சல ப கைள ேபா கைள
ெசா த மர களாக ந வ ெகா வ ட . அ த : ஆப க ந ைற த, ம ேணா ம காத ெநக ழிைய தீய எரி வ க ேற ஐயா.

ப ைமதாச : ெநக ழி ெபா கைள தீய எரி ேபா 'ைடயா ச 'எ ந வா

இய -2 ெவளிேய அ வா ெவளிேய வா ைவ நா வாச தா ஒ வாைம, ேதா ேநா க ,

2. 'ெநக ழி தவ ந ல ைத ந மி ' எ தைல ப ழ ஆ வல ப ைமதாசனா ட ைர ர ச ப தமான ேநா க நம ஏ ப .

நீ க நட த ய க பைன கல ைரயாடைல ெதா எ க.
அ த : கைடக ெச ெபா தீ வ ைளவ ெநக ழி மா றாக எைத
அ த : வண க ஐயா! ழ ஆ வலரான த கைள ச த பத மி த மக ச
பய ப தலா ஐயா?
அைடக ேற ஐயா!
ப ைமதாச : இைல, சண , காக த ைப, ணி ைப ேபா றைவகைள ெநக ழி ைபக மா றாக
ப ைமதாச : வண க த ப . த கைள ச த பத என மக ச . ெநக ழி ைபய ஏேதா வா க
பய ப த ெகா ளலா .
ெச க ற ேபா ெதரிக றேத?
அ த : மி க ந ற ஐயா! ெநக ழி ெபா கைள ப ற ெநக ழியா ஏ ப தீைமகைள
அ த : ஆமா ஐயா. க பணி நைடெப ெகா க ற . ேவைலயா க ேதநீ
ப ற ந றாக ரி ெகா ேட ஐயா. இனி எ வா நாளி ெநக ழி ெபா கைள
ெகா ெச க ேற .
பய ப த மா ேட எ றஉ த ைய த களிட க ேற ஐயா.
ப ைமதாச :ந ல த ப . ஆனா ேதநீ வா க ெச ல பா த ர ெகா வ த கலாேம?
ப ைமதாச : மி க மக ச . ெநக ழிய தீைமகைள உ ந ப களிட க த ப . ெநக ழிைய
அ த : ெநக ழி ைபய வா க ெச வ எளி எ பதா பா த ர ெகா வரவ ைல ஐயா
தவ ேபா ந ல ைத ந மி ேவா . ந ற.
ப ைமதாச : எளி தா ஆனா உய ஆப தானேத!

அ த : ெநக ழி ைபயா உய ஆப தா? ெநக ழிைய ப ற அதனா ஏ ப

இய -3
ஆப கைள க ஐயா

ப ைமதாச : ெநக ழி எ ப ஒ த ட ெபா ஆ . பல ேவத ய ய ெபா கைள ெகா 2. ப எ ச ற ய அைம ப மனித ச க எ பர த அைம க டைம க ப க ற -
எ வா ?வள க.
உ வா க ப ஒ ெபா ப ளா ேகா எ ற க ேர க ெசா ப ளா
ைர:
எ ற ெசா உ வான . அ தைகய ெநக ழிய தயாரி க ப ெநக ழி ைபய
ப எ ச ற ய அைம ப ேத மனித ச க எ பர த அைம க டைம க ப க ற .
டான ேதநீைர ஊ ற னா ேவத வ ைன ஏ ப ந சாக மா . அைத நா தா ேதா
ப ெதாட க ல , ட , ெப , ச க எ ற அைம வைர வ ரி ெப க ற . ஆத ,
ேநா , ேநா தலான ெகா ய ேநா க ஏ ப . பேம மனித ச க த அ பைட அலகாக உ ள .
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ப : இய -4

ப அைம ஏ ப வத அ பைட, த மணேம. ப ,த மண இர ஒ ைறெயா 3. ப ைட கால க வ ைறய ஆச ரிய மாணவ க க ைடேய நக த க ற , க ப த

சா ேத ெசய ப க றன. நாணய த இர ப க கைள ேபால இ நா வழ த மண ைறகைள ெதா எ க.
ப வள க றன.
ைர:
மண தக :
இ த உலைகேய மா ற ய ஒ வ ைமயான ஆ த க வ யா . மனித வா வ உய வான
நீ ட பாைதய ப த ெதாட க த மணேம. மண ரி த கணவ மைனவ ேச எ ண க உ னதமான ண க ேதா ற ேவ மாய க வ எ ப அவச யமா .ப ைட
இ லற வா வ ஈ பட ய ெதாட க க டேம 'மண தக ' என ப க ற . கால க வ ைறய ஆச ரிய மாணவ க க ைடேய ந க தக ற க ப த ைறகைள இனி
கா ேபா .
தா வழி ப :
ல
ச ககால த ெப த மண ெச த ப ன த இ ல த ேலேய ெதாட வா ைக நட
தாய ைற இ ள . த மண த ப மைனவ ய இ ல ெச கணவ வா வேத ந ைடய நா மிக பைழய கால த உபா த யாய ைடய (ஆச ரிய ) ேட ப ளி டமாக
நைட ைறயாக இ ள . தா வழி ைறய ப த ெசா வள க ெச வ க இ த . அைத ல எ பா க .
ெப க ெச ேச தன.
ம ற க :
த ைதவழி ப :
ஊரி ெபா வான இட த ஒ ெபரிய மர த ன ய ேமைடெயா அைம க ப . அதைன
ச க கால த ேலேய ஆ ைமய ச க ைற காண ப க ற . மணமானப தைலவ ம றெம அ பலெம வ . ம ற எ ப மர த ய உ ள த ைணேய; அ ேவ ப ற
தைலவ ைய அவ ைடய இ ல த அைழ வ தேபா , அவ சல கழி ேநா த ைண ப ளி டமாக மாற ய எ ப .
ெச ய ப ள . "மைன ைற மகளி ஆடவ உய ேர" எ ெதாைக பாடலா ெப த
ப ளிக :
கணவைனேய வ சா த த ந ைலைய அற ய கற .
மர த ய இ த ப ளி ட க நாளைடவ ச ைசகளாக மாற ன. பல இட களி மட களி
தனி ப :
பாடசாைலக உ டாய ன. அதனா பாடசாைலக ேவ ம ற க ேவ எ ற ேவ பா ற இர
தனி ப ேதா வத கான ெதாட கந ைல ப க ப ற ச க இல க ய க ஒ றாகேவ க த ப டன.
மி த யாக ேபச ய க றன. இளமக ந ைல ப களி கா ச கைள ஐ
க வ ெதாட க :
ெதளி ப க ற . "மற ய ைட ப த மா ப ைண ேபா " மகைன ந வணாக ெகா தைலவ
தைலவ வா த க றன . தா , த ைத, ழ ைத வ ள தனி ப மிக ெப ேறா ழ ைதகைள ஐ வயத ஆச ரியரிட ஒ பைட தன . ப ைளகைள ப ளிய
ெந கமான எ பதா இஃ எளிய ப என ப க ற . ேச நாைள க ய நாளாக ெகா டா ன . ஏ மீ ம ச ச ைபயனிட ெகா வாச க
ெச வா க . உபா த யாய ெந கண ைக ெசா ெகா க மாணா க அதைன ப ப ற
ப :
ெசா வா . அ வா ெசா வத ைற ைவ பெத ெபய . ச ல ேநர களி உபா த யாய
ச ககால த தனி ப அைம வ ரி ெப இவ க ட ெப ேறா ஒ வரி த ைத ப ரத யாக ச டா ப ைள ைற ைவ ப .
உட வா "வ ரி த ப" ைற காண ப க ற . இ லற வா வ இ தய ெப ைமமி
வ களி எ க ெதளிவாக ெதரிவத வச , ம ச , மண த காளிய ைல சா ,
ம க ட ந ைற , ற ேதா ேச , தைலவ தைலவ மைனயற கா தேல இ வா வ
மாவ ைல கரி, த ைப கரி த யவ ைற ெச த ைமைய அத தட வா க . அதனா , வ ய
பயனா என ம க க தன .
உ ளஎ க ெதளிவாக ெதரி .
ைர:
எ பய ச:
ப எ ற அைம தனி ப , ப என வ ரி த . த ைதவழி ப
ப ைளக த மண எ த பழ வா க . அதனா , அவ க ைடய எ க
அைம ைப ெகா , ப பா அைடயாளமாக மனித ச க எ பர த அைம
வரிைசயாக ந றாக அைம . உபா த யாய த தைரய எ த அத ேம ப ைளக
க டைம க ப ள . ெதா ைமமி க இ ப அைம ைற தமி ச க த அைடயாள
எ வா க . ப ற தாேம எ த பழ வா க . எ க ஒ ேறாெடா படாம வரி ேகாணாம
ெப மிதமா .
பைழய கால த எ த வ தா க .
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 71 72
மனன பய ச: த ச ரா ப ளி எ ெபய ெப றதாக . மைல ேகா ைடய காண ப ைகய ச ரா எ
சமண றவ த க தவமி ததாக ைகய உ ள க ெவ க ற . அத காரணமாக
ப ைட கால த கெள லா ப ைளக மனனமாக இ . தமிழி நக ,ந ,
த ச ரா ப ளி எ ெபய வ ததாக ற ப கற .
காரிைக, த யல கார , நீத க ; கணித த கீ வாய ல க , ேம வாய ல க , ழிமா
த யைவ பாடமாக இ . ச வ க ப ஆ த , ெகா ைறேவ த எ பைவ அகராத மைல ேகா ைட
வரிைசய அைம த களா .அ தாத ைறைய ெகா , எ ைக ேமாைனகைள ெகா
த ச மாநகரி அைடயாள ச னமாக தக வ மைல ேகா ைடயா . காவ ரிய ெத கைரய
ெச கைள ஞாபக ப த ெகா வா க .
இ க ரமாக கா ச த கற . ந வ மைல அைத ற ேகா ைட அைம ளதா இ
அ ப னா அட த : மைல ேகா ைட எ அைழ க ப க ற . இ மைலய கீேழ மாணி க வ நாயக ேகாவ , ேமேல உ ச
ப ைளயா ேகாவ ,ந வ தா மானவ ேகாவ அைம ளன. ஏற தாழ 3,400 மி ய வ ட க
ப ைட கால த ஆச ரிய க மாணவ கைள அ ப னா வழிநட த வ தா க . ஆச ரிய க பா
பழைமயான இ மைல, சமதைரய ப த யான த சய ம தய 83 மீ ட உயர த அைம ள .
இ த மரியாைத மாணவ க பய ைத உ டா க ய . ப ைழகைள மற ரியாத ந ைலய
அவ க இ தன . த வர க

வாத ரித : த வர க அர கநாத வாமி ேகாவ 108 ைவணவ த தல களி த த தலமா . காவ ரி
ஆ ற னா ழ ப ட ஏ மத க அைம ள த வர க 600 ஏ க பர பள ெகா ட
க வய வாத ெச த ந நா ப ளி ட களி இ த . மிக ச ற த பய ச
ஒ தீ நகரமா . இ ேகாவ இராஜேகா ர த உயர 72 மீ ட (220அ ) ஆ . இ
உைடயவ க அரசைவகளி வா ரி த க வ த றைமைய ந ைலநா வ .
ெத னி த யாவ ேலேய ெபரிய ேகா ரமாக வ ள க ற .

ைர:
த வாைன ேகாவ

இ வாறாக ப ைட கால த மாணவ களி அைன வைக த றைமகைள வள வ தமாக

த ச அ ேக அைம ள மாெப சவ ேகாவ நகரமா . இதைன த வாைன காவ
க ற க ப த நைடெப றன. இவ ைற பைழயன எ ற த ளிவ டாம ேதைவயானவ ைற
எ த வாைன கா எ அைழ ப . அ ப , த ஞானச ப த , தர , அ ணக ரிநாத ,
ேத பய ப த னா அைவ இ ைறய க வ ஏ ற உரமாக அைம .
தா மானவ ஆக ேயாரா பாட ப ட த தலமா . இ ேகாவ ச வனி ப ச த தல களி ஒ றான

இய -5 நீ உரியதா .

5. "ஒ ெவா நகர வரலா வ வழ உ " - நீ க பா த அ ல வா த ஒ நகர க லைண:

ற ஒ ப க அளவ க ைர எ க.
க லைண தமி நா மிக பழைம வா த அைணயா . இ காவ ரி ஆ ற ேக கரிகால
ைர: ேசாழனா க ட ப ட . இ வைண ேசாழ களி ெப ைமைய பைறசா ற ெகா கற .
இ க லைண காவ ரிைய காவ ரி ஆ , ெவ ணா , ஆ , ெகா ளிட என நா காக ப ரி க ற .
ெதா ைம சற , ஆ மிக சற , அற சற , நீ வள சற மி த நகர
த ச ரா ப ளி. தமிழக த ைமயமாக, நா காவ ெபரிய நகரமாக வ ள த ச ரா ப ளிய ெகா
வரலா ற ைன அத ெப ைமய ைன கா ேபா .
த சய அைம ள மிக கய லா தள க ெகா ஒ றா . இ வ க ற
வ வைம : அக ட காவ ரி காவ ரி, ெகா ளிட என இர டாக ப ரி ெச க ற .

காவ ரி ஆ ற கைரய அைம ள த ச ரா ப ளி, ச க கால த கால ேசாழ களி ப கைல கழக
தைலநகரமாக வள கய நகரமா . காவ ரிய வடகைரய த வர க ெத கைரய
த யேதா உலக பைட க த ச மாநகரி ேகா ைட சாைலய 1982 ஆ ஆ ஏ ர 30ஆ
மைல ேகா ைட அைம ளன. மைல ேகா ைட அ க அழக ய ெத ப ள ச கார ேதா
நா ர ச கவ ஞ பாரத தாச ெபயரா ப கைல கழக ந வ ப ள . இதனா இ மாவ ட த
நீ ட கைட தக அணிவ ந க றன. நகரி ம தய ம த ய ேப ந ைலய
உ ள மாணவ க உய க வ பய ல வசத யாக அைம ள .
ெதாட வ ச த அைம ளன.
வ மான ந ைலய :
ெபய காரண :
த ச ப னா வ மான ந ைலய இ த யாவ உ ள பழைமயான வ மான ந ைலய க ஒ றா .
த ரிச ர எ ற அர க தைலகைள ெகா டவ . அ வர க இ ரி வா ததா
ேவகமாக வள வ ப னா வ மான ந ைலய களி த ட த உ ள . தன இத ல

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 73 74
3000 பயணிக பயனைட வ க றன . வள கற .

ைர: ைர

கைலெயழி ெகா ச ேகாவ களா , க ர ந ைற த ேகா ர களா , இய ைக வன ந ைற த த ைர பட த கைதேய அ பட த உய ேரா ட த க ற . அ கைதைய ைவ உ வா க ப

காவ ரி ஆ றா ழ ப ட எழி நகரமான த ச ரா ப ளி வரலா , கைல, இல க ய , ஆ மீக , த ைர கா ச க க க வ தாக அைமக ற . ப னணி இைச கைத கா ச வ
ேவளா ைம, ப பா , இய ைக ஆக ய அைன ெப ைமக உரிய எ றா அ மிைகயாகா . ெபா ேச . இ தைகய பட க கைலகளி ச கமமாக த க வேதா ஆய ர ேபைர வாழ
ைவ எ றா அ மிைகயாகா .
இய -6
இய -7
6. த ைர பட ைற எ ப ஆய ர ேபைர கா பா ெதாழிலா? அ ல கைலகளி ச கமமா? உ க
பா ைவைய க ைரயா க. 4. ந வாக ேமலா ைம ற ெவ. இைறய க கைள ெதா எ க.

ைர: ைர:

கா ச ெமாழியாக, கவ கைலயாக வ ள க ற த ைர பட கைத எ த , த ைர கைத எ த , வசன மனித இன ேதா ற யேபாேத ேமலா ைம ெதாட க வ ட . தைட க கைள ப க களாக
எ த , இய க , ஒளி பத ெச , இைச ேச , ெப த உ வா த டமி ட மா ற ேமலா ைமேய ஒ வ அவச யமா . ஒ வ எ ெதாழிைல ெதாட க னா த டமிட ,
ய ச யா . இ த ைர பட ஆய ர ேபைர கா பா ெதாழிலா? அ ல கைலகளி ச கமமா? ெசய ப த ஆக ய ந வாக ைறக ச ற பாக அைமய ேவ .
எ பைத இனி கா ேபா .
ந வாக ேமலா ைம:
சவா ந ைற த ெதாழி :
உய பதவ களி இ பவ க எ லாவ ற ந ண வ ெப றவ களாக இ ப
ஒ த ைர பட தயாரி ப எ ப ெப த ெச ய ப க ற ெப ெதாழிலா . த சா த யமி ைல. ஆனா , யா த றைமசா க எ அற அவ கைள அ க ைவ ெகா டா

கைத உ வா த , ந க கைள ேத ெச த , உைரயாட எ த , பாட எ த , பாட இைச ேபா . ெதரி த ப ஒ வைக அற எ றா , யா ெதரி என ெதரி த ப ம ெறா

அைம த , ந பத ஏ ற இட கைள ேத ெச த , அவ ைற படமா த ,ஒ ஒளி பத ெச த , அற வா .

ேத அ த , பட ைத ெவளிய ட த ைரயர கைள நா த , ப த ரி ைகயாள க

நால யா வ ேபால க லாதவராக இ தா , க றா ட ேச பழக னா ந ப க
ஊடக க ெச த ைய ெதரிவ த என எ தைனேயா ெசய கைள ெச த ப ற தா ஒ
நா வள ந வாக ேமலா ைம ச ற பைட .
த ைர பட ைத அர க கா ட .
ந த ேமலா ைம:
த ைர கா ச கைலேய:
ந வாக த வரேவ ெசலைவ தீ மானி க ேவ . வரைவ தா ெசல ெச பவ
த ைர பட த ந பவைர பல ேகாண களி பட ப த ைரய கா டலா . இதனா
அ தவ களிட ைகேய த ேவ ய அவல ந ைல த ள ப வா .
த ைர பட ைத பரிமான கைல எ ப .ஒ வ ஓ வ வைத கா வ , பா பவ எ னா ? என
ேக டா ேபா இ கா ச ெமாழிய த ைமயா . உண ச கைள கா ப க க ைத ம ேஷ ப ய நாடக த ைடம எ பவ ஏெத நகரி இ தா . அவ , வர ைற தா
கா ப தா ேபா . அ ேபால ேகாப எ றா ைகய ப த க ணா வைளைய ெசல அத கரி த . அவன உதவ யாள ந த ந ைலைமைய ப ற ேபசவ க ற ெபா ெத லா ேக க
இ க ப உைட பைத கா னா ேபா . ம தா . ஒ க ட த கட ெகா தவ க க ைத ெநரி தா க . இ வாறாக வரைவ தா ய
ெசல ெச ததா உதவ யாளரி ேப ைச த கழி ததா ைடம ஊ ஒ றமாக ெச
இைச எ ப த ைர பட த இ ற யைமயாததாக அைம த ட ேவ . ப னணி இைச பட த
மனித இன ைதேய ெவ க றா .
கா ச க உய ட பல இைச கைலஞ களி ப களி ட த ைர இைச பணி நைடெப கற .
ந வழி ேமலா ைம:
வாழைவ ெதாழி
தா ஈ ெச வ ைத வ ட அத கமாக ெசல ெச பவ க ஒ கால த த க மான ைத
ஒ த ைர பட தயாரி பாள , இய ந , இைண இய ந , ந க , ந ைகக , ைண ந க க ,
அற ைவ உண ைவ இழ பா க . அவ க எ தைகய ந ைலய இ தா த ட க ேபால
ஒளி பத வாள , இைசயைம பாள , இைச கைலஞ க , பாடக க , ஒ பைன ெச பவ க , சைமய
நட த ப வா க . எ தைன ப ற ப ற தா எ வ த மரியாைத ெகா காம தீயவ ேபாலேவ
கைலஞ க , ஆைட வ வைம பாள க , வாகன ஓ ந க என பல ைடய ய ச யா உ வா
நட த ப வா க . எனேவ, வரைவ தா ய ெசல ெச வ தீைமையேய வ ைளவ எ பைத இஃ
கைலயா . இ வைகய பா ேபா எ ண ற ப கைள கா க ற ெதாழிலாக த ைர பட
உண கற .

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ைர: கைலக ற தமிழி ெவளிவ த ைமயான த ஆ .

ந வாக ேமலா ைம எ ப ந வக ெசய ைறேயா ேபா வ வத ைல. இத ஒ இல க ய ஆ க :

ெசய ஒ ெவா அைச உரிய ேநர ஒ க ேவ . அ ேபா தா அ ெசய ச ற பாக
ஆ லக மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமிய ற ப ட த க ப களி ைப ற ேவ மானா தமிழக
ந ைறவைட . ஒ ெவா நா த என எ ணி ெசய ப வேத ச ற த ேமலா ைமயா .
வரலா ற ைன பல ேகாண களி மீ வா க ெச தைத ற ப டலா . 'தமி நா வரலா 'எ
இய -8 இவ ைடய மீ வா க ய ச சரியான சா றா . ச க இல க ய க , ச ல பத கார
த ய இல க ய தர கைள ெகா இ த ைல எ த ளா .
8. மய ைலயா ஓ "ஆரா ச ேபரற ஞ " எ ற ைன சா க ட க ைரயா க.
ப ெமாழி லைம:
ைர:

ஒ ெவா ேதச ய இன த ைடய கட தகால வரலா ைற அற த தா ம ேம எத கால ேவ கடசாமி அவ க மைலயாள , க னட , சம க த , பா , ஆ கல ஆக ய ெமாழிகளி லைம

இல கைள அைடய . அ தைகய இன வரலா ைற இல க ய , ெதா ய , க ெவ , ப பா உைடயவ . எனேவ, மேக த ரவ ம இய ற ய 'ம த வ லாச ' எ ற நாடக ைல ஆ க ல வழியாக

ஆக யவ ற அ பைடய தர கைள ேத எ தய ஆ ைமகளி க யமானவ மய ைல சீனி. தமிழா க ளா .

ேவ கடசாமி ஆவா .
ைர:

இளைம ப வ :
தமி ல இவ ஆ ற ய ெதா ைன பாரா ம ைர காமராச ப கைல கழக 'தமி ேபரைவ
மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி 16. 12. 1900ஆ ஆ ெச ைன மய லா ரி ப ற தா . த ைத சீனிவாச ெச ம ' எ ற வ த ைன அளி த . தம ஓயாத ேதட னா க ைமயான உைழ பா அரிய ஆ
ஒ ச தம வராக அவ ைடய தைமயனா ேகாவ தராச தமிழாச ரியராக வ ள க யைமயா கைள ெகாண த இவ அற ஞ க ஒ ெச ைன ேகாகேல ம டப த மணிவ ழா
இளைமய ேலேய தமிழி மீ தணியாத ப க ஆரா தற ெகா டவராக வ ள க னா . எ 'ஆரா ச ேபரற ஞ ' எ ற ப ட ைத வழ க ச ற ப தன .

அற ஞ ெப ம களிட ெதாட :

25 ஆ க ஆச ரியராக பணியா ற ய மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி வ லான த அ க , ைண பாட ெந வ னா க

கா. ப ரமணிய , த .வ .க, ெத.ெபா.மீ, ச.த.ச ண ஆக ய அற ஞ ெப ம களிட ெகா த
ெதாட காரணமாக அவர ஆ க ைரக யர , ஊழிய , ெச தமி ெச வ , ஆர பாச ரிய , இய -1
ல மி தலான இத களி ெவளியாக ன.
1.பாரத ய க த வாய லாக நீ க அற ெகா ட ெமாழி ப ,ச க ப ஆக யவ ைற வ வரி க.

ெதாட ககால ஆ க :
ைர:
மய ைலயா த ெதாட ககால ஆ களான 'க ற வ தமி ', 'ெபௗ த தமி ', 'சமண
மகாகவ , ேதச ய கவ , ெச தமி ேதனீ, ச த ைத எ ெற லா பாரத ய கவ வ
தமி ' ஆக ய கைள கா ண வ ற ந ந ைல ந இய ற னா . சமய , மா டவ ய , தமிழக
க ைட காத ப ட கேள இ ைல. ஆனா , பாரத யா கவ ஞராக ம ம லாம எ தாள ,
வரலா , ெதா ெபா ஆ , கைல வரலா , ெமாழியா தலான பல ைறகளி ேவ கடசாமி
ப த ரி ைகயாள , ெமாழிெபய பாள , ச க சீ த தவாத என ப க ஆ ைம ெகா டவ .
கைள எ தய ப இவர ப க அற ைவ வ ள க ற .
க த கைள இல க யமா எ தாள க பாரத யா த ைமயானவ . அவ , த ப
வரலா ஆ க : ெந ைலய ப எ த ய க த களி இட ெப ற ெமாழி ப ைற ச க ப ற கா ேபா .

மேக த ரவ ம , நரச மவ ம , றா ந தவ ம ஆக ேயாைர ப ற எ த யேதா ச ககால ெமாழி ப

ேவ த க , ெகா நா ம ன க , நா ம ன க , கள ப ர ம இல ைக ற த
பாரத யா ப ெமாழி லைம ெப றவ அதனா தா 'யாமற த ெமாழிகளிேல தமி ெமாழி ேபா
வரலா ஆக யவ ைற எ த னா . கள ப ர களி ஆ ச கால ைத இ டகால எ வரலா
இனிதாவ எ காேணா ' என த ைடய ெமாழி ப ைற ெவளி ப க றா .
ஆச ரிய க ற ப தன .ஆனா மய ைலயா , கள ப ர ற த தயக ேணா ட ைத 'கள ப ர
ஆ சய தமிழக ' எ ல ெவளி ப த னா . த ப ெந ைலய ப எ தயக த த , இ த , மரா த ய வட நா ெமாழிக ெதரி , அைவ
எ த அளவ ஏ ற ெப ளன; ைம ெப ளன எ பைத ேநர யாக ெதரி ெகா டா அ
கைலய ய ஆ க :
ந ெமாழிய ஏ ற த ைம ந ைமைய உ டா . தமி , தமி , தமி எ எ ேபா
கைலய ய சா தமிழி ெவளியான பல க ேவ கடசாமிேய வழிகா யாக வ ள க னா .
தமிைழ வள பேத கடைமயாக ெகா க! தய த ய ச தைனக , தய தய உ ைமக , தய தய
இவ ைடய தமிழர கைல த றைன எ ேதா 'தமிழ வள த அழ கைலக ' எ கவ
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இ ப க ந தமி ெமாழிய வள ெகா ேட இ பேதா , தமி நா த ேதா தமி நாளி உபரி நீ வ வ பய க காம ெமா த க ராம த ப ெகா எ
ப ளி ட க ேவ ெமன த ைடய வ ப ைத ேவ ேகாளாக ைவ க றா பாரத . ம த ந ைன தா .

ச க ப மாரி வட எ ண ைத த

ஆ ெப ஓ ய ரி இர தைலக எ ெற , அைவ ஒ ற ெலா தா வ ைல கா டாமண ெச கைள அக ற ந ைன த , த க ணி ப டவ வ வா கா மீ

எ ெற , ெப ைண தா ைம ெச ேதா க ைண த ெகா டா எ ெற , ெப ைண ப ெகா த மாரி .ம த கா டாமண ெச கைள அக வ ப ற அவனிட ற
அைட தவ க ைண அைட தா எ ெற என பாரத இ க த த வாய லாக ெப சம அவேனா "நீேயா ேபாகாத ஊ வழி ேக க ற, ...நாென ன ெசா ல ?" எ ற ைகைய
உரிைம ேவ எ பைத வ க றா . வ ரி வ டா .

தமி நா ேநா க தீ க எ ெற . ெதாழி க , ெதாழி க , ெதாழி க எ . வ யாபார க ெகா ளாத மனித க

வள க, இய த ர க ெப க. ய சக ஓ க. ச கீத , இய த ர , மி , வான , இய ைக
ஊரி மிக ெபரிய ெச வ தரான காளிய பைன ம த ச த தா .ஊ ம க அைனவைர ஒ
ஆய ர க ைளக இைவ தமி நா ம த க எ த ைடய ச க ப ைற
தர வா கா ம கட கா டாமண ெச கைள அக ற ேவ என
ெவளி ப க றா .
ேக ெகா டா . ஊ ம கைள ஒ தர னா தன பண ெசலவா எ எ ணிய
ைர: காளிய ப ேபர ழ ைதக நட கவ நக ச நாைள ெச ல ேவ என த
கழி தா .
ஓ இன ேனற ேவ ெமனி ெமாழி ேனற ேவ , ெமாழி ேனற னா இன
ேன . ச தாய ேன . தனி பட எ க த களி ஈ ெமாழிய அ தமான காளிய பைன ச த ேதா வ ைய க டம த ஊ எ ைலைய மித தேபா அ த ஊரி த

எ ண கைள த தவ பாரத எ றா அ மிைகயாகா . ப டதாரியான ப ேர மாரிட த க ைத ெசா னா . அவ ெபா பணி ைறய ம

ெகா ப ெசா னா . ேம த தைலவ ப ற த நா நக ச கைள ெசா சமாளி அவ
ஒ க ெகா டா . அத பற ஊரா அைனவரிட ற ஏேதா ஒ காரண ைத ற

இய -2 அைனவ ஒ க ெகா டன .

2. ெபா ண சய ற இ த ஊைர த ெபா ண வா மா ற ய ம தனி ப நல ைத மன ேசா தம த

வ வரி க.
வ தம த உட உ ள ேசா த தா . அவ மைனவ அ ந ைலைமைய ரி

ைர: ெகா வ வர ைத ேக டா . ஊ மீ அ கைற இ லாத ம கைள ந ைன வ த னா . அ ேபா

மைனவ அ "இ த ஊரி இ ேபா இ க ற அ ப ேவ நல த , நம ெக ஒ ழி ந ல
பய கைள வாழைவ ப மைழ. அ மைழ ெவ ளமா தர ேத ேபா தா உய ப த
ட இ ைல எ த ந ல எ ப ேபானா நம ெக ன" எ ற னா . இர சா ப வ ப த
பய கைளேய இ லாம ஆ கவ கற . அ மைழய றம ல ெவ ள ேத காம வ ய வழிவைக
ம த கேம வரவ ைல.
ெச யாத மனிதனி ற . ெப ெவ ள ைத வ ய ெச ய தனிமனிதனா மா? ஊ
ெச யேவ ய பணிைய ஊ ேத இ ப ேபால ஊரி ந ைம த ஆளா வட ப தவ த க லான ம த

ம த . அவனி ப நல ைத கா ேபா .
வ ய காைலய எ த அ அ க ப த த ம தைன காணா த ைக தா . ம த

மைழ ம தனி கவைல த ன தனியாக வா கா ம க ட த கா டாமண ெச கைள அக ற ெகா தா .

வா கா ம தைன க டஅ , ம த உதவ யா ெச கைள அக ற னா . அ கைரய மீ
வளவனா ற வடகைரய ந வட ேக பா தம த த ெக ற .க ெக ய ர
ப த மாரி மீ ப பைத வ வ கா டாமண ெச கைள அ க ெதாட க னா .
வைர ப ைச பேசெல வய க . மைழைய ந ப பய ரி டைவ இ ேபா ெகா மைழயா பய ெக
அ வழியாக ெவளி ெச ற காளிய ப வா கா இற க னா . ஊரா ெச த அற
வ ேமா எ ற அ ச ஏ ப ட . மைழ ேம ெதாட எ ற வானிைல அற வ ைப ேக ட ம த
ஓ வ அவ க ட ேச ெகா டன .
பத ற இ அத கரி த .
ைர
கா டாமண ெச களி ஆ க ரமி :
ம த , ெம வ த பாரா ஊ வ த தீ க உைழ தவ ; தம ெகன வாழாம பற ெகன
ஊைர ற வைள ஓ வ ைம வ வா கா வ ேம வ ைவ த தைத
வா தவ . ஊரா ந ைம த ஒ ெசயைல ெச வத த நாேம த க ைல எ
ேபா கா டாமண ெச க ம க ட தன. இ த ேப ெச கைள ப க எற தா ேபா ஒேர
ைவ க ேவ எ பத ம தனி ெசயேல நம ெக லா ேகாலா .
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இய -3

3. ய தா க த னா ய க அ க அ கட மி இைண கைள சரிெச ய 3. 'உரிைம தாக ' கைதய சேகாதர க இ வ ஒ ற ைணயாம இ த தா ..... கைதைய
ெதாட எ த க.
ேகாரி உ க ஊ மி வாரிய ெபாற யாள க க த எ க.
"ேமல கா ல கீழ தா ேமல ந ப க ெகைரய எ தய தாமி ல ஒ க த ப " க மா
அ ந
ைதயனிட ெசா னா . ைதய மன த .
அ ஆ இ ஈ,
"ேந ேகாழி ப ட எ த ரி ச க ச கா சீ ேத . அ ப ச ெபா டா க க
க ப ெத , ேபச டா க. மன கச ேபால . ேம ப கா சாமிக ட எர வா வா க த ப க

காமராச நக , யாம கடச அ த ஒ க த ந ப க ெகைரய எ த ெகா சா ஒ கத ப .

ஆ மாச ேமல ஆ சா இ நட . ேம ப கா சாமி பண ைத சா ெகா காம
அரிய - 621 704.
ெநல த ல காலவ க டா ெசா டாரா ெபா டா ச ைடய ெதாட க ய கா".
ெப ந
இைத ேக ட ெபா க எ த ைதய ,த ப தன இ தவ த ைத எ லா மற
மி ெபாற யாள அவ க , த பய ைழ தா .

மி வாரிய ,
"ெவ ைள சாமி லஇ க யாடா"?
அரிய - 621 704.
ெவ ைள சாமி கடைன த ப ெகா க யாத வ த த கவைலேயா ப த தா .
மத ப ரிய ஐயா, அவ மைனவ ப க த அம த தா .

ெபா : மி இைண ைப சரிெச ய ேவ த சா . "அ ண ஒ த உய ேரா இ க றதேய மற யாடா? ஏதா இ தா எ க ட

ெசா தா நா பா ப ர சனய ச ேபேன" எ ெசா னம ெநா ேய ெவ ைள சாமிய
வண க . நா அரிய காமராச நக க ப ெத வ வச வ க ேற . சமீப த ெப த
மைனவ , "எ க ப ர சைனய எ க தீ க ெதரி . ஒ க ஒறேவ ேவணா தா நா க ெவலக
கனமைழயா ய தா க தா எ க ெத வ பல இட களி மி க ப அ கட கற . இ ேகா ".

இ நா வைர அ கட மி க பக சரிெச ய படவ ைல. ேம ச ெச ற இர

இைத ேக ட ெவ ைள சாமி உடேன, "யா க ட எ ன ேப ற வாய "எ றா .
ப மா க மி க ப களி கா ைவ ததா மி சார தா க இற வ டன. ெத மி வள க
"வாய வாய ெசா எ வாய அட யா. ஒ க அ ண உற தா ேவ னா நீ க
அைண க ட பதா ஊேர இ க ட க ற . அதனா மாணவ களி க ற பாத க ப க ற . ேவ னா வ ச க. நா எ ேனாட இ பேவ ெகள ேற "

எனேவ, மிக வ ைரவ ேபா கால நடவ ைகயாக, அ கட மி இைண கைள சரிெச
இைத எத பாராத ைதய "எ னால உ க ெர ேப ளச ைட ேவ டா . மன ேக கல
த மா தா ைம ட ேக ெகா க ேற . அதா வ ேத . ெநல த மீ க ற வழிய பா க" எ ெசா யவாேற ைதய ெவளிேய
வ தா .

ஒ வார கழி ேம ப கா சாமி ெவ ைள சாமிய ேக வ வ டா . எ ன

ெவ ள சாமி ெகா த ெக ேந ேதாட ேபா .இ பஎ னப ணலா இ க? ெநல த எ
இட : அரிய இ ப
ேப ல எ த ெகா க ற தா சரியான வழி. நீ எ ன ெசா ற"?
ேதத : 20/07/2022 த க உ ைம ள
"ந ல த உ க ேக எ த ெகா ற க யா." எ மனேவதைன ட ெசா ன ெவ ைள சாமி
உைறேம கவரி
ந ல ைத ப கா சாமி ேக எ த ெகா வ டா .
மி ெபாற யாள அவ க ,
நா க கட தன. மாத க மாற ேபாய ன. ந ல இ லாததா ப ைழ ேக வழிய லாம
மி வாரிய ,
ேபான . ப வ ைமய வா ய .
அரிய - 621 704.
ெவ ைள சாமி ைட வ ப ேதா ெச ைன ற ப டா . ற பா பத காக
அ ல. அ பவேம இ லாத மா ெக ேவைல காக......

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 81 82
வப க பல ஏ ப க றன. சாைல ேபா வர காவல க இ வா வாகன ெச பவ க
மீ உரிய நடவ ைக எ தா வப ஏ ப வைத ெப மளவ ைற கலா .
இய -4
ஓ ந உரிம :
4. 'சாைல வ ப த லா தமி நா ' - இ நனவாக நா ெச ய ேவ யன யாைவ?
ஓ ந உரிம ெப றவ கேள சாைலகளி வாகன ைத ஓ ட ேவ . ஆனா இ ெப ேறா களி
ைர:
ெபா ப ற த ைமயா ஓ ந உரிம ெபறாத ப ளி மாணவ க , இைளஞ க வாகன ைத மிக
மனித ேதைவக அத கமாக வ ட இ கால த சாைல ேபா வர எ ப மிக அத கமாக வ ட . ேவகமாக ஓ க றன . இதனா , வ ப க அத கமாக நைடெப க றன. காவ ைறய ன ஓ ந
தகவ ெதாழி ப மி த யாக மி த யாக சாைல ேபா வர மி த யாக வ ட . அேதேபா உரிம ெபறா வாகன ெச பவ க மீ உரிய நடவ ைக எ தா சாைல வ ப த ைன த கலா .
வப க அத கமாக வ டன. சாைல வ ப த லா தமிழகமாக மாற வ த ைறகைள ப ப வேத
ைர:
ஒேர வழியா .
இ ச கர வாகன க , நா ச கர வாகன க அத கமாக வ ட இ , உணவ லாம
சாைல வ த ைறக :
வா ைக நட வ ட . ஆனா , வாகன க இ லாம வா ைக நட த யா எ ற ந ைல
 வாகன ஓ ந க சாைலய இட ற த ேலேய வாகன கைள ெச த ேவ உ வாக வ ட . எனேவ, வாகன ைத ேதைவ ம ைறயான வ த ைறகைள ப ப ற மிதமான
ேவக த ெச த னா தமிழக வப த லா தமிழகமாக மா .
 சாைல வைள களி ெச வாகன ைத த ெச தைல தவ க ேவ .

 சாைல ச த இட களி ஒ எ ப எத வ வாகன த அற வ ெச ய ேவ . "சாைல பயண சற ர வா ைக பயண ெந ர "

 சாைலைய கட ேபா இ ற பா கட க ேவ . அ ேபா சாைலய நட ேபா

வாகன த வழி வ ெச ல ேவ .
இய -5
வாகன ெப க :
5. க ராம க த க கவரிைய இழ வ க றன - இ ற உ க க ைத வ வரி க.

த ேபா சாைலகளி பயணிக ேபா வர , ெபா ேபா வர , அ ச ேபா வர ,

ைர:
உண ெபா ேபா வர வாகன க லேம நைடெப க றன. அ வலக ெச பவ க த
க டட ெதாழிலாள க வைர அைனவ இ ச கர வாகன கைளேய சாைலகளி பய ப க றன . க ராம க த க கவரிைய இழ வ க றன. இத நாகரிக வள ச , ெதாழி வள ச,

இ ச கர வாகன இ லாத ேட இ ைல எ ற ந ைல இ உ ள . சாைலய பயணி ேபா ல ெபய ேபாத ய மைழவள இ ைமயா வ வசாய அழி த , இைளய தைல ைறய னரி

வத ைறகைள ப ப ற மிதமான ேவக ட ெச ல ேவ . அ ேபா வப க தவ க ப . மன ேபா ,ம க ெதாைக ெப க ேபா ற காரண களா .

வாகன கைள சரிபா த : உழ ெதாழி :

த ய வாகன ஆய பைழய வாகன ஆய ஒ ெவா நா ேவக தைட ந த ெபாற , ேவக ன க ராம களி பய ெதாழி ேபாக நட த . ஆனா , கால ேபா க மைழ வள

க பா க வ டய ேபா றவ ைற சரியான ந ைலய உ ளனவா என ேசாத பா க ைற த . இத காரணமாக ேபாக பய ெதாழி இ ேபாக ஒ ேபாக என மாற ப ன
ேவ அ ேபா தா வப க தவ க ப . ேக வ ற யாக வ ட . இதனா ச வ வசாய க வ வசாய க தன களாக நக ேநா க
பைடெய க ெதாட க வ டன .
ேதைவ ஒ எ :
ம க ெதாைக ெப க :
வாகன ஓ பவ க சல ஒ பாைன சரியான ேநர த பய ப வத ைல. சல
ஒ பாைன பய ப வைதேய தவ க றன . ச லேரா மிக அ க ெச ஒ எ வ இதனா ம க ெதாைக ெப க க ராம களி ய கைள ப மட ெப க ன. வய க எ லா
வப க ஏ ப க றன. எனேவ, வாகன ஓ ந க சரியான ேநர த , சரியான இட த ஒ பாைன மைனகளாக க டட களாக மாற வ க றன. இதனா வ வசாய ந ல க அ க வ க றன.
பய ப த ேவ அ வா பய ப ெபா வப க தவ க ப . ேதைவயான உண ெபா ைள தர யாத ழ ந ல க ற . எனேவ, ம க க ராம கைள வ
ெம ல நக ேநா க நக க றன .
ம வ பயண வழிய மரண :
ெதாழி சாைலக :
ம ேபாைதய வாகன ஓ ட டா எ ப வ த . ஆனா , இ பல இர ேநர த ம ைவ
அ தவ ம ேபாைதய க கல க த ேலேய வாகன ஓ க றன . அதனா சாைலகளி ச நகர கைள ஒ ய க ராம களி நீ வள இ தா அ ேக ெதாழி சாைலக
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 83 84
வ க றன. ெதாழி சாைலைய ஒ ய இட களி ெப கைடக , உணவக க என த தாக ர வசன த வ ைளந ல ச வாஜி:
கைட த க உதயமாக வ க றன. அதனா ெதாழி வள ெப க க ராம க இ த இட ெதரியாம
ரபா ய க டெபா ம எ ற த ைர பட ச வாஜி அவ க உலகளாவ ய கைழ த த .
ேபா வ க றன.
ச வாஜிைய பா , நீ க அ பட த ேபச ய வசன ைத இ ேபா ேபச மா? எ ேக டேபா ,

ைர: ச எத பாராத வைகய ச வாஜி அவ க க டெபா ம நாடக வசன ைத ேபச ெதாட க னா .

மைழவள ைற , வ வசாய த அழி , க வ வள ச , ெதாழி வள ச , நாகரிக வள ச ஆக யன "நீ ஏ ப தாயா? கைள ெவ னாயா? க ச கலய ம தாயா? அ ெகா ச வ ைளயா எ க

க ராம க த க கவரிைய இழ பத கான காரண களாக மாற வ க றன. ேவைல ேத ல ெப க ம ச அைர ெகா தாயா? நீ எ ன என மாமனா? ம சானா?

இைளஞ க நகர த ெச ல நாகரிக மா ற தா அ ேகேய த க வ க றன . இதனா மான ெக டவேன". தமிழக ம கைள ச ெதழ ெச த அ ரவசன ைத ஒேர ச ேபச

க ராம க த க ெபா ைவ இழ வ க றன. வ ேசாபாவ உ கா தா எ க றா பால ச த ர .

ப பா மறவாத ந க த லக :

ச வாஜிய உண உ டப நா க அ க ற ப ேடா . அ ேபா , வாச வைர வ

இய -6
ச வாஜி அவர மைனவ எ கைள வழி அ ப னா க . அவரிடமி வ ைடெப ற ேபா எ
6. மகாந கைர க ட பால ச த ரனி மனேவா ட ைத நய ட எ க. இதய த ெத களி ர வ ப ைழ த அ த பைழய ைபயனி ச தேம ந ைன வ ததாக
க றா பால ச த ர .
ைர:

ைர:
ந லக ச கரவ த என எ ேலா வய க ற மக தான ந க ச வாஜி கேணச . நவரச
உண கைள த க ற களா உட ெமாழிகளா ச ற பாக ெவளி ப த ந த மகாந க . ந ப இமய , ர , வசன த எ , உ ள த களி இ ைண ச வாஜி
இ தைகய ச ற கைள ெப தமி த ைர லக அைடயாளமாக வ ள ெசவா ேய ச வாஜி நவரச நாயக எ ற கைழ த தன. அ த க தன ேக க ைட த ேபா ச வாஜி ப ற ய
கேணச அவ கைள பால ச த ர ளி கா ச த த ேபா நக த மனேவா ட ைத இனி மனேவா ட ைத கா ச ப த ளா க ைரயாச ரிய .
கா ேபா .

ச வாஜிய இளைம ப வ :
7. உ க ஊ ப தய வா கைலஞ ஒ வைர ேநரி பா த அ பவ ைத வ வரி
ச வாஜி கேணச பற த ஊ வ ர . ச ைனயா கேணச எ ப தா அவ ெபய . க ைரயா க.
ஆ க ேலயரா ச ைற ெச ற தன த ைதைய ஒ பதாவ வயத தா கேணச த த
ைர:
பா தா . அவ ப ளி ட த ப தேத இ ைல. ஐ வயதா ேபாேத ப ைத
நா ற கைலகளி அ தள ெத ; ெத த வள ச ேமைட நாடக ; ேமைட
கா பா வத காக நாடக க ெபனிய ேச தா . இளைம ப வ த ேலேய தமி நா மிக ச ற த
நாடக த வள ச ேய இ ைறய த ைர பட . ராண இத காச கைதகைள பாமர ம களிட எ
நாடக ந க எ ெபய எ தா .
ெசா ல க வ யாக பய ப ட அரிய கைலக தா ெத ேமைட நாடக . அ வா நா ற
ச கநைட ச வாஜி: கைலகளி சற வ ள க ய கைலஞ ஒ வைர ச த த ந க ைவ கா ேபா .

இைச அைச ப ேபால ைகக ச , பா ைவ இைம அைசயா ெம ல ெம ல ச க நைட நட கைலகளி வ தக

வ அ த மகாந கைன பா த ெபா ராஜராஜேசாழனி வ ைகைய பா த தமி நா
அரிய மாவ ட த க ெப ற நா ற கைலஞராக வ ள க யவ த ம க . அவ ராண
ெத ப ைளகைள ேபால நா ளி எ ேத . அவ ஒ ராஜநைட நட வ ச மாசன த
நாடக கைள நட த கா வத வ லவ . ற பாக அரி ச த ர ராண கைதைய , இராமாயண
அம தா . நா அவ கா வ வண க ேன எ க றா .
கைதைய க ராம ம களிட ெகா ேச தத ெப ப கா ற யவ .
பால ச த ரனி மனேவா ட :
ேகாைட வ :
ச வாஜி கேணசைன பா தேபா , ஊழி தா டவமா ர , கவச டல ெகா தக ண ,
எ க ஊரி ேகாைட கால த அதாவ ேம மாத த ஒ ெவா வ ட ேமைட நாடக நைடெப .
காளேமக த கவ ைத த ப ெச த கவ ல காளிதாச , அமி த தமி ெமாழிய உ னத
நாடக , இைச க வ க ழ க இர எ மணி ெதாட க காைல ஆ மணி வைர ச ற பான
கவ யான பாரத , தா தமி ம ணி ரதீர ச தத யான ரபா ய க டெபா ம , ேசாழ ைறய நைடெப . இ த வ ட அரி ச த ர ராண நா நா க நைடெப ற . நாடக த
ேலா க ரியனான ராஜராஜேசாழ என ச வாஜிகேணசனி கதா பா த ர க எ மன அரி ச த ரனாக ேவடேம ந த ம க அவ களி தைலைமய நாடக வ ன வ ைக த
அ களி மி னி மைற தன எ க றா . ந தன .
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த ச த : க க ெவ :

நாடக த நா கா நா இரவ நைடெப ற நாடக ைத ைமயாக க களி ேத . க ைர அ த க ரி உ ள ஆ நா டா ற நா வரிகளி ப ரா மி க ெவ

அரி ச த ரனாக ந த ம க அவ களி ந பா றைல க வ ய ேத . அவைர எ ப யாவ இ பதாக அைத சரிவர ப க யவ ைல எ அத 'ஆத ' எ ற ம ன ெபய
காைலய ச த உைரயாட ேவ ெமன ந ைன ேத . காைல வ த நாடக த . நாடக காண ப வதா அ ேசர கைள ப றய எ ற வ தா ஐராவத மகாேதவ . 40
ெகா டைகய ப ற நாடக கைலஞ க அைனவ த க ைடய ேவட கைள கைள ஆ களாக வாச க படாம இ த க ெவ ைட எ ப யாவ ப அத உ ள ெச த கைள
ெகா தன . ேமைடய , அரி ச த ரனாக கா ச ெகா தவ எளிய மனிதராக என ெதரி தா . ெவளி ெகாணர ேவ என எ ணினா .
அவ அ க ெச அவரிட உைரயாட ெதாட க ேன . அவ சரளமாக எ னிட உைரயா னா .
க ெவ ெச த :
வா ைம
நா வரிக ெகா ட ப ரா மி எ களி த வரிய யா எ இட ைத ேச த
நீ க எ தைன வ ட களாக ேமைட நாடக த ந ெகா க றீ க எ ேக ேட . அத சமண றவ யான ெச காயப வச 'உைற இ ' எ ற எ ற ெச த ற பட ப த .
அவ 30 ஆ களாக ந ெகா க ேற எ , ரிய ல த அரசனான அரி ச த ர த இர டா வரிய 'ேகா ஆத ' ெச ெபாைற மக ' எ ற வாசக இ ததாக ெசா க றா .
வா வ ெசா ன ெசா தவறாைம, வா ைம ஆக ய இர ஒ க கைள கைட ப வா தவ . அ த 'ெப க ேகா, இள க ேகா, இள ேகா எ ற ெபய கைள க டா .
இவ ைடய வா ைக ந நா ப பா வ மிய க சா றாக அைமக ற . தன ெகா ைகய
இ க ெவ க ரி ஆ ச ெச த ேசர இ ெபாைற ம ன க ெபாற த . இ க ெவ
உ த யாக இ ததா வா ைகய அவ அைட த ப கைள இ தய அதனாேலேய அவ
க .ப . இர டா றா ைட சா த .
உ ைமய ச னமாக ேபா ற ப டைத அரி ச த ர கைத எ . இள வயத தா
பா த அரி ச த ர நாடகேம தன வா ைமய உய ைவ உண த யதா அ ண கா த ய க ைர:
த ைடய வா ைக வரலாறான ச த ய ேசாதைனய ற ப ளா என றய த ம க , தமி ப ேவ அற ஞ க த களா தள ெதா ெச ளன . க ெவ தமி
வா ைமய ச ற ைப எ னிட எ ற னா . ப ன ந ற ற வ ைடெப ற நா , இனி வா நா எ ப ப ைடய தமி வ வ ைத ெதரிவ பேதா ம ம லாம தமி ம ன களி வரலா ைற
வ உ ைமேய ேபச ேவ ெமன உ த எ ெகா ேட . தமிழக வரலா ைற ெதரிவ க றன. ஐராவத மகாேதவ அவ க , வரலா கள ச யமான
க க ெவ ல ேசர ம ன களி வரலா ைற உலகற ய ெச தவ ஆவா .
ைர:

நா ற கைலகளி வள ச தா த ைர பட . ஆனா , இ த ைர பட த வள ச யா
நா ற கைலக ெம ல ெம ல அழி வ க றன. அதனா , நா ற கைலகைளேய ந ப வா இய -8
வ கைலஞ களி வா ைக பயண ேக வ ற யாக வ ட . எனேவ, இனியாவ ந ஊ களி
9. ேகாைடமைழ கைத வாய லாக வ ள க ப மனித ேநய ப கைள வ ள க.
நைடெப த வ ழா களி நா ற கைலக வா வழ க நா ற கைலகைள வள ேபா .
நா ற கைலஞ கைள ஊ வ ேபா . ைர:

ெப பைட பாள சா தாத அவ க எ த ய 'ேகாைட மைழ' எ ச கைதய ெவளி ப

அ பைட ப பா மனிதேநய வள க ற . இ ச கைதய வ கைத ம த வாய லாக
இய -7
ெவளி ப மனிதேநய ப கைள இனி கா ேபா .
8. ச ககால வரலா ைற அற ெகா ள, க க ெவ எ வைகய ைண ரிக ற ? - வ ள க.
யரேம வா ைக:
ைர:
ைக ழ ைதைய வ வ நா நா கா ச க யவ க யப , மைனவ ய ப ரிைவ
ச க கால ைத அற ெகா ள இல க ய க ம ேம ைண ரி எ ற த ந ைலய
தா க ெகா ள யாத ஆ க த மக வாழ ப கவ ைல எ வ ஷ ைத
க ெவ க ைணயாக இ க றன எ க டற தா ஐராவத மகாேதவ . ச ககால தமி
இற வ டா . த மைனவ இற த ப மக காக வா தா . ஒ ைற ஆளா வள ஆளா க
ம ன க , த தலாக தமிழக க ெவ களி ேதா ற ய ெச த ைய இ க ைரய கா ேபா .
ேவைலய அம த , அவ ஒ ப ைத உ வா க ெகா தா . ஆனா , அவ அவ
ரியாத த - க ெவ : மைனவ ைக ழ ைதேயா ஆ க ைத தவ க வ ேபா வ டன .

க ெவ ைட வாச ப எ ப எளித . ல படாத எ , அகராத ய அட காத ெசா க , ம கைட பா :

வழ க இ லாத ெச த க என பல தைடகைள கட க ெவ கைள ப உ ைமகைள அற ய
ழ ைத ெந சளி இ பதாக றய ம வ ஊச ேபா ம சீ ெகா க, அைத
ெச வ க னமான பணியா .
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ெப ெகா ம கைட வ தா ஆ க . ம கைடய இ த பா , தன த ைண ெபா த :
ெதரி தவ க ழ ைதைய த ெத வள க ஆைச ப டா க என த யவரிட பல நா எ பா யம ன அற ைட ந ப , ப ச ரா ைதயா எ எளிய லவ , ம களிட வரி வா
றய க றா . அ ேபாெத லா ெசவ சா காத ஆ க இ ெபா அவராகேவ பா வ ட ைற ப ற க றா . ம ன அதைன ஏ க றா . அற ைரைய ஏ க ற ந ப கைள
ெதரி தவ கைள வர ெசா அ மா பாச ெதரியாம இ கஇ ம எ ன பாவ ெச த ? அவ கைள சற ப வதா இ பாட பாடா த ைண ஆய .
உடேன வர ெசா ஆக ேவ யைத பா கலா என ற னா .
2. ெசவ யற உ ைற:
ப ரிவா தவ : அரச ெச யேவ ய கடைமகைள ைற தவறாம ெச மா அவ ேக க அற த
ெசவ யற உ ைறயா .
பா வ த த பத ய னைர பா தேபா அவ களி க களி ழ ைத பா க ய இ ற
தவ தவ , ஏ க , எத பா எ லா ஆ க த ெதளிவாக ெதரி த . அவ களிட சா :
ழ ைத ந றாக வள எ ற ந ப ைக ப ற த . ஆனா ழ ைதைய இனி ப ரி வாழ கா ெந அ கவள ெகாளிேன
ேவ ேம எ ற கவைல ம அவ ைடய மனத ந ழலா ய . ----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
த பத யரி மனிதேநய : யாைன க ல ேபால
தா உ ணா , உலக ெக ேம.
ம நா வ த த பத ய ன ஆ க த ட , "ஐயா ெரா ப ெபரிய மனேசாட எ க வா ைக ஒ
ந ப ைக ெகா த கீ க ந ற ெசா ற பத லா உ களிடேம இ ெமா உதவ ேக க ேறா . ைற ெபா த :
ழ ைதைய ப ரி ச ரம படாம நீ க எ கேளா வ க ஐயா எ க ேப ேம ஒ ஒ மா அள ட இ லாத ந ல த வ ைள த ெந ைல அ கவளமாக ெகா தா , அ
ெபரிய ைணயா பலமா இ . நீ க எ தய காதீ க. நாம ஒ த ஒ த த அளவ யாைன பல நா க உணவாக பய ப . மட ெபரிய வயலாக இ தா யாைன
உதவ யா இ ேபா . சரி ெசா க ஐயா". எ ேக ,த க மனிதேநய ைத ெவளி ப தன . தனி ெச வய உ மாய , அத வாய உணவாக ேபா ெந ைலவ ட அத
கா களி மித ப அழி த ெந அள அத கமாக இ .அ ேபால, அற ைடய அரச வரி
ைர:
வா ைற அற வரி வா க னா , அவ நா மி த யான ெச வ ைத ெப வேதா , ம க
ழ ைதக ெப ேறாரா ெகா டாட ப க றா க . ெப ேறா எ ற ெசா ேல, 'ேப ெப ேறா ' எ ற அளவ ற ெச வ ெப மக வ .
ெபா ெகா ட தா . தா த ைத இ லாத ஏத ழ ைதகளி ந ைல மிக ெகா யதா .
இ வா , ப ச ரா ைதயா எ ற லவ வரிவா ைற ப ற ற ய அற ைரைய பா ய
ழ ைதகைள ஏ வள மனித ப , வரேவ க பட ேவ ய ஒ . ப ைளக இ லாத
ம ன அற ைட ந ப ஏ ெகா டதா இ ெசவ யற உ ைற ஆய .
த ேயா க , இ தைகய ஏத ந ைலய தவ பவ க தா . அவ கைள ஏ அரவைண பவ க
மனிதேநய ைத ேம ப பவ கேள!
3. பரிச ைற:

ைற வ ள க :

பரிச ேவ வாய ந ப பரிச ைறயா .

த ைண - ைற
சா :
1. பாடா த ைண
வாய ேலாேய! வாய ேலாேய!
த ைண வ ள க :
வ ளிேயா ெசவ த வய ெமாழி வ த தா
பா +ஆ + த ைண. பாட ப ஆ மகனி ஒ கலா கைள க வ எ ப இத ெபா ளா .
-------------------------------------------------- மா ெதன.
அதாவ ஒ வ ைடய க , வ ைம, ெகாைட, அ தலான ந ய கைள சற ப பா வ
ைற ெபா த :
பாடா த ைணயா .
ஔைவயா , வ ைர ஓ த ைரகைள ெகா ட அத யமா ெந மா அ ச ய ட , தா எ தய
சா : கவ ைதய ச ற ைப அற பரிசளி க ேவ ெமன பா யதா இ பாட பரிச ைற மாற .
கா ெந அ கவள ெகாளிேன
---------------------------------------------------------------- 4. வாைக த ைண
----------------------------------------------------------------
த ைண வ ள க :
யாைன க ல ேபால
தா உ ணா , உலக ெக ேம. ெவ ற ெப ற அரச அவன ர க ெவ ற ய அைடயாளமாக வாைக ைவ
ெவ ற ைய ெகா டா வ வாைக த ைணயா .
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 89 90
சா : அணி இல கண
ைவயக பனி ப வலேன வைளஇ 1. ந ர ந ைற அணி
ெபா யா வான ெபய ெபாழி ெதன "அ அற உைட தாய இ வா ைக
--------------------------------------------------------ந க. ப பய அ "- இ ற பாவ பய வ அணிைய வ ள க.
த ைண ெபா த : இ ற பாவ பய வ அணி ந ர ந ைற அணியா .

பா ய ெந ெசழிய ளி கால பாசைறய (பைட ) வாைக ைவ த அணி வ ள க :

ேபா ர க ட ெகா டா வதா இ பாட வாைக த ைண ஆய .
ெச ளி ெசா ைல ெபா ைள வரிைச ைறயாக ந த ெபா ெகா வ ந ர ந ைற
அணி ஆ .
5. த பாசைற ைற:
அணி ெபா த :
ைற வ ள க :
இ ற பாவ தல ய அ அற எ ற ெசா க உ ளன. அ தஅ ய இ ெசா க
ேபா ேம ெச ற அரச ளி கால த த பைட த பாசைற. இைணயான ப பய எ ற ெசா க அைம ளன. இ வா , அ ப ப ைப
அற த பயைன ைற பட அைம ளைமயா இ ந ர ந ைற அணி ஆய .
சா :

ைவயக பனி ப வலேன வைளஇ 2. ஏகேதச உ வக அணி

ெபா யா வான ெபய ெபாழி ெதன "ச ன எ ேச தாைர ெகா இன எ

--------------------------------------------------------ந க. ஏம ைணைய .

ைற ெபா த : இ ற பாவ பய வ அணி ஏகேதச உ வக அணியா .

ஆய களி ப க ளிரினா ந க ன. வ ல க , பறைவக ளி மி த யா தவ தன. அணி வ ள க :

அ தைகய ளி கால த பா ய ெந ெசழிய த ேபா ர க ட பாசைறய த க யதா ெச ளி ற எ ெகா ட ெபா களி ஒ ைற ம உ வக ெச , ம ெறா ைற
இ பாட த பாசைற ைற ஆய . உ வக ெச யாம வ வ வ ஏகேதச உ வக அணியா .

6. ெந த த ைண: அணி ெபா த :

கட கட சா த இட ெந தலா . ச ன ைத ெந பாக ற ைத பா கா ெத பமாக உ வக ப தவ , சன

ெகா ளாம இ தா தா வா ைக எ கடைல கட க எ ற வ த வ வ ,
சா : வா ைகைய கடலாக உ வக ெச யாம வ வ டதா இஃ ஏகேதச உ வக அணி ஆய .

ெப கட ேவ ட ச பரதவ 3. ெதாழி உவைம அணி

இ கழி ெச வ உழாஅ ெச த அகலா அ கா தீ கா வா ேபா க
----------------------------------------------------------------- இக ேவ த ேச ஒ வா - இ ற பாவ பய வ அணிைய வ ள க.
ெந ேநேர ெவ க உ இ ற பாவ பய வ அணி ெதாழி உவைம அணியா .
த ைண ெபா த : அணி வ ள க :
நல - ெப கட , ஒ ெபா ைள ம ெறா ெபா ெதாழி அ பைடய ஒ ைம கா வ ெதாழி
உவைமயணி ஆ .
ெப ெபா - கா கால , ளி கால , பனி, ப பனி, இளேவனி , ேவனி .
அணி ெபா த :
ச ெபா - எ பா
தீ கா வா அகலா அ கா ெந ப ற ப ட ர த இ ப ேபா அரச கைள
ம க - பரதவ , உண -உ மா றாக ெப ற ெந , ெதாழி - மீ ப த ,உ வ ைளவ த சா த ேபா அரசரிட மிக ெந காம வ லக இ லாம அளேவா ப வமாக
நட ெகா ள ேவ .
தலான கட ப தய வா ம களி வா வ யைல வதா இ பாட ெந த த ைண ஆய .
இ , தீ கா வாரி ெதாழி அரசனிட பணி ெச பவ உவைமயாக ற ப டதா இ
ெதாழி உவைமயணி ஆய .
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4. எ கா உவைமயணி 7. ெசா ெபா ப வ ந ைலயணி

ச னா ெச தாரி ேவ அ ல எ ஞா அணி வ ள க : ெச ளி ன வ த ெசா அேத ெபா ளி பல ைற வ வ ெசா ெபா

ந உ பா க உ பவ . ப வ ந ைலயணி ஆ .

இ ற பாவ பய வ அணி எ கா உவைம அணியா . சா : எ ணிய எ ணியா எ பஎ ணியா

அணி வ ள க : த ணிய ஆக ெபற

உவைம ஒ ெதாடராக உவேமய ம ெறா ெதாடராக அைம இைடய ஒ ைம கா ேபால அணி ெபா த :
எ உவம உ மைற வ வ எ கா உவைமயணி ஆ .
ஒ ெசயைல அைடய ந ைன தவ மனஉ த உைடயவராக இ தா அவ ந ைன த ெசயைல
அணி ெபா த : ந ைன தவாேற அைடவ .

இ ற பாவ 'எ ணிய' எ ெசா ந ைன த எ ஒேர ெபா ளி பல ைற வ ளதா

உற க யவ இற தவைர வ ட ேவ ப டவ அ ல . அ ேபால க உ பவ ந உ பவேர ஆவா .
இ ெசா ெபா ப வ ந ைலயணி ஆய .
உவைம : ச னா ெச தாரி ேவ அ ல .
உவேமய : ந உ பா க பவ . 8. ெபா ேவ ைம அணி
உவம உ : ேபால மைற வ ள . அணி வ ள க :

5.உவைம அணி ெச ளி கவ ஞ இ ேவ ெபா க இைடேய த ஒ ைமைய ற, பற

ஒ ற ம ெறா ைற ேவ ப த கா வ ெபா ேவ ைம அணி ஆ .
அணி வ ள க :
சா :
உவைம ஒ ெதாடராக உவேமய ம ெறா ெதாடராக அைம இைடய உவம உ
ஓ க ைட வ உய ேதா ெதாழ வ ள க
ெவளி ப வ மாய அஃ உவைம அணியா .
ஏ ெகா நீ ஞால ( ) இ ளக - ஆ கவ
சா : உட பா இலாதவ வா ைக ட க
மி ேன தனியாழி ெவ கத ெரா ( ) ஏைனய
பா ேபா உட உைற த . த ேன இலாத தமி !

அணி ெபா த : அணி ெபா த :

அக த உட பா இ லாதவ ட வா வா ைக ஒ ைசய பா ட வா வ இ பாட கத ரவ தமி இ ைள ேபா க றன எ ற பய சா த ஒ ைமைய த

ற , அவ தமி த ேனரி லாத எ ற த ைமைய ேவ ப த கா ளதா இ பாட
ேபா றதா . பய வ ள அணி ெபா ேவ ைம அணியா .

உவைம : ட க பா ேபா உட ைறத . இல க ய நய பாரா க

உவேமய : உட பா இலாதவ வா ைக.
ச க
உவம உ : 'அ ' ெவளி பைடயாக வ ள . லவ தைம
அ ச க ேள
6. ெசா ெபா ப வ ந ைலயணி
அள பரிய ெபா
அணி வ ள க : ெச ளி ன வ த ெசா அேத ெபா ளி பல ைற வ வ ெசா ெபா
ெசா ச க மாக
ப வ ந ைலயணி ஆ . ைவமி த கவ
சா : எ ெபா யா யா வா ேக ப அ ெபா அ த க ெள லா
அைம த ெப மா ! -க ணதாச
ெம ெபா கா ப அற
ைர
அணி ெபா த :
கவ யர க ணதாச கால த த கவ ட ஆவா . அவ தமிழக அரச அரசைவ கவ ஞராக, தமி
எ த க ைத எவ ற னா அ க த உ ைமைய கா பேத அற வா . அ ைனய தவ த வராக, எ ைறய டா ம னராக வ ள க யவ . இல க ய
ைறய இதழிய ைறய த ைர ைறய எ த கைழ ந ைலந த மைற த ப ன ,த
இ ற பாவ 'ெபா 'எ ெசா க எ ஒேர ெபா ளி பல ைற வ ளதா இ
த ைரய ைச பாட களா அைனவரி உ ள த வா ெகா பவ . பா ய க ச க
ெசா ெபா ப வ ந ைலயணி ஆய . ைவ தமி வள த ெச த ைய இ பாட உ ள இல க ய நய கைள இனி கா ேபா .

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 93 94
தர டக : ெவ வ ைண ைட கா
ச ட சட ச ட சட ட டா எ
பா ய ம ன க கட ெகா ட ம ைர, கபாட ர இ ைறய ம ைர ஆக ய இட களி
ச க க அைம தன . ெப லவ கைள அைழ தன . அ ச க களி அளவ லாத தாள க ெகா கைன வான
அக ெபா ற ெபா க க ந ைற த ெசா ைவ ெபா ைவ மி த கவ ைதகைள எ த ைச இ ய - மைழ
அர ேக ற ன . எ ஙன வ ததடா த ப ரா! - பாரத யா
ைமய க : ஆச ரிய ற :
பா ய ச க ைவ தமி வள தசற இ கவ ைதய ற ப கற . இ பதா றா வ ெவ ளி, ைம கவ ஞ , ேதச ய கவ , மகாகவ எ ெற லா
அைழ க ப ட பாரத பா ெகா லவனா தக ம களிட தமி உண ைவ வ தைல
ேமாைன நய :
உண ைவ ஊ யவ . நா வ தைல, ச க நல , ெமாழி த யன ற பா ய பாரத ,
ெச ளி சீ ேதா அ ேதா தெல ஒ ற வர ெதா ப ேமாைன ெதாைட ஆ .
இய ைக ப ற ய பாடைல பா ளா .
ச க - லவ , அ ச க - அள பரிய
ைமய க : 'இ மி ன ட எ த ைச வான ெபாழி த ெப மைழ' எ பேத இ பாட
ெசா ச க - ைவமி த , அ த க - அைம த
எ ைக நய : ைமய க தா

ெச ளி தெல அளெவா த க, இர டாெம ஒ ற வர ெதா ப எ ைக ெதாைட ேமாைன : ர த ைர - வ ைண, எ - எ ஙன

ஆ .
எ ைக : ெவ - ெகா - ச ட - எ
ச க - அ ச க , ெசா ச க - அ த க
இர ைட க ளவ : 'ச ட சட' எ ஒ ற இர ைட க ளவ யாக வ ள .
இைய நய :
அணி: இ பாட மைழய ேபா நக நக சக மிைகபட ற ப க றன. அதனா இ பாட
ெச ளி இ த எ ேதா, அைசேயா, சீேரா ஒ ற வர ெதா ப இைய ெதாைட ஆ . உய நவ ச அணி பய வ ள .
தைம , ெபா , கவ
ச த : இ பாட ச பா வைகைய சா த .
அணி நய :
ைவ: உவைக ைவ
இ பாட ' ' எ ற ெசா ெதா எ ற ெபா ளி பல ைற வ ளதா ெசா ெபா
ப வ ந ைலயணி அைம ள . தைல :எ த மைழ

ச த : இய 3

எ ைக ேமாைனகைள ெகா இைச பத ஏ ற இனிய ச த நய ட அைம ள . ெப ெற த தமி தாைய ப னா த ளி

ப றெமாழி ச ற பளி த ப ைழைய நீ க
ைவ:
ஊ ெற ேத அ ைரயா உ க ைவ த
ேவ த களி பா ய க ம ேம ச க அைம தமி வளர அ பா ப டன .எனேவ,
உலக த தமி ெமாழி நக உ ேடா?
இ பாட ெப மித எ ைவ பய வ ள .
க ண ேத அத இனிைம கா பா எ
தைல :
க பெனா வ வைன கா
'உய தமி வள த ச க ' ெத ெறனந அக க ைண த ற வ ட

ைர: ெத வ கவ பாரத ஓ ஆசா த ண . - நாம க கவ ஞ

காைர அ க ளச ட ப ய அவதரி த கவ யர க ணதாச அவ க த ைடய ஆச ரிய ற :

எளிய தமிழா கவ ைதகளி த ைரய ைச பாட களி த வ க கைள த தவ . ெசா ைவ நாம க கவ ஞ ெவ. ராம க ப ைள அவ க ச ற த தமி அற ஞ , ச ற த கவ ஞ ஆவா . இவ
ெபா ைவ ெதாைடநய மி த யாக ந ைற த இ பாட க பவரி ச தைன த றைன ேதச ய ைத கா த ய ைத ேபா ற பல கவ ைதகைள பைட ளா . இவர கால த த தர
வதாக அைம ள . ேபாரா ட ைத ப ற கா த ய வழிய பாட க பல பா யதா கா த ய கவ ஞ என அைழ க ப டா .
தமிழக அரச த அரசைவ கவ ஞரான இவ ேதச ய ேபாரா ட களி த ைன அ பணி
இய 2
ெகா டவ .
ெவ ய மி ன - கட
ைமய க : 'அக க ைண த ற த பாரத ஓ ஆசா 'எ பாரத ைய நாம க கவ ஞ
ர த ைரெகா வ ைண ய ;
சற ப ளா .
ெகா ய ேமக -
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ேமாைன: ெப ெற த - ப னா , ப றெமாழி - ப ைழைய (சீ ேமாைன)
ெப ெற த - ப றெமாழி , ஊ ெற ேத - உலக த , (அ ேமாைன )
இய 6
எ ைக: ெப ெற த - ஊ ெற ேத - க ண ேத - ெத ெறனந
அ தய ளா க உல க ேட
அணி: தமிழி ச ற ைப உ ள உ ளப ேய இய பா ெசா ய பாரத ப ற ற ப வதா
அ வாேற வா க ேட , த ைசக க ேட
இ பாட இய நவ ச அணி பய வ ள .
ப த ய த காரி தா ச ரி த ேடா?
ச த :எ சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த தா இய ற ப ஆச ரிய பாவ ரிய அகவேலாைச ெப
ெப ச ரி ப ஒளி ேதா ந லேவ நீதா
வ ள . ச தாம ச தறாம அழைக ெய லா
ைவ: இ பாட 'ெப மித ' எ ைவ பய வ ள . ேசகரி ளிேர ற ஒளி ஊ
இ தாெவ ேறஇய ைக அ ைன வானி
தைல : ெத வ கவ பாரத .
எழி வா ைவ ச தரி த வ ண தாேனா? - பாரத தாச
ஆச ரிய ற :

இய 5 ர ச கவ எ பாேவ த எ அைழ க ப ட பாரத தாச அவ க தமிழாச ரிய , கவ ஞ ,

த ைர கதாச ரிய , எ தாள எ ப ேவ ைறகளி தமி ெமாழிய இனிைமைய ம களிட
ப ற ப னா எவ - உலக
எ ெச றவ . ச ற த கான சாக த ய அகாதமி வ ெப றவ .
ெப ைம வாராத பா!
ைமய க : வான த ஒளிந லவ உதய ைத இய ைக அ ைனய ெகாைட எ க றா கவ ஞ .
சற ேவ ெமனி -ந ல
ெச ைக ேவ ம பா! ேமாைன: அ த ய ளா - அ வாேற, ப த ய த - ெப ச ரி ப , ச தாம - ேசகரி
ந ைம ெச பவேர - உலக
எ ைக: அ த ய ளா - ப த ய த - ச தாம - இ தாெவ
நா ேம ல தா !
இைய : க ேட , க ேட
த ைம ெச பவேர - அ
தீ டஒ ணாதா ! - கவ மணி ேதச க வ நாயக அணி: வானி நல ேதா ற யைத ெசா ச த ர தா உ ள உ ளப ேய வதா இய நவ ச
அணி பய வ ள .
ஆச ரிய ற : ச த :எ சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த தா இய ற ப ஆச ரிய பாவ ரிய அகவேலாைச
கவ மணி ேதச க வ நாயக ப ைள அவ க க னியா மரி மாவ ட த ச வதா ப ைள ெப வ ள .
ஆத ல மி ஆக ேயா 1876 ஆ ஆ மகனாக ப ற தா . ஓ உத ர த ேல வ ஒ
ைவ: இ பாட உவைக ைவ பய வ ள .
க ணீரிேல ேத பா தா சாத ெதரிவ ேடா என சம வ பாைத ேபச ம களிட எ ச ைய
வ தைல ேவ ைகைய ஏ ப த யவ . இல க ய பாட க , ச க பாட க , ேதச ய பாட க தைல : ஒளி ந லேவ
பலவ ைற எ த ளா .

ைமய க : 'இ லக ந ல ெசய கைள ெச பவேர உய ல தவ ' எ க றா கவ மணி. இய 7

ேமாைன: ப ற ப னா - ெப ைம, சற - ெச ைக, ந ைம - நா , த ைம - தீ ட மி ச கா பாைலைய
த கட களா ேவ
எ ைக: ப ற ப னா - சற , ந ைம - த ைம
யைல ப த ேய - ேகா
ர : ந ைம X த ைம, ேம ல தா X தீ டஒ ணாதா
த ய ெத றலா ேவ
இைய : வாராத பா - ேவ ம பா இரவ வ மீ காச ைன - ெச த
இரவலேரா ேப ேவ !
அணி: க கைள உ ள உ ளப ேய இய பா ற யதா இய நவ ச அணி பய வ ள .
இரெவரி பரித ைய - ஏைழ
ச த : எ ைக ேமாைனகைள ெகா இைச பத ஏ ற இனிய ச த நய ட அைம ள .
வ றெகரி க ேவ . - நா. காமராச
ைவ: இ பாட ெப மித ைவ இளிவர ைவ இட ெப ள . ஆச ரிய ற :
கவ ைத இய க ேனா தமி த ைர பட பாடலாச ரிய மான நா. காமராச ெதாட க த
தைல : ந ெசயைல நானில ேபா
மர கவ ைத எ த வ த இவ கால ேபா க கவ ைத மாற அவ ற ேல த ச ற ைப

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வ .கைல ெச வ , கைல தமிழாச ரிய , அர ேம ந ைல ப ளி, கீழ காவ டா ற ச
 97 98
ந ைலநா யவ . 'கவ யர ' எ ற ப ட ெப ற இவ அழகான கவ ைதகளா ெபா தம ற ப வ பழெமாழிகைள வா ைக ந க ேவா ெபா த எ க.
ெகா ைககைள சா பவ .
1. யாைன அ ச
ைமய க : க னமான வா ைவ ெம ைமயாக ேம ைமயாக மா ற ேவ எ க றா கவ ஞ .
ெபா : ச ல ேநர களி த றைமயானவ களி த றைம ட ேசாதைன வ .
ேமாைன: மி ச கா - யைல, இரவ - இரெவரி
வா ைக ந க : 1983ஆ ஆ இ த ய க ரி ெக அணி ஒ சரி த ர மி த ஆ டா .
எ ைக: இரவ - இரெவரி இ ேபா க ரி ெக கட ளாக ேபா ற ப எ தஒ ர அ ேபா இ ைல. ஆனா நக த
சரி த ர . 1975, 1979ஆ ஆ களி நட த உலக ேகா ைப க ரி ெக ேபா ய உலக வ லைம
இைய : கட களா ேவ - ெத றலா ேவ - ேப ேவ - ேவ
ெகா ட அணியாக க த ப ட ேம க த ய தீ க அணிேய ேகா ைபைய ெவ ற . 1983இ நட த
ர : ய X த ய ெத ற உலக ேகா ைப இ த ேபா ய த ேறா ெவளிேயற வ எ எத பா க ப ட இ தய
அணி , வ ைம மி த ேம க த ய தீ க அணி ேமாத ன. அ ேபா ய யா எத பா காத
அணி: இ பாட உய நவ ச அணி பய வ ள .
இ த ய அணி ேம க த ய தீ க அணிைய ெவ ேகா ைபைய த ெச ற . யாைன அ
ச த : எ ைக ேமாைனகைள ெகா இைச பத ஏ ற இனிய ச த நய ட அைம ள . ச எ ப ேபா ேம க த ய தீ க அணி ேதா ற .

ைவ: இ பாட ெப மித ைவ பய வ ள . : வ ைம மி த ேம க த ய தீ க அணி 'யாைன அ ச ' எ ப ேபா இ தய

அணிய ட ேதா ற .
தைல : உலைக மா ேவ
2. த ைன வ ைத தவ த ைன அ பா வ ைன வ ைத தவ வ ைன அ பா
இய 8
ெபா : த ைன வ ைத தா வய த ைன வ ைள ; அ ேபால ெச ெசய ேக ற பல
வானர க கனிெகா ம த ெயா ெகா க ைட .
ம தச கனிக வா கவ க ெக
வா ைக ந க : ெபா ெகா ல , பா ய ம ன மைனவ ேகா ெப ேதவ ய ச ல ைப
கானவ க வ ழிெயற வானவைர யைழ பா
த னா . ஆனா காரி ச ல ைப வ அத ல ெபா ளீ டலா என ந ைன
கமனச த வ வ காயச த வ ைள பா
ம ைர வ த த ேகாவலைன க டா . அவ மீ பழி ம த னா . ேகாவலைன அரச ய
ேதன வ த ைரெய ப வானி வழி ெயா ச ல ைப த யவ என பா ய ம னைன ந ப ைவ தா . ஆரா பாராத ம ன ெகாைல
ெச கத ேரா பரி கா ேத கா வ த டைன த தா . ஊ வ ைன உ வ ஊ ட அதாவ ப றவ ய வ ைளவா ேகாவல
ன ள ப ைற த ேவணியல கார ெகாைல ெச ய ப டா .இ தய உ ைமயாக ச ல ைப த ய ெபா ெகா ல மரண த டைன
றால த ரி ட மைலெய க மைலேய. - த ரி ட ராச ப கவ ராய . ெப றா .

: த ைன வ ைத தவ த ைன அ பா ; வ ைன வ ைத தவ வ ைன அ பா எ ற பழெமாழி
ஆச ரிய ற : ெபா தமாக இ ந க அைம ள .
த ரி ட ராச ப கவ ராய ச றல கய பா வத வ லவ . அத ஓைச நய ட ய ச 3. ற பா க ற இ ைல
பாட கைள பா வத தற மி கவ . இவ எ தய றால றவ ச தமி நர பய லா .
றால மைலவள ேப இ பாட உ ள பாநய கைள கா ேபா . ெபா :எ தத ெக லா ைற க டா உற ந ைல கா .

ைமய க : றால மைல வள சற இ பாட இட ெப ள . வா ைக ந க : அழக எ பவ ஆ , மா , ேகாழி, நா என பலவைக உய ரின கைள வள

ேமாைன: வானர க - வா கவ க வ தா . ப க வளவ எ பவ வச வ தா . இ வ ஆர ப த ந ட பழக

வ தா க . வளவ அழக உய ரின க வள ப ெகா ச ப கவ ைல. தா வள
எ ைக: வானர க - கானவ க - ேதன வ - ன ள ேதா ட ைத ஆ , மா , ேகாழி நாச ெச வதாக அ க அழகனிட ைற ற ேய வ தா . இதனா
இ வ அ க ச ைடக நக தன. உற ற தன.
இைய : ெகா - ெக , யைழ பா - வ ைள பா , ெயா - வ
: எ தெத ெக லா ைற க ட வளவனி வா ைக ' ற பா க ற இ ைல' எ ற
அணி: இ பாட உய நவ ச அணி பய வ ள .
பழெமாழி எ கா டாக உ ள .
ச த :எ சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த தா இய ற ப ஆச ரிய பாவ ரிய அகவேலாைச
4. எ ஊர க ேத
ெப வ ள .
ைவ: இ பாட ெப மித ைவ பய வ ள . ெபா : எ நா ேதா ஊ ெச றா க ேத வ . அ ேபா ச க ச க ய றா
ெசய ந ைறவைட .
தைல : றால மைலவள
வா ைக ந க : தமி ேவ த எ பவ ஏைழ ப த ப ற தவ . ப ளி ப ைப அர
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ெகா ேபாேத எ ப யாவ தமி நா அர ேத வாைணய நட ேத வ ெவ ற ெப
அர பணிய ேச வ ட ேவ எ ப அவ ைடய தீரா ஆைச. த தக கைள த ர னா .
ப க ஆர ப தா . த ேத வ ேதா வ . மன தளரவ ைல. இர டாவ ேத ைவ எ த னா கீ கா ப த ைய ப , ப றெமாழி ெசா கைள க டற தமி ப க.
அத ேதா வ .வ வ டவ ைல. றாவ ைற ய ச ைய ெதாட தா . க ைட த ெவ ற .
ச கா ெகா ச பள ஜீவன ேபா மா? அத ஜீவன நட த மா? எ அவ
ேச தா அர பணிய . மக த அவன ப .
ச த த க ைடயா . ச த க ய ற க ைடயா . எ லா மாைய; உ ர ந ஆ மா
: எ ஊற க ேத எ ப ேபா ய ச ைய ெதாட ெகா ேட இ தா ெவ ற மா படவ ைல. தா ேவ இ த மாைய ேவ . தா இ த ப ரப ச ைத ஆ ைவ ச தய ஒ
ந சய .
அ ச எ த டமாக ந ப ய தா . ஏென றா , அவர ஆ ம வ சார ைத ேசாதைன ேபா பா க
5. ஊழி ெபயரி தா ெபயரா இ வைர ெத வ ேகா ம ஷ ேகா அவகாச க ைட தத ைல. ம ஷவ க வ ேம த ைன
பைட தவ ைடய த ைமைய ட ேபா பா ப ேபால தவ ேம தவ ெச ெகா த .
ெபா : உலகேம அழி தா சா ேறா க எ த க ந ைலய மாற மா டா க .

வா ைக ந க :க ண ெகாைடய ச ற தவ . ெச ேசா கட காக , அரச பதவ ெகா த

ந ற கட காக இ த வைர ரிேயாதனனி ேதாழனாக இ உய நீ தா . ேபா கள த ப றெமாழி ெசா தமி ெசா ப றெமாழி ெசா தமி ெசா
அ னனி அ பா வ க ட க றா . அவ உய ைர அவ ெச த தான த ம பா கா க ற .
வ சகமாக அவ உய ைர கவர ந ைன த மாய க ண க ணனிட ெச க றா . அ தணனாக ச கா அர ச த ஆ ற
ெச தான த ம கைள ேக க றா . க ண த யா தாைரவா தான த ம ைத ச பள ஊத ய அ ச ப த, பற
ெகா தா .
ஜீவன வா ைக அவகாச வா
: சா ேறா க எ த ந ைலய மாற மா டா க எ பத இ நக சா றா .
ஆ மா உய ம ச மனித

ப ரப ச உலக ஆ மவ சார மன கவைல

க பட ைத ரி ெகா ப த யாக எ க.
மாைய இ ப ேபா ேதா வ ட ேசாதைன, ெந
ச க இல க ய க

எ ெதாைக ப பா
அக ற அக ற அக ற
கீ கா ப த ைய ப ஐ வ னா கைள உ வா க.
ந ற ைண றநா பரிபாட ற ச பா ம ைர கா ச
ெமாழி எ ப ம க பைட கா அரியெதா கைல. ெமாழிேய ம களி அற ைவ வள
ெதாைக பத ப ைல பா த கா பைட
உய அரிய க வ யாக உ ள . ெப ற தாய த ேவ ைக த ழ ைத ட ேப த . அவ
ஐ ெந ந வாைட ெபா நரா பைட த அைட ெபரிய மக ச ழ ைதய ேப ைச ேக பேத ஆ . ழ ைதய மன வள ச ேயா
ெதாட ைடய ெமாழி வள ச ேய ஆ . மன எ ப ெப பா ெமாழியா வள அைம த .
அகநா ப ன பாைல ெப பாணா பைட
மன த வள ச ஏ பேவ ேப ேவாரி ெமாழி வள ச ெப ந . ம க அைனவ
க ெதாைக ச பாணா பைட
ெமாழி ஆச ரியராக உ ளன ; மாணவராக உ ளன . ெமாழிைய வள பவ ம கேள;
தரா பைட ெமாழியா வள பவ ம கேள..

வ னா க :
ச க இல க ய க இ வைக ப . அைவ எ ெதாைக ப பா ஆ . எ ெதாைக
1. ம க பைட கா அரியெதா கைல எ ?
கைள அக , ற , அக ற என றாக வைக ப தலா . ந ற ைண, ெதாைக, ஐ ,
அகநா , க ெதாைக ஆக ய ஐ க அக ெபா சா தைவயா . றநா , 2. ெப ற தாய த ேவ ைக எ ?
பத ப ஆக ய இர க ற ெபா ப ற யதா . பரிபாட எ ற ம அக
ற கல த லா . 3. ழ ைதய மனவள ச ேயா ெதாட ைடய எ ?

ப பா கைள அக ற என இ வைகயாக ப கலா . ற ச பா , ைல பா , 4. ெமாழி வள ச எத அ பைடய அைம ?

ெந ந வாைட, ப ன பாைல ஆக ய நா க அக ெபா சா தைவயா . ம ைர கா ச, 5. ம க ெமாழி எ தைகய ந ைலய உறவாக உ ளன ?

த கா பைட, ெபா நரா பைட, ெப பாணா பைட, ச பாணா பைட,
தரா பைட ஆக ய ஆ க ற ெபா சா தைவயா .
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ெமாழிெபய ப த ைய ப 20 ஆ க ல ெசா கைள அத தமிழா க ைத எ 2. The Series dearth of library facilities in this country is scarcely keeping with India's status in the international
community of nations or with her educational and social needs.In this matter. India compares unfavorabley not only
எ க.
with other independent Dominions of the commonwealth but even with certain British colonies. She possess only
one public library on any considerable size, and even this institution is inadequate to serve the need of the capital
1. In 1977, shacked at the environmental devastation caused by deforestation in her beloved Kenya, Wangari
city. Only a few towns can boast of possessing any library at all. The rural population is completely neglected; There
Mathai founded the Green Belt Movement. For thirty years has enabled many women to plant trees in their regions are no travelling libraries to reach them of kind that are to be found even in some backward countries.
providing them with food, fuel and halting soil erosion and desertification. She used the movement to enlighten the
The growth of libraries has lagged. Far behind the increase in the number of schools and the rise in the rate of
people on the fruits of representative democracy. This led Kenya to Kenya's first fully democratic elections in a
literacy . The great mass of the people in India do not have the means to buy books or even magazines and
generation. In the election, Mathai was elected to the Parliament and made a Minister of environment. She was newspapers; in the absence of sufficient public libraries and reading room, most of them cannot attain regular
conferred a Nobel Prize in 2004 because of her outstanding success in guiding Kenyan women to plant more than reading habits.
thirty million trees. She has transformed the lives of tens of thousands of women through sustainable social forestry
இ த நா லக வசத களி மி த ப றா ைறயா க வ ம ச க ேதைவக காரணமாக
schemes. ப னா ச க த இ த யாவ ந ைலைய பா கா ப அரிதாகேவ இ க ற . இத ம ற
காம ெவ த ேய ைச ஆ ச நா க ம ம லா ச ல ஆ க ேலய காலனிகளி ெபா வான
1977 ஆ ஆ தன உய ரி இனிய ெக யா நா கா க அளி க ப டதா ஏ ப ட ேபரழி க
ெச வ எ ப இ த யா ட ஒ பட ப கற . இ த லக வள ச ய காம ெவ நா கேளா ,
மன ெவ ப வ காரி ம தா ப ைம வளாக இய க ைத ேதா வ தா .அைத ெதாட 30 ஆ க ,இ த
ஆ க ல நா கேளா ஒ ப ேபா ந ந ைல சாதகம றதாக காண ப க ற . இ த யாவ ஒேர ஒ
இய க தா பல ஆ ப ரி க ெப க தம ப த களி மர கைள ந , அத வழியாக த க ேதைவயான
ெபா லக ம இ க ற . அ ேவ தைலநகர த அ பைட வசத ைய த ெச ய ய
உணைவ எரிெபா ைள தாேம ஈ யேதா ந லாம ஆ ப ரி காவ ந லவ ய ம அரி பா நல
பாைலவனமாவைத த ந த ன . அவ இ த இய க த வழியாக ம களா ச ய பய கைள அற ய அளவ இ ைல. லக வசத ய க ராம ற ம க ஒ க ப ளன . அ ேக நடமா லக க
ெச தா . இ அ தைல ைறய ன அைனவ த ைறயாக ேத த ப ேக வா ைப ஏ ப த எ இ ைல. ச ல ப த க ய நா களி ட இேத ந ைல காண ப க ற .
ெகா த . இ ேத த வ காளி ம தா நாடா ம ற உ ப னராக ேத ெச ய ப பற ழ
லக வள ச தைட ப ள . இதனா ப ளிக , அற வள ச ப
அைம சரானா . ெக ய ெப க வழிகா 3 ேகா மர கைள ந வள ததா அவர த னலம ற
த ள ப ள .மிக அத க அள ம க ெதாைக ெகா ட இ த யா, லக க மிக அத கள
பணிைய பாரா , 2004ஆ ஆ வ காரி ம தா ேநாப பரி வழ க ப ட . ந ைலயான வள ச ைய உ த
கைள வா க யவ ைல. இ லக களி ெச த தா க இத க ட இட ெபறவ ைல.
ெச ச க கா க வள த ட த ல ப லாய ர கண கான ெப களி வா வ ம மல ச ைய
ைறயான வசத க இ லாத லக களி ப அைறக ப க பய ப வ இ ைல.
ஏ ப த னா .

இ ப ஆ க ல - தமி ெசா க
3. Periyar was not only a great social revolutionary; he was something more than that. He is known as a great
1. Green Belt Movement - ப ைம வளாக இய க 2. Shocked - அத ச அைட champion of the underprivileged; even in this sphare he was much more than that. His sphare of activity was very
wide and when he took up any issue he went deep into it, understood all the aspects of it and did not rest until he had
3. Food - உண 4. Fuel - எரிெபா 5. Soil erosion - ம அரி 6. Guiding - வழிகா த
found a permanent solution to it. Communal difference in our society were deep rooted and appeared to be
7. Generation - தைல ைறய ன 8. Parliament - பாரா ம ற 9. Minister - அைம ச permanent features of our society until Periyar came on the scene.

10. Sustainable - ந ைலயான 11. Desertification - பாைலவனமாத 12. Deforestation - கா க அழி ெபரியா ஒ ச தாய ர ச யாள ம ம ல ; அைத தா ச ல ச ற கைள ெப றவ .
உரிைமய இ ேதா உரிைம ெப த த ஒ மா ர . அவ இ த ைறய எ வள ெச ய
13. Election - ேத த 14. Halting - த 15. Movement - இய க 16. Success - ெவ ற ேமா அைதவ ட ப மட ெச ளா . அவ எ த ஒ ேகாரி ைகைய எ ெகா டா , அத
17. Providing - வழ 18. Social forests - ச க கா க 19 regions - ப த களி 20. People - ம க பர வ ரி த ெசய பா க ட ெசய ப வா ; அத அவ ஆ ெசய ப வா . ச கநீத ய
ெபரியா ப ேக வைர சாத ேவ பா க ச தாய த ஆழமாக ேவ ற இ த . ெபரியாரி
வ ைக ப றேக ச க த சாப ேகடான அ கைளய ப ட .

தமிழா க த க.
1. In terms of human development objectives, education is an end in itself, not just a means to an end. Education is
a basic human right. It is also the key which opens many economic, social and political doors for people. It increases
access to income and employment opportunities. While economists generally analyse the importance of education
largely as a means for better opportunities in life and thatis the main theme of this chapter let it be clearly stated
that educating people is a worthy goal in itself, irrespective of the economic rates of return.
4. Popular as the 'Cultural Capital' of India, Tamil Nadu is extremely well known for its marvellous temples and
others architectural gems. The state rose to prominence primarily because of this it's well - known and outstanding
Tanjore Paintings that flourished at the time of Chola dynasty in ancient Tanjavoor. In this traditional art form, the
paintings showcase the embellished form of the sacred deities of the region. The deities in the paintings are
festooned with glass pieces, pearls, semi- precious stones, and gold and other vibrant colours.In the modern times,
Tanjore Paintings looks up to human figures, animals, floral motifs and birds as muses.

மனித ஆ ற வள ச க வ ேய ஒ ைவ ஏ ப க ற . ஆனா அ ேவ ஒ த இ த ய ப பா தைலநகர என ேபா ற ப தமி நா , க ைண கவ ேகாவ களா

வ ல. க வ க ப எ ப மனிதனி உரிைமகளி ஒ . ம க நல காக ெபா ளாதார , க ைத கவ க டட கைலயா க ெப வள க ற . தமிழக கைலகளி ச கர என
ச தாய , அரச ய ஆக ய கத கைள த ற த ற ேகாலாக க வ பய ப க ற . வ வா , ேவைல கழ பட காரணமாக இ ப , ேசாழ கால த த ைச ெபரிய ேகாவ உ ள வ ண ஓவ ய களா .
ெப த ஆக ய வா கைள வள க க வ ைகெகா க ற . ெபா ளாதார வ ந க ெபா வாக அ த வ ண ஓவ ய கைல, மர வழி ெசழி பைட தக பழைமயான வழிபா ெத வ கைள
ஆ ெச ேபா க வ ம க வா வ பல வா கைள ஏ ப கற . இ த ப தய ந ைன வனவாக இ தன. அ த வ ண க க ணா களா , களா ,
க யமாக ெதளி ப வ எ னெவ றா ம க க வ அற ைவ வள பத ல ஒ ைவர க களா ,த க ம பல வ ண கலைவகளா ஆனைவயா . இ ைறய காலக ட த
க ய இல ைக அைடய உத . ெபா ளாதார வள ச ய தவறான ந ைலய சரியான ந ைல த ைச வ ண ஓவ ய க , மனித உ வ கைள ,வல கைள , மல கைள , பறைவகைள த
ெகா வர பய ப . உண ெவளி பா ட கைல நய ேதா அைம க ப ளன.
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5. I make sure I have the basic good habits which include respecting my elders, greeting people when I meet them, இத ெவ ற ெபற
wishing them well when departing etc. Other than this, observing the law, serving the poor and downtrodden, helping
the sick and needy, giving shelter to the homeless, assisting someone with a physically challenged etc. are also வ ேவ ;வ ெவளிய இய க ற
other good habits of mine. To lead on a peaceful life, I develop other good habits, writing, listening to music, dancing,
ெவ மத ெச கத க ேவ ;
singing etc. are other such habits which fulfill the needs of my soul.
ம ேவ ;ம ேணா கல த
ேதாைர மத ப , ம கைள ச த ேபா வா வ , அவ கைள வழிய ேபா
ந வா உைர ப தலான அ பைட ந ப க எ னிட இ பைத உ த யாக மண ேவ ; பனி ளி மைழ ேவ ;
ெசா ேவ .இைவய லாம ச ட வ த க உ ப வ , வ ைம ந ைலய உ ளவ க உத வ ,
ேநா றவ க , உதவ ேதைவ ப பவ க உத த , மா த றனாளிகளி ஒ வ காவ ேவ ; ர களி வ ேவ ;
உத வ என பல ெதா க ெச ேவ . த யன பைட த , இ னிைச இைச த , ஆ த , பா த க ேவ ; ெச வா ேவ ; கா
தலான ேம பல ந ப க எ னிட இ தன.
க ேவ ;க வ க ேவ ; க றா

கவ நைட உைரநைட ேவ ேவ . - ரதா

மன பாட ப த க
பாவைக: எ சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த .
த ேன இலாத தமி
ஓ க ைட வ உய ேதா ெதாழவ ள க றநா
அற க உைடேயா மா ெதன,
ஏ ெகா நீ ஞால ( ) இ ளக - ஆ கவ
வ தைல உலக அ ேற; அதனா
மி ேன தனியாழி ெவ கத ெரா ( ) ஏைனய
காவ ென கலேன; க ென கல ைப;
த ேன இலாத தமி !
பாவைக: ேநரிைச ெவ பா
மர ெகா த ச ைகவ ச றாஅ

ெந ந வாைட ம ைட கா டக அ ேற

எ த ைச ெச , அ த ைச ேசாேற. - ஒளைவயா
ைவயக பனி ப வலேன வைளஇ
பாவைக: ேநரிைச ெவ பா
ெபா யா வான ெபய ெபாழி ெதன

ஆ க ைனஇய ெகா ேகா ேகாவல

ெத வமணிமாைல
ஏ ைட இனந ைர ேவ ல பர ப
ஒ ைம ட நன த மலர ந ைன க ற
ல ெபய ல ெபா கல க ேகாட
உ தம த உற ேவ
நீ இத க ணி நீ அைல கலாவ
உ ெளா ைவ ற ெபா ேப வா
ெம ெகா ெப பனி ந ய பல ட
உற கல வாைமேவ
ைக ெகா ெகா ளிய க ைட உந க. ந கீர
ெப ைமெப நன க ேபசேவ ெபா ைம
பாவைக: ேநரிைச ஆச ரிய பா
ேபசா த கேவ
க பராமாயண
ெப ெநற ப ெதா க ேவ மதமானேப
உள எனி அ ேறா கேனா ஐவ ஆேன
ப யா த கேவ . - இராம கஅ க
க உள ? அ அ ற ;ப வா பாவைக: ப னி சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த

ப உள ; இைட ம மக ெனா அ வ ஆேன ;

ப ரி உள என உ ேன ; எ ைழ அ ப வ த ச ல பத கார

உெள ஒ நா ேவ அக அம காத ஐய! ழ வழி ந ற யாேழ, யா வழி

உள என உ னா ந ெனா எ வ ஆேன ; த ைம ந ற தகேவ, த ைம

அ உள, இனி, நா ஓ க அ கான த , ப வழி ந ற ழேவ, ழெவா

ஐவ க உள ஆேனா . த வரா ெபா தா ைத. - க ப ந இைச த ஆம த ரிைக. - இள ேகாவ க

பாவைக: ஆச ரிய பா
பாவைக: க வ த பாவைக: அ சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த
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7. மற த ெவ ளிைய யா மா ; தீய

றநா பற த அதனா வ .

கா ெந அ கவள ெகாளிேன; 8. த ைன தா கா க ச ன கா க; காவா கா

மாந ைற இ ல , ப நா ஆ ; த ைனேய ெகா சன .

ெச ஆய , தமி உணிேன, 9. சன எ ேச தாைர ெகா இன எ

வா வதனி கா ெபரி ெக ; - ப ச ரா ைதயா ஏம ைணைய .

பாவைக: ேநரிைச ஆச ரிய பா 10. ணிய பல க ப ம த

உ ைம அற ேவ மி .
இர சணிய யா த ரிக 11. அற வ ற கா க வ ெச வா
பாதக மி ெசா ற பழி ைர எ ெகா ளி உ அழி க ஆகா அர .
ஏதமி க ைண ெப மா இ தய ஊ றஊ ற 12. எ ெபா யா யா வா ேக ப அ ெபா
ேவதைன உழ ச ைத ெவ ப டா அ லா ெம ெபா கா ப அற .
ேநாதக ச ன ேதா மா ற வ ற ல க ம ேநா க . -எ .ஏ.க ணனா 13. எத ரதா கா அற வ னா இ ைல
பாவைக: அ சீ கழிெந ல ஆச ரிய வ த
அத ர வ வேதா ேநா .

14. ந ன த ஊ ைணய ைல; தீய ன த

ச பாணா பைட அ ல ப ப உ இ .
எ சம கட த எ உற த ணிேதா
15. வ ைன த ப எ ப ஒ வ மன த ப
எ வ ட ஈைக ெச க
ம ைறய எ லா ப ற.
வ ரிகட ேவ வ யலக வள க
16. ெசா த யா எளிய; அரியவா
ஒ தா தா க ய உர ைட ேநா தா . -ந ந த தனா
ெசா யவ ண ெசய .
பாவைக: ேநரிைச ஆச ரிய பா
17. உ க எ ளாைம ேவ உ ெப ேத

அ சாணி அ னா உைட .
த ற
18. கட அற கால க த இட அற
1. அ அற உைட தாய இ வா ைக
எ ணி உைர பா தைல.
ப பய அ .
19. வா ேபா பைகவைர அ ச க; அ க
2. ைவய வா வா வா பவ வா உைற
ேக ேபா பைகவ ெதாட .
ெத வ ைவ க ப .
20. பழக ய ெச வ ப ெக
3. ெச யாம ெச த உதவ ைவயக
கழக காைல க
வானக ஆ ற லரி .

4. ந ற மற ப ந ற ;ந ற ல
அற 4 பாய ரவ ய , இ லறவ ய , றவறவ ய , ஊழிய
அ ேற மற ப ந .

5. எ ந ற ெகா றா உ டா ; உ வ ைல ெபா 3 அரச ய , அைம ச ய ( அ கவ ய ), ஒழிப ய

ெச ந ற ெகா ற மக .
இ ப 2 களவ ய , க ப ய
6. அஃகாைம ெச வ த யாெதனி ெவஃகாைம

ேவ பற ைக ெபா .
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/தைல ஆச ரிய

இள தமிேழ ச ப பால ப ரமணிய

கைல ெசா க ப றெகா நா ேகாைட அ ய ப மாதவ

லக நீத ம ற ெந ந வாைட ந கீர

Subscription - உ ப ன க டண
Affidavit - ஆைண த ஆவண வ தன இ ல ஜலா தீ மி/ தமிழி எ .ச த ய த
Fiction - ைன
Allegation - சா ைர க பராமாயண க ப
Biography - வா ைக வரலா
Conviction - த டைன
Archive - கா பக இத ெவ ற ெபற ரதா
Manuscript - ைகெய ப ரத Jurisdiction - அத கார எ ைல
இைட ச . மணி
Bibliography - நர Plaintiff - வாத
றநா (வாய ேலாேய) ஒளைவயா
ெதாட வ ந ைலய த ைர ைற
ெத வமணிமாைல இராம கஅ க
Platform - நைடேமைட Artist - கவ கைலஞ
Train Track - இ பாைத ேதவார த ஞானச ப த
Animation - இய பட
Railway Signal - ெதாட வ வழி ற கவ ைதக ந ல
Newsreel - ெச த பட
Ticket Inspector - பயண சீ ஆ வ
Cinematography - ஒளி பத அகநா அ வனா
Level Crossing - இ பாைதைய
கட மிட Sound Effect - ஒ வ ைள ச ல பத கார இள ேகாவ க
Metro Train - மாநகர ெதாட வ Multiplex Complex - ஒ க ைண த அத சயமல தமி நத
த ைரயர க வளாக
ேதய ைல ேதா ட பா க ம இரா த
உணவக வ க
றநா ப ச ரா ைதயா
Lobby - ஓ வைற Debit Card - ப அ ைட
க க த ப ரமணிய
Checkout - ெவளிேய த Demand Draft - ேக வைரேவாைல
Tips - ச றீைக Withdrawal Slip - த ப ெபற ப வ இர சணிய யா த ரிக எ .ஏ.க ணனா

Mini meals - ச ண Teller - வ ைர காசாள

ச பாணா பைட ந த தனா
Mobile Banking - அைலேபச வழி வ க ைற
Internet Banking - இைணயவ க ைற தமி ெமாழிய நைட அழக ய த. . நடராச

வா த ந ைலய அ வலக ெபா க தமிழ ப ைற ப தவ சல பாரத

Arrival - வ ைக Stamp pad - ைம ெபாத ப ைடய கால ப ளி ட க உ. ேவ. சாமிநாத

Departure - ற பா Stapler - க ப ைத க வ இல க ய த ேமலா ைம ெவ.இைறய இ.ஆ.ப.

Conveyor Belt - ஊ த ப ைட Folder - ம தா த ப ெந ைலய ப பாரத யா
Take Off - வா த கள த
File - ேகா த க உ தமேசாழ
Passport - கட சீ
Rubber Stamp - இ ைவ த ைர உரிைம தாக மணி
Visa - ைழ இைச
Eraser - அழி பா தைல ள ேதா ப கம மீரா
Domestic Flight - உ நா வா த
ந க த லக பால ச த ர ளி கா

ச ககால க ெவ எ ந ைன க ஐராவத மகாேதவ

 109 110

ஆச ரிய எ தய க மர ெசா க
ச ப பால ப ரமணிய ஒளி பறைவ, ச பயாக , ரிய ந ழ , ஒ க ராம நத ,
ஒ மர ெசா க
ய களி ச க , (கவ ைத)

மைலயாள கவ ைத, அைல வ , இல க ய ச தைனக த ைர கைன ர அல யாைன ப ளி உ

(உைரநைட க )
க ைத க ஆ க எ எ காளமி எ கீ ச

த . .நடராச கவ ைத எ ெமாழி, த றனா கைல, தமி அழக ய , தமிழி நா ைர நரி ஊைளய ைன சீ ச க ழ

ப பா ெவளிக
ஆ ைத அல ைக ழ காக கைர ய
பர . ெந ைலய ப ெந ைல ெத ற , பாரத வா ,உ வழி (கவ ைத)
மய அக க ளி ேப ேகாழி ெகா கரி ேசவ
வ.உ. ச த பரனாரி வா ைக வரலா
றா வ ர ப ெசா ேதனீ ரீ காரமி
அ ய ப மாதவ மைழ பற மைழ, நாென ப ேவெறா வ , நீ ெவளி
வ ைன மர ெசா க
உ தம ேசாழ மனித தீ க , வ மற த (ச கைத)
ெதாைல ர ெவளி ச , கச இனிைம, கன க ( தன ) அ எ தா ஆைட ெந தா வ எ ப னா ெச இய ற னா

ப தவ சல பாரத இல க ய மானிடவ ய , ப பா மானிடவ ய , தமிழ ைட ைட தா ஓவ ய ைன தா பற தா மா த ைர வ க னா

மானிடவ ய , தமிழக பழ க , பாண இனவைரவ ய ,
தமிழ உண த ணீ தா பா ப க னா ேசா உ டா த றா

ஜலா தீ மி ம னவ , த வா -ஈ-ஷ -ஈ-த ரீ இளைம ெபய க

மணி அ , வய க , ரீத , ெநா க க (ச கைத) அணி ப ைள கீரி ப ைள ப க யாைன க

ெவ ைக, ப ற , அ ஞா , ெகா ைம ( த ன ) மா க எ ைம க ர ஆ

ரதா ேத மைழ, ைற க , ம ைகய கரச , அ ேத ப ற நா த ைர ைன

இல க ய , வ மீ , ஊ வல (இல க ய ஏ க )
ச க ைள பற ேகாழி எ
ச .மணி யா கவ ைத ,வ ேபா , ஒளி ேச ைக,
வல களி வாழிட க
இராம கஅ க ம ைற க ட வாசக , ஜீவகா யஒ க (உைரநைட)
ஆ ப மா ெதா வ த ைர ெகா யாைன ட
ேதா ப கம மீரா சா நா கா , ைற க , ன ேதா
ேகாழி ப ைண வா ப ைண கைரயா ச ல த வைல
ந ல ,ஐ , க ணா யா க க , நா க , வா ல ,
ந வைள எ வைள
த (ச கைத)
வல /ெபா களி ெதா மர ெபய க
ெவ. இைறய வா கா மீ க , ஐஏஎ ெவ ற ப க க , ஏழாவ
அற , உ ெளாளி பயண , ைள லா, ஆ ம ைத மா ம ைத எ சாைர ப ந ைர

தமி நத ந த மார மாத க எ த ய , (ச கைதக ) ரிய யாைன ட த ரா ைச ைல ைவ ேகா ேபா க வய

தனி தைல பக , இர களி ெபாழி யர பனி, அத
பற எ , (கவ ைதக ) கான வரி( நாவ ), தாவர களி உ ெபய மர ெசா க
ஈழ ; ைகவ ட ேதச , பா தீனிய (நாவ )
மா, பலா, வாைழ - இைல ெத ைன, பைன, ஈ ச - ஓைல
க த ப ரமணிய ைத ட வா ைக, மீ ெட த ரகச ய
க , ேசாள , ேக வர - த ைட ெந , , த ைன - தா
எ .ஏ. க ணனா ேபா ற த அகவ , இர சணிய மேனாகர
 111 112

ெசா ெபா மய ைல பத பக த காண ெப

வ ழா க யாழி வைகக
ெபய - மைழ (இய - 2) வர - ஆடவ , வ - ைம (இய - 6) 1. ஐ பச - ஓண வ ழா 21 நர கைள ெகா ட ேபரியா
ஆ க - ெவ ள ந தல - , கைழ - க 2. கா த ைக - வள த வ ழா
17 நர கைள ெகா ட மகரயா
க ணி - தைலய மாைல வார - ெத வ பாட , ஓைட - க படா 3. மா கழி - த வாத ைர வ ழா
16 நர கைள ெகா ட சேகாடயா
க -க ன ஆம த ரிைக - இட ைக வா த ய 4. ைத - ைத ச வ ழா

5. மாச - கடலா வ ழா 7 நர கைள ெகா ட ெச ேகா யா

ல - தனிைம ேதாரிய மகளி - ஆட ேத த ெப க
6. ப னி - ப னி உ த ர வ ழா
மா - வ ல ய மா க - இைச க வ க வாச ேபா

ெகா ேகா - வைள த ேகா அர உவா - ப ட யாைன

அமல , அனக - இராம (இய - 3) கா ெந - வ ைள த ெந (இய - 7) வ னா தா வ வைம

உவா - அமாவாைச தமி - தனி , - ப த ப ரி வ னா வ னா வைக ேக க ப எ த மத ெப

எ வ னா க ேவ ய
உ பத - ச த ர ப ட - வரி, ந - தைழ வ னா க

ெச றா - பைகவ வரிைச - ைறைம, ந ச -வ ப னா I 1 - 14 பல ெதரிக 14 14 14 X 01 = 14

க ைள - உறவ ன மா - ஓ ஏ கரி ற ஒ ப II 1 15 - 18 வ னா - ெச 4 3 03 X 02 = 06
2 19 - 21 வ னா - உைரநைட 3 2 02 X 02 = 04
கல - யா (இய - 4) நீச - இழி த, (இய - 8)
3 22 - 30 ெமாழி பய ச 9 7 07 X 02 = 14
கல ைப - க வ கைள ைவ ைப க டக , பாதக - ெகா யவ
இல கண
ம - ேகாடரி ஆ க ைன - த டைன
III 1 31 - 34 ச வ னா - ெச 4 2 02 X 04 = 08
உர -வ ைம வ -கண , ந ணய -உ த
2 35 - 38 ச வ னா - உைரநைட 4 2 02 X 04 = 08
வ ளிேயா - வ ள க உதத , வாரித - கட , வ யைத - உ த ைய
அணி, கவ ைத
கீ -பள , ந ைத - பழி 3
39 - 43 தமிழா க 5 3 03 X 04 = 12
ஆலம ெச வ - ச வெப மா
ம வ ழா - வ ழா க ந ைற த (இய - 5) இல க ய நய
க க - ஆைட ப ணி தைம - க யைம ெமாழி பய ச
க வ ழா - எ ச த வ ழா
ேகா ய - த
ப வ ழா - த ைச ேதா ைசய உ த ரவ ழா
சாவ -வ , க - பார IV ெந வ னா - ெச 2 1 01 X 06 = 06
ஒ வ ழா - ஆரவார வ ழா
44 - 46 ெந வ னா - உைரநைட 2 1 01 X 06 = 06
ேபா - மல , நா - இளைம
உமண -உ வணிக ெந வ னா - ைண பாட 2 1 01 X 06 = 06
மைலத - ேபாரிட
ஞம - நா , ெச - வய V 47 மனன ெச 1 1 04 + 02 = 06
-வ
ெகா ைள - வ ைல, கத - வ ைர த ற 1 1
நாக - ர ைன, நாக பா
ேவ ட - மீ ப த ெமா த மத ெப 90
 113 114
ஆ ெபா ேத 2022 16. எத பாராத வ த னராக ஜலா தீ மி ற ப வ யாைர?

17. ச ன ைத ஏ கா க ேவ ?
கால அள : 3.00 மணி ேநர தமி மத ெப : 90
18. இைறமகனா அைட த ப ைத க ம க எ வா வ தன ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ப ரி -3
ப த -I
எைவேய இர ட வ ைட த க. 2X2=4
அைன வ னா க வ ைட த க. 14 X 1 = 14
19. ெமாழிய இய வழ கைள கைல வழ களாக மா பைவ எைவ?
1. தமிழி த ைண பா பா _______________ அ பைடய ப க ப ள .
20. ப எ அைம ஏ ப வத அ பைடயாக இ ப எ ?
அ) ெதாட ற ஆ) ெபா ற இ) எ ற ஈ) ெசா ற
21. ஓைலய எ வத ரிய எ தாணிகளி ெபய கைள ற ப க.
2. த றளி உ ள ெமா த இய களி எ ணி ைக ________________
ப ரி -3
அ) 9 ஆ) 7 இ) 3 ஈ) 5
எைவேய ஏழ வ ைட த க. 7 X 2 = 14
3. "ம ச ளி பா ைமய பா மி ச க ட மிக வள தா " - இ வரிக இட ெப ___
22. ெபா ேவ பா அற ெதாடரைம க : கா , கா
அ) றநா ஆ) க க பரணி இ) தமி வ ஈ) நால யா
23. ெதாடரி உ ள மர ப ைழகைள நீ க எ க. பைன ம ைடயா ைர ைவ த தன .
4. உவைம கவ ஞ எ ச ற ப க ப பவ _______________
24. ேப வழ ைக எ வழ காக மா க. ப ைள உட சரிய ைல. நாளா ச ரம ப .
அ) பாரத தாச ஆ) பாரத யா இ) வாணிதாச ஈ) ரதா
25. ெசா ைல ப ரி ேச ெதாடரைம க. அ) பலைக ஆ) ேகாவ
5. உரிைம தாக எ கைதைய எ த யவ ________________
26. ெதாடரி உ ள ப ைழகைள நீ க எ க. மான பா த மிய பய வைகக பய ரிட ப க றன.
அ) உ தமேசாழ ஆ) மணி இ) ஐராவத மகாேதவ ஈ) கம மீரா
27. ஏேத ஒ ற ப பத உ ப ல கண த க. அ) அ ஆ) க டா
6. 'ந லக ச கரவ த'எ எ ேலாரா அைழ க ப பவ _______________
28. ஏேத ஒ ற ண ச வ த த க. அ) ைட ஆ) பாவா
அ) ந ப யா ஆ) ெஜமினி கேணச இ) ராம ஈ) ச வாஜி கேணச
29. கீ கா ெசா கைள ப ரி ேச இ ேவ ெதாட கைள அைம க.
7. 'கா ெந ' - எ பத இல கண ற _______________
<
அ) வ ைன ெதாைக ஆ) ப ெதாைக இ) உ ைம ெதாைக ஈ) உவைம ெதாைக
30. கைல ெசா லா க த க. அ) Mobile Banking ஆ) Biography
8. "தமி ய ேல! வ வா, வா!" என ற யவ _______________
ப த - III
அ) ச ப பால ப ரமணிய ஆ) பாரத யா இ) ரதா ஈ) பாரத தாச
ப ரி -1
9. பைகவரா அழி க யாத அர __________________
எைவேய இர ட வ ைட த க. 2X4=8
அ) அற ஆ) ந இ) பைட ஈ) ெச வ
31. 'த ேன இலாத தமி ' - இட ெபா வள க.
10. ேவ வ தைலவ _____________ ஆவா
32. சடா ைவ த ைதயாக ஏ , இராம ஆ ற ய கடைமைய எ க.
அ) ரீவ ஆ) க இ) இராம ஈ) டண
33. வ ளலா க தேகா ட இைறவனிட ேவ வைத ெத வ மணிமாைல பாட வழி வ ள க.
11. உபா த யாய எ ற ெசா யாைர ற ?
34. நா ய அர க அைம ைப இள ேகாவ க கா ச ப பா ற உ க க ைத எ க.
அ) ந க ஆ) கண க இ) ஆச ரிய ஈ) ம வ
ப ரி -2
12. ' ம க கா ப ய ' எ அைழ க ப _________________
எைவேய இர ட வ ைட த க. 2X4=8
அ) ச ல பத கார ஆ) க பராமாயண இ) வைளயாபத ஈ) இர சணிய யா த ரிக
35. "படாஅ ஈ த ெகடாஅ ந ைச" - இ பாட ஒ ேகால களி ப ைப வ ள க.
13. 'இல க ய த ேமலா ைம' எ ஆச ரிய ________________
36. 'இ ைறய ப ,ப ைடய வ ரி த ப த ெதாட ச ேய' - வ ள க.
அ) ப தவ சல பாரத ஆ) ெவ. இைறய இ) த . . நடராச ஈ) அ ய ப மாதவ
37. ப ைட கால ப ளி ட களி ப ப ற ப ட ற ப ட த க நைட ைறக யாைவ?
14. அணி இல கண ைத ம ேம இல கண _________________
38. உழ ெதாழி ேமலா ைம ற நீவ அற தனவ ைற எ க.
அ) ரிய ஆ) ெதா கா ப ய இ) த யல கார ஈ) ரேசாழிய
ப ரி -3
ப த - II
எைவேய ற வ ைட த க. 3 X 4 = 12
ப ரி -1
எைவேய ற வ ைட த க. 3X2=6 39. (அ) உவைமயணிைய சா ட வள க. (அ ல )

15. ரிய ஒளி ப ட ட நகர எ வா மாற யதாக அ ய ப மாதவ ற ப க றா ?

 115 116
(ஆ) அ அற உைட தாய இ வா ைக த வ னா க
ப பயண அ . - ற பாவ பய வ அணிைய வ ள க. இய -1
1.ச ப பால ப ரமணிய தமி ைற தைலவராக பணியா ற ய ப கைல கழக
40. இல க ய நய பாரா க. (ைமய க ட ஏ ைடய நய கைள எ க)
பாரத யா ப கைல கழக
ப ற ப னா எவ - உலக
2. ச ப பால ப ரமணிய த சாக த ய அகாெதமி வ ெப ற கவ ைத ஒ க ராம நத
ெப ைம வாராத பா!
3. சாக த ய அகாெதமிய ெசய உ ப னராக பணியா ற யவ ச ப பால ப ரமணிய
சற ேவ ெமனி -ந ல
4. கவ ைதய இய கா ற தா நைட
ெச ைக ேவ ம பா!
5. ச க பாட களி க யமான ஒ ப ஒ ேகால
ந ைம ெச பவேர - உலக

நா ேம ல தா ! 6. த றனா கைலைய தமி அற க ப த யவ த . .நடராச

த ைம ெச பவேர - அ 7. ஆ களி அைடயாள கைள பல ெபய களி க . ராஜாநாராயணனி நாவ க ைட

தீ டஒ ணாதா ! - கவ மணி ேதச ய வ நாயக ப ைள 8. காைளகளி பல இன கைள கா க ற ெசா க நர ப கட ப ைல க

41. ப வ பழெமாழிைய வா ைக ந க வ அைம எ க. 9. த . . நடராச ேபால நா தமி ேபராச ரியராக பணியா ற ய ப கைல கழக வா சா ப கைல கழக

அ) யாைன அ ச (அ ல ) ஆ) ஊழி ெபயரி தா ெபயரா 10. த யல கார எ த ைல த வ எ த ப ட ? காவ யத ச

42. பாடா த ைணைய சா ட வள க. (அ ல ) 11. த ஆச ரிய வா த கால 12ஆ றா

ெசவ யற உ ைறைய சா ட வள க. 12. த யல கார த உ ள ெப ப ரி க
43. தமிழா க த க.
13. வ.உ. ச த பரனாரி வா ைக வரலா ைற எ த யவ பர . ெந ைலய ப
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
14. எ டய ர ம ன களி பர பைர வரலா ப ற கவ ேகசரி சாமி தீ ச த எ தய வ சமணி தீப ைக
2. New language is a new life.
15. வ சமணி தீப ைக லவ வ ம பத பாக இளைசமணி எ பவரா ெவளிய ட ப ட ஆ 2008
3. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
16. பர ெந ைலய ப பாரத யாைர வ ட எ தைன ஆ க இைளயவ ? ஏழா க
4. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
17. மகாகவ பாரத ெந ைலய ப எ த ய 'பாரத க த க ' எ ைல பத ப தவ ரா.அ. ப மநாப
ப த - IV

அைன வ னா க வ ைட த க. 3 X 6 = 18 18. ஈெறா றா வ ெம எ க , ,

44. (அ) தமிழி சீரிளைம த ற வய கவ ஞ ச ப பால ப ரமணிய வனவ ைற ெதா 19. ஆ த எ ெசா களி வ மிட இைடய ம

எ க. (அ ல ) 20. தனி ற ைல அ வாரா ஒ ெற க ,

(ஆ) அற ைடைம வா வ உய வ ைண ந எ பைத வ வ வழி ந வள க. இய -2

45. (அ) ப ைட கால க வ ைறய ஆச ரிய மாணவ க க ைடேய ந க தக ற ,க ப த ைறகைள 21. " வ ெவ பமைடத மனித உ வா க ெகா ட ச கேல" எ த டவ டமாக பவ ேடவ க
ெதா ெத க. (அ ல ) 22. இ த ய வானிைல ஆ ைறய ன கட த 110 ஆ களி மிக ெவ பமான ஆ டாக அற வ த ஆ
(ஆ) ப எ ச ற ய அைம ப ேத மனித ச க எ பர த அைம
2009
க டைம க ப க ற எ வா ?வள க.
23. வ க கட அரப கட உ வா ய க ெபய ைவ பத உ வான டைம நா களி
46. (அ) பாரத ய க த வாய லாக நீ க அற ெகா ட ெமாழி ப ,ச க ப ஆக யவ ைற
எ ணி ைக எ
வ வரி க. (அ ல )
24. ந வ அர ேபரிட ேமலா ைம ஆைணய அைம த 23 ச ப 2005
(ஆ) உ க ப தய வா வ கைலஞ ஒ வைர ேநரி க டஅ பவ ைத வ ள க.
25. உலக ழ நா ஜூ 5
ப த -V
26. ஆன ேவளா ைம ப கைல கழக அைம ள மாந ல ஜரா
47. அ ப றழாம ெச வ வ வ ைட த க. 4+2=6
27. ஐ க ய நா க அைவ காலந ைல மா ற ப ற ய பணி த ட ேபரைவைய உ வா க ய இட ரிேயா ெஜனிேரா
(அ) "இத ெவ ற ெபற" எ தைல ப இட ெப ள 'வ ேவ ' என ெதாட மன பாட

பாடைல அ ப றழாம எ க. 28. ஐ க ய நா க அைவ காலந ைல மா ற ப ற ய பணி த ட ேபரைவைய (UNFCCC) உ வா க ய ஆ 1992

(ஆ) 'அரி ' என றைள அ ப றழாம எ க. 29. UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changes

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30. அ ய ப மாதவனி கவ ைத பட இ 62. 'அ ஞா ' த ன த காக 2014 இ சாக த ய அகாெதமி வ ெப றவ மணி

31. ெந ந வாைட அ க 188 63. த ற ஏ வ ய த த அ சட ப டஆ 1812

32. பா ய ெந ெசழியைன பா ைட தைலவனாக ெகா பாட ப ட ெந ந வாைட 64. த வ வ ப கைல கழக அைம ள இட ேவ

33. த ப வ எ றைழ க ப மாத க ஐ பச கா த ைக 65. த ற எ ப அைடய த க வ யா ெபய

34. ' த க 'எ ச கைதைய எ த ய உ தம ேசாழனி இய ெபய ெச வரா 66. 'வ வைன ெப றதா ெப றேத க ைவயகேம' எ பா யவ பாரத தாச

35. "க ழ வாச உதய " எ றத க இதைழ நட த யவ உ தம ேசாழ 67. வ வ த ைன உலக ேக த வா க ெகா ட தமி நா என ேபா ற க தவ பாரத யா

36. இ த ைண ெபா வாக வ ெபய க ழ ைத, கத ரவ 68. த றளி உ ள ெமா த இய களி எ ணி ைக ஒ ப

69. அ எ ேவ ைம உ எ த ைண உரிய ? அஃற ைண

37. தமிழி உய த ைணய ஆ பா ெப பா உரிய ெபா ெபய த கமணி
70. ேம ப ள எ ப எத ரிைண ெசா க
38. உலகெமாழிக அைன த மி த யாக வ ெசா க ெபய ெசா க
71. சீ சற எ ப ேநரிைண ெசா க
39. "உய த ைண எ மனா ம க ேட அஃற ைண எ மனா அவரல ப றேவ" என ெதா கா ப ய
இய -4
இய -3 72. எ தாணிகளி வைகக 3
40. ப எ அைம ஏ ப வத அ பைடயாக இ ப த மண 73. உபா த யாய ஒ ைற ெசா ல அைத மாணவ க பல ேச ெசா வ ைற ைவ ப
41. த ழ ைத ப ற வைர உ ள காலக ட மண தக 74. 'ஐயா ெட த ைமயா அற தா கைலக ' என ச தாமணி

42. ' ப 'எ ெசா த த இட ெப த ற 75. 'ம ச ளி பா ைமய பா மி ச க ட மிக வள தா ' தமி வ

43. ' 'எ ெசா ெபா வா த 76. வ கைள ைவ பத எ ெச வத உபேயாக ப க வ (அ) அைச

44. "மற ய ைட ப த மா ப ைண ேபா " மகைன ந வணாக ெகா தைலவ தைலவ வா தன என 77. ஓத ப ரி ரிய கால எ ைல வ ட

ஐ 78. உ.ேவ.சா. லக ெச ைனய அைம ள இட த வா மி

45. "மைன ைற மகளி ஆடவ உய ேர" - என ெதாைக 79. 1932 இ ெச ைன ப கைல கழக த டா ட ப ட ெப றவ உ.ேவ.சா.

46. ெந கமான ப எ ப தனி ப 80. பேகாண அர கைல க ரிய ெச ைன மாந ல க ரிய தமி ஆச ரியராக

47. ச ல கழி ேநா ப ற ஐ பணியா ற யவ உ.ேவ.சா.

48. மனித ச க த அ பைட அலகாக இ ப ப 81. ரதாவ இய ெபய இராசேகாபால

49. பாரசீக த மிக ச ற த கவ ஞ களி ஒ வ ஜலா தீ மி 82. த ைச தமி ப கைல கழக த இராசராச வ ெப றவ ரதா

50. ஜலா தீ மிய கவ ைதகைள ஆ க ல த ெமாழிெபய தவ ேகா ம பா 83. க க கவ ைதகைளேய ெகா ட இத காவ ய

51. ஜலா தீ மிய கவ ைதகைள 'தாக ெகா ட மீெனா 'எ ற தைல ப தமிழி 84. நைட எ ச ற தைழ நட த யவ ச . மணி

ெமாழிெபய தவ எ .ச தய த 85. ேவ. மா , ெச வ எ ற ைனெபய களி எ த யவ ச . மணி

52. இராமைன, ரீவ ட ந ெகா மா ெச தவ சவரி
86. ஆ க ல ேபராச ரியரான ச . மணி ெமாழிெபய த சீன ெம ய ய தாேவா ேத ஜி
53. க ப வா த கால க .ப . 12ஆ றா
87. தமிழரி ேபா , ர , நாகரிக , ப பா த யவ ைற வ ள கமாக எ ைர ப றநா
54. ேம மைலைய ற வ கத ரவனி மக ரீவ
88. ஔைவயா பா யதாக க ைட க ெப ற ச க பாட களி எ ணி ைக 59
55. இராவண சீைதைய ச ைற எ தேபா த ந தச ைடய உய நீ தவ சடா
89. அத யமா காக ெச றவ ஔைவயா
56. ேவ வ தைலவ , பாைற உட ப உ ள ெகா டவ க
90. சாைல ேபா வர உதவ ெதாைலேபச எ 103
57. 'என ேதா ' என கைன சேகாதரனாக ஏ றவ பரத
91. நா - - தனி சீ - நா - சீ க எ கற ைறய வ பாவைக ேநரிைச ெவ பா
58. க பராமாயண கா ப ய த கைத ேபா க ஒ த ப ைத உ வா க யவ சவரி
92. ெவ பாவ வைகக ஏ
59. கரிச எ தாள களி ஒ வ மணி
93. இல கண க ேகா உைடயதா ெவ பாைவ வ பா எ ப
60. மணி அவ களி இய ெபய . மாணி கவாசக
94. மா ந ைர, வ ள ேந வ வ இய சீ ெவ டைள
61. க ேவல க எ ற த ைர பட ைத இய க யவ மணி
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 119 120
95. கா ேந எ ப ெவ சீ ெவ டைள 125. ேதா ப கம மீரா எ த ய சா நா கா எ தன சாக த ய அகாெதமி வ ெப ற ஆ 1997

96. நா க த ப னிர ட வைர வ வ பஃெறாைட ெவ பா 126. உவைம ஒ ைறேய அணி என ற யவ ெதா கா ப ய

97. பத ற த அத ேம ப ட அ க வைர வ வ க ெவ பா இய -6

இய -5 127. த ைர பட எ வ ைதைய உல அற க ப த யவ க மிய சேகாதர க

98. ஆ க ேலய களி ஆ ச அ தளமாக அத கார ைமயமாக வ ள க ய கட கைர நகர மதராசப ன 128. த ைர பட த கைத ெசா லலா என க ப தவ ஜா மி

99. ெத னி த யாவ ைழ வாய எ அைழ க ப நகர ெச ைன 129. அைச உ வ கைள பட ப க வ ைய க ப தவ தாம ஆ வா எ ச

100. ெச ைன நகரா ச உ வா க ப ட ஆ 1688 130. கைத நக உத வ கா ச

101. ெசய ஜா ேகா ைட உ ேள க இ த ப த ைய ெவ ைளய நகர எ ப 131. த ைர பட த உண கைள ெவளி ெகாணர உத கைல ப னணி இைச

102. ஆச யாவ உ வான த ஐேரா ப ய க வ ைறய லான ப ளி னித ேமரி ேதவாலய த ம ப ளி 132. ஒ கதாநாயக ேபால மி காக உைட அணி வ பவ ேநேர ட (கைத ெசா )

103. ெத னி த யாவ த ெதாட வ ந ைலய அைம க ப ட ஆ 1856 133. பாரத ய கவ ைதகைள ஆ க ல த ெமாழிெபய தவ ந ல

104. ெத னி த யாவ த ெதாட வ ந ைலய அைம ள இட இராய ர 134. கவ ஞ ந லனி இய ெபய .ேக. ைரசாமி

105. ெச ைன ப கைல கழக உ வா க ப ட ஆ 1857 135. அர ேக ற ைத ெவ ற கரமாக ஆட மக வழ க ப வ தைல ேகா

106. இராணி ேமரி க ரி உ வா க ப ட ஆ 1914 136. 'ேசர த ப ச ல ைப இைச த எ ற ப பவ ' பாரத

107. தாம ப ஆ ச கால ைத ெச ைனய ெபா கால எ ப . 137. தைல ேகா வல ரியாக இட ரியாக ற க ய ெபா தக சா நத

108. ஆ க ேலயரி ந த உதவ ய ற இ த ய ஒ வரா உ வா க ப ட க வ ந வன ப ைசய ப க ரி 138. ச ல பத கார ற ப ேமைடய ெபா த ப ட த ைரய (எழினிய ) வைகக

109. இ ேதா சாரசனி க டட கைல ைறய 1768 இ க க ப ட த க டட ேச பா க அர மைன 139. மாதவ ஆடைல அர ேக ற ெச தேபா வய 12

110. இ த யாவ த ெபா லக க னிமாரா லக 140. ர ச கா ப ய , தமி கா ப ய , உைரய ைடய ட பா ைட ெச , ெபா ைம கா ப ய , வரலா

111. கா ெம க சய ெதா கைள அ பைடயாக ெகா 1869இ உ வா க ப ட லக கீ த ைச கா ப ய , ஒ ைம கா ப ய என அைழ க ப ச ல பத கார

வ க லக 141. "ஆய ர ெத கழ ெபா மாைலைய" ம னனிடமி பரிசாக ெப றவ மாதவ

112. 2019ஆ ஆ ெதாட க ப ட ஆச யாவ இர டாவ மிக ெபரிய லக அ ணா றா லக 142. தமிழி க ைட க ெப ற த இல கண ெதா கா ப ய

113. ம ணி ஆ மேநய ஒ ைம பா எ தைழ க உ ைம ெநற ஓ க உைழ தவ 143. ெதா கா ப ய ைம உைர எ த யவ இள ரண

இராம கஅ க 144. ெம பா வைக எ

114. த வ பாவ உ ளத ைறக ஆ 145. 'ெசா ேக டா ெபா க டாத ' எ 'கவ க கா 'எ பவ ேபராச ரிய

115. ம ைற க ட வாசக , ஜீவகா யஒ க ஆக ய உைரநைட கைள எ த யவ 146. "எ ைன ேபா ச வாஜி ந பா . ஆனா எ னா தா ச வாஜி ேபா ந க யா என ற யவ மா ல

இராம கஅ க ப ரா ேடா

116. ேதவார பாட கைள ெதா தவ ந ப யா டா ந ப 147. வ .ச .கேணச 'ச வாஜி கேணச ' என ெபயரி டவ ெபரியா

117. ப னி த ைறகளி த த ைறகைள பா யவ த ஞானச ப த 148. பால ச த ர ளி கா எ த ய ச த பர மரண எ ைல 'ச த பர ந ைன க ' எ தைல ப

118. கட அ க மண த களி கட நீ ேத க ய ப த உ ப கழி தமிழி ெமாழிெபய தவ ேக.வ .ைசலஜா

149. ெத னி த ய ந ச கரவ த , தமி நா நா ய ெப ைமய க ெகா , ந க த லக எ ெற லா

119. அகநா ற உ ள ப ரி களி எ ணி ைக
அைழ க ப டவ ச வாஜி கேணச
120. ெந த த ைண பாட கைள பா வத வ லவ அ வனா
150. ந உைர எ த யவ மய ைலநாத
121. பழ கால த உ ப டம றாக ெப ற ெந
151. ஐ ெப கா ப ய எ ெசா ெறாடைர த உைரய ற ப டவ மய ைலநாத
122. அக பாட க ம ேம பா யவ க ஒ வ அ வனா
152. வடெமாழிய கா யதரிச எ ற ைல த வ தமிழி எ த ப ட அணிய ல கண த யல கார
123. பழ கால த தமி நா ச ைத ரிய உ ப த ெபா ளாக வ ள க ய உ
153. ஒேர வைக ெச ளா ப வைக ெச களா அைமவ கா ப ய
124. உ வ ைள கள த ெபய அள
154. "பாவ க எ ப கா ப ய ப ேப" என த யல கார

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 121 122
155. ெப கா ப ய த ரிய நா வைக உ த ெபா க ,பறஉ க ைமயாக அைமய ெப 184. "தமி ப ேனா வழியாக என க ைட த சீதன " என ற யவ மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி

வள கா ப ய சீவகச தாமணி 185. மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி ச க இல க ய க , ச ல பத கார த ய இல க ய தர கைள ெகா எ தய

156. பா உைரநைட கல ப வைக ெச களி அைம த ச ல பத கார தமி நா வரலா
157. வ த எ ஒேர வைக ெச ளி அைம த க சீவக ச தாமணி க பராமாயண 186.மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி இய ற ய கவ கைலக ற ெவளிவ த ைமயான த தமிழ வள த
158. இராவண காவ ய எ ைல இய ற யவ லவ ழ ைத அழ கைலக
159. கவ ேயாக தான த பாரத யா பைட த காவ ய பாரதச த மகாகாவ ய 187. 'கள ப ர ஆ ச ய தமிழக ' எ ைல எ த யவ மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி

இய -7 188. ம ைர காமராச ப கைல கழக மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி வழ க ய வ தமி ேபரைவ ெச ம

160. த ைரக இற மத ெச ய ப ட ப ற 'நீரி வ த ந மி பரி ரவ 'எ ற ப ப ன பாைல 189. ஆரா ச ேபரற ஞ எ ற ப ட ைத ெப றவ மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி

161. யவன க க ப ந த ைவ க ப இடமாக ச க இல க ய க ற ப ைற க சற 190. ச ககால ப பா ய த ெகா ய யாைன ச ன ைத ெகா தா எ ற ெச த

162. யவனைர அர மைன ெதாழிலாள களா க க ப த யவ இமயவர ப ெந ேசரலாத அகநா ற (162)இ பைத த த அற ெவளி ப த யவ மய ைல சீனி. ேவ கடசாமி

163. "ைவயக வ வற ஞ ஓ ஓ ெச என கா இனி அர ெச க றா " யா ? தசரத 191. இர சணிய யா த ரிக எ த ைல த வ எ த ப ட ?ப க ரி ேராக ர

164. அக ட சீசைர பா ய நா ஒ க. . 20ஆ ஆ ச த தைத ப ற ெதரிவ பவ 192. க ற வ க ப என அைழ க ப பவ எ .ஏ.க ணனா

ேரேபா 193. இர சணிய யா த ரிக எ ற ப வ களி எ ணி ைக ஐ
165. இரவ கைடயாம த உற காம வ ழி த தம ன ேசாழ நல க ளி
194. உ வக கா ப ய எ அைழ க ப இர சணிய யா த ரிக
166. 'ைடம ' ப ற ய ேஷ ப ய நாடக உண வ ந த ேமலா ைம
195. இர சணிய யா த ரிக த உ ள ெமா த பாட க எ ணி ைக 3766
167. 'இர ைற ஒ வ ஒேர நத ய இற க யா ' என ற யவ ஹ ரா ளிட
196. இர சணிய யா த ரிக பத ஆ க ெதாடராக ெவளிவ த ஆ மீக மாத இத ந ேபாதக
168. 126 ஒ ைற வரிகளி எ த ய க ெப ற ளிக
197. இர சணிய யா த ரிக த பத பாக ெவளிவ த ஆ 1894 ேம த க
169. இ த ய ஆ ச பணி ேத தமிைழ ஒ வ ப பாடமாக ப ெவ ற ெப றவ ெவ. இைறய
198. தமி தைல ெகா தவ ள மண வ ள
170. ெவ. இைறய அவ களி 1995ஆ ஆ தமி வள ச ைறய சற த கான பரி ெப ற
199. 'அற மட சா ேறா அணி' எ பழெமாழி நா
வா கா மீ க
171. கவ ஞ தமி நத அவ களி இய ெபய கைலவாணி 200. அக த ய மைல எ றைழ க ப மைல ெபாத ய மைல

172. ல ெபய வா இ கைள வ கைள த கவ ைதகளி எ ைர பவ தமி நத 201. தக எ றைழ க ப ஊ த ம ரி

173. ப ைடய தமிழக த அரச ய ச க வரலா ைற வ ள அரிய க க லமாக த க வ றநா
202. ஆவ ன , ெபாத னி எ றைழ க ப ஊ பழனி
174. றநா ைற உேவசா எ த ஆ அ ச பத ப தா ? 1894
203. வ ைம வா த ஆவ ய ல த ேதா ற யவ ேபக
175. க ேபா னியா ப கைல கழக த தமி ேபராச ரியராக பணியா ற யவ ஜா எ ஹா
204. ச பாண பைடைய இய ற யவ ந ந த தனா .
176. யா எ இட ைத ேச த சமண றவ ெச காயப
205. ச பாணா பைட ெமா த அ களி எ ணி ைக 269
177. 'எ தமி எப க ராப ' எ ஆ ைல எ த யவ ஐராவத மகாேதவ
206. ச பாணா பைடய பா ைட தைலவ ஒ மாநா ம ன ந ய ேகாட
178. ஐராவத மகாேதவ எ தயக ைர ெவளிவ த இத க ெவ
207. ஓ மாநா என அைழ க ப ப த த வன
179. ச ெவளி எ ைவ ஆ த ராவ ட எ என க டற தவ ஐராவத மகாேதவ
208. இல க ய ச தைன அைம ப சற தச கைத கான வ ெப ற ச கைத ேகாைட மைழ
180. ஜவ கலா ேந ஆ வற ஞ வ , இ த ய வரலா ஆரா ச வ தாமைர த ஆக ய வ கைள

ெப றவ ஐராவத மகாேதவ 209. ைஹதராபா த ெவளியா 'ந ைற' எ ற மாத இதழி ஆச ரிய சா தா த

181. இராமாயண த அக ைக கைதைய ைவ சாபவ ேமாசன , அக ைக ஆக ய கைதகைள எ த யவ 210. ற ய ஓ இல க ய ேகா பாடாக உ ெப ற 19ஆ றா

ைம ப த 211. அக த ைண மா த களி உ ள உண கைள ற பாக உண ற க உ ைற உவம

182. ெதா ம எ ப பழ கைத

ந ைலைய ய ச சாதகமா
183. ந ப யாத ேபா ேதா ெச த கைள நக ச கைள ெகா இய க ற பழைமயான கைதகேள

ெதா ம பா ேசா பைல சா பலா

இ ய ல ்8
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2. Differentiate management from Administration.

CHAPTER - 1 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT S.No BASIS MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION
I. Choose the Correct answers 1 Authority Middle and Lower Level Top level

1. Management is what a _______ does? 2 Role Executive Decisive

3 Concerned with Policy implementation Policy formulation
a) Manager b) Subordinate c) Supervisor d) Superior
4 Key person Manager Administrator
2. Management is an ________ 3. What are the principles of Taylor?
a) Art b) Science c) Art and Science d) Art or Science  Science, Not Rule of Thumb

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 Harmony, Not Discord
3. Scientific management is developed by
 Mental Revolution
a) Fayol b) Taylor c) Mayo d) Jacob
 Cooperation, Not Individualism

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4. Dividing the work into small tasks is known as

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4. What determines the span of management?
a) Discipline b) Unity c) Division of work d) Equity The following factor determines the span of management:

5. With a wider span, there will be _______ hierarchical levels.

 Capacity of Superior

a 

a
Capacity of subordinate
a) More b) Less c) Multiple d) Additional  Nature of work
ik

ik
II. Very short answer questions:  Degree of decentralization

1. What is Management?
 Planning
lv

lv
 Communication technique
Management is the art of getting things done with and through others.
IV. Long answer questions:
a

a
2. List out the management tools.
 Accounting  Econometrics 1. Explain the concept of management.
.k

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 Business Law  Data Processing i). Body of Knowledge:
 Statistics Management knowledge is the best passport to enter the world of
w

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3. State the meaning of Authority. employment either in business world or government or private.
Authority means the right of a superior to give the order to his subordinates. ii). Management Tools:
w

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4. What do you mean by Span of management?  Accounting,  Psychology,  Econometrics,
w

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The Span of Management refers to the number of subordinates who can be  Business Law,  Statistics,  Data Processing,
managed efficiently by a superior. iii). Separate Discipline:
III. Short answers questions:  Management studies in many universities and institutions of higher learning

1. Define the term management. are recognized as a separate discipline.

“Management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business and manages  Seminars, special courses, training programmes are becoming fashionable and
manager, and manages worker and work.” popular for orientation.
— Peter F. Drucker:

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iv). Specialization:
CHAPTER – 2 FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
 There is a growing tendency to select and appoint highly qualified, trained and
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
experienced persons to manage the business in each functional areas of
management. 1. Which is the primary function of management?
v). Professional Association: (a) Innovating (b) Controlling (c) Planning (d) Decision-making
 The Business Management Associations in many countries to promote the 2. Which of the following is not a main function?
spread of knowledge in all management areas and to build up the bright (a) Decision-making (b) Planning (c) Organizing (d) Staffing
public image of managerial profession.
3. _________ is included every managerial function.

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2. Explain the principles of modern management.
(a) Co-ordinating (b) Controlling (c) Staffing (d) Organizing
i). Division of Work:
 According to this principle the whole work is divided into small tasks. 4. Which of the following is verification function?

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 The specialization of the workforce according to the skills of a person, creating (a) Planning (b) Organizing (c) Staffing (d) Controlling

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specific personal and professional development within the labour force.
5. The goals are achieved with the help of _______________
ii). Authority and Responsibility:
(a) Motivation (b) Controlling (c) Planning (d) Staffing
a

a
 This is the issue of commands followed by responsibility for their consequences.
 Authority means the right of a superior to give the order to his subordinates II. Very Short Answer Questions:
ik

ik
whereas responsibility means obligation for performance. 1. Write a short note about Planning.
iii). Discipline:  Planning is the primary function of management.
lv

lv
 It is obedience, proper conduct in relation to others, respect of authority, etc.  Nothing can be performed without planning.
 It is essential for the smooth functioning of all organizations. 2. What is meant by Motivation?
a

a
iv). Unity of Command:
The goals are achieved with the help of motivation.
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 This principle states that each subordinate should receive orders and be
3. List the subsidiary functions of management?
accountable to one and only one superior.
 Innovation  Decision making
 If an employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to create
w

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 Representation  Communication
confusion and conflict.
4. What is the traditional proverb used in Planning?
v). Unity of Direction:
w

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“Think Before you Act” or “ Look Before you Leap”.
 All related activities should be put under one group, there should be one plan of
III. Short Answer Questions:
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action for them, and they should be under the control of one manager.
@*@*@*@*@*@ 1. List out the main functions of management?
 Planning  Directing  Controlling
 Organizing  Motivation  Co-ordination
2. State the importance of staffing.
 Staffing refers to placement of right persons in the right jobs.
 Staffing helps to ensure better utilization of human resource

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 It ensures to continuity and growth of the organization, through development MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO)
managers. CHAPTER – 3
MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION (MBE)
3. How the employees are informed about important matters in a company?
 Communication is the transmission of human thoughts and opinions from one I. Choose the Correct Answers:
person to another person.
1. ___________ System gives full Scope to the Individual Strength and Responsibility.
 Employees are informed about the following way.
(a) MBO (b) MBE (c) MBM (d) MBA
IV. Long Answer Questions:
2. Which is the First step in Process of MBO?
1. Explain the various functions of management.

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(a) Fixing Key Result Area (b) Appraisal of Activities
i). Planning
 “Look Before you Leap” are traditional proverbs which provide a basis for
(c) Matching Resources with Activities (d) Defining Organizational Objectives
planning. 3. ______ keeps Management Alert to Opportunities and Threats by Identifying Critical

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da

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 Planning is the primary function. Problems.
ii). Organizing
(a) MBA (b) MBE (c) MBM (d) MBO
 It is the process of establishing harmonious relationship among the members of
4. Delegation of Authority is Easily Done with the Help of __________ .
a

a
an organisation and the creation of network of relationship among them.
(a) MBM (b) MBE (c) MBO (d) MBA
ik

ik
iii). Directing
 Directing denotes motivating, leading, guiding and communicating with 5. MBO is popularized in the USA by __________ .
(a) Prof. Reddin (b) Geroge Odiorne (c) Henry Feyol (d) E.W Taylor
lv

lv
subordinates on an ongoing basis in order to accomplish pre-set goals.
iv). Representation: II. Very Short Answer Questions:
 A manager has to act as representative of a company.
a

a
1. What are the objectives of MBO?
 Manager has dealings with customers, suppliers, government officials, banks.
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 To measure and judge performance
v). Decision-making:
 To relate individual performance to organizational goals
 Every employee of an organisation has to take a number of decisions every day.
w

w
2. Bring out the meaning of MBE.
 Decision- making helps in the smooth functioning of an organisation.
Management by Exception is an important principle of managerial control
@*@*@*@*@*@
w

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suggested by the classical writers on management.
3. Mention any two advantages of MBO?
w

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 MBO gives the criteria of performance. It helps to take corrective action.
 Delegation of authority is easily done with the help of MBO.
4. What is known as KRA?
Key result areas are fixed on the basis of organizational objectives premises.

III. Short Answer Questions:

1. Write the features of MBO.
 MBO tries to combine the long run goals of organization with short run goals.

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 Management tries to relate the organization goals with society goals.

CHAPTER – 4 INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKETS
 MBO’s emphasis is not only on goals but also on effective performance.
2. What are the Process of MBE? I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 It is necessary to set objectives with estimated results. 1. Financial market facilitates business firms
 These performances are assessed and get equated to the actual performance.
a) To rise funds b) To recruit workers
 The deviation gets analyzed.
 The aim is to solve this “exception” immediately. c) To make more sales d) To minimize fund requirement
3. List out any three process of MBO. 2. Capital market is a market for

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 Defining Organizational Objectives a) Short Term Finance b) Medium Term Finance
 Goals of Each Section
c) Long Term Finance d) Both Short Term and Medium Term Finance

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 Fixing Key Result Areas

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IV. Long Answer Questions: 3. Primary market is also called as

1. What are the major advantages of MBO? a) Secondary market b) Money market
 Systematic evaluation of performance is made with the help of MBO. c) New Issue Market d) Indirect Market
a

a
 MBO gives the criteria of performance. It helps to take corrective action.
4. Spot Market is a market where the delivery of the financial instrument and payment of
ik

ik
 Delegation of authority is easily done with the help of MBO.
cash occurs
 MBO motivates the workers by job enrichment and makes the jobs meaningful.
lv

lv
 The responsibility of a worker is fixed through MBO. a) Immediately b) In the future c) Uncertain d) After one month
2. What are the advantages of MBE? 5. How many times a security can be sold in a secondary market?
a

a
 It saves the time of managers because they deal only with exceptional matters.
a) Only one time b) Two time c) Three times d) Multiple times
.k

.k
 It focuses managerial attention on major problems.
 It facilitates delegation of authority. II. Very Short Answer Questions:
 There is increase in span of control. 1. What are the components of organized sectors?
w

w
 This leads to motivation and development of subordinates.
 Regulators, Financial Institutions
w

w
3. Discuss the disadvantages of MBE.
 Financial Markets, Financial Services
 Only managers have the power over really important decisions, which can be
2. What is Spot market?
w

w
demotivating for employees at a lower level.
It is market where the delivery of financial instrument and payment of cash occurs
 Furthermore, it takes time to pass the issues to managers.
immediately.
 Managing employees who deviate from the normal procedures.
 Because of compliance failures are considered difficult to manage. 3. What is debt market?
 Typically find themselves with limited job duties and ultimately dismissed. Debt Market is the financial market for trading in Debt Instrument

@*@*@*@*@*@ 4. How is prize decided in a secondary market?

Price decided in secondary market is determined by the demand and supply.

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III. Short Answer Questions: iii). Money Market:

It is the market for short term financial claim (usually one year or less) E.g.
1. Give the meaning of financial market.
Treasury Bills, Commercial Paper, Certificates of Deposit
A market wherein financial instruments such as financial claims, assets and
iv). Capital Market:
securities are traded is known as a ‘financial market’.
It is the market for long term financial claim more than a year E.g. Shares,
2. Write a note on Secondary Market.
Debentures.
 The place where formerly issued securities are traded is known as Secondary
v). Spot Market
Market.
It is a market where the delivery of the financial instrument and payment of cash
 Stock exchange is important one of secondary market.

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occurs immediately. i.e. settlement is completed immediately.
 It does not provide funding to companies.
3. Bring out the scope of financial market in India. 3. Discuss the role of financial market.

l
 It leads to the overall economic development. (i) Savings Mobilization

da

da
 It provides financial assistance to individuals, agricultural sectors, industrial Obtaining funds from the ‘surplus’ units such as business firms, public sector

sector, service sectors and financial institutions. units, Government is an important role played by financial markets.

 With the help of the financial market all the above stated individuals institutions (ii) Investment

a
and government can get their required funds in time. Financial market plays a key role in arranging the investment of funds thus
ik

ik
collected, in those units which are in need of the same.
IV. Long Answer Questions:
(iii) National Growth
1. Distinguish between new issue market and secondary market. Financial markets contribute to a nation’s growth by ensuring an unfettered flow
lv

lv
S.no Basis New Issue Market Secondary Market of surplus funds to deficit units.
1 Meaning The market place for new The place where formerly issued (iv) Entrepreneurship Growth
a

a
shares is called primary market securities are traded is known Financial markets contribute to the development of the entrepreneurial class by
.k

.k
as Secondary Market. making available the necessary financial resources.

2 Buying Direct Indirect (v) Industrial Development

w

w
Securities sold Only Once The different components of financial markets help an accelerated growth of
3 Multiple times
industrial and economic development of a country.
4 Gained Person Company Investors
w

w
@*@*@*@*@*@
5 Intermediary Underwriters Brokers
w

2. Enumerate the different types of financial markets.

(i) Debt Market:
It is the financial market for trading in Debt Instrument (i.e. Government Bonds or
Securities, Corporate Debentures or Bonds)
w
(ii) Equity Market:
It is the financial market for trading in Equity Shares of Companies.

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i). Primary Market

CHAPTER – 5
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
1. Capital market do not provide
a) Short term Funds
2. When the NSEI was established
a) 1990
CAPITAL MARKET
Primary market is a market for new issues or new financial claims. Hence, it
is also called New Issue Market.
ii). Secondary Market
The market for old securities, in the sense that securities which are
b) Debenture Funds c) Equity Funds d) Long term Funds previously issued in the primary market are traded here
2. Explain any two functions of Capital Market.
b) 1992 c) 1998 d) 1997 i). Savings and Capital Formation

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3. Primary market is a Market where securities are traded in the In capital market, various types of securities help to mobilize savings from
various sectors of population.
a) First Time b) Second Time c) Three Time d) Several Times

l
ii). Industrial Growth
4. Participants in the capital market includes

da

da
The stock exchange is a central market through which resources are transferred to
a) Individuals b) Corporate c) Financial Institutions d) All of the above
the industrial sector of the economy.
5. The ______ was set up by a premier financial institution to allow the trading of 3. Explain about Factoring and Venture Capital Institutions.
a

a
securities across the electronic counters throughout the country i). Factoring Capital
ik

ik
a) OTCEI b) Factoring c) Mutual Funds d) Venture funds Institutions  The factoring institutions collect the book debts for and on behalf of its clients.
 Some of the factoring institutions operating in India are SBI Factors and
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
lv

lv
Commercial Services Private Limited, etc
1. What is Capital Market?
ii). Venture capital:
It is a market where buyers and sellers engage in trade of financial securities like
a

a
 Venture capital funds bring into force the hi-technology projects which are
bonds, and stocks.
.k

.k
converted into commercial production.
2. Write a note on OTCEI.
 They include Risk Capital Foundation of IFCI, Venture Fund of IDBI, SIDBI, and
The OTCEI was set up by a premier financial institution to allow the trading of
others.
w

w
securities across the electronic counters throughout the country.
IV. Long Answer Questions:
3. Who are the participants in a Capital Market?
w

w
 Individuals  Government banks
1. Discuss the characters of a Capital Market.
 Corporate Sectors  Financial Institutions (i) Securities Market
w

w
The dealings in a capital market are done through the securities like shares,
4. How is price determined in a Capital Market?
debentures, etc. The capital market is thus called securities market.
Price determined in a Capital Market it is based on demand and supply.
(ii) Price
III. Short Answer Questions:
The price of the securities is determined based on the demand and supply.
1. What are the various kinds of Capital Market? Explain. (iii) Participants
The capital market is divided into two i.e.,
There are many players in the capital market. It includes individuals, corporate
 Primary market and
 Secondary market sectors, Govt., banks and other financial institutions.

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(iv) Location  Some of the greatest strengths of OTCEI are transparency of transactions, quick
Capital market is not confined to certain specific locations, although it is true that deals, faster settlements and better liquidity.
parts of the market are concentrated in certain well-known centers known as Stock iii) National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSEI)
Exchanges.  NSEI was established in 1992 to function as a model stock exchange.
(v) Market for Financial Assets  The Exchange aims at providing the advantage of nation-wide electronic screen
Capital market provides a transaction platform for long term financial assets. based “scripless” and “floorless” trading system in securities.
iv) National Securities Depositories Limited
2. Briefly explain the functions of capital market.
 The NSDL was set up in the year 1996 for achieving a time bound
(i) Savings and Capital Formation

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dematerialization as well as rematerialization of shares.
Various types of securities help to mobilize savings from various sectors of
 The establishment of NSDL is expected to alleviate the problems of post trade
population.
transactions in the secondary market.

l
(ii) Permanent Capital
v) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)

da

da
 The existence of a capital market/stock exchange enables companies to raise
 It aims at serving as a central securities depository in respect of transactions on
permanent capital.
stock exchanges.
 The investors cannot commit their funds for a permanent period.

a
iii) Industrial Growth
ik

ik
 The stock exchange is a central market through which resources are transferred
@*@*@*@*@*@
to the industrial sector of the economy.
 The existence of such an institution encourages people to invest in productive
lv

lv
channels.
(iv) Ready and Continuous Market
a

a

.k

.k
Easy marketability makes investment in securities more liquid as compared to
other assets.
(v) Reliable Guide to Performance
w

w
 The capital market serves as a reliable guide to the performance and financial
w

w
position of corporate, and thereby promotes efficiency.
3. Explain the various types of New Financial Institutions
w

w
i) Mutual Funds
Financial institutions that provide facilities for channeling savings of small
investors into avenues of productive investments are called ‘Mutual Funds’.
ii) Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)
 The OTCEI was set up by a premier financial institution to allow the trading of
securities across the electronic counters throughout the country.

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CHAPTER – 6 MONEY MARKET 4. What do you meant by Switching?

The purchase of one security against the sale of another security carried out by the
RBI in the secondary market as part of its open market operations is described as
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
‘Switching’.
1. The money invested in the call money market provides high liquidity with _______.
III. Short Answer Questions:
a) Low Profitability b) High Profitability
1. What are the features of Treasury Bills?
c) Limited Profitability d) Medium Profitability
 Issuer  Vital Source
2. A major player in the money market is the _________________.  Finance Bills  Monetary Management

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a) Commercial Bank b) Reserve Bank of India  Liquidity
c) State Bank of India d) Central Bank. 2. Who are the participants of Money Market?

l
3. Debt Instruments are issued by Corporate Houses are raising short-term financial  Private and Public Banks  Commercial Banks

da

da
 Mutual Funds Institutions  State Governments
resources from the money market are called __________.
 Insurance Companies  Public
a) Treasury Bills b) Commercial Paper
 RBI and SBI
a

a
c) Certificate of Deposit d) Government Securities 3. Explain the types of Treasury Bills?
ik

ik
4. The market for buying and selling of Commercial Bills of Exchange is known as a _____.
On the basis of periodicity, Treasury Bills may be classified into three. They are:
a) Commercial Paper Market b) Treasury Bill Market
 91 days Treasury Bills
lv

lv
c) Commercial Bill Market d) Capital Market
Ninety one days Treasury Bills are issued at a fixed discount rate of 4 per
5. A marketable document of title to a time deposit for a specified period may be referred
a

a
cent as well as through auctions.
to as a ____.
 182 days Treasury Bills
.k

.k
a) Treasury Bill b) Certificate of Deposit
The RBI holds 91 days and 182 Treasury Bills and they are issued on tap
c) Commercial Bill d) Government. Securities
w

w
basis throughout the week.
II. Very Short Answer Questions:  364 days Treasury Bills
w

w
1. What is a CD market?
364 days Treasury Bills do not carry any fixed rate.
Certificate of Deposits are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and
w

w
financial institutions to raise large sums of money. 4. What are the types of Commercial Bill?

2. What is Government Securities Market?  Demand and Usance Bills

A market whereby the Government or gilt-edged securities can be bought and sold  Clean bills and documentary Bills
is called ‘Government Securities Market’.  Inland bills and Foreign Bills

3. What do you meant by Auctioning?  Indigenous Bills

A method of trading whereby merchants bid against one another and where the  Accommodation and supply Bills

securities are sold to the highest bidder is known as ‘auctioning’.

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IV. Long Answer Questions: iii). Liquidity Profile

1. Differentiate between the Money Market and Capital market?  The liquidity profile of gilt-edged securities varies.

S.no Features Money Market Capital Market  Accordingly liquidity profile of securities issued by Central Government is high.
iv). Issue Mechanism
01 Duration of It is a market for short term It is a market for long term
The Public Debt Office of the RBI undertakes to issue government securities.
Funds loan funds. Funds .
v). Issue opening
02 Risks Low credit and Market risk High credit and Market Risk
A notification for the issue of the securities is made a few days before the public

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03 Liquidity High Low subscription is open.

04 Underwriting It is not primary function It is a primary function

@*@*@*@*@*@

05 Subdivision There is no such subdivision There is a division

l
da

da
2. Explain the characteristics of Money Market?

a
i).Short-term Funds
It is a market purely for short-term funds or financial assets called near money.
ik

ik
ii).Maturity Period
It deals with financial assets having a maturity period up to one year only.
lv

lv
iii).Conversion of Cash
It deals with only those assets which can be converted into cash readily without
a

a
loss and with minimum transaction cost.
.k

.k
iv).Existence of Secondary Market
There should be an active secondary market for these instruments.
w

w
v).Wholesale Market
It is a wholesale market and the volume of funds or financial assets traded in the
w

w
market is very large.
3. What are the Characteristics of Government Securities?
w

i). RBI Special Role

RBI takes a special and an active role in the purchase and sale of these securities
as part of its monetary management exercise.

ii). Nature of Securities

w
Securities offer a safe avenue of investment through guaranteed payment of
interest and repayment of principal by the Government.

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4. Who is called a Broker?

CHAPTER – 7 STOCK EXCHANGE
Brokers are commission agents, who act as intermediaries between buyers and
sellers of securities.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
5. What are the types of Speculator?
1. ____ is the oldest stock exchange in the world.
Bull Bear Stag Lame Duck
a) London Stock Exchange b) Bombay Stock Exchange
III. Short Answer Questions:
c) National Stock Exchange d) Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1. What are the limitations of Stock exchange?
2. There are _____ stock exchange in the country.
 Lack of uniformity and control of stock exchanges.

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a) 21 b) 24 c) 20 d) 25  Failure to control unhealthy speculation.
3. Jobbers transact in a stock exchange  No proper regulation of listing of securities on the stock exchange

l
a) For their Clients b) For their Own Transactions 2. Explain Bull and Bear.

da

da
c) For other Brokers d) For other Members i). Bull
 A Bull or Tejiwala is an operator who expects a rise in prices of securities in the
4. A pessimistic speculator is
future.
a

a
a) Stag b) Bear c) Bull d) Lame Duck  He is called bull because just like a bull tends to throw his victim up in the air,
ik

ik
5. An optimistic speculator is the bull speculator stimulates the price to rise.
a) Bull b) Bear c) Stag d) Lame duck  He is an optimistic speculator.
lv

lv
ii). Bear
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
 A bear or Mandiwala speculator expects prices to fall in future and sells
a

a
1. What is meant Stock Exchange? securities at present with a view to purchase them at lower prices in future.
Stock Exchange is an organized market for the purchase and sale of industrial and  A bear usually presses its victim down to ground.
.k

.k
financial security.  A bear is a pessimistic speculator.
2. Write any 5 Stock Exchanges in India. 3. Explain Stag and Lame Duck.
w

w
 Bangalore Stock Exchange Ltd. i) Stag
 The Cochin Stock Exchange Ltd.  A stag is a cautious speculator in the stock exchange.
w

w
 The Bombay Stock Exchange  He applies for shares in new companies and expects to sell them at a premium,
 The Jaipur Stock Exchange Ltd.
w

w
if he gets an allotment.
 The Kanara Stock Exchange Ltd.  He is also called a premium hunter.
3. What is meant by Remisier? ii). Lame Duck
 He acts as an agent of a member of a stock exchange.  When a bear finds it difficult to fulfill his commitment, he is said to be
 He obtains business for his principal. struggling like a lame duck.
 The member and gets a commission for that service.  A bear speculator contracts to sell securities at a later date.
 Moreover, the buyer is not willing to carry over the transactions.

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IV. Long Answer Questions: 3. Distinguish between Stock Exchange and Commodity Exchange.
1. Explain the functions of Stock Exchange. S.no Features Stock Exchange Commodity Exchange
i). Ready and Continuous Market
1 Meaning It is an organized market for the It is an exchange where
 Stock Exchange is, in fact, a market for existing securities.
purchase and sale of industrial commodities are traded.
 If an investor wants to sell his securities, he can easily and quickly dispose
them off on a stock exchange. and financial security.

ii). Correct Evaluation of Securities 2 Function Providing easy marketability Price insurance service and
 One can easily evaluate the worth of one’s securities on the basis of these liquidity to securities
quotations. 3 Object It is facilitating capital formation It is facilitating goods flow

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 The lender can easily assess the worth of security offered for loan. through risk reduction
iii). Aid to Capital Formation
4 Participants Investors and Speculators Producers, Dealers, Traders
 The facilities provided by it for their purchase and sale induce people to save

l
and invest. 5 Price Its dealings only one quotation Its dealings multiple quotation

da

da
 Stock exchanges thus ensure a steady flow of capital into industry and assists Quotation is possible is possible
industrial development.
iv). Facilities for Speculation

a
 Speculation is an integral part of stock exchange operations.
 As a result of speculation, demand for and supply of securities are equalized. @*@*@*@*@*@
ik

ik
 Similarly, price movements are rendered smoothly.
v). Seasoning of Securities
lv

lv
 Speculators and underwriters hold for a temporary period, securities issued by
new companies.
a

a
 They unlock them when the market is prepared to absorb the new issues.
2. Explain the features of Stock Exchange.
.k

.k
i). Market for Securities
Stock exchange is a market, where securities of corporate bodies, government
w

w
and semi-government bodies are bought and sold.
ii). Deals in Second Hand Securities
It deals with shares, debentures bonds and such securities already issued by the
w

w
companies.
iii). Regulates Trade in Securities
w

w
 Stock exchange does not buy or sell any securities on its own account.
 It regulates the trade activities so as to ensure free and fair trade.
iv). Association of Persons
A stock exchange is an association of persons or body of individuals which may be
registered or unregistered.
v). Recognition from Central Government
Stock exchange is an organized market. It requires recognition from the Central
Government.
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SECURITIES EXCHANGE III. Short Answer Questions:

CHAPTER–8 1. What is meant by Dematerialization?
BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI)
 It is the process by which physical share certificates of an investor are taken back
I. Choose the Correct Answers: by the company.
 Then an equivalent number of securities in the electronic form are credited to the
1. Securities Exchange Board of India was first established in the year ____
investors account.
a) 1988 b) 1992 c) 1995 d) 1998
2. What are the documents required for a Demat account?
2. The headquarters of SEBI is _______  Proof of identity and address along with the passport size photograph and the

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a) Calcutta b) Bombay c) Chennai d) Delhi account opening form.

3. Registering and controlling the functioning of collective investment schemes as ______  Only photocopies of the documents are required for submission, but originals are
required for verification.

l
a) Mutual Funds b) Listing c) Rematerialisation d) Dematerialization

da

da
3. Draw the organization structure of SEBI.
4. SEBI is empowered by the Finance ministry to nominate ______ members on the
Organizational Structure of SEBI
Governing body of every stock exchange. Director
a

a
a) 5 b) 3 c) 6 d) 7
Additional director/ Additional director Technical Director/
ik

ik
5. Trading is dematerialized shares commenced on the NSE is ________ Joint Director (Adminstration) Joint Directors (system)

a) January 1996 b) June 1998 c) December 1996 d) December 1998

Deputy director/ Deputy director Deputy directors
lv

lv
II. Very Short Answer Questions: Assistant Directors (Adminstration) (System)

1. Write short notes on SEBI.

a

a
Assistant director Assistant director
SEBI is an apex body that maintains and regulates our capital market. (Adminstration) (System)
.k

.k
2. Write any two objectives of SEBI. Section Officers Technical Assistants
(Adminst5ration)
 Regulation of Stock Exchanges
w

w
 Protection to the Investors
3. Mention the headquarters of SEBI. IV. Long Answer Questions:
w

w
 BandraKurla Complex in Mumbai,
1. What are the functions of SEBI?
w

w
 Regulating and controlling the business on stock markets.
 North - New Delhi, East - Kolkata, South - Chennai and West- Ahmadabad.
 Barring insider trading in securities.
4. What are the various ID proofs?
 Carrying out steps in order to develop the capital markets by having an
 PAN Card,  Driver's License,  Electricity Bill,
accommodating approach.
 Voter's ID,  Bank Attestation,  Telephone Bill,
 Levying fee or any other type of charges to carry out the purpose of the Act.
 Passport,  IT Returns,  ID Cards
 Performing functions that may be assigned to it by the Central Government of
India.

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2. Explain the powers of SEBI. FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN

CHAPTER – 9
i). Powers Relating to Stock Exchanges &Intermediaries RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
 SEBI has wide powers regarding the stock exchanges and intermediaries dealing
in securities. I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 It can ask information from the stock exchanges and intermediaries regarding 1. Human resource is a -------- asset.
their business transactions for inspection and other purpose. a) Tangible b) Intangible c) Fixed d) Current
ii). Power to Impose Monetary Penalties 2. Human Resource management is both ------------ and -----------.
 SEBI has been empowered to impose monetary penalties on capital market

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a) Science and art b) Theory and practice
intermediaries
c) History and Geography d) None of the above
 It can even impose suspension of their registration for a short period.
3. Planning is a -------------- function.

l
iii). Power to Initiate Actions in Functions Assigned

da

da
a) Selective b) Pervasive c) Both a and b d) None of the above
 SEBI has a power to initiate actions in regard to functions assigned.
 For example, it can issue guidelines to different intermediaries
4. Human resource management determines the --------------------- relationship.

iv). Power to Regulate Insider Trading a) Internal, External b) Employer, Employee

a

a
SEBI has power to regulate insider trading or can regulate the functions of c) Owner, Servant d) Principle, Agent
ik

ik
merchant bankers. 5. Labour turnover is the rate at which employees ---------- the organisation
v). Powers Under Securities Contracts Act a) Enter b) Leave c) Salary d) None of the above
lv

lv
For effective regulation of stock exchange, the Ministry of Finance issued a
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
Notification on 13 September, 1994 delegating several of its powers under the
a

a
1. What is Human Resource Management?
Securities Contracts (Regulations) Act to SEBI.
The branch of management that deals with managing human resource is known as
.k

.k
Human Resource Management.
2. State two features of HRM.
w

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 It is an Universally relevant.
@*@*@*@*@*@  Goals are made possible through best utilization.
w

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3. Mention two characteristics of Human Resource.
w

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 Human resources are movable.
 Human resources are emotional beings.
 It can work as a team.
4. What are the Managerial functions of HRM.
 Planning,
 Organizing,
 Directing,
 Controlling

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III. Short Answer Questions: iii). To ensure the correct requirement of manpower:

1. Define the term Human Resource Management. At any time the organisation should not suffer from shortage or surplus manpower

HRM as that part of management process which is primarily concerned with the which is made possible through human resource management.

human constituents of an organization. iv). To select right man for right job:
It ensures the right talent available for the right job, so that no employee is either
- E.F.L.Brech
under qualified or over qualified
2. What are the Characteristics of Human resources?
v). To update the skill and knowledge:
 It is the only factor of production that lives.
 Managing human resource plays a significant role in the process of employee
 It’s created all other resources.

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skill and knowledge.
 Human resources are emotional beings.  Enhancement to enable the employees to remain up to date through training
 Human resources are movable. and development programmes.

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 It can work as a team. 3. Discuss the Operating functions HRM.

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 Its exhibits innovation and creativity i. Procurement:

3. What is the Significance of Human resource? Acquisition deals with job analysis, human resource planning, recruitment,
selection, placement, transfer and promotion
a

a
 Industrial relation depends on human resource.
 Human relation is possible only through human resource. ii. Development
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 Human resource manages all other factors of production. Development includes performance appraisal, training, executive development,

 It’s well protected by legislative framework. career planning and development, organizational development
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iii. Compensation
IV. Long Answer Questions:
It deals with job evaluation, wage and salary administration, incentives, bonus,
1. Explain the Characteristics of Human Resource.
a

a
fringe benefits and social security schemes
 Human resource is the only factor of production that lives
iv. Retention
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 Human resource created all other resources
This is made possible through health and safety, welfare, social security, job
 Human resources are emotional beings satisfaction and quality of work life.
w

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 Human resources are movable v. Integration
 Human resource can work as a team It is concerned with the those activities that aim to bring about reconciliation
w

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2. Describe the significance of Human Resource Management. between personal interest and organizational interest
i). To identify manpower needs:
w

 It is very important as it is a form of investment.

 The number of men required are to be identified accurately to optimize the cost.
ii). To incorporate change:
Change is constant in any organisation and this change has to be introduced in
w @*@*@*@*@*@

such a way that the human resource management acts as an agent to make the
change effective.

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III. Short Answer Questions:

CHAPTER - 10 RECRUITMENT METHODS 1. What is meant by unsolicited application?
I. Choose the Correct Answers: These are the applications of job seekers who voluntarily apply for the vacancies not
1. Recruitment is the process of identifying ---------------. yet notified by the organization.
a) Right man for right job b) Good performer 2. What is meant by job portals?
c) Right job d) All of the above Using internet job portals organizations can screen for the prospective candidates

2. Recruitment bridges gap between ------------ --- and -------------- . and fill up their vacancies.

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3. State the steps in Recruitment process Outsourcing?
a) Job seeker and job provider b) Job seeker and agent
 Recruitment understanding  Profile Submission
c) Job provider and owner d) Owner and servant
 Advertise & Source  Interview Process

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3. Advertisement is a --------------- source of recruitment
 Screening  Selection

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a) Internal b) External c) Agent d) Outsourcing  Validation
4. Transfer is an --------------- source of recruitment. IV. Long Answer Questions:

a
a) Internal b) External c) Outsourcing d) None of the above 1. Explain the internal source of recruitment.
5. E-recruitment is possible only through -------------- facility.
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i). Transfer:
Transfer of employee from one department with surplus staff to that of
a) Computer b) Internet c) Broadband d) 4G
another with deficit staff.
lv

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II. Very Short Answer Questions: ii). Upgrading:
1. Give the meaning of Recruitment. Performance appraisal helps in the process of moving employees from a
a

a
lower position to a higher position
Recruitment is the process of finding suitable candidates for the various posts in
.k

.k
iii). Promotion:
an organization.
Based on seniority and merits of the employees they are given opportunity
2. What is promotion?
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to move up in the organizational hierarchy
Based on seniority and merits of the employees they are given opportunity to move iv). Demotion:
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up in the organizational order. Movement of employee from a higher position to a lower position because of
3. Write any two internal source of recruitment. poor performance continuously.
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 Transfer  Upgrading  Promotion  Demotion v). Dependants:
The legal heir or the dependent employee may be given a chance to replace
4. What is meant by Poaching?
the deceased.
 Organizations instead of training and developing their own employees hire
2. Explain the external source of recruitment.
employees of other competitive companies by paying them more both financial
i). Advertisements:
and non financial benefits.
The employer can advertise in dailies, journals, magazines etc. about the
 It is also called raiding.
vacancies in the organisation.

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ii). Unsolicited applicants:

CHAPTER - 11
EMPLOYEE SELECTION
These are the applications of job seekers who voluntarily apply for the
PROCESS
vacancies not yet notified by the organisations.
iii). Walkins: I. Choose the Correct Answers:
Walk-in applicants with suitable qualification and requirement can be 1. The recruitment and Selection Process aimed at right kind of people.
another source of requirement. a) At right people b) At right time
iv). Campus Recruitment:
c) To do right things d) All of the above
The organisations visit the educational institutions to identify and recruit
2. Selection is usually considered as a----------------- process

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suitable candidates.
a) Positive b) Negative c) Natural d) None of these
v). Recruitment at Factory gate:
 Usually unskilled employees are recruited by this way. 3. Which of the following test is used to measure the various characteristics of the

l
 They are recruited at factory gate and paid on hourly or daily basis. candidate?

da

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3. What is the Recent trend in Recruitment? a) Physical Test b) Psychological Test
i). Outsourcing
c) attitude Test d) Proficiency tests
a

a
 It help in the process of recruiting through screening of applications and finding
4. The process of eliminating unsuitable candidate is called
ik

ik
the right person for the job for which job they are paid service charges.
a) Selection b) Recruitment c) Interview d) Induction
 Recruitment Process Outsourcing:
 Recruitment understanding 5. Job first man next is one of the principles of -----------
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 Advertise & Source a) Test b) Interview c) Training d) placement
 Screening II. Very Short Answer Questions:
a

a
 Validation
1. What is selection?
.k

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 Profile Submission
Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable person for the vacant
 Interview Process
position in the organization.
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 Selection
2. What is an interview?
ii). Poaching
w

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“An interview is a purpose full exchange of ideas, the answering of questions and
 Organizations instead of training and developing their own employees hire
communication between two or more persons.”
employees of other competitive companies by paying them more both financial
w

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3. What is intelligence test?
and non financial benefits.
Intelligence tests are one of the psychological tests, that is designed to measure a
 It is also called raiding.
variety of mental ability, individual capacity of a candidate.

@*@*@*@*@*@*@ 4. What do you mean by placement?

☻ The process of placing the right man on the right job is called ‘Placement’.

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III. Short Answer Questions: iii). Intelligence test:

1. What is stress interview? Intelligence tests are one of the psychological tests, that is designed to

 This type of interview is conducted to test the temperament and emotional measure a variety of mental ability, individual capacity of a candidate.

balance of the candidate interviewed. iv). Judgment Test:

 Interviewer deliberately creates stressful situation by directing the candidate to This test is conducted to test the presence of mind and reasoning capacity of
do irrational and irritating activities. the candidates
2. What is structured interview? v). Interest Test:

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Under this method, a series of question to be asked by the interviewer are pre-
Interest test measure a candidate’s extent of interest in a particular area
prepared by the interviewer and only these questions are asked in the interview.
chosen by him/ her so that organization can assign the job suited to his/her
3. Name the types of selection test? in term.

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SELECTION TEST 2. Explain the important methods of interview.

Ability Test Personality Test i). Stress Interview:

a
Aptitude Test Interest Test  This type of interview is conducted to test the temperament and emotional
Achievement Test Personality Test balance of the candidate interviewed.
ik

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Intelligence Test Projective Test  Interviewer deliberately creates stressful situation by directing the candidate to
Judgment Test Attitude Test do irrational and irritating activities.
lv

lv
4. What do you mean by achievement test? ii). Structured Interview:
a

a
 This test measures a candidate’s capacity to achieve in a particular field.
Under this method, a series of question to be asked by the interviewer are pre-
 It is also called proficiency test.
.k

.k
prepared by the interviewer and only these questions are asked in the interview.
 This test is conducted before, during or after a learning experience.
iii). Online Interview
IV. Long answer questions:
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 These days interviews are conducted by means of internet via Skype, Wechat,
1. Briefly explain the various types of tests. Google duo, Viber, Whatsapp or Video chat applications.
w

w
i). Aptitude Test:  They saves a lot of time, money and energy both for employer's organisation
and the candidate.
w

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 It is a test to measure suitability of the candidates for the post/role.
iv). Group interview
 It helps in predicting the ability and future performance of the candidate.
 A group interview is a screening process where multiple candidates are
ii). Achievement Test:
interviewed at the same time.
 This test measures a candidate’s capacity to achieve in a particular field.
 Group interview is a good time saving type of interview.
 It is also called proficiency test.

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v). Video Conferencing Interview

CHAPTER -12 EMPLOYEE TRAINING METHOD
 Video conferences interview is similar to face to face interview.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 It is a kind of conference call that connects the candidate with companies
located across various geographies. 1. Off the Job training is given
a) In the class room b) On off days
3. Differentiate Recruitment and Selection.
c) Outside the factory d) In the playground
S.no Basics Recruitment Selection
2. Improves Skill Levels of employees to ensure better job performance

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a) Training b) Selection c) Recruitment d) Performance appraisal
01 Approach Positive one Negative one
3. When trainees are trained by supervisor or by superior at the job is called
02 Sequence First Second
a) Vestibule training b) Refresher training

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03 Method It is economical method It is an expensive method c) Role play d) Apprenticeship training
4. ------------- is useful to prevent skill obsolescence of employees
04 Contractual No contractual relation Its contractual relation
a) Training b) Job analysis c) Selection d) Recruitment
a

a
relation
5. Training methods can be classified into training ----- and-------training
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05 Process It is very simple It is very complex.
a) Job rotation and Job enrichment b) On the Job and Off the Job
c) Job analysis and Job design d) Physical and mental
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lv
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
a

a
@*@*@*@*@*@ 1. What is meant by training?
.k

.k
Training is the act of increasing the Knowledge and skills of an employee for doing
particular jobs”.
2. What is Mentoring training method?
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Mentoring is the process of sharing knowledge and experience of an employee.
w

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3. What is Role play?
 Under this method trainees are explained the situation and assigned roles.
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 They have to act out the roles assigned to them without any rehearsal.
 There are no pre-prepared dialogues.
4. State e-learning method?
 E learning is the use of technological process to access of a traditional classroom
or office.
 E learning is also often referred to us online learning or web based training.

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III. Short Answer Questions:  In this method superior plays the role of coach or guide and an instructor.
ii) Mentoring method:
1. What is vestibule training?
Vestibule training is training of employees in an environment similar to actual  Mentoring is the process of sharing knowledge and experience of an employee.

work environment artificially created for training purpose.  The focus in this training is on the development of attitude of trainees.

2. What do you mean by on the job Training?  It is mostly used for managerial employees.

 On the job training refers to the training which is given to the employee at the iii) Job Rotation Method

work place by his immediate supervisor.  Under this method a trainee is periodically shifted from one work to another
 It is based on the principle of “Learning by Doing and Learning While Earning”. work and from one department to another department for a particular period of

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3. Write down various steps in a training programme. time.

 Whom to train? iv). Group Discussion Method

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 Who is the trainee?  Under this method participants are divided into various groups.

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 Who are trainers?  Each groups has to prepare solution after deep discussion with their group
 What method will be used for training? members.
 What should be the level of training?  Moderator will give final solution after listening to divergent view points.

a
 Where to conduct the training programme? v) Role Play Method
ik

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4. Write short note on trainer and trainee.  Under this method trainees are explained the situation and assigned roles.
Trainee  They have to act out the roles assigned to them without any rehearsal.
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 A person who is learning and practicing the skills of particular job is called  There are no pre-prepared dialogues.
trainee.  Thus they have to assume role and play the role without any preparation.
a

a
 Trainees should be selected on the basis of self-interest and recommendation
by the supervisor or by the human resource department itself.
.k

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2. What are the differences between on the job training and off the job training?
Trainer
S.no Transaction On the job training Off the job training
 Trainer is a person who teaches skills to employee and prepares them for a
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job activity. 01 Meaning The employee learns the job in Off the job training involves the
 Trainers may be supervisor, coworkers, HR staffs, faculty members of the actual work environment. training of employees outside the
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Educational Institutions like University etc. actual work location.
 The trainers is otherwise called Instructor, Coach, Teacher, Mentor, Adviser, 02 Cost It is cheapest to carry out It requires expenses like separate
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Counselor, Guide, Guru, Manager, Handler, Tutor and Educator etc,. training rooms specialist, resource

IV. Long Answer Questions: like projectors.

03 Location At the work place Away from the work place
1. Discuss various types of training.
i) Coaching Method 04 Approach Practical approach Theoretical approach
 In the coaching method of training, the superior teaches or guides the new
05 Principle Learning by performing Learning by acquiring knowledge
employee about the knowledge and skills relevant to a given job.

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3. Explain the benefits of training. (any 2 points from each heading) CONCEPT OF MARKETING
(i) Benefits to the Organization CHAPTER -13 AND MARKETER
 It reduces wastages of materials and idle time.
 It exposes employees to latest trends.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 It minimizes the time for supervision.
1. One who promotes (or) Exchange of goods or services for money is called as .
 It reduces labour turnover of employee
(ii) Benefits to the Employees a) Seller b) Marketer c) Customer d) Manager
 It adds to the knowledge skill and competency of employee 2. The marketer initially wants to know in the marketing is .

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 It enables him to gain promotion or achieve career advancement in quick time.
a) Qualification of the customer b) Quality of the product
 It improves the employees productivity
c) Background of the customers d) Needs of the customers
 It enhances the morale of the employee.

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(iii)Benefits of Customer 3. The Spot market is classified on the basis of .

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 Customers get better quality of product/ service. a) Commodity b) Transaction c) Regulation d) Time
 Customers get innovative products or value added or feature rich products. 4. Which one of the market deals in the purchase and sale of shares and debentures?

a
a) Stock Exchange Market b) Manufactured Goods Market
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c) Local Market d) Family Market
@*@*@*@*@
5. Stock Exchange Market is also called ...........................
lv

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a) Spot Market b) Local Market c) Security Market d)National Market
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
a

a
1. What is Market?
.k

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The meeting place of buyers and sellers in an area is called Market.
2. Define Marketer.
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“A person whose duties include the identification of the goods and services
desired by a set of consumers, as well as the marketing of those goods and
w

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services on behalf of a company”.
3. What is mean by Regulated Market?
w

w These are types of markets which are organized, controlled and regulated by
Statutory measures.
4. What is meant by Spot Market?
Goods are exchanged and the physical delivery of goods takes place immediately.
5. What is meant by Commodity Market?
A commodity market is a place where produced goods or consumption goods are
bought and sold.

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II. Short Answer Questions: III. Long Answer Questions:

1. What can be marketed in the Market? 1. How the market can be classified?
i). Goods:
 Market goods like consumer durables, electronic products, machineries,
Computers and its software and hardware etc.,
ii). Services:
 Not only physical goods can be marketed.
 Even the services of many organizations can be marketed to the consumers

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namely banking, insurance, finance, hospitality, tourism, etc.,
iii). Information:
 Information is the most valuable product that can be marketed today.

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 The data collected by an organisation can be used as a product for this

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purpose.
2. Mention any three Role of Marketer?

a
i. Instigator
 Marketer keenly watches the developments taking place in the market and
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ik
identifies marketing opportunities.
ii. Innovator
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 He differentiates his products /services by adding additional features to the 2. How the market can be classified on the basis of Economics?
existing product.
a. Perfect Market:
a

a
iii. Integrator
A market is said to be a perfect market, if it satisfies the following conditions:
.k

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 Marketer plays a role of integrator in the sense that he collects feedback from
 Large number of buyers and sellers are there.
channel members and consumers.
 Prices should be uniform throughout the market.
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3. Explain the types of market on the basis of time.
 Buyers and sellers have a perfect knowledge of market.
(i) Very short period market:
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 Goods can be moved from one place to another without rest
restrictions.
 Markets which deal in perishable goods like, fruits, milk, vegetables etc., are
called as very short period market. b. Imperfect Market: A market is said to be imperfect when
w

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(ii) Short period market:  Products are similar but not identical.

 In certain goods, supply is adjusted to meet the demand.  Prices are not uniform.
 The demand is greater than supply.  There is lack of communication.
(iii) Long period market:  There are restrictions on the movement of goods.
 This type of market deals in durable goods, where the goods and services are @*@*@*@*@*@*@
dealt for longer period usages.

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2. What are the concept of marketing?

CHAPTER -14 MARKETING AND MARKETING MIX  What I can sell?
 Shall I first create products?
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 Shall I love my products?
1. The initial stage of Marketing system is…………………….
 Who is supreme in markets?
a) Monopoly system b) Exchange to Money c) Barter system d) Self producing
 Who will shape my decisions?
2. Who is supreme in the Market?
3. What do you mean by marketing mix? Describe any two elements.
a) Customer b) Seller c) Wholesaler d) Retailer

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Marketing mix:
3. In the following variables which one is not the variable of marketing mix? “Marketing mix is a pack of four sets of variables namely product variable, price

a) Place Variable b) Product Variable variable, promotion variable, and place variable”.

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Elements of marketing of mix:
c) Program Variable d) Price Variable

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i. Product:
4. Marketing mix means a marketing program that is offered by a firm to its target……..to
 Product is the main element of marketing.
earn profits through satisfaction of their wants.  Without a product, there can be no marketing.
a

a
a) Wholesaler b) Retailer c) Consumer d) Seller ii. Price:
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5. Which one is the example of Intangible product?  Price is the value of a product expressed in monetary terms.
 It is the amount charged for the product.
a) Education b) Mobiles c) Garments d) Vehicles
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IV. Long Answer Questions:
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
1. Discuss about the Evolution of marketing.
a

a
1. What is Marketing? i. Barter System:
It is one of the business functions that all activities that take place in relation to
.k

.k
The goods are exchanged against goods, without any other medium of exchange,
markets for the purpose of satisfying human needs and wants. like money.
2. Define Marketing Mix. ii. Production Orientation:
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“Marketing mix is a pack of four sets of variables namely product variable, price  This was a stage where producers, instead of being concerned with the
w

w
variable, promotion variable, and place variable”. consumer preferences, concentrated on the mass production of goods for the
- Mr. Jerome McCarthy, purpose of profit.
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w
3. What is meant by Grading?  They cared very little about the customers.
It means classification of standardized products in to certain well defined classes. iii. Sales Orientation:

III. Short Answer Questions:  The stage witnessed major changes in all the spheres of economic life.
 The selling became the dominant factor, without any efforts for the satisfaction
1. What are the objectives of marketing?
of the consumer needs.
 Intelligent and capable application of modern marketing policies.
iv. Marketing Orientation:
 To develop the marketing field.
 Customers’ importance was realized but only as a means of disposing of goods
 To find sources for further information concerning the market problems. produced. Competition became more stiff.
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v. Consumer Orientation:
Under this stage only such products are brought forward to the markets which are CHAPTER -15 RECENT TRENDS IN MARKETING
capable of satisfying the tastes, preferences and expectations of the consumers-
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
consumer satisfaction.
2. Narrate the Elements of Marketing mix. 1. Selling goods/ services through internet is

i) Product: a. Green marketing b. E- business c. Social marketing d. Meta marketing

 Product is the main element of marketing. 2. Which is gateway to internet?
 Without a product, there can be no marketing. a. Portal b.CPU c. Modem d. Webnaire

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 “A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition,
3. Social marketing deals with:
consumption that might satisfy a want or a need”.
- Philip Kotler
a. Society b. Social Class c. Social change d. Social evil

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ii) Price: 4. Effective use of Social media marketing increase conversion rates of –

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 Price is the value of a product expressed in monetary terms. a. Customer to buyers b. Retailer to customers
 It is the amount charged for the product. c. One buyer to another buyer’s d. Direct contact of marketer
 “Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service.
a

a
5. Pure play retailers are called
- Philip Kotler
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a. Market creators b. Transaction brokers c. Merchants d. Agents
iii. Place
 The fourth element of product mix, namely place facilitates the movement of II. Very Short Answer Questions:
lv

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products from the place of manufacture to the place of consumption at the right
1. What is service marketing?
time.
 Service marketing is a specialized branch of marketing.
a

a
 The qualified product will be wasted if it is not transferred to the consumers.
 The processing of selling service goods like telecommunication, banking,
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iv. Promotion
insurance, car rentals, healthcare, tourism, professional services, repairs etc.,
 The special features and benefits should be conveyed to the potential
2. What is green marketing?
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consumers.
Green marketing involves developing and promoting products and services which
 Most of the consumers become customers on the basis of the special features of
satisfy customers’ wants and needs without affecting environment.
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the products.
3. What is Ambush Marketing?
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It is a new technique whereby a particular advertiser seeks to connect his product

@*@*@*@*@*@ to the event in the mind of potential customer without paying sponsoring expenses to
the event.

4. What is Social marketing?

 Social marketing is a new marketing tool.

 It is the systematic application of marketing philosophy and techniques to achieve

specific behavioral goals which ensure social good.
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III. Short Answer Questions:  Service marketing is a specialized branch of marketing.

1. What are the advantages of E-marketing?  The processing of selling service goods like telecommunication, banking,
 It’s provides 24 Hrs and 7 days service to its users. insurance, car rentals, healthcare, tourism, professional services, repairs etc.,
 Products bought through e-marketing become cheaper. Multilevel Marketing:
 Customer can buy whatever they want just by browsing the various sites.
 It is the marketing strategy wherein the direct sales companies encourage its
2. Discuss the objectives E-Marketing
existing distributors.
 Expansion of market share
 The distributor is compensated not only for the sales generated by him.
 Reduction of distribution and promotional expenses.

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 The distributors not only sell the products but also encourage others to join the
 Achieving higher brand awareness.
company.
 Strengthening database.

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3. Explain in detail about Niche marketing.  The recruits are called as the participant’s “Downline”.

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 A strategy of directing all marketing efforts towards one well defined segment of
@*@*@*@*@*@
the population.
 The sports channels like STAR Sports, ESPN, STAR Cricket and Fox Sports
a

a
target the niche market of sports enthusiasts.
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IV. Long Answer Questions:
1. Explain in detail how traditional marketing differ from E-marketing
lv

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S.No E-marketing Traditional marketing
1 It is very economical and faster way It is very expensive and takes more time
a

a
to promote the products. to promote product.
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2 It is quiet easier for promoting It is very expensive and time consuming to

product globally in the short time promote product/service

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3 It can expand their operation with It needs more man power.
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Minimum manpower.

4 In this marketing product can be That is not possible in traditional

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sold or bought 24*7,round the marketing.

year with minimum manpower

2. Discuss any two new methods of marketing .

Service Marketing:
 A service is any activity that one party can offer to another which is essentially
intangible.
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CHAPTER - 16 CONSUMERISM 5. Write short notes on Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

 The Act is referred in short as ‘COPRA’.
 The Consumer Protection Act 1986 seeks to protect and promote the interests
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
of consumers.
1. The term ‘consumerism’ came into existence in the year ---------.
III. Short Answer Questions:
a) 1960 b) 1957 c) 1954 d) 1958
1. What are the important legislations related to consumerism in India?
2. Who is the father of Consumer Movement?
 The Indian Contract Act, 1982 was passed to bind the people on the promise made
a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Mr. Jhon F. Kennedy

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in the contract.
c) Ralph Nader d) Jawaharlal Nehru  The Trademark Act, 1999 prevents the use of fraudulent marks on the product.
3. Sale of Goods Act was passed in the year?  The Competition Act, 2002 protects the consumers against unhealthy competition.

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a) 1962 b) 1972 c) 1930 d) 1985 2. What is meant by artificial scarcity?

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4. The Consumer Protection Act came into force with effect from  There are certain situations where the shop-keepers put up the board ‘No Stock”
in front of their shops, even though there is plenty of stock in the store.
a) 1.1.1986 b) 1.4.1986 c) 15.4.1987 d) 15.4.1990

a
 In such situations consumers who are desperate to buy such goods have to pay
5. ----------- of every year is declared as a Consumer Protection Day to educate the public
high price to buy those goods.
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about their rights and responsibilities.
 Even in Cinema houses, board may hang in the main entrance ‘House Full’ while
a) August 15 b) April 15 c) March 15 d) September 15 cinema tickets will be freely available at a higher price in the black market.
lv

lv
II. Very Short Answer Questions: 3. Write the importance of consumerism.
1. Who is a consumer?  Awakening and uniting consumers.
a

a
 A consumer is one who consumes goods manufactured and sold by others.  Discouraging unfair trade practices.
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 One, who avails services such as banking, transport, insurance, etc., is also  Protecting against exploitation.
called a consumer.  Awakening the government.
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2. Give two examples of adulteration.  Providing complete and latest information.
 Mixing of stones with grains IV. Long Answer Questions:
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 Papayas seed is added to black pepper
1. How consumers are exploited?
3. What is Caveat Emptor?
i). Selling at Higher Price:
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 ‘Caveat emptor’ is a Latin term that means "let the buyer beware."
 The price charged by the seller for a product service may not be matching
 The principle of caveat emptor serves as a warning to the buyers that they have
with the quality but at times it is more than the fair price.
no recourse with the seller if the product does not meet their expectations
ii). Adulteration:
4. What is Caveat Venditor?  It refers to mixing or substituting undesirable material in food.
The principle of caveat venditor, which means "let the seller beware," by  This causes heavy loss to the consumers.
which goods are covered by an implied warranty of merchantability.  This will lead to monitory loss and spoil the health.

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iii). False Advertisements: 3. What are the objectives of Consumer Protection Act, 1986?
 Advertisements convey very little information about the product.  Protection of consumers against marketing of goods which are hazardous and
 Many times it makes false representation about the quality, price, grade, dangerous to life and property of consumers.
composition, utility guaranteed, performance etc.  Providing correct and complete information about quality, quantity, purity, price
iv). Sub-standard: and standard of goods purchased by consumers.
 On opening a packet or sealed container one may find the content to be of  Protecting consumers from unfair trade practices of traders.
poor quality.  Empowering consumers to seek redressal against exploitation
 A consumer finds it difficult to exchange the defective one for good one.  Educating the consumer of their rights and duties

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v). Warranty and Services:

 Warranty service may not be extended to many parts of the product sold.
@*@*@*@*@*@
 Thus consumers may be charged exorbitant charges in the name of repair

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costs.

2. Explain the role of business in consumer protection.

i). Avoidance of Price Hike
a

a
 Business enterprises should stop from hiking the price in the context of critical
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shortage of goods.

ii). Avoidance of Hoarding

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 Business enterprises should allow the business to flow normally.
 It should not indulge in hoarding and black marketing to earn maximum
a

a
possible profit in the short term at the cost of consumers.
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iii) Guarantees for Good Quality

 Business enterprises should not give false warranty for the products.
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 It should ensure supply of good quality.

iv). Truth in advertising

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 Business enterprises should not convey false, untrue, bogus information
relating to the product through the advertisements in media and thus mislead
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the consumers.

v). Consumer Grievances

 Where the business enterprises have customer care department, it should

handle the grievances’ of consumer immediately or within a definite time frame.

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CHAPTER - 17 CONSUMER PROTECTION III. Short Answer Questions:

1. What do you understand by “Right to redressal”.
 The complaints and protests are not just to be heard, but the aggrieved party to
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
be granted compensation within a reasonable time period.
1. The final aim of modern marketing is ______  There should be fair settlement of deserving claims in a definite timeframe.
a. Maximum profit b. Minimum profit
2. What do you understand about” Right to protection of health and safety”.
c. Consumer satisfaction d. Service to the society  There may be few products that are more likely to cause physical danger to

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2. --------- is the king of modern marketing. consumers’ health, lives and property.

a. Consumer b. Wholesaler c. Producer d. Retailer  The consumers are entitled to protection of their health and safety from the
goods and services they buy.
3. As the consumer is having the rights, they are also having -------.

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IV. Long Answer Questions:

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a. Measures b. Promotion c. Responsibilities d. Duties
4. Which of the following is not a consumer right summed up by John F. Kennedy 1. Explain the duties of consumers.
i). Ensure the Weights and Measurement before Making Purchases:
a. Right to safety b. Right to choose
a

a
 The sellers often cheat consumer by using unfair weights and measures.
c. Right to consume d. Right to be informed
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 The consumer should ensure that he/she is getting the product of exact weight
5. It is the responsibility of a consumer that he must obtain----------- as a proof for the
and measure.
purchase of goods. ii). Reading the Label Carefully:
lv

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a. Cash receipt b. Warranty card c. Invoice d. All of these  It is the duty of the consumer to thoroughly read the label of the product.
 It should have correct, complete and true information about the product.
a

a
II. Very Short Answer Questions: iii). Beware of False and Attractive Advertisements:
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1. Write short notes on: “Right to be informed.”  Often the products are not as attractive as shown in the advertisement by the
 Consumers should be given all the relevant facts about the product so that they
sellers.
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can take intelligent decisions on purchasing the product.
 Hence, it is the prime duty of consumer not to get misled by such fraudulent
2. What are the rights of consumer according to John F. Kennedy? advertisements.
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“The Right of Safety, the Right to be informed, the Right to choose and the Right to iv). Ensuring the Receipt of Cash Bill:
be heard.”  It is a legitimate duty of consumers to collect cash receipt and warranty card
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- Mr. John F. Kennedy supplied along with bills.
 This will help them in seeking redressal for their grievances.
3. Which is the supreme objective of business?
v). Buying from Reputed Shops:
 Satisfaction of consumer needs/requirements is stated to be supreme objective of
 It is advisable for the consumer to make purchase from the reputed shops or
a business.
government shops like super bazaar, cooperative stores, and the like.

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2. What are the responsibilities of consumers? GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL

CHAPTER - 18
 The consumer must pay the price of the goods according to the terms and MECHANISM
conditions of the sales contract.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 The consumer is bound to pay any interest and special damages caused to the 1. The Chairman of the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Council is _____
seller incase if there is delay in the payment.
a) Serving or Retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. b) Prime Minister
 The consumer has to assiduously follow and keenly observe the instructions and
precautions while using the products.
c) President of India d) None of the above
 The consumer must seek to collect complete information about the quality, 2. The Chairman of the State Consumer Protection Council is _____

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quantity, price etc of the product before purchasing it. a) Judge of a High Court b) Chief Minister
 The consumer must get cash receipt as a proof of goods purchased from the
c) Finance Minister d) None of the above
seller.
3. The Chairman of the District Forum is________

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 The consumer must file a complaint with the seller concerned about defects or

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short comings noticed in their products and services. a) District Judge b) High Court Judge
c) Supreme Court Judge d) None of the above
@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@
a

a
4. The State Commission can entertain complaints where the value of the goods or
services and the compensation, if any claimed exceed
ik

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a). Rs. 2 lakhs but does not exceed Rs. 5 lakhs
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b) Rs. 20 lakhs but does not exceed Rs. 1 crore
c) Rs. 3 lakhs but does not exceed Rs. 5 lakhs
a

a
d) Rs. 4 lakhs but does not exceed Rs. 20 lakhs
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5. The International Organisation of Consumers Unions (IOCU) was first established in
a)1960 b)1965 c)1967 d)1987
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II. Very Short Answer Questions:
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1. What do you meant by Redressal Mechanism?
 It is a management and governance related process used commonly in India.
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 While the term "Grievance Redressal" primarily covers the receipt and processing
of complaints from citizens and consumers
2. What do you know about National Commission?
 It is a quasi-judicial commission in India which was set up in 1988 under the
Consumer Protection Act of 1986.
 Its head office is in New Delhi.

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3. State the meaning of the term State Commission.  Four other members of ability, knowledge and experience from any other fields.

 A consumer has to be protected against defects, deficiencies and unfair and  It should include a woman.

restrictive trade practices. Jurisdiction

 The State Consumer Protection Council is also called State Commission.  Section 21 of The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 describes, the National

4. What is a term District Forum? Commission shall have jurisdiction

 As per the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 the establishment of a District Forum  To entertain a complaint valued more than 1 Crore.

by the State Government in each district is necessary today to protect the interest  Revised the orders of State Commissions.
2. Explain the overall performance of State Commission.
of aggrieved consumers in that district.

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Meaning:
III. Short Answer Questions:  A consumer has to be protected against defects, deficiencies and unfair and
1. Who are the members of the National Commission? restrictive trade practices.

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 The National Commission should have five members.  The State Consumer Protection Council is also called State Commission.

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 One should be from judiciary. Members:
 Four other members of ability, knowledge and experience from any other fields.  Each State Commission shall consist of the following members.

a
 It should include a woman.  A person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court appointed by the State

2. Who are the members of the state commission? Government as its President.
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 Judge of a high court appointed by the state government as its president.  Two other members who shall be persons of ability, integrity and standing and

 Two other members who shall be person of ability, integrity and standing and have adequate knowledge or experience.
lv

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have knowledge. Powers:

 One shall be women.  The State Commission also has the power to call for the records and pass
a

a
appropriate orders in any consumer dispute which is pending before or has been
3. Write a note on the Voluntary Consumer Organisation.
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decided by any District Forum within the State.
 Consumer is a broad label for any individuals or households that use goods and
 To furnish such information that may be required for the purposes of the Act to
services produced within the economy.
any officer so specified.
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 Voluntary consumer organizations refer to the organisation formed voluntarily by
@*@*@*@*@*@*@
the consumers to protect their rights and interests
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IV. Long Answer Questions:
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1. Explain the overall performance of National Commission?
 National Commission is a quasi-judicial commission in India which was set up in
1988 under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986.
 Its head office is in New Delhi.
Members:
 The National Commission should have five members.
 One should be from judiciary.

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4. Expand VUCA.
CHAPTER - 19 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
VUCA – Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity,

III. Short Answer Questions:

I. Choose the Correct Answers:
1. What are the political environment factors?
1. VUCA stands for
 The framework for running a business is given by the political and legal
a). Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity environment.
b). Value, Unavoidable, Company and Authority  The success of a business lies in its ability to adapt and sustain to political and

c). Volatility, Uncontrollable, Company and Auction legal changes.

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 The legislative, executive and judiciary are the three political institutions which
d). All of the above
directs and influences a business
2. GST stands for
2. Write about any three internal environmental factors of business.

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a). Goods and Social Tax b). Goods and Services Tax

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i). Vision and objectives:
c). Goods and Sales Tax d). Goods and Salary Tax The vision and objectives of a business guides its operations and strategic

3. Factors within an organisation constitutes ________environment. decisions.

a
ii). Management structure:
a). Internal Thinker b). External Thinker
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The structure of management/board and their style of functioning, which
c). Fellow human beings d). All of the above
affects the decision making.
4. Macro Environment of business is an __________factor. iii). Company image:
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lv
a). Uncontrollable b). Controllable c). Manageable d). Immanageable The image of an organisation plays an important role.

5. The two major types of business environment are _________ and _________ 3. What do you know about Technological environment?
a

a
a). Positive and Negative b). Internal and External  The development in the IT and telecommunications has created a global market.
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 Technology is widely used in conducting market research for understanding the
c). Good and Bad d). Allowable and Unallowable
special needs of the customer.
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II. Very Short Answer Questions:  Digital and social media are used as a platform for advertising and promoting the
products/services.
1. What is internal environment?
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Internal environment refers to those factors within an organisation e.g. Policies and
IV. Long Answer Questions:
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programmes, organizational structure, etc., which are controllable factors. 1. Discuss the role of macro environment of business.
2. Give the meaning of corporate governance.
i) Economic environment:
 It is a set of rules and policies which governs a company.
 The business is an integral part of the economic system prevalent in a nation.
 It provides a frame work for managing a company and achieving its objectives.
 The nature of economy based on the stage of development.
3. What is GST?
 The Economic indices like GDP, GNP national income, etc..
 GST is the indirect tax levied on goods and services across the country.
 Types of taxes: CGST,SGST,IGST

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ii) Socio-Cultural environment: iii) Competitors:

 Business is a part of the society.  All organizations face competition at all levels local, national and global.
 It refers to the sum total of factors of the society in which the business is  Competitors may be for the same product or for similar products.
located. iv) Marketing Channel members:
 Social and cultural environment of society affects the business.
 The marketing inter-mediaries serve as a connecting link between the
iii) Political and Legal environment: business and its customers.
 The framework for running a business is given by the political and legal  Market research agencies help the firm to understand the needs of the

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environment. customers
 The success of a business lies in its ability to adapt and sustain to political v) Public:
and legal changes.
 The public group has the ability to make or mar a business.

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iv) Technological environment:

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 Many companies had to face closure due to actions by local public.
 The development in the IT and telecommunications has created a global @*@*@*@*@*@
market.

a
 Technology is widely used in conducting market research for understanding
the special needs of the customer.
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v) Global environment:
lv

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 With the rapid growth of technology the physical boundaries are fast
disappearing and the new global market is emerging.
a

a
 The international environmental factors which affects a business
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2. Explain the micro environmental factors of business.

i) Suppliers:
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 In any organisation the suppliers of raw materials and other inputs play a
very vital role.
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 Organizations have realized the importance of nurturing and maintaining
good relationship with the suppliers.
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ii) Customers:

 The aim of any business is to satisfy the needs of its customers. The
customer is the king business.
 Customer relationship management aims at creating and sustaining cordial
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relations with customers.

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LIBERALIZATION, PRIVATIZATION AND III. Short Answer Questions:

CHAPTER - 20 GLOBALIZATION
1. What do you mean by Liberalization?
 It refers to laws or rules being liberalized, or relaxed, by a government.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 It relaxation of various government restrictions in the areas of social and
1. ________ is the result of New Industrial Policy which abolished the ‘License System’.
economic policies in order to make economies free to enter in the market and
(a) Globalization (b) Privatization (c) Liberalization (d) None of these establish their venture in the country.
2. ______ means permitting the private sector to setup industries which were previously 2. State any three impacts on Globalization.

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reserved for public sector.  Corporations got a competitive advantage from lower operating costs, and access
(a) Liberalization (b) Privatization (c) Globalization (d) Public Enterprise to new raw materials and additional markets.
 It can manufacture, buy and sell goods worldwide.
3. ____________ ownership makes bold management decisions due to their strong

l
 Globalization has led to a boom in consumer products market.

da

da
foundation in the international level.
3. Write a short note on New Economic Policy.
(a) Private (b) Public (c) Corporate (d) MNC’s  India agreed to the conditions of World Bank and IMF and announced New

a
4. __________ results from the removal of barriers between national economies to Economic Policy (NEP) which consists of wide range of economic reforms.
 This new set of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG
ik

ik
encourage the flow of goods, services, capital and labour.
 Liberalization
(a) Privatization (b) Liberalization (c) Globalization (d) Foreign Trade
 Privatization
lv

lv
5. New Economic Policy was introduced in the year _______.  Globalization

(a) 1980 (b) 1991 (c) 2013 (d) 2015

a

a
IV. Long Answer Questions:
II. Very Short Answer Questions: 1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of liberalization.
.k

.k
1. State the branches of New Economic Policy. Advantages:
(a). Increase in foreign investment:
w

w
 Liberalization,  Privatization,  Globalization
If a country liberalizes its trade, it will make the country more attractive for
2. What is Privatization? inward investment.
w

w
It is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business enterprise, (b). Increase the foreign exchange reserve:
agency or public service from the government to the private sector. Relaxation in the regulations covering foreign investment and foreign exchange
w

3. Mention any Two disadvantages of Liberalization.

 Increase in unemployment
 Unbalanced development

4. Give any Two advantages of Globalization.

w has paved way for easy access to foreign capital.
(c). Increase in consumption:
Liberalization increases the number of goods available for consumption within
a country due to increase in production.
(d). Control over price:
 Expansion of market
The removal of tariff barriers can lead to lower prices for consumers. This
 Technological development
would be particularly a benefit for countries who are importers.
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Disadvantages: THE SALE OF GOODS ACT 1930

CHAPTER - 21
(a). Increase in unemployment:
Trade liberalization often leads to a shift in the balance of an economy. Some
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
industries grow, some decline.
1. Sale of Goods Act was passed in the year
(b). Loss to domestic units:
a)1940 b)1997 c)1930 d)1960
With fewer entry restrictions, it has been possible for many entrants to make
inroads into the country, which poses a threat and competition to the existing 2. Which of the below constitutes the essential element of contract of sale?
domestic units. a) Two parties b) Transfer of property c) Price d) All of the above

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(c). Increased dependence on foreign nations: 3. Which of the below is not a good?
Trade liberalization means firms will face greater competition from abroad.
a) Stocks b)Dividend due c)Crops d)Water
(d). Unbalanced development:

l
4. In case of the sale, the ____ has the right to sell
Trade liberalization may be damaging for developing economies, The trade

da

da
liberalization often benefits developed countries rather than developing economies. a)Buyer b)Seller c)Hirer d)Consignee
2. What are the Highlights of LPG policy? 5. The property in the goods means the

a
 Introduction of new Foreign Trade Agreements a) Possession of goods b) Custody of goods
 Foreign Investment (FDI & FII)
ik
c) Ownership of goods

ik
d) Both (a) and (b)
 MRTP Act, 1969 (Amended)
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
 Deregulation
lv

lv
1. What is a contract of sale of goods?
 Opportunities for overseas trade
It is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property of
a

a
 Steps to regulate inflation the goods to the buyer for a price.
 Tax reforms 2. List down the essential elements of a contract of sale.
.k

.k
 Abolition of License  Two Parties
 Transfer of Property
w

w
 Goods
 Price
w

w
3. What is meant by goods?
 The term ‘goods’ includes every kind of movable property, stocks and shares,
w

@*@*@*@*@*@*@ w growing crops etc.

 Goodwill, trademarks, copy rights, patent rights etc., are all also regarded as
goods.
4. What is a Contingent Goods?
 The goods, the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency.
 Contingent goods are a part of future goods.

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III. Short Answer Questions: iv). Price:

1. Discuss in detail about existing goods.  The monetary consideration for the goods sold is called price.
 Existing goods are those owned or possessed by the seller at the time of  If goods are exchanged for goods, it is only barter and not a sale.
contract of sale. v). Includes both ‘Sale’ and ‘Agreement to Sell’:
 Goods possessed even refer to sale by agents or by pledges.  If the property in goods is transferred immediately to the buyer it is called a
 Existing goods may be either: sale.
 Specific Goods-  If the transfer of property takes place at a future date or on fulfillment of
 Ascertained Goods- certain conditions, it is called ‘an agreement to sell’.

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 Unascertained Goods- 2. Distinguish between Conditions and Warranty.
2. Discuss the implied conditions and warranties in sale of goods contract. S.No Particulars Conditions Warranty
 In every contract of sale, there are certain expressed and implied conditions and 01 Meaning It is a stipulation which is It is a stipulation which is

l
warranties. essential to the main purpose of collateral to the main

da

da
Following are the implied conditions: the contract of sale. purpose of contract.
 Conditions as to Title 02 Significance Condition is so essential to the It is of subsidiary or
 Conditions as to Description contract that the breaking of inferior character.
a

a
 Sale by Sample which cancels out the contract.
ik

ik
Implied Warranties: 03 Transfer of Ownership on goods cannot be Ownership on goods can
 Quiet Possession ownership transferred. be transferred.
lv

lv
 Free from Any Encumbrances 04 Remedy In case of breach of contract, the In the case of breach of
 Warranty in the case of Dangerous Goods
affected party can cancel the warranty, the affected
a

a
IV. Long Answer Questions: contract and claim damages. party cannot cancel the
1. Explain in detail the elements of Contract of sale. contract.
.k

.k
i). Two Parties:
05 Treatment Breach of condition may be Breach of warranty cannot
 A contract of sale involves two parties–the seller and the buyer.
treated as breach of warranty be treated as breach of
w

w
 The buyer and the seller should be two different persons.
condition
ii). Transfer of Property:
w

w
 To constitute sale, the seller must transfer or agree to transfer the @*@*@*@*@*@
ownership in the good to the buyer.
w

w
 A simple transfer of possession does not amount to sale.
iii). Goods:
 The term ‘goods’ includes every kind of movable property, stocks and
shares, growing crops etc.
 Goodwill, trademarks, copy rights, patent rights etc., are all also regarded
as goods.

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THE NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 2 Title Transferee gets the right of Assignee's title is subject to
CHAPTER - 22
ACT 1881 holder in due course. the title of Assignor.

I. Choose the Correct Answers: 3 Consideration It is presumed It is proved

1. Negotiable Instrument Act was passed in the year ______. 2.. What are the characteristics of a bill of exchange?

a. 1981 b. 1881 c. 1994 d. 1818  A bill of exchange is a document in writing.

 The document must contain an order to pay.
2. Number of parties in a bill of exchange is
 The order must be unconditional.
a. 2 b. 6 c. 3 d. 4
3. Draw the two different types of crossing.

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3. Section 6 of Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 deals with
i). General Cheque Crossing:
a. Promissory Note b. Bills of exchange c. Cheque d. None of the above
 The
he cheque or the payee will receive the payment only through a bank account
4. _______ cannot be a bearer instrument.

l
and not over the counter.

da

da
a. Cheque b. Promissory Note c. Bills of exchange d. None of the above
5. A cheque will become stale after _____ months of its date:
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 1
a

a
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
ik

ik
1. What is meant by Negotiable Instrument?
A negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque
lv

lv
payable either to order or to bearer.
ii). Special Cheque Crossing:
- Negotiable instruments Act 1881
 However, in special crossing two parallel transverse lines are not essential
a

a
2. List three characteristics of a Promissory Note.
but the name of the banker is most important.
.k

.k
 A promissory note must be in writing.
IV. Long Answer Questions:
 The promise to pay must be unconditional
1.. Distinguish a cheque and a bill of exchange.
w

w
 It must be signed by the maker.
3. What is meant by Cheque? S.No Particulars Cheque Bill of exchange
w

w
“A bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable 01 Drawn It can be drawn on any person It can be drawn only on a
otherwise than on demand”. including a banker particular banker.
w

w
III. Short Answer Questions: 02 Notice Notice
otice of dishonor is necessary. Notice is not necessary
03 Sets Foreign bills of exchange are It is not so in case of cheque.
1. Distinguish between Negotiability and Assignability.
drawn in sets of three.
S.No Particulars Negotiability Assignability
04 Discounting A bill can be discounted with a A cheque cannot be
1 Transfer Not required Must be served by assignee on bank. discounted
notice his debtor. 05 Stamping Bills are to be sufficiently stamped Cheques need not be
stamped

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2. Discuss in detail the features of a cheque. ELEMENTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

(i) Instrument in Writings: CHAPTER - 23
 A cheque or a bill or a promissory note must be an instrument in writing.
 Though the law does not prohibit a cheque being written in pencil, bankers I. Choose the Correct Answers:
never accept it. 1. Which of the below is a factor of production?
(ii) Unconditional Orders: (a) Land (b) Labour (c) Entrepreneurship (d) All of the above
 The instrument must contain an order to pay money.
2. Entrepreneur is not classified as
 It is not necessary that the word ‘order’ or its equivalent must be used to
(a) Risk Bearer (b) Innovator (c) Employee (d) Organizer

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make the document a cheque.
(iii) Drawn on a Specified Banker Only: 3. What are the characteristics of an entrepreneur?
 The cheque is always drawn on a specified banker. (a) Spirit of enterprise (b) Flexibility (c) Self Confidence (d) All of the above

l
 The customer of a banker can draw the cheque only on the particular
4. Which of the below is not classified into managerial functions?

da

da
branch of the bank where he has an account.
(a) Planning (b) Marketing (c) Organizing (d) Controlling
(iv). A Certain Sum of Money Only:
 The order must be for payment of only money. 5. Which of the below is a commercial function?
a

a
 If the banker is asked to deliver securities, the document cannot be called a (a) Accounting (b) Coordination (c) Discovery of idea (d) Planning
ik

ik
cheque.
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
(v) Payee to be Certain:
1. Mention any two characteristics of entrepreneurs.
lv

lv
 The cheque must be made payable to a certain person or to the order of a
 Spirit of Enterprise
certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.
 Self Confidence
a

a
3. What are the requisites for a valid endorsement?
 Innovation
.k

.k
 Endorsement is to be made on the face of the instrument or on its back.  Hard work
 It is usually made on the back of a negotiable instrument. 2. List down the managerial functions of entrepreneurs. (any 2)
w

w
 When there is no space for making further endorsements a piece of paper can  Planning
be attached to the negotiable instrument for this purpose.  Organizing
w

w
 This piece of paper is called ‘Allonge’.  Directing
 Endorsement for only a part of the amount of the instrument is invalid.  Controlling
w

w
 It is presumed that the endorsements appearing on a negotiable instrument 3. List down the promotional functions of entrepreneurs. (any 2)
were made in the order in which they appear thereon.  Discovery of Idea
 Signing in block letters does not constitute regular endorsement.  Detailed Investigation
 Choice of form of enterprise
@*@*@*@*@*@*@
 Mobilization of funds
4. List the challenges faced by the women entrepreneurs? (any 2)
 Problem of Finance

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 Limited Mobility IV. Long Answer Questions:

 Lack of Education
1. What are the characteristics of an entrepreneur?
 Lack of Information
i). Spirit of Enterprise
III. Short Answer Questions:  Entrepreneur should be bold enough to encounter risk arising from the
venture undertaken.
1. Distinguish between entrepreneur and Manager.
 Entrepreneur should not get discouraged by setbacks or frustrations
S.NoBasis Entrepreneur Manager
emerging during the course of entrepreneurial journey.
1 Motive It is to start a venture by setting of The very motive is to render
ii). Flexibility

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an entity. service in an entity
 Entrepreneur should not single-mindedly stick to decisions in a rigid
2 Status He/ She is an owner of the entity salaried employee in the entity
fashion.
3 Risk bears the risk and uncertainty in doesn’t bear any risk in the  Entrepreneur should change the decisions made already in the light of ever-

l
Bearing operating the enterprise venture

da

da
changing business environment.

2. List down the commercial functions of Entrepreneur and explain them shortly. iii). Innovation

(i) Production or Manufacturing:  Entrepreneur should contribute something new or something unique to

a
Under production function, entrepreneur has to take decision relating to meet the changing requirements of customers.
iv). Analytical Ability
ik

ik
selection of factory site, design and layout, type of products to be manufactured,
product design etc.,  Entrepreneurs should not make decisions on the basis of personal likes and

(ii) Finance: dislikes.

lv

lv
In the sphere of financial function, an entrepreneur has to take decisions like  It should be able to objectively analyze the situation and act accordingly.

choosing the right type of financing, framing the best dividend policy, acquiring of v). Foresight
a

a
funds, etc.. Entrepreneur should have a foresight to visualize future business environment
.k

.k
(iii) Human Resource Management: 2. Distinguish between an Entrepreneur and an Intrapreneur.
Entrepreneur has to estimate the manpower needs of the enterprise and S. No Basis Entrepreneur Intrapreneur
w

w
accordingly decide the size of manpower required for various slots of organizational Thinking
1 He is a free thinker He is forced to think
structure.
independently.
w

w
3. Explain the promotional functions of entrepreneur. Dependency He is an independent person He is an employee.
2
(i) Discovery of Idea:
w

w
3 Fund He has to mobilize funds to He does not engage in fund
 The first and foremost function of entrepreneur is idea generation.
Mobilization finance the venture. mobilization.
 Ideas can be generated through several ways like own experience and so on.
4 Reward He is rewarded by profit for He gets perquisites, salary,
(ii) Detailed Investigation:
the risk bearing exercise. incentives etc., for the service.
Entrepreneur has to analyze in detail the product proposes to produce.
5 Operation He operates mostly outside He operates within the
(iii) Choice of form of enterprise:
the enterprise. enterprise.
Entrepreneur has to choose the appropriate form of organisation suited to
implement the venture.
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3. Discuss the challenges faced by Women Entrepreneurs. TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS

CHAPTER - 24
i). Problem of Finance:
 The access of women to external sources of funds is limited as they do not
generally own properties in their own name.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 Financial institutions they impose stringent condition which discourages 1. Which of the following is the Activity of a Business Entrepreneur?
women to avail themselves of loan assistance from banks. a. Production b. Marketing c. Operation d. All of the above
ii). Limited Mobility:
2. Find the odd one out in context of Trading Entrepreneur.
 Indian women cannot afford to shed their household responsibilities towards
a. Selling b. Commission c. Buying d. Manufacturing

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their family even after they plunge into the venture started by them.
 This restricts the mobility of women entrepreneur significantly. 3. Corporate Entrepreneur is also called as _____
iii). Lack of Education a. Intrapreneur b. Promoter c. Manager d. Shareholder

l
 Illiterate and semi-literate women entrepreneurs encounter a lot of 4. Which of these is based on Technology?

da

da
challenges in their entrepreneurial journey.
a. Modern b. Professional c. Corporate d. Industrial
 This reduces the efficiency of operating the business successfully.
5. Which of the below is not a Characteristic of a Fabian Entrepreneur?
iv). Stiff Competition
a

a
 Women entrepreneurs have to face serious competition for their goods from a. Conservative b. Risk averse c. Sceptical d. Adaptive
ik

ik
organized sector and from their male counterparts. II. Very Short Answer Questions:
 Since they are not able to spend freely due to financial restrictions.
1. What is the other name of business entrepreneur?
lv

lv
v). Lack of Information
Business entrepreneur is called solo entrepreneur.
 Women entrepreneurs are reported not to be generally aware of subsidies
2. Mention the other name for corporate entrepreneur.
a

a
and incentives available for them due to their poor literacy levels.
Corporate entrepreneur is called promoter
.k

.k
3. Who are agricultural entrepreneur?
@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@ Those who raise allied products like poultry, meat, fish, honey, skin,
w

w
agricultural implements, flowers, silk, fruits, prawn etc., are called agricultural

entrepreneur.
w

w
4. Give some examples of pure entrepreneurs.
w

w
 Dhirubai Ambani,
 Jamshadji Tata,
 T.V. SundaramIyengar,
 Seshadriji, Birla,
 Narayanamurthi,

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III. Short Answer Questions: (iv) Corporate Entrepreneur:

 Corporate entrepreneur is called promoter.
1. Who is a private entrepreneur?
 He/she takes initiative necessary to start an entity under corporate format.
Ventures started by individual either singly or collectively at their own risk after
 He/she arranges to fulfill the formalities to start a corporate entity under
mobilizing various resources in order to earn profit are called Private
Company law.
entrepreneurship.
(v) Agricultural Entrepreneur:
2. Explain about the imitative Entrepreneur?
 Agricultural entrepreneurs are those entrepreneurs who raise farm products
 Imitative entrepreneur is one who simply imitates existing skill, knowledge or
and market them.
technology already in place in advanced countries.

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 They use the various inputs like labour, fertilizer, insecticide, water technology
 For example, many electronic products invented in advanced countries are
etc. to raise the products and market their products either directly.
simply reengineered in developing countries.
2. Discuss the nature of functional entrepreneurs.

l
3. Write about Fabian Entrepreneur.
(i) Innovating Entrepreneur:

da

da
 These entrepreneurs are said to be conservatives and sceptical about
 Innovative entrepreneur is who is always focused on introducing a new
plasticizing any change in their organisation.
product or introducing something new in the venture already started.
 They are of risk-averse type.
a

a
 They constantly observe the environment around them; collect information
 They do not simply change to the changes happening in the environment.
and analyze them in order to contribute something a new in the venture.
ik

ik
IV. Long Answer Questions: (ii) Imitative Entrepreneur:
1. Explain in detail on classification according to the type of business  Imitative entrepreneur is one who simply imitates existing skill, knowledge or
lv

lv
(i) Business Entrepreneur: technology already in place in advanced countries.
 Business entrepreneur is called solo entrepreneur.  For example, many electronic products invented in advanced countries are
a

a
 He/she may establish small or large enterprise to commercially exploit his /he simply reengineered in developing countries.
.k

.k
idea. (iii) Fabian Entrepreneur:
 He/she takes up production, operations and pursues marketing activities.  These entrepreneurs are said to be conservations and sceptial about
(ii) Trading Entrepreneur: plasticizing any change in their organization.
w

w
 Trading entrepreneurs are those who restrict themselves to buying and selling  They are of risk-averse type.
finished goods.  They do not simply change to the changes happening in the environment.
w

w
 They may be engaged in domestic and international trade. (iv) Drone Entrepreneur:
w

w
 Their core strength lies in distribution and marketing.  Drone entrepreneur are those who are totally opposed to changes unfolding in
(iii) Industrial Entrepreneur: the environment.
 These are entrepreneurs who manufacture products to cater to the needs of  They used to operate in the niche market.
consuming public after identifying the need left unfulfilled by the  They are similar to Fabian entrepreneur in doggedly pursuing their
manufacturer hitherto. conventional practices.
 They may be small, medium and large entrepreneurs.
@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@

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GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR III. Short Answer Questions:

CHAPTER - 25
ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT 1. What is ‘Startup India’?
 Startup India is an initiative of the Government of India.
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
 The campaign was first announced by Indian Prime Minister, Mr.Narendra Modi.
1. The ___________ initiative was launched to modernize the Indian economy to make all
 Through the Startup India initiative Government of India promotes
governments services available electronically. entrepreneurship by mentoring, nurturing and facilitating startups throughout
a) Standup India b) Startup India c) Digital India d) Make in India their life cycle.

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2. ________ is designed to transform India to a global design and manufacturing hub.  A ‘Fund of Funds’ has been created to help startups gain access to finding.
a) Digital India b) Make in India c) Startup India d) Design India. 2. Expand the following: i). STEP, ii). JAM, iii). SEED.
 STEP - Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women

l
3. ___________ is the Government of India’s endeavor to promote culture of innovation

da

da
 JAM – Jan Dhan - Aadhaar - Mobile
and entrepreneurship.
 SEED - Science for Equity Empowerment and Development
a) AIM b) STEP c) SEED d) AIC
IV. Long Answer Questions:
a

a
4. ___________ should cover aspects like sources of finance, technical know-how, source
1. Explain any five Government Entrepreneurial schemes.
ik

ik
of labour and raw material, market potential and profitability.
i). Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP):
a) Technical Report b) Finance Report c) Project Report d) Progress Report  STEP was launched by the Government of India’s Ministry of women and child
lv

lv
5. ________ has to include the mechanism for managing venture in the project report. Development.
 To train women who have access to formal skill training facilities, especially in
a) Banker b) Government c) Lending Institutions d) Entrepreneur
a

a
rural India.
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
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ii). Jan Dhan- Aadhaar- Mobile (JAM):

1. Name any four Governmental Entrepreneurial schemes.  JAM, for the first time, is a technological intervention that enables direct
transfer of subsidies to intended beneficiaries.
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 Startup India
 And, therefore, eliminates all intermediaries and leakages in the system, which
 Make in India
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has a potential impact on the lives of millions of Indian citizens.
 Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
iii). Trade related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD):
 Trade related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD)
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 This schemes envisages to address the critical issues of access to credit among
2. Give a note on ‘Digital India’.
India’s underprivileged women.
 The Digital India Initiative has been launched to modernize the Indian economy
 The TREAD programme enables credit availability to interested women through
to make all government services available electronically.
non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
 The initiative aims at transforming India into a digitally- empowered society and
iv). Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS):
knowledge economy with universal access to goods and services.
 The M-SIPS scheme provides capital subsidy of 20% in SEZ and 25% subsidy in
3. List down the two types of finance for entrepreneur.
non-SEZ for business units engaged in manufacturing of electronics.
 Long term Finance  Short term finance
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v). Science for equity Empowerment and Development (SEED):

CHAPTER - 26 COMPANIES ACT 2013
 SEED aims to provide opportunities to motivated scientists and field level
workers to undertake action-oriented, location specific projects for socio-
I. Choose the Correct Answers:
economic gain, particularly in rural areas.
1. The Company will have to issue the notice of situation of Registered Office to the
 SEED emphasizes equity in development, so that the benefits of technology
accrue to a vast section of the population, particularly the disadvantaged. Registrar of Companies within _____ days from the date of incorporation.
2. Describe the steps promoting Entrepreneurial venture. (a) 14 days (b) 21 days (c) 30 Days (d) 60 Days
i). Selection of the product: 2. How does a person who envisages the idea to form a company called?

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 An entrepreneur may select a product according to his aspiration, capacity
(a) Director (b) Company Secretary (c) Registrar (d) Promoter
and motivation after a through scrutiny of micro and macro environment of
3. Which of the following types of shares are issued by a company to raise capital from
business.

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 An entrepreneur has to conduct economic viability of the project.
the existing shareholders?

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ii). Selection of form of ownership: (a) Equity Shares (b) Rights Shares (c) Preference Shares (d) Bonus Shares
 Entrepreneur has to choose the form of organization suitable and 4. The shares which are offered to the existing shareholder at free of cost is known as

a
appropriate for his venture namely family ownership, partnership and
(a) Bonus Share (b) Equity Share (c) Right Share (d) Preference Share
private limited company.
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5. The shares which are offered first to the existing shareholder at reduced price is
 Family ownership and partnership forms of organization are suited for
exercising unified control over the venture. known as __________.
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iii). Selection of Site: (a) Bonus Share (b) Equity Share (c) Right Share (d) Preference Share
 Entrepreneur has to choose suitable plot for accommodating his venture. II. Very Short Answer Questions:
a

a
 He has four options open to him for housing his venture.
1. What are four stages of formation of a company?
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 These have been mentioned below.
 Promotion
iv). Designing Capital Structure:
 Registration

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Entrepreneur has to determine the source of finance for funding the
 Capital Subscription and
venture.
 Commencement of Business
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 He/she may mobilize funds from his own savings, loans from friends and
2. What is Bonus Shares?
relatives, term loans from banks and financial institutions.
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To utilize the company’s reserves and surpluses, issue of shares to existing
v). Acquisition of Manufacturing Know-how:
shareholders without taking any consideration is known as Bonus Shares.
 Entrepreneur can acquire manufacturing know- how from Government
research laboratories, research and development divisions of industries, and
3. What is Right Shares?
individual consultants. Right shares are the shares which are issued by the company, with the aim of

 Besides, manufacturing know-how can be obtained by foreign technical increasing the subscribed share capital of the company by further issue, if it is

collaboration. authorized by its Articles.

@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@

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4. What is Debentures? 4 Shares cannot be issued at a discount. Debentures can be issued at a

 When a company needs fund it can borrow from general public by issuing discount without restrictions.
certificate for a fixed period of time and at a fixed rate of interest. 5 The holders enjoy voting right. The holders do not have any voting

 This loan certificate is known as debenture. right.

2. What are the various kinds of Debentures?

III. Short Answer Questions:
I. On the basis of convertibility:
1. What do you understand by Issue of Securities at Premium?
Debentures may be classified into following categories:
 When shares are issued at a price above the face or nominal value, they are said  Non Convertible Debentures (NCD)

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to be issued at a premium.  Partly Convertible Debentures (PCD)
 For example, a share having the face value of Rs 10 is issued at Rs.12. Here,  Fully convertible Debentures (FCD)
Rs.2 is the premium.  Optionally Convertible Debentures (OCD)

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 The amount of share premium has be transferred to an account called the

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II. On the basis of Security:
‘Securities Premium Account. a). Secured Debentures:
2. Explain different Kinds of Preference shares.  These instruments are secured by a charge on the fixed assets of the

a
(i) Cumulative Preference Shares: issuer company.
All dividends are carried forward until specified, and paid out only at the end of  So if the issuer fails on payment of interest amount, such fixed assets can
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the specified period. be sold to repay the liability to the investors.
(ii) Non-cumulative Preference Shares: b). Unsecured Debentures:
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 The opposite of cumulative, obviously. Dividends are paid out of profits for every  These instruments are unsecured in the sense that if the issuer defaults
year. on payment of the interest amount, the investor has to be included as
a

a
 There are no arrears carried over a time period to be paid at the end of the term. unsecured creditors of the company.
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(iii) Redeemable Preference Shares: III. On the basis of Redeemability,
Such preference shares can be claimed after a fixed period or after giving due Debentures are classified into:
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notice. a). Redeemable Debentures:
 It refers to the debentures which are issued with a condition that the
IV. Long Answer Questions:
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debentures will be redeemed at a fixed date.
1. Write the difference between Shares and Debentures:
 Debentures are generally redeemable and on redemption these can be
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S.No Shares Debenture reissued or cancelled.
1 Shares are part of the capital of a Debentures constitute a loan. b). Irredeemable Debentures:
company. A Debenture, in which no specific time is specified by the companies to pay

2 Top level. Middle and Lower Level. back the money, is called irredeemable debentures.
IV. On the basis of Registration,
3 Shares do not carry any such charge. Debentures generally have a charge on
Debentures may be classified as:
the assets of the company.

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a). A Registered Debentures:

Registered debentures are issued in the name of a particular person, whose
CHAPTER - 27 COMPANY MANAGEMENT
name appears on the debentures certificate and who is registered by the company
I. Choose the Correct Answer:
as holder on the Register of debentures holders.
b). Bearer debentures: 1. A person Shall hold office as a director in __companies as per the Companies Act, 2013.
Bearer debentures on the other hand, are issued to bearer, and are (a) 5 companies (b) 10 companies (c) 20 companies (d) 15 companies
negotiable instruments, and so transferable by mere delivery like share warrents. 2. A Private Company shall have a minimum of ________.
(a) Seven directors (b) Five directors (c) Three directors (d) Two directors

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@*@*@*@*@*@*@ 3. A Public Company having a paid up Share Capital of Rs. ___________ or more may have
a Director, elected by such small shareholders.

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(a) One crore (b) Three crore (c) Five crore (d) Seven crore

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4. What is the statue of Directors who regulate money of the company?
(a) Banker (b) Holder (c) Agent (d) Trustees

a
5. According to Companies Act, the Directors must be appointed by the.
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(a) Central Government (b) Company Law Tribunal
(c) Company in General Meeting (d) Board of Directors.
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II. Very Short Answer Questions:
1. Name the companies required to appoint KMP.
a

a
 Every listed company
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 Every public company (Having paid up share capital of Rs. 10 crore or more)
2. Who is whole time Director?
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A Whole Time Director is one who devotes whole of his time of working hours
to the company and has a significant personal interest in the company as the source
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of his income.
3. Who is called as Managing Director?
w

w A Managing Director is one who is employed by the company and has

substantial powers of management over the affairs of the company subject to
superintendence, direction and control of the board.
4. Who can be Executive Director?
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or managing director of an organization,
company, or corporation, who is responsible for making decisions to complete the
mission and for the success of the organization.
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III. Short Answer Questions: 2. Brief different types of Directors.

i). Residential Director:
1. When are alternative directors appointed?
Every company should appoint a director who has stayed in India for a total
 Alternate director is appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute to a
period of not less than 182 days in the previous calendar year.
director who may be absent from India, for a period which is not less than three
- Section 149(3) of Companies Act 2013,
months.
ii). Independent Director:
 The appointment must be authorized either by the Articles of association of the
An independent director is an alternate director other than a managing
company or general Meeting.
director who is known as Whole Time director or Nominee Director.

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 The alternative director is not a representative or agent of Original Director. - Section 149(6)
2. Who is a shadow director? iii). Small shareholders directors:
A person who is not the member of Board but has some power to run it can be  Small shareholders can appoint a single director in a listed company.

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appointed as the directors but according to his/her wish.  But this action needs a proper procedure like handing over a notice to at

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least 1,000 shareholders or 1/10th of the total shareholders.
3. State the minimum number of Directors for a Private company.
iv). Nominee director:
 In case of One Person Company: The requirement of directors is one.

a
 A director nominated by any financial Institution on pursuance of the
 Other Private Companies: The minimum requirement of Directors is two.
provisions of any law for the time being in force, or of any agreement, or
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IV. Long Answer Questions: appointed by any Government, or any other person to represent its
1. Who are the KMP? interests”.
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Key-Managerial Personnel of a Company v). Additional directors:
 Companies Act, 2013 (Act) has introduced many new concepts and Key Any individual can be appointed as Additional directors by a company.
a

a
Managerial Personnel (KMP) is one of them.
3. State the qualification of Directors.
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 KMP covers the traditional roles of managing director and whole time
 In general, a director shall possess appropriate skills, experience and knowledge
director and also includes some functional heads like Chief Financial
in one or more fields to the company’s business.
 Officer and Chief Executive Officer and Company Secretary.
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 According to the different provisions relating to the directors; the following
Who are the key managerial personnel:
qualifications may be mentioned:
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 the Chief Executive Officer
 A director must be a person of sound mind.
 the Company Secretary
 A director must hold share qualification, if the article of association
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 the Whole-time Director;
 the Chief financial Officer; and provides such.

Following companies are required to appoint KMP:  A director must be an individual.

Requirement to Appoint “KMP”  A director should be a solvent person.
 Every listed company  A director should not be convicted by the Court for any offence, etc.
 Every public company (Having paid up share capital of Rs. 10 crore or more) @*@*@*@*@*@*@

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CHAPTER - 28 COMPANY SECRETARY 4. What is Voting?

 The word ‘vote’ originated in Latin word ‘Votum’ indicating one’s wishes or desire.
 By casting his vote one formally declaring his opinion or wish in favor of or
I. Choose the Correct Answer:
against a proposal or a candidate to be elected for an office.
1. Mention the status of a Company Secretary in a company.
a) A member b) A director
III. Short Answer Questions:
c) An independent d) An employee contractor 1. What is Special Resolution?
 A special resolution is the one which is passed by a not less than 75% of
2. Who can become a secretary for a company?

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majority.
a) Individual person b) Partnership firm
 The number of votes, cast in favor of the resolution should be three times the
c) Co-operative societies d) Trade unions number of votes cast against it.

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3. Which meeting will be held only once in the life time of the company?  The intention of proposing a resolution as a special resolution must be

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a) Statutory b) Annual General c) Extra – ordinary d) Class General specifically mentioned in the notice of the general meeting.

4. Who is not entitled to speak at the annual general meeting of the company. 2. What do you mean by Statutory Meeting?

a
 According to companies act, every public company, should hold a meeting of the
a) Auditor b) Shareholder c) Proxy d) Directors
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shareholders within 6 months but not earlier than one month from date of
5. From the date of its incorporation the First Annual General Meeting is to be
commencement of business of the company.
conducted within __________ months.  The first general meeting of the public company is called statutory meeting.
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(a) Twelve (b) Fifteen (c) Eighteen (d) Twenty one 3. Give any three cases in which an ordinary resolution need to be passed.
II. Very Short Answer Questions:
a

a
 To change or rectify the name of the company.
1. Who is a Secretary?  To alter the share capital of the company.
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It means any individual possessing the prescribed qualifications, appointed to  To increase or decrease the number of directors within the limits prescribed.
perform the duties which may be performed by a secretary under this company’s act IV. Long Answer Questions:
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2013.
1. Briefly state different types of company meetings.
2. What is meant by Meeting?
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a) Statuary meeting:
A meeting is a gathering of two or more people that has been convened for the
 The first general meeting of the public company is called the statutory meetings.
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purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction such as sharing
information or reaching agreement.  This meetings is conducted only once in the lifetime of the company.

3. Write short note on ‘Proxy’?  A private or a public company having no share capital need not conduct a
statutory meeting.
A person being the representative of a shareholder at the meeting of the company
 The company gives the circular to shareholders before 21 days of the meeting.
who may be described as his agent to carry out which the shareholder has himself
decided upon. b) Annual general meeting (AGM):

 Every year a meetings is held to transact the ordinary business of the company.

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 Such meeting is called annual general meeting of company (AGM). c) By Ballot:

 Company is bound to invite the first general meeting within eighteen months  Ballot paper bearing serial number is given to the members to record their
from the date of its registration. opinion by marketing with the symbol and put the ballot paper into the
 Then the general meetings will be held once in every year. ballot box.
(c) Special meeting:  The chairman opens the ballot box in the presence of tellers and counts the
i) Class meeting: votes.
 Meetings, which are held by a particular class of share or debenture holders  The votes are counted and the results are announced.
is known as meeting.

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 The debenture holders of a particular class conduct these meetings.

ii) Meetings of the creditors:

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 Strictly speaking, these are not meetings of a company.

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 Unlike the meetings of a company, there arise situation in which a company ******************

may wish to arrive at a consensuses with the creditors to avoid any crisis or
to evolve compromise or to introduce any new proposals.

a
2. Explain different types of open and secret types of voting.
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i) Open procedure:

 This type of voting has no secrecy as the all the members assembled can see
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voting.

a) By voice:
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 Voice voting is a popular type of voting in which the chairman allows the
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members to raise their voice in favour or against an issue ‘Yes’ for approval
and ‘No’ for rejection.
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 It is an unscientific method.

b) By show of hands:
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 Under this method the chairman, requests the members to raise their hands
of those who are in favour of the proposal or candidate and the then request
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those are against.

 Then the chairman counts the number of hands raised for yes and no
respectively can announce the result on the basis of hands counted.

ii) Secret procedure:

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 Secret procedure is adopted to decided certain vital issues.
 It is a popular voting method that could maintain the secrecy of the voter.

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COMPULSORY QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 8. He/she takes initiative necessary to start an entity under corporate format. He/she arranges to fulfill
Question No 30, 40 is Compulsory: the formalities to start a corporate entity under company law. Who is he/she?
1. The production manager establishes quality control standards where invite defects are permissible for  Corporate entrepreneur
every 100 units. What is the management principle highlighted here? 9. Oil and Coffee are sold in a Commodity market. Mention the market to which they belong.
 MBE - Management by exception is an important principle of managerial control suggested by the  Oil - Hard CommoditiesCoffee - Soft Commodities
classical writers on management. 10. Give three suggestions to a salaried employee to invest in Gilt-Edged Securities.
 It is a style of business management that focuses on identifying and handling cases that deviate from  Gilt –Edged Securities is safe because it is a government issuedbond.
the norm.  Tax exemption is available.

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 It has both a general business applicationand a business intelligence application.  Get a certain percentage guarantee.
2. The proprietor takes goods from his business for his personal use asa contract of sale. why? 11. If the payee is an illiterate, how can he endorse a negotiableinstrument?

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 However, there is one exception .When the goods of a person are sold in execution of a decree, he himself  If the payee is an illiterate person, he can endorse it by affixing his thumb impression on the

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may buy the goods retain their ownership. instrument.
3. Suresh wants 0+ve blood for his one month old child for an emergency which type of marketing 12. When there is no space in Negotiable instrument for making further endorsement, how can it be

a
technique will he use? endorsed?
 Viral marketing  A piece of paper can be attached.
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4. As a famous film director what selection test would you conduct to select a skilled music director?  It is called Allonge.
 Achievement test 13. What is the name of the marketing that secretly advertises their product with the advertiser in order
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5. Vijay makes a sale deal with Ajith. That means if I got the car from Vikram, I will sell it, What king to impress the customer without and funding for an event.
of Contract does this come with?  Ambush Marketing
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 Contingent goods. 14. Mr.Mohan is a CEO of CRP groups ,Rohan is one of the subordinatesof the company, Who issued
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6. The owner takes inventory from his profession for own benefit. C anthis be considered a orders to Mr.Mohan. True or False? Justify.
merchandise deal?  False. CEO has substantial powers of Management over the affairs of the company subject to
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 No, It cannot be considered as Merchandise deal as the owner is taking out for his own benefit it superintendence, direction and control of the board.
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should be considered as drawing. 15. Mr.Arun is appointed by the members of stock exchange and hetransacts on behalf of his
7. Gomathi father has gifted a large share of cement company. Thesecurities in the physical employer. Identify who is Mr. Arun?
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form. She has a bank account and she does not possess any of the form of securities. She  Authorized clerks
wishes to sell the share and approached a registered broker for the purpose. Mentionone 16. Mr. Varun is a person who invests in new companies and try to sellat higher price. Identify the
mandatory detail which she have to provide with the broker. Speculator?
 Trading has become more convenient as one can trade through computers at any location without  Premium hunter.
need of visiting a broker. 17. Mr.Ramu is an independent dealer in stock exchange, They buy andsell on their own and enjoy
through price change. Identify who Ramu?
 Jobbers

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18. In IPL 20-20 match Kannan &co send a 20 employees as a audience wearing the company name 26. You are buying a object by knowing 2 yrs old. Then you feel like its5 year old. What will you do?
T-Shirt .What kind of Marketing.  Condition as to description
 Ambush marketing  In a contract of sale by description, there is an implied condition that goods supplied should agree
19. A sells to B a product .In these sales “a gets commission on sale to B Who on turn sells to and with the descriptions made by the seller.
C,D E. A gets certain percentage commission on Bsales to C,D,E. What type of marketing  eg. ‘A’ has bought machinery from ‘B’ who described it to be just one year old. After buying the
strategy is this? machinery and using it for a month, ‘A’came to know that it is very old machinery.
 Multilevel marketing  In this case, ‘A’ can return the machinery to ‘B’ on the ground that machinery is not as per the
20. A single person does not contain a meeting so it has to be sun thatthe required numbers of description i.e. not recent one.

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people are present. Requisite number of person at the meeting is called as 27. Raghu bought a washing machine from a company with a warrantyof two years. The washing
 Quorum machine broke within two months of use Raghu immediately lodged a complaint with the company. But

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21. Mrs.Ramya w i s h e s t o s t a r t a n e w b u s i n e s s unit. Explain a n y 5 Challenges that she will the company did not take any action. In this situation. Give your suggestions to Raghu.

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face?  Raghu must first registered the complaint in the consumer court.
 Women Entrepreneurs  Limited Mobility  Lack of Network support The complaint should be registered by the following ways:

a
 Problem of finance  Lack of Education  Stiff competition  Complaint can be registered within 2 years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen, to
22. Mr.Madan goes to Mr.Raja to buy a bike .The bike is show room. While not deciding what the date on which the completion from the deficiency in service.
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bike to buy .Explain what kind inventory.  Stamp paper is not required for declaration
 Unascertained (or) Generic goods  Complaint can be registered, in person, by the complainant or through his authorised agent or by post
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23. Raja hopes to transfer money to someone through Cross cheque. What should he do? addressed to the RedressalAgency.
 Advocates are not necessary.
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a
 General crossing
24. Mr.Aakash brought ½ kg of black pepper from Pandian stores, Tiruppur. While opening the packet he The complaint should contain the following particulars:
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found some papaya seeds inside it. Explain how he is exploited and how to register the complaints?  The name and complete address of the complainant
 Adulteration  The name and complete address of the opposite party/parties
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The complaint should be registered by the following ways:  Date of purchase of goods or services availed
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 Complaint can be registered within 2years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen, to  Amount paid for the above purpose
the date on which the completionfrom the deficiency in service.  Particulars of goods purchased with number or details of services availed
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 Stamp paper is not required for declaration  The details of complaint, whether it is against Unfair Trade Practices/supply of defective goods/deficiency
 Complaint can be registered, in person, by the complainant or through his authorized agent or by in service provided/collection of excess price, should explicitly be mentioned in the complaint petition.
post addressedto the Redressal Agency.  Bills/receipts and copies of related correspondence, if any.
 Advocates are not necessary. 28. Jothi graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce degree and did not want to work for others for a
25. Give a n y t h r e e cases in which an ordinary resolution need to bepassed? monthly salary but joined a bookkeeping training centre and got trained and engaged in bookkeeping
business. What Kind of entrepreneur is she?
 To appoint the directors  To declare the dividend  Women entrepreneur.
 To redeem the debentures.
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29. Government securities are examples of which assets? Explain. 39. X bought from Y a heap of wheat at a rate of Rs.8 per kg and Y hadto weight the wheat. Before
 Marketable assets are those which can be easily transferred from oneperson to another without weighting was completed, the wheat was destroyed by fire. State whether X is liable to pay the price
much hindrance. or not. Why?
30. Which assets cannot be used for further production? It’s useful forconsumption only.  No, X is not liable to pay the price. Because it is yet to ascertain the ownership of the property
 Physical assets transferred only if Y weighs the wheat. So theynot entered to contract.
31. Explain cut off rate? 40. What is the name of the rule which is applicable only in the suitable where it is not possible to
 364 days Treasury Bills do not carry any fixed rate. The discount rate on these bills are quoted in check the described item/inventory and know the truth?
 Name of the rule is Implied conditions.Explanations:

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auction by the participants and accepted by the authorities. Such a rate is called cut off rate.
32. Open market operations the central bank absorbs surplus cashduring and provides additional  In a contract of sale by description, there is an implied condition that goods supplied should agree
liquidity in the____ with the descriptions made by the seller. eg. ‘A’ has bought a machinery from ‘B’ who described it to

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 Off-seasons, Busy seasons be just one year old. After buying the machinery and using it for a month, ‘A’ came toknow that

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33. What is meant by Near money? it is very old machinery. In this case, ‘A’ can return the machinery to ‘B’ on the ground that
 Short term funds market purely short term funds or financial assetscalled near money. machinery is not as per the description i.e. not recent one.

a
34. If you are a Human resource manager on the job training or off the job training given to 41. If you are Marketing manager, How to market your products?
employees or workers?  Marketing managers generate customer interest in products and services across various media
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 On the job training is best.  At the work place channels. They often oversee the communicationbetween a business and its customer base.
 Because practical approaches  Cheapest to carry out 42. If you are a marketing manager, use recent trends in marketing- E- commerce, list your
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35. Which company was trade the securities in demat form in first. How many shares? company products in Amazon.com?
 Reliance industries were the first company to trade its 100 shares indemat form.  E-commerce marketing strategies involve promotional tactics to drive traffic to an online store. A
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36. E-commerce is now developed in India. Do you agree? well-thought-out marketing plan, coupled with an engaging website, can convert visitors into paying
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 Yes, agree .Now a days in the Globalised business environment, the marketer must move goods faster customers, help businesses retain them and increase their overall customer lifetime value (CLV). If
and quicker to satisfy the consumers’ needs and wants by serving the best quality goods and marketing teams stay up to date on the latest trends, they can help the organization reach and
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services. retain new customers.
 Content Marketing  Email Marketing
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37. Write any two web based job portals with websites name?
 Naukri.com  LinkedIn  Shine.com  Social Media Marketing  SMS Marketing
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 Indeed.com  Monster.com  Google Jobs 43. Write a note on Redressal.
38. Why medical examination of an employee is necessary?  The complaints and protests are not just to be heard, but the aggrieved party to be granted
 The employee health checkup helps you to identify the health issues before they become serious and compensation within a reasonable time period.
affect the employee's performance. Hence, an employee health checkup designed considering your  There should be fair settlement of deserving claims in a definitetimeframe.
specific industry can be the first important step for both - the employer andemployees. 44. What do you mean by Redressal Mechanism?
 Under the provisions of the consumer protection Act, 1986, there shall be consumer councils and
three tier quasi judicial machinery called Redressal Forums.
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 It primarily covers the receipt and processing of complaints from citizens and consumers, actions taken on 50. What are factor affecting recruitment?
any issue raised by them to avail services more effectively. Internal factors
 There tier quasi judicial machinery is called Redressal mechanism.National commission (above 1 Crore)  Size of the organization  Image of organization
 State commission (more than 20 lakhs less than`1 Crore)District Forum (Less than020 lakhs).  Recruiting policy  Image of job
45. What are the factors affecting the price of the product? External factors
 Factors affecting Price of product / service  Democraphic factors  Labour laws
Internal Factors:  Labour market  Legal consideration
 Marketing Objectives  Costs  Unemployment situation

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 Marketing Mix Strategy  Organization Objectives 51. Which bond holder is not a member of the company? What is hisposition in the company?
 Organizational considerations  Debenture holder, creditors

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External Factors: 52. The proprietor takes goods from his business for his personal use asa contract of sale. Why?

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 The market and demand  Customers  Legal factors  Two parties are required for contact of sales.
 Competition  Suppliers  Regulatory factors  Which mean buyer andseller...no person can't sell himself. Then no price consideration there so this

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46. What is Mixed Economy? not a contract of sales.
 A mixed economy is a system that combines characteristics of market, command, and traditional 53. How many digits are present in IFSC code?
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economies.  IFSC is a 11 character code. The first 4 alphabetic characters represent the bank name and the last 6
 It benefits from the advantages of all three while also experiencing some of the disadvantages. characters (usually numeric) represent the branch.
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47. Differences between shares and stock.  The fifth character is 0 and reserved for future use. This code routes the messages to the
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Shares destination banks or branch. The format of IFSC code is given below:
 A share is a financial instrument that represents the part ownership of a company There is a nominal
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value that is associated with shares. Bank Code 0 Branch Code
 The shares of a company are either fully paid up or partially paid up. 54. If you are promoter, What are the steps to be followed to start a company?
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Stock  There are several steps involved in the registration phase, and are as follows: Memorandum of
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 A stock is a financial instrument that represents part ownership in oneor more organisations. Association: A memorandum of association (MOA) must be signed by the founders of the company.
 There is no nominal value that is associated with stocks. Steps in Formation of a Company
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 The stocks of a company (or a group of companies) are always fully paidup  Promotion stage.  Incorporation stage.
48. Who is the kingpin of the whole Corporate machinery?  Registration stage.  Commencement of Business stage
 Company Secretary 55. What are the steps in promoting an Entrepreneurial venture?
49. Who can be appointed a Nominee director?  Steps in Promoting an Entrepreneurial Venture  Designing Capital Structure.
 Third party or Central Government  Selection of the product.  Acquisition of Manufacturing know-how.
 Selection of form of ownership.  Preparation of project report.
 Selection of Site.  Economic Viability

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56. What are the Government Schemes available for Entrepreneurs orNew Entrepreneurs?
 Start up India  Make in India  Stand up India
 Digital India  Atal Innovation mission
57. If you are Entrepreneur, How to start or what steps to be taken forstart company?
 Conduct market research. Market research will tell you if there's an opportunity to turn your
idea into a successful business.
 Write your business plan.  Choose your business name.
 Fund your business.  Register your business.

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 Pick your business location.  Get federal and state tax IDs.
 Choose a business structure.

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58. If you are Bank Manager how to handle customer?

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 Be polite. Most of the times anger will be on a hot tempered staff or service. Try to solve the issue
as quickly as possible. If it.

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59. What are the advantages of disinvestment?
 Disinvestment is a system of privatizing government enterprises.The following are its advantages:
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 Increase in efficiency:
 Professional management:
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 Increase in competition:
WISH YOU ALL THE BEST FOR
 Reduction in economic burden of Government:
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60. Why should an entrepreneur possess Decision making skill? YOUR PUBLIC EXAMINATION
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 To take timely and correct decision with regard to nature and type of product to be produced, type of technology to
be adopted, type of human assets to be employed, location of the enterprise, size of the unit, volume of production
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and so on.
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 The very success of any enterprise hinges on prompt, correct and relevant decisions made by the entrepreneur.
61. Give note on “Make in India Scheme”.
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 This scheme is designed to transform India a global design and manufacturing hub, the make in India initiative was
launched in September 2014.
 It came as powerful call to India’s citizens and business leaders, and an invitation to potential partners and
investors around the world to centralize information about opportunities in India’s manufacturing sector.
 This has in turn helped procure investments, foster innovation, develop skills, protect intellectual property and build
best in class manufacturing infrastructure.

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NAME : ________
________________________________
__________________ rpe;jp!!!! ey;y ghijNa ey;y Kbit jUk;. ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngWtNj cd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;. mJNt cd; tho;f;if vd;Dk; ghijf;F ey;topfhl;Lk;. gs;sp
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REG NO : ___________
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rpjwhky; gbg;gpy; ftdj;ij nrYj;Jtha;. gpwF ePahfNt Kaw;rp nra;J ey;y
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P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM., M.PHIL. DCA., B.ED.,
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VICE-PRINCIPAL, cq;fSf;fhf ehq;fs;!!!!
PG ASSISTANT OF COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY cd; ntw;wpNa vq;fs; ntw;wp!!!!!
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PANNAIKADU PIRIVU, KODAIKANAL, DINDIGUL DT.
WISH YOU ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMINATION
CELL: 9791324143
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CHAPTER – 1 ACCOUNTS FROM INCOMPLETE RECORDS

;
CONTENTS
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
1. Incomplete records are generally maintained by
UNIT TOPIC (a) A company (b) Government
(c) Small sized sole trader business (d) Multinational enterprises
2. Statement of affairs is a
1 ACCOUNTS FROM INCOMEPELTE RECORDS
(a) Statement of income and expenditure (b) Statement of assets and liabilities
(c) Summary of cash transactions (d) Summary of credit transactions

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2 ACCOUNTS OF NOT FOR PROFIT ORGANIZATION 3. Opening statement of affairs is usually prepared to find out the
(a) Capital in the beginning of the year (b) Capital at the end of the year
(c) Profit made during the year (d) Loss occurred during the year

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3 ACCOUNTS OF PARTNERSHIP FIRMS

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4. The excess of assets over liabilities is
(a) Loss (b) Cash (c) Capital (d) Profit
5. Which of the following items relating to bills payable is transferred to total creditors
4 GOODWILL IN PARTNERSHIP
a

a
account?
(a) Opening balance of bills payable (b) Closing balance of bills payable
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5 ADMISSION OF PARTNER (c) Bills payable accepted during the year (d) Cash paid for bills payable
6. The amount of credit sales can be computed from
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(a) Total debtors account (b) Total creditors account
6 RETIREMENT OF PARTNER (c) Bills receivable account (d) Bills payable account
a

a
7. Which one of the following statements is not true in relation to incomplete records?
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(a) It is an unscientific method of recording transactions
7 COMPANY ACCOUNTS
(b) Records are maintained only for cash and personal accounts
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(c) It is suitable for all types of organisations

8 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS (d) Tax authorities do not accept

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8. What is the amount of capital of the proprietor, if his assets are Rs. 85,000 and liabilities are
Rs. 21,000?
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9 RATIO ANALYSIS (a) Rs.85,000 (b) Rs.1,06,000 (c) Rs. 21,000 (d) Rs.64,000
9. When capital in the beginning is Rs. 10,000, drawings during the year is Rs. 6,000, profit
made during the year is Rs. 2,000 and the additional capital introduced is Rs.3,000, find out
10 COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTI GN SYSTEM - TALLY the amount of capital at the end.
(a) Rs. 9,000 (b) Rs. 11,000 (c) Rs. 21,000 (d) Rs. 3,000
10. Opening balance of debtors: Rs. 30,000, cash received: Rs. 1,00,000, credit sales: Rs.
90,000; closing balance of debtors is
(a)Rs. 30,000 b) Rs. 1,30,000 c) Rs. 40,000 d) Rs. 20,000
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II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 3. State the differences between double entry system and incomplete records.
1. What is meant by incomplete records? S. Basic Double Entry System Incomplete Records
When accounting records are not strictly maintained according to double entry system, these no
records are called incomplete records.
1 Accounts All accounts are maintained Only personal and cash
2. State the accounts generally maintained by small sized sole trader when double entry
accounts are maintained.
accounting system is not followed.
2 Trial balance It can be prepared easily. It is difficult to prepare it.
 Generally cash and personal accounts are maintained fully.
3 Reliability It is reliable. It is not reliable.
 Real and Nominal accounts are not maintained.
4. State the procedure for calculating profit or loss through statement of affairs.

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3. What is a statement of affairs?
 The difference between the closing and opening capital are taken as profit or loss of the
 It is a statement showing the balances of assets and liabilities on a particular date.
business.
 It is prepared under single entry system to find out capital.
 Due adjustments are to be made for Drawings (+) and Additional capital (-).

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 Capital = Assets - Liabilities

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Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended __________
III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
Particulars Rs.
1. What are the features of incomplete records?
Closing Capital xxx
(i) Nature:
a

a
+ Drawings xxx
 It is an unscientific way of recording transactions.
xxx
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 Accounting principles are not followed properly.
- Additional Capital xxx
(ii) Type of accounts maintained:
Adjusted Closing Capital xxx
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 Only cash and personal accounts are maintained fully.
- Opening Capital xxx
 Real and nominal accounts are not maintained properly.
Profit or Loss xxx
a

a
(iii) Lack of uniformity:
 Different organisations record their transactions according to their needs and
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 If adjusted closing capital is more than the opening capital – Profit.
conveniences.
 If adjusted closing capital is lesser than the opening capital – Loss.
2. What are the limitations of incomplete records?
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i). Lack of proper maintenance of records: 5. Differentiate between statement of affairs and balance sheet.
 It is an unscientific way of maintaining records. S. no Basic Statement of Affairs Balance Sheet
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 Real and nominal accounts are not maintained properly.
1 Reliable It is not reliable. It is reliable.
(ii) Difficulty in preparing trial balance:
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2 Accounting It is prepared form single entry It is prepared by double entry
 The accounting records are incompleted.
System system system
 Hence, it is difficult to prepare trial balance.
(iii) Errors and Frauds: 3 Missing items It is very difficult to trace it. It trace very easily
 Errors and frauds cannot be easily detected from partial records.

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6. How is the amount of credit sale ascertained from incomplete records? IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)
By preparing total debtors accounts credit sale can be prepared. ⁂ Opening capital + Additional capital + Profit/ – Loss – Drawings = Closing capital
⁂ Profit/Loss = Closing capital + Drawings – Additional capital – Opening capital
⁂ When accounting records are not strictly maintained according to double entry system they are
called incomplete accounting records.
⁂ In general, only cash and personal accounts are maintained fully.
⁂ Any increase in capital is taken as profit while a decrease is regarded as loss.
⁂ Closing Capital + Drawings – Additional Capital – Opening Capital = Profit/ Loss

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⁂ A statement of affairs is prepared to find out capital on a particular day by showing the
balances of assets on the right side and the balances of liabilities on the left side.
⁂ From the information available from incomplete records, and from other documents, the

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missing figures can be found out and then the final accounts can be prepared.

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5 MARKS:
1. State the differences between double entry system and incomplete records.
************
S. no Basic Double Entry System Incomplete Records
a

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1 Accounts All accounts are maintained Only personal and cash accounts are
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maintained.
2 Suitable It is suitable for all accounts It is only suitable for sole trading and
lv

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partnership Firms.
3 Trial balance It can be prepared easily. It is difficult to prepare it.
a

a
4 Reliability It is reliable. It is not reliable.
5 Acceptability Accounting records are acceptable Accounting records may not be
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to all users acceptable to all users
2. Differentiate between statement of affairs and balance sheet.
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S. no Basic Statement of Affairs Balance Sheet
It is generally prepared to find out It is prepared to ascertain the financial
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1 Objective
the capital of the business position of the business.
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2 Accounting It is prepared form single It is prepared by double
System entry system entry system

3 Basis It is not fully based ledger It is based fully ledger.

4 Reliable It is not reliable. It is reliable.

5 Missing items It is very difficult to trace it. It trace very easily

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CHAPTER – 2 ACCOUNTS OF NOT-PROFIT  These organisations are called not–for–profit organization.

ORGANIZATIONS
 Examples: Art, Culture, Education, Sports, etc.
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
2. What is receipts and payments account?
1. Receipts and payments account is a
 It is a summary of cash and bank transactions of not–for–profit organisations prepared at
(a) Nominal A/c (b) Real A/c (c) Personal A/c (d) Representative personal account
the end of each financial year.
2. Receipts and payments account records receipts and payments of
 It is a real account in nature.
(a) Revenue nature only (b) Capital nature only
 It begins with the opening of cash and bank balances.
(c) Both revenue and capital nature (d) None of the above
3. What is legacy?
3. Balance of receipts and payments account indicates the

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 A gift made to a not–for–profit organization by a will, is called legacy.
(a) Loss incurred during the period (b) Excess of income over expenditure of the period
 It is a capital receipt.
(c) Total cash payments during the period (d) Cash and bank balance as on the date
4. Write a short note on life membership fees.
4. Income and expenditure account is a

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 Amount received towards life membership fee from members.

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(a) Nominal A/c (b) Real A/c (c) Personal A/c (d) Representative personal account
 It is a capital receipt.
5. Income and Expenditure Account is prepared to find out
 It is non-recurring in nature.
(a) Profit or loss (b) Cash and bank balance
5. Give four examples for capital receipts of not–for–profit organisation.
a

a
(c) Surplus or deficit (d) Financial position
 Sale of fixed assets  Life member fees
ik

ik
6. Which of the following should not be recorded in the income and expenditure account?
 Legacy  Endowment fund
(a) Sale of old news papers (b) Loss on sale of asset
6. Give four examples for revenue receipts of not–for–profit organisation.
(c) Honorarium paid to the secretary (d) Sale proceeds of furniture
lv

lv
 Interest on fixed deposit  Interest on investment
7. Subscription due but not received for the current year is
 Sale of old sports material  Subscription
(a) An asset (b) A liability (c) An expense (d) An item to be ignored
a

a
III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
8. Legacy is a
1. What is income and expenditure account?
.k

.k
(a) Revenue expenditure (b) Capital expenditure
 It is nominal account.
(c) Revenue receipt (d) Capital receipt
 It is prepared to find out Surplus or Deficit relating to a particular year.
w

w
9. Donations received for a specific purpose is
 It is just like preparing profit and loss account.
(a) Revenue receipt (b) Capital receipt
 Only revenue income and expenditure items are recorded.
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(c) Revenue expenditure (d) Capital expenditure
10. There are 500 members in a club each paying Rs. 100 as annual subscription. Subscription  Depreciation and Outstanding expenses are also recorded.
w

w
due but not received for the current year is Rs. 200; Subscription received in advance is Rs. 2. State the differences between Receipts and Payments Account and Income and Expenditure
Account.
300. Find out the amount of subscription to be shown in the income and expenditure
S. no Basic Receipt and Payment Account Income and Expenditure Account
account.
1 Nature of account It is real account It is nominal account
a) Rs. 50,000 b) Rs. 50,200 c) Rs. 49,900 d) Rs. 49,800
2 Basis It is based on cash system It is based on accrual system
II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. State the meaning of not–for–profit organisation. 3 Opening and It commence opening and closing There is no opening and closing
 Some organisations are established for the purpose of rendering services to the public Closing balance balance. balance
without any profit motive.
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3. How annual subscription is dealt with in the final accounts of not

not–for–
–profit organization? 5 MARKS:
The annual subscription is dealt with in the final accounts of following as: 1. State the differences between Receipts and Payments A/c and Income and Expenditure A/c.
 Treatment in Income and Expenditure Account
S. no Basic Receipt and Payment Account Income and Expenditure Account
 Treatment in Balance Sheet
1 Nature of account It is real account It is nominal account
i).
2 Basis It is based on cash system It is based on accrual system

3 Opening and It commence opening and closing There is no opening and

Closing balance balance. closing balance

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4 Nature of items It contains actual receipt and It contains only revenue expenses and
payment. incomes.
5 Period It contains only the items relating to It contains only the items relating to

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past, current and subsequent period current period.

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ii). items

a
IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)
ik

ik
⁂ In this unit, entrance fees or admission fees, donations, special fees and grants from
government and other organisations have been treated as revenue receipts even though these
may also be treated as capital receipts.
lv

lv
4. How the following items are dealt with in the final accounts of not–
⁂ If capital fund of the organization is not given in the problem, the opening balance sheet should
for–profit organisation?
be prepared to ascertain the opening capital fund. The difference between the total of assets
a

a
a) Sale of sports materials b) Life membership fees
and the total of liabilities as at the beginning of the year is the opening capital fund.
c) Tournament fund
.k

.k
⁂ Opening capital fund = Assets at the beginning– Liabilities at the beginning
a) Sale of sports materials:
⁂ New assets purchased or assets sold are to be found out by referring to the receipts and
 Consumable items such as sports material, stationary medicines etc., consumed during
w

w
payments account.
the year.
⁂ A trial balance can also be prepared for a not–for–profit organization by taking various ledger
 Consumption = opening stock + Purchase - Closing Stock
w

w
balances available. The total of debit balances will be equal to the total of credit balances.
b) Life membership fees:
Expenses, losses and assets will have debit balances. Revenues, gains and liabilities will have
 Amount received towards life membership fee from members.
w

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credit balances.
 It is a capital receipt.
⁂ Not–for–profit entities exist to provide services to the members or to the society at large.
 It is non-recurring
recurring in nature.
⁂ The three principal accounting statements of a not–for–profit organization include Receipts
c) Tournament fund
and Payments Account, Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet.
 If there are any specific funds such as tournament fund, prize fund etc….
⁂ The Receipts and Payments Account is a summarized cash book which records all cash receipts
and cash payments effected during an accounting year irrespective of the nature as to capital

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or revenue, irrespective of the period to which it belongs, that is, whether it relates to the CHAPTER – 3 ACCOUNTS OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM -
FUNDAMENTALS
previous or current year or subsequent year.
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
⁂ Income and Expenditure Account is prepared to ascertain the excess of revenue income over
1. In the absence of a partnership deed, profits of the firm will be shared by the partners in
revenue expenditure (surplus) or excess of revenue expenditure over revenue income (deficit)
(a) Equal ratio (b) Capital ratio (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
for a particular accounting year, which is the result of the entity’s over all activities for the
2. In the absence of an agreement among the partners, interest on capital is
accounting year.
(a) Not allowed (b) Allowed at bank rate
⁂ Opening capital is found out by comparing the opening balances of assets and liabilities.
(c) Allowed @ 5% per annum (d) Allowed @ 6% per annum
⁂ The Balance sheet is prepared at the end of the accounting year to show the financial position
3. As per the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, the rate of interest allowed on loans advanced by

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on that date. It includes the capital fund or accumulated fund, special purpose funds, long term
partners is
liabilities and current liabilities on the liabilities side and fixed assets and current assets on the
(a) 8% per annum (b) 12% per annum (c) 5% per annum (d) 6% per annum
assets side.
4. Which of the following is shown in Profit and loss appropriation account?

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da

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(a) Office expenses (b) Salary of staff (c) Partners’ salary (d) Interest on bank loan
************** 5. When fixed capital method is adopted by a partnership firm, which of the following items
will appear in capital account?

a
(a) Additional capital introduced (b) Interest on capital
(c) Interest on drawings (d) Share of profit
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6. When a partner withdraws regularly a fixed sum of money at the middle of every month,
period for which interest is to be calculated on the drawings on an average is
lv

lv
(a) 5.5 moths (b) 6 months (c) 12 months (d) 6.5 months
7. Which of the following is the incorrect pair?
a

a
(a) Interest on drawings – Debited to capital account
.k

.k
(b) Interest on capital – Credited to capital account
(c) Interest on loan – Debited to capital account
w

w
(d) Share of profit – Credited to capital account
8. In the absence of an agreement, partners are entitled to
w

w
(a) Salary (b) Commission (c) Interest on loan (d) Interest on capital
9. Pick the odd one out
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w
(a) Partners share profits and losses equally
(b) Interest on partners’ capital is allowed at 7% per annum
(c) No salary or remuneration is allowed
(d) Interest on loan from partners is allowed at 6% per annum.
10. Profit after interest on drawings, interest on capital and remuneration is Rs. 10,500.
Geetha, a partner, is entitled to receive commission @ 5% on profits after charging such
commission. Find out commission.
(a) Rs. 50 (b) Rs. 150 (c) Rs. 550 (d) Rs. 500
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II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 3. State the differences between fixed capital method and fluctuating capital method.
1. Define partnership. S. no Basic Fixed Capital Method Fluctuating Method
 The relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on
1 Number of Two accounts are maintained Only one account capital account
by all or any of them acting for all. Accounts i). capital account maintained.
- Indian Partnership Act, 1932 ii). current account
2 Closing It always show the credit balance It always show the debit or credit
2. What is a partnership deed?
Balance balance
 It is a document in writing that contains the terms of the agreement among the parents.
3 Adjustments All adjustments done in current All adjustments done in capital
 It is also called Articles of Partnership.
account account

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3. What is meant by fixed capital method?
4. Write a brief note on the applications of the provisions of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932
 The capital of the partners is not altered and remains generally fixed.
in the absence of partnership deed.
 Two accounts are maintained for each partner

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(i) Remuneration to partners:
 Capital account

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da
No salary or remuneration is allowed to any partner. [Section 13(a)]
 Current account
(ii) Profit sharing ratio:
4. What is the journal entry to be passed for providing interest on capital to a partner?
Profits and losses are to be shared equally. [Section 13(b)]

a
Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
(iii) Interest on capital:
Rs. Rs.
ik

ik
No interest is allowed on the capital. [Section 13(c)]
Interest in capital a/c Dr xxx
(iv) Interest on loans advanced by partners to the firm:
To Partners capital a/c xxx
Interest on loan is to be allowed at the rate of 6%. [Section 13(d)]
lv

lv
(Being interest on capital provided)
(v) Interest on drawings:
5. Why is Profit and loss appropriation account prepared?
No interest is charged on the drawings of the partners.
a

a
It is prepared for the purpose of adjusting the transaction relating to the amount due to and
amount due from partners. 5 MARKS:
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1. State the differences between fixed capital method and fluctuating capital method.
III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
S. no Basic Fixed Capital Method Fluctuating Method
1. State the features of partnership.
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1 Meaning The capital of the partners is not All the transactions between the
 It is an association two or more person.
altered and it remains generally fixed. partner and the firm are recorded in the
 Minimum 2 and Maximum number of members 50 limited.
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capital account.
 They agreement may be oral or written.
2 Number of Two accounts are maintained Only one account capital account
 It’s carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
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Accounts i). capital account maintained.
2. State any six contents of a partnership deed. ii). current account
 Name of the firm and nature and place of business 3 Change in The amount of capital not changes The amount of capital changes from

 Date of commencement and duration of business Capital from period to period period to period

 Names and addresses of all partners 4 Closing Balance It always show the credit balance It always show the debit or credit
balance
 Capital contributed by each partner
5 Adjustments All adjustments done in current All adjustments done in capital
 Profit sharing ratio
account account
 Amount of drawings allowed to each partner
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IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)  Profits and losses are shared among the partners of a firm in the profit sharing ratio. In the

 The maximum number of partners is not specified/ prescribed in the Indian Partnership Act, absence of agreed ratio, the profits and losses are to be shared by the partners equally.

1932. But, the Indian Companies Act, 2013 specifies the maximum number of partners.  In the absence of agreement, no interest is allowed on capital, no interest is charged on

 As per Section 464(1) of the Indian Companies Act, 2013, no association or partnership drawings and no salary or other remuneration is given to the partners.

consisting of more than such number of persons as may be prescribed shall be formed for the  Partners are entitled to interest on the loans advanced by them to the firm at a rate agreed by

purpose of carrying on any business, provided that the number of persons which may be them. If the rate of interest on partners’ loan is not agreed, the partners are entitled to interest

prescribed under this sub-section shall not exceed one hundred. on loans at 6% per annum.

 Rule 10 of Companies (Miscellaneous) Rules 2014 specifies the limit as 50. Thus, the  When fixed capital method is adopted by a firm, current accounts are opened for each partner

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maximum number of partners in a partnership firm is 50. apart from the capital account of each partner.

 The following provisions of the Act will apply:  When fluctuating capital method is followed, all the adjustments regarding additional capital

(i) Remuneration to partners [Section 13(a)] introduced, share of profit, interest on capital, interest on drawings, etc. are done in the capital

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(ii) Profit sharing ratio [Section 13(b)] account.

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(iii) Interest on capital [Section 13(c)]  In Profit and loss appropriation account, adjustments are made for interest on capital, interest

(iv) Interest on loans advanced by partners to the firm [Section 13(d)] on drawings and partners’ remuneration, the resultant profit is shared by the partners in their

The final accounts prepared by partnership firms are: profit sharing ratio.
a

a


{a). Manufacturing account – if manufacturing activity is carried on

ik

ik
(b) Trading and profit and loss account – to ascertain profitability
(c) Profit and loss appropriation account – to show the disposal of profits and surplus ************
lv

lv
(d) Balance sheet – to ascertain the financial status.
 Product method is based on the principle that interest on the amount for a number of
a

a
days/months is the same as interest for one day/month on the sum of the products of amount
withdrawn and the period of interest.
.k

.k
 Limited Liability Partnership (LLP):
 LLP is a type of partnership in which the liability of the partners is limited to the extent
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of their capital contribution.
 It is a legal entity separate from that of its partners. It is formed as per the provisions
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w
of The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008.
 It has perpetual succession. Any change in the partners of LLP shall not affect the
w

existence, rights or liabilities of LLP.

 Provisions of the Partnership Act, 1932 will not apply to a Limited Liability
Partnership.
 An individual or a body corporate can become a partner.
w
 Partners are not personally liable for the obligations of the partnership unless the
obligations arise due to their own wrongful acts or omissions.

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CHAPTER – 4 GOODWILL IN PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNTS 2. What is acquired goodwill?

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
1. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) Goodwill is an intangible asset
(c) Goodwill is a fictitious asset
2. Super profit is the difference between
(a) Capital employed and average profit
(c) Average profit and normal profit
 Goodwill acquired by making payment in cash or kind is called acquired goodwill.
 It is also called purchased goodwill.
3. What is super profit?
(b) Goodwill is a current asset
 It is the excess of average profit over the nomral profit of a business.
(d) Goodwill cannot be acquired
 Super Profit = Average Profit - Normal Profit
4. What is normal rate of return?
(b) Assets and liabilities
It is the rate at which profit is earned by similar business entities in the industry under normal
(d) Current year’s profit and average profit

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circumstances.
3. The average rate of return of similar concerns is considered as
5. State any two circumstances under which goodwill of a partnership firm is valued.
(a) Average profit (b) Normal rate of return (c) Expected rate of return (d) None of these
 Change in profit sharing ratio  Retirement or death of a partner
4. Which of the following is true?

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 Admission of a partner  Dissolution of partnership firm

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(a) Super profit = Total profit / number of years
III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
(b) Super profit = Weighted profit / number of years
1. State any six factors determining goodwill.
(c) Super profit = Average profit – Normal profit
 Profitability of the firm.
a

a
(d) Super profit = Average profit × Years of purchase
 Favorable location of the business enterprises.
ik

ik
5. Identify the incorrect pair
 Good quality of goods or service offered.
(a) Goodwill under Average profit method - Average profit × Number of years of purchase
 Efficiency of management.
(b) Goodwill under Super profit method - Super profit × Number of years of purchase
lv

lv
 Degree of competition
(c) Goodwill under Annuity method - Average profit × Present value annuity factor
 Tenure of the business enterprise
(d) Goodwill under Weighted average - Weighted average profit × Number of years of purchase
a

a
2. How is goodwill calculated under the super profits method?
profit Method
.k

.k
6. When the average profit is Rs. 25,000 and the normal profit is Rs. 15,000, super profit is i). Average Profit = Total Profits

(a) Rs. 25,000 (b) Rs. 5,000 (c) Rs. 10,000 (d) Rs. 15,000 Number of Years
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7. Book profit of 2017 is Rs. 35,000; non-recurring income included in the profit is Rs. 1,000
ii). Normal Profit = Capital Employed x NRR
and abnormal loss charged in the year 2017 was Rs. 2,000, then the adjusted profit is
iii). Super Profit = Average Profit - Normal Profit
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(a) Rs. 36,000 (b) Rs. 35,000 (c) Rs. 38,000 (d) Rs. 34,000
8. The total capitalised value of a business is Rs. 1,00,000; assets are Rs. 1,50,000 and liabilities iv). Goodwill = Super Profit x No. Year of Purchase
w

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are Rs. 80,000. The value of goodwill as per the capitalisation method will be 3. How is the value of goodwill calculated under the capitalization method?
(a) Rs. 40,000 (b) Rs. 70,000 (c) Rs. 1,00,000 (d) Rs. 30,000
i). Capitalized Value of the business = Average Profits x 100
II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. What is goodwill? Number of Years

 It is the good name of the business. ii). Capital Employed = Fixed Asset + Current Asset – Current Liabilities
 It is an intangible assets iii). Goodwill = Capitalized Value of business – Capital Employed
 It has no physical existence

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5 MARKS:  Annuity refers to series of uniform cash flows at regular intervals. The table value gives the

1. State any six factors determining goodwill. present value of annuity of rupee one received at the end of every year for a specified number
of years.
(i). Profitability of the firm
 Goodwill based on capitalization of average profit method and capitalization of super profit
 The profit earning capacity of the firm determines the value of its goodwill.
method will give the same amount of goodwill.
 A firm earning higher profits and having potential to generate higher profits in future will
 Goodwill is the good name or reputation of the business which brings benefit to the business.
have higher value of goodwill.
 It is an intangible fixed asset. Following are the circumstances that require valuation of
(ii). Favourable location of the business enterprise
goodwill of partnership firms in order to protect the rights of the partners:
☻ If the firm is located in a prominent place which is easily accessible to the customers, it can

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 When the profit sharing ratio is changed, when a new partner is admitted into a firm, when an
attract more customers.
existing partner retires from the firm or when a partner dies and when a partnership firm is
☻ Its sales and profit will be higher when compared to a firm which is not located in a
dissolved
prominent place.

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 Goodwill may be classified into acquired goodwill and self-generated goodwill.
☻ Hence, it will have high value of goodwill.

da

da
 Following are the methods generally followed to value goodwill:
(iii). Good quality of goods or services offered
 Average profits methods, super profit methods and capitalization method
 If a firm enjoys good reputation among the customers and general public for the good quality

a
of its products or services, the value of goodwill for the firm will be high.
(iv). Tenure of the business enterprise *@*@*@*@*@*@
ik

ik
 A firm which has carried on business for several years will have higher reputation among its
customers as it is better known to the customers.
lv

lv
 Such a firm will have higher earnings and higher value of goodwill when compared to a new
firm.
a

a
(v). Efficiency of management
.k

.k
 A firm having efficient management will earn more profits and the value of its goodwill will be
higher compared to a firm with less efficient managerial personnel.
IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)
w

w
 Goodwill may be classified into acquired goodwill and self-generated goodwill.
w

w
 Acquired or purchased goodwill
 Goodwill acquired by making payment in cash or kind is called acquired or purchased
w

w
goodwill.
 Self-generated goodwill
 It is the goodwill which is self generated by a firm based on features of the business
such as favourable location, loyal customers, etc.
 Such self-generated goodwill cannot be recorded in the books of accounts.

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CHAPTER – 5 ADMISSION OF A PARTNER 9. James and Kamal are sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 5:3. They admit Sunil as a
partner giving him 1/5 share of profits. Find out the sacrificing ratio.
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
(a) 1:3 (b) 3:1 (c) 5:3 (d) 3:5
1. Revaluation A/c is a
10. Balaji and Kamalesh are partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 2:1. They admit
(a) Real A/c (b) Nominal A/c (c) Personal A/c (d) Impersonal A/c
Yogesh into partnership. The new profit sharing ratio between Balaji, Kamalesh and Yogesh
2. On revaluation, the increase in the value of assets leads to
is agreed to 3:1:1. Find the sacrificing ratio between Balaji and Kamalesh.
(a) Gain (b) Loss (c) Expense (d) None of these
(a) 1:3 (b) 3:1 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:2
3. The profit or loss on revaluation of assets and liabilities is transferred to the capital account of
II. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
(a) The old partners (b) The new partner

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1. What is meant by revaluation of assets and liabilities?
(c) All the partners (d) The Sacrificing partners
 When a partner is admitted into the partnership the assets and liabilities are revalued as the
4. If the old profit sharing ratio is more than the new profit sharing ratio of a partner, the
current value may differ from book value.
difference is called

l
 Determination of current value of assets and liabilities is called revaluation of assets and

da

da
(a) Capital ratio (b) Sacrificing ratio (c) Gaining ratio (d) None of these
liabilities.
5. At the time of admission, the goodwill brought by the new partner may be credited to the
2. How are accumulated profits and losses distributed among the partners at the time of
capital accounts
admission of a new partner?
a

a
(a) all the partners (b) the old partners (c) the new partner (d) the sacrificing partners
Any reserve fund, accumulated profit and loss belong to the old partners and hence these
ik

ik
6. Which of the following statements is not true in relation to admission of a partner
should be distributed to the old partners in the old profit sharing ratio.
(a) Generally mutual rights of the partners change
3. What is sacrificing ratio?
(b) The profits and losses of the previous years are distributed to the old partners
lv

lv
 It is ratio of share sacrificed by the old partners.
(c) The firm is reconstituted under a new agreement
 Share of the new partner is the sum of share sacrificed by the old partners.
(d) The existing agreement does not come to an end
a

a
4. Give the journal entry for writing off existing goodwill at the time of admission of a new
7. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
partner.
.k

.k
List I List II
Date Particulars LF Debit Rs. Credit Rs.
(i) Sacrificing ratio 1. Investment fluctuation fund
Old partner capital a/c Dr xxx
w

w
(ii) Old profit sharing ratio 2. Accumulated profit
(iii) Revaluation Account 3. Goodwill To Goodwill a/c xxx
w

w
(iv) Capital Account 4. Unrecorded liability (Being Existing goodwill is written off )

Codes: 5. State whether the following will be debited or credited in the revaluation account.
w

w
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a) Depreciation on assets (b) Unrecorded liability
(a) 1 2 3 4 (c) Provision for outstanding expenses (d) Appreciation of assets
(b) 3 2 4 1
(a) Depreciation on assets - Debited
(c) 4 3 2 1
(b) Unrecorded liability - Debited
(d) 3 1 4 2
8. Select the odd one out (c) Outstanding expenses - Debited

(a) Revaluation profit (b) Accumulated loss (d) Appreciation of assets - Credited

(c) Goodwill brought by new partner (d) Investment fluctuation fund

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III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: iii). For Profit on Revaluation

1. What are the adjustments required at the time of admission of a partner? JOURNAL ENTRY
 Distribution of accumulated profits, reserves and losses Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
Rs. Rs.
 Revaluation of assets and liabilities
Revaluation a/c Dr xxx xxx
 Determination of new profit-sharing ratio and sacrificing ratio To Old Partners Capital a/c
 Adjustment for goodwill (Revaluation of profit transferred to
capital a/c)
 Adjustment of capital on the basis of new profit sharing ratio

.in

.in
2. What are the journal entries to be passed on revaluation of assets and liabilities?
i). For increase in the value of asset iv). For Loss on Revaluation

ii). For decrease in the amount of liability JOURNAL ENTRY

l
iii). For recording unrecorded asset Date Particulars LF Debit Credit

da

da
Rs. Rs.
JOURNAL ENTRY
Old Partners Capital a/c Dr xxx
Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
Rs. Rs. To Revaluation a/c xxx

a
Concerned Asset a/c Dr xxx (Revaluation of profit transferred to
ik

ik
Concerned liability a/c Dr xxx capital a/c)
To Revaluation a/c xxx 3. Write a short note on accounting treatment of goodwill.
(Assets and Liabilities are recorded )
lv

lv
i). When new partner brings cash towards goodwill
 When the new partner brings cash towards goodwill in addition to the amount of
a

a
capital.
i). For decrease in the value of asset
 It is distributed to the existing partners in the sacrificing ratio.
.k

.k
ii). For increase in the amount of liability
ii). When the new partner does not bring goodwill in cash or in kind
iii). For recording unrecorded liability
 If the new partner does not bring goodwill in cash or in kind, his share of goodwill must
w

w
JOURNAL ENTRY
be adjusted through the capital accounts of the partners.
Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
Rs. Rs. iii). When the new partner brings only a part of the goodwill in cash or in kind
w

w
Revaluation a/c Dr xxx  Sometimes the new partner may bring only a part of the goodwill in cash or assets.
To Concerned Asset a/c xxx  In such a case, for the cash or the assets brought, the respective account is debited and
w

w
To Concerned liability a/c xxx for the amount not brought in cash or kind, the new partner’s capital account is debited.
(Assets and Liabilities are recorded ) iv). Existing goodwill
 If goodwill already appears in the books of accounts, at the time of admission if the
partners decide.
 It can be written off by transferring it to the existing partners’ capital account / current
account in the old profit sharing ratio.

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CHAPTER – 6 RETIREMENT AND DEATH OF A PARTNER

IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)
 Investment fluctuation fund
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
 Investment fluctuation fund is created out of profit to adjust the reduction in the market 1. A partner retires from the partnership firm on 30th June. He is liable for all the acts of the
value of the investments. If the market value of the investments is greater than or equal firm up to the
to the book value, then, the entire investment fluctuation fund is transferred to the old (a) End of the current accounting period (b) End of the previous accounting period

partners’ capital account in old profit sharing ratio. (c) Date of his retirement (d) Date of his final settlement

 If the market value of the investments is less than the book value, then the difference is 2. On retirement of a partner from a partnership firm, accumulated profits and losses. Are

to be subtracted from the investment fluctuation fund and the balance of investment distributed to the partners in the

.in

.in
fluctuation fund is to be transferred to the old partners’ capital account in old profit (a) New profit sharing ratio (b) Old profit sharing ratio

sharing ratio. (c) Gaining ratio (d) Sacrificing ratio

3. On retirement of a partner, general reserve is transferred to the
 When the new profit sharing ratio is not given in the problem, it is to be calculated based on

l
(a) Capital account of all the partners (b) Revaluation account
the information given in the problem.

da

da
(c) Capital account of the continuing partners (d) Memorandum revaluation a/c
 ometimes an existing partner may also gain in share of profit on admission of a partner when
4. On revaluation, the increase in liabilities leads to
the new share is greater than the old share. In this case, the gaining partner has to
(a) Gain (b) Loss (c) Profit (d) None of these
a

a
compensate the sacrificing partners to the extent of his share in the total goodwill of the firm.
5. At the time of retirement of a partner, determination of gaining ratio is required
 On admission of a new partner, the firm is reconstituted with a new agreement and the
ik

ik
(a) To transfer revaluation profit or loss (b) To distribute accumulated profits and losses
existing agreement comes to an end.
(c) To adjust goodwill (d) None of these
 On admission of a partner, generally there is a change in the mutual rights of the partners. The
lv

lv
6. If the final amount due to a retiring partner is not paid immediately, it is transferred to
new partner acquires the right to share the future profits and share the assets of the firm.
(a) Bank A/c (b) Retiring partner’s capital A/c
 The new partner becomes liable for all the acts which are carried out by the firm from the
a

a
(c) Retiring partner’s loan A/c (d) Other partners’ capital A/c
date of his / her admission into the firm.
7. ‘ A’ was a partner in a partnership firm. He died on 31st March 2019. The final Amount Due
.k

.k
 On admission of a partner, the accumulated profits, accumulated losses and reserves before
to him is Rs.25,000 which is not paid immediately. It will be transferred to
admission are to be distributed to the existing partners in the old ratio.
(a) A’s capital account (b) A’s current account
w

w
 When a partner is admitted into the firm, assets and liabilities are to be revalued and the
(c) A’s Executor account (d) A’s Executor loan account
profit or loss on revaluation is to be distributed to the existing partners in the old ratio.
8. A, B and C are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 2:2:1. On retirement of B, Goodwill of
w

w
 At the time of admission of a partner it is necessary to determine the new profit sharing ratio the firm was valued as Rs. 30,000. Find the contribution of A and C to compensate B:
because the new partner is entitled to share the future profits of the firm.
(a) Rs.20,000 and Rs.10,000 (b) Rs. 8,000 and Rs.4,000
w

w
 If the new profit sharing ratio is not agreed, the partners will share the profits and losses (c) Rs.10,000 and Rs. 20,000 (d) Rs.15,000 and Rs. 15,000
equally. 9. A, B and C are partners sharing profits in the ratio of 4:2:3. C retires. The new Profit sharing
 The existing partners sacrifice part of their share of profit in favour of the new partner. To ratio between A and B will be
compensate the sacrifice made by the existing partners, goodwill brought by the new partner (a) 4:3 (b) 3:4 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:2
is distributed in the sacrificing ratio to the old partners who sacrifice. 10. X, Y and Z were partners sharing profits and losses equally. X died on 1.4. 2019. Find out
 Sacrificing ratio is the proportion of the profit which is sacrificed or foregone by the old the share of X in the profit of 2019 based on the profit of 2018 which showed Rs. 36,000.
a). Rs. 1,000 (b) Rs. 3,000 (c) Rs.12,000 (d) Rs.36,000
partners in favour of the new partner.
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II. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 3. What are the ways in which the final amount due to an outgoing partner can be settled?
1. What is meant by retirement of a partner? i). Cash due paid immediately
 When a partner leaves from a partnership firm, it is known as retirement. Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
 It is also called outgoing or retirement partner. Rs. Rs.
2. What is gaining ratio? Retiring partner capital a/c Dr xxx

 The continuing partners may gain a portion of the share of profit of the retiring partner. To Cash/Bank a/c xxx

 Gaining Ratio = New share - Old share (Being cash due paid immediately recorded )

3. What is the purpose of calculating gaining ratio? ii). Cash due not paid immediately

.in

.in
 The purpose of finding the gaining ratio is to bear the goodwill to be paid to the retiring Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
partner. Rs. Rs.

4. What is the journal entry to be passed to transfer the amount due to the deceased partner to Retiring partner capital a/c Dr xxx

l
the executor of the deceased partner? To Retiring partners loan a/c xxx

da

da
Date Particulars LF Debit Credit (Being cash due not paid immediately recorded )
Rs. Rs. iii). Cash due paid partly immediately
Deceased partner capital a/c Dr xxx
Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
a

a
To Deceased partner executor a/c xxx Rs. Rs.
ik

ik
(Being Deceased partner amount transferred to capital Retiring partner capital a/c Dr xxx
account) To Cash/Bank a/c xxx
lv

lv
III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: To Retiring partners loan a/c xxx
1. List out the adjustments made at the time of retirement of a partner in a partnership firm. (Being cash due paid partly immediately recorded )
 Distribution of accumulated profits, reserves and losses
a

a
5 MARKS:
 Revaluation of assets and liabilities
1. Distinguish between sacrificing ratio and gaining ratio.
.k

.k
 Determination of new profit sharing ratio and gaining ratio
S.No Basic Sacrificing Ratio Gaining Ratio
 Adjustment for goodwill
w

w
 Adjustment for current year’s profit or loss upto the date of retirement 1 Meaning A share o profit sacrificed by the old A share of profit gained by existing
 Settlement of the amount due to the retiring partner partner to new partner. partner from retiring partner.
w

w
2. Distinguish between sacrificing ratio and gaining ratio. 2 Time Admission of a partner Retirement of a partner
S.No Basic Sacrificing ratio Gaining ratio Sacrificing Ratio = Gaining Ratio =
3 Formula
w

2
Meaning

Time
A share o profit sacrificed by the old A share of profit gained by existing
partner to new partner.
Admission of a partner
partner from retiring partner.
Retirement of a partner
w 4 Purpose
old ratio – new ratio New ratio – Old ratio
Its calculated to determine the amount Its calculated to determine the
to be adjusted towards goodwill for amount to be adjusted towards
the sacrificing partners. goodwill for the gaining partners.
3 Formula Sacrificing Ratio = Gaining Ratio =
old ratio – new ratio New ratio – Old ratio

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Important notes: (Do you Know)  When a partner retires from the partnership firm, the assets and liabilities are to be revalued

 All these adjustments are similar to the adjustments to be done on admission of a partner and the profit or loss on revaluation is to be distributed to all the partners in the old profit

except determination of profit sharing ratio and settlement of the amount due to the retiring sharing ratio.

partner.  At the time of retirement of a partner, the continuing partners gain part of retiring partner’s

 There are two ways in which the revaluation of assets and liabilities may be dealt with in the share of profit. Hence the retiring partner’s share of goodwill is to be valued and adjusted

accounts. through the capital accounts of the gaining partners.

 Revised value of assets and liabilities are shown in the books  Gaining ratio is the proportion of the profit which is gained by the continuing partners. The

 Revised value of assets and liabilities are not shown in the books share gained is new share minus old share.

.in

.in
 When the new profit sharing ratio is not given in the problem, it is to be calculated based on  The amount due to the retiring partner may be settled by paying the entire amount due

the information given in the problem. immediately in cash, or transfer the entire amount due to the loan account of the partner or by

 Profit and loss suspense account is a temporary account opened to transfer the share of paying part of the amount immediately in cash and transferring the balance to the loan

l
retiring or deceased partner’s share in current year’s profit or loss upto the date of retirement account of the partner.

da

da
or death.  when a partner dies the amount due from the firm is paid to the executor or legal

 If the amount due to the retiring/deceased partner is not paid in cash immediately and if there representative of the deceased partner.

is no contract entered into concerning settlement of account, then provisions of Section 37 of

a

a
the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 will apply.
ik

ik
 As per section 37, the retiring partner or the representatives of the retiring or deceased
partner is entitled to choose any of the following options: @*@*@*@*@*@*@
lv

lv
 Share of profits attributable to the use of his share of property of the firm or
 Interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum on the amount of his share on the property of the
a

a
firm.
 Life policies may be taken on the life of the partners in a partnership firm. The life policy may
.k

.k
be individual policy or joint life policy. Incase of individual policy, if a partner dies, his policy
alone matures and the policy amount is received from the insurance company.
w

w
 Incase of joint life policy, one policy is taken on the lives of all partners. When any one of the
partners dies, the policy matures and the policy amount is received. In both types of policies,
w

w
the insurance premium is paid by the partnership firm. The policy amount received from the
insurance company is used to settle the amount due to the deceased partner.
w

 On retirement of a partner, existing agreement comes to an end. The firm is reconstituted and
other partners continue the partnership firm with a new agreement.
 The retiring partner is liable for all the acts which are carried out by the firm until the date of
his retirement from the firm.
w
 At the time of retirement of a partner the accumulated profits and losses and reserves upto
the date of retirement is to be distributed to all the partners in the old profit sharing ratio.

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CHAPTER – 7 COMPANY ACCOUNTS 9. If a share of Rs. 10 on which Rs. 8 has been paid up is forfeited. Minimum reissue price is
(a) Rs. 10 per share (b) Rs. 8 per share (c) Rs. 5 per share (d) Rs. 2 per share
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
10. Supreme Ltd. forfeited 100 shares of Rs. 10 each for non-payment of final call of Rs. 2 per
1. A preference share is one
share. All these Shares were re-issued at Rs. 9 per share. What amount will be transferred
(i) which carries preferential right with respect to payment of dividend at fixed rate
to capital reserve account?
(ii) which carries preferential right with respect to repayment of capital on winding up
(a) Rs. 700 (b) Rs. 800 (c) Rs. 900 (d) Rs. 1,000
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) Both (i) and (ii) are incorrect
1. What is a share?
2. That part of share capital which can be called up only on the winding up of a company is

.in

.in
 The capital of a company is divided into small units of fixed amount.
called:
 These units are called shares.
(a) Authorised capital (b) Called up capital (c) Capital reserve (d) Reserve capital
2. What is over-subscription?
3. At the time of forfeiture, share capital account is debited with

l
 When the number of shares applied for is more than the number of shares offered for

da

da
(a) Face value (b) Nominal value (c) Paid up amount (d) Called up amount
subscription.
4. After the forfeited shares are reissued, the balance in the forfeited shares account should be
 It is said to be over subscription.
transferred to
3. What is meant by calls in arrear?
a

a
(a) General reserve account (b) Capital reserve account
 Sometimes shareholders may fail to pay the amount due on calls.
(c) Securities premium account (d) Surplus account
ik

ik
 The amount called up but not paid is called calls in arrears.
5. The amount received over and above the par value is credited to
4. Write a short note on securities premium account.
(a) Securities premium account (b) Calls in advance account
lv

lv
 When a company issues shares at a price more than the face value, the shares are said to be
(c) Share capital account (d) Forfeited shares account
issued at premium.
6. Which of the following statement is false?
a

a
 The excess is called as premium.
(a) Issued capital can never be more than the authorised capital
5. Why are the shares forfeited?
.k

.k
(b) In case of under subscription, issued capital will be less than the subscribed capital
 If the shareholders fail to pay the amount due on calls, shares will be forfeited.
(c) Reserve capital can be called at the time of winding up
III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
w

w
(d) Paid up capital is part of called up capital
1. State the differences between preference shares and equity shares.
7. When shares are issued for purchase of assets, the amount should be credited to
S.no Basic Preference share Equity Shares
w

w
(a) Vendor’s A/c (b) Sundry assets A/c (c) Share capital A/c (d) Bank A/c
8. Match the pair and identify the correct option 1 Meaning It’s are those shares which have It’s are those which have no
w

w
(1) Under subscription - (i) Amount prepaid for calls preferential rights regarding preferential rights. So they are
(2) Over subscription - (ii) Subscription above the offered shares dividend and return of capital called ordinary shares.
(3) Calls in arrear - (iii) Subscription below the offered shares
2 Rate of dividend Fixed Changed
(4) Calls in advance - (iv) Amount unpaid on calls
(1) (2) (3) (4) 3 Voting power They do not have any voting They have dividend changes
(a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) rights according to profit earned by
(b) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) company.
(c) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(d) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
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2. Write a brief note on calls in advance. IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)
 The excess amount paid over the called up value of a share is known as calls in advance.  As per Section 39 of the Indian Companies Act, 2013, application money must be at least 5 per
 It is the excess money paid on application or allotment or calls. cent of the nominal value of shares or such other percentage or amount as may be specified by
3. What is reissue of forfeited shares? the Securities Exchange Board by making regulations. As per SEBI guidelines, the minimum
 Shares forfeited can be reissued by the company. application money shall not be less than 25 per cent of the issue price.
 The shares can be reissued at any price.  Calls are to be made as provided in the Articles of Association of a company. In the absence of
 But, the reissue price cannot be less than the amount unpaid on forfeited shares. the required provisions in the Articles, Table F, Schedule I of the Indian Companies Act, 2013
4. Write a short note on (a) Authorised capital (b) Reserve capital will be applicable which has the following provisions:

.in

.in
i). Authorized Capital:  Period of one month must elapse between two calls.
 It means such capital as is authorized by the memorandum of association.  The amount of one call should not be more than 25% of the face value of the share.
 It is the maximum amount which can be raised as capital.  Authorised capital is the maximum amount that can be raised as capital as is authorised by the

l
 It is also known as Registered capital or Nominal capital memorandum of association

da

da
ii). Reserve Capital:  Reserve capital is part of subscribed capital to be called up at the time of winding up of the
 The company can reserve a part of its subscribed capital to be called up only at the time of company.
 Issue of equity shares to public through prospectus by a public company is called public issue.
a

a
winding up.
 It is called Reserve Capital.  When the share capital is received through instalments, first instalment is called application
ik

ik
5. What is meant by issue of shares for consideration other than cash? money.
 A company may issue equity shares either for cash or for consideration other than cash.  When the number of shares subscribed is less than the number of shares offered, it is known as
lv

lv
 When shares are issued for cash, the cash may be received under subscription.
 In Installments  At One Time  When the minimum subscription stated in the prospectus has been subscribed for by the
a

a
5 MARKS: public, a company can allot shares.
.k

.k
1. State the differences between preference shares and equity shares.  When applications are allotted in proportion of shares applied for it is called pro-rata
allotment.
S.no Basic Preference share Equity Shares
 The excess amount paid over the called up value of a share is known as calls in advance.
w

w
1 Meaning It’s are those shares which have It’s are those which have no
 When a shareholder fails to pay the amount due on allotment or on calls, the amount
preferential rights regarding preferential rights. So they are
remaining unpaid is known as calls in arrears.
w

w
dividend and return of capital called ordinary shares.
 When a company issues shares at a price more than the face value (nominal value), the shares
2 Rate of dividend Fixed Changed
w

3 Voting power
4 Affairs of company
5 Payment of dividend Dividend is distributed first.
w
are said to be issued at premium.
They do not have any voting They have dividend changes
@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@
rights according to profit earned by
company.
They do not have any rights to They have to appoint the board of
appoint board of directors. directors
After paying dividend is
distributed

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CHAPTER – 8 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS increased to Rs. 88,000. What is the trend percentage in the second year?
a) 10 % b) 110 % c) 90 % d) 11%
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Which of the following statements is not true? 1. What are financial statements?
a) Notes and schedules also form part of financial statements. Financial statements are the statements prepared by the business concerns at the end of the
b) The tools of financial statement analysis include common-size statement accounting period to ascertain the operating results and the financial position.
c) Trend analysis refers to the study of movement of figures for one year
2. List the tools of financial statement analysis.
d) The common–size statements show the relationship of various items with some common
 Comparative statement
base, expressed as percentage of the common base

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2. Balance sheet provides information about the financial position of a business concern  Common size statement

a) Over a period of time b) As on a particular date  Trend analysis

 Fund flow analysis

l
c) For a period of time d) For the accounting period

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3. Which of the following tools of financial statement analysis is suitable when data relating to  Cash flow analysis

several years are to be analysed? 3. What is working capital?

a) Cash flow statement b) Common size statement  The capital of a business which is used in its day-to-day trading operation.

a
c) Comparative statement d) Trend analysis  Working Capital = Current Asset – Current Liabilities
4. When is trend analysis preferred to other tools?
ik

ik
4. The financial statements do not exhibit
a) Non-monetary data b) Past data c) Short term data d) Long term data  When data of more than two years are to be analyzed it may be difficult to use comparative

5. Which of the following is not a tool of financial statement analysis? statement.

lv

lv
a) Trend analysis b) Common size statement  For this purpose trend analysis may be used.

c) Comparative statement d) Standard costing III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

a

a
6. The term ‘fund’ refers to 1. ‘Financial statements are prepared based on the past data’. Explain how this is a limitation.
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a) Current liabilities b) Working capital c) Fixed assets d) Non-current assets  Financial statements are prepared based on historical data.

7. Which of the following statements is not true?  They may not reflect current position.
w

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a) All the limitations of financial statements are applicable to financial statement analysis also.  The previous data does not reveal the operating results and financial position of the

b) Financial statement analysis is only the means and not an end. business concern.
w

w
c) Expert knowledge is not required in analysing the financial statements.  So it is a limitation.

d) Interpretation of the analysed data involves personal judgement. 2. Write a short note on cash flow analysis.
w

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8. A limited company’s sales has increased from Rs. 1,25,000 to Rs. 1,50,000. How does this  It is concerned with Preparation of cash flow statement which shows the inflow and outflow
appear in comparative income statement? of cash and cash equivalents in a given period of time.
a) + 20 % b) + 120 % c) – 120 % d) – 20 %  Cash includes cash in hand and demand deposits with banks.
9. In a common-size balance sheet, if the percentage of non-current assets is 75, what would be 3. Briefly explain any three limitations of financial statements.
the percentage of current assets? i). Record of historical data:
a) 175 b) 125 c) 25 d) 100  Financial statements are prepared based on historical data.
10. Expenses for a business for the first year were Rs. 80,000. In the second year, it was  They may not reflect the current position.

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ii). Ignore price level changes:
 Adjustments for price level changes are not made in the financial statements.
 Hence, financial statements may not reveal the current position.
iii). Lack of consistency:
 Different business concerns may use different accounting methods.
 Hence, comparison between two business concerns becomes difficult.
4. Explain the steps involved in preparing comparative statement.
(i) Column 1: Particulars of items
 Intra-firm comparison is comparison within the organisation among different departments,
divisions, etc.
 Inter-firm comparison is comparison of one firm with other firm or firms in the industry.
Horizontal analysis
 When figures relating to several years are considered for the purpose of analysis, the analysis
is called horizontal analysis.
 Generally, one year is taken as the base year and the figures relating to the other years are
compared with that of the base year. Comparative statements and trend percentages are

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(ii) Column 2: Enter absolute amount of year 1. examples of horizontal analysis.
(iii) Column 3: Enter absolute amount of year 2. Vertical analysis
(iv) Column 4: Show the difference in amounts between year 1  When figures relating to one accounting year alone are considered for the purpose of analysis,

l
and year 2. (Increase ( + ) or Decrease ( - ) the analysis is called vertical analysis.

da

(v) Column 5: Show percentage increase or decrease.
Percentage increase or decrease: =
a
da
 Here, relationship is established among items from various financial statements relating to
Absolute amount of increase or decrease x 100
the same accounting period.
Year 1 amount

a
 Preparation of common size statements and computation of ratios are examples of vertical
5. Explain the procedure for preparing common-size statement.
analysis.
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Common-size statement can be prepared with three columns.
 The term financial statements generally refer to two basic statements, income statement and
(i) (i). Column 1: Particulars of items of income statement or balance sheet
balance sheet.
lv

lv
(ii) Column 2: Enter absolute amount.
 Notes and schedules also form part of financial statements.
(iii) Column 3: Choose a common base as 100.
 The tools of financial statement analysis include Comparative statement, Common size
a

a
For example, revenue from operations can be taken as the base for income
statement, Trend analysis, Funds flow analysis and Cash flow analysis.
statement and total of balance sheet can be taken as the base for balance sheet.
.k

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 A statement giving comparison of net increase or decrease in the individual items of financial
IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)
statements of two or more years of a business concern is called comparative statement.
 Where the financial statements of a company do not comply with the Accounting Standards
w

w
 The common–size statements show the relationship of various items with some common
referred to in Section 129 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013, the company shall disclose in its
base, expressed as percentage of the common base.
financial statements, the deviation from the Accounting Standards, the reasons for such
w

w
 Trend analysis refers to the study of movement of figures over a period.
deviation and the financial effects, if any, arising out of such deviation.
 As per Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013, depending upon the turnover of the company,
w

the figures appearing in the financial statements may be rounded off as given below:
Turnover
(a) less than one hundred crore rupees
Rounding off
To the nearest hundreds, thousands, lakhs or
millions, or decimals thereof.
w @*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@

(b) one hundred crore rupees or more To the nearest lakhs, millions or crores, or
decimals thereof.

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CHAPTER – 9 RATIO ANALYSIS 9. Current liabilities Rs. 40,000 Current assets Rs. 1,00,000; Inventory Rs. 20,000. Quick ratio is
(a) 1:1 (b) 2.5:1 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:2
I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER: 10. Cost of revenue from operations Rs. 3,00,000; Inventory in the beginning of the year Rs.
1. The mathematical expression that provides a measure of the relationship between two 60,000; Inventory at the close of the year Rs. 40,000. Inventory turnover ratio is
figures is called (a) 2 times (b) 3 times (c) 6 times (d) 8 times
(a) Conclusion (b) Ratio (c) Model (d) Decision II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
2. Current ratio indicates 1. What is meant by accounting ratios?
(a) Ability to meet short term obligations (b) Efficiency of management  When ratios are calculated on the basis of accounting information, these are called

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(c) Profitability (d) Long term solvency ‘accounting ratios’.
3. Current assets excluding inventory and prepaid expenses is called  It is the numerical relationship between two items.
(a) Reserves (b) Tangible assets (c) Funds (d) Quick assets 2. What is quick ratio?

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4. Debt equity ratio is a measure of  Quick ratio gives the proportion of quick assets to current liabilities.

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(a) Short term solvency (b) Long term solvency (c) Profitability (d) Efficiency  It is otherwise called liquid ratio or acid test ratio.
5. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:  It is calculated as follows:
List I List II Quick ratio = Quick assets
a

a
(i) Current ratio 1. Liquidity
Current liabilities
(ii) Net profit ratio 2. Efficiency
ik

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(iii) Debt-equity ratio 3. Long term solvency 3. What is meant by debt equity ratio?
(iv) Inventory turnover ratio 4. Profitability  It is calculated to assess the long term solvency position.
Codes :
lv

lv
 It expresses the relationship between long term debt and shareholders’ funds.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)  It is computed as follows:
(a) 1 4 3 2
a

a
Debt equity ratio = Long term debt
(b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 4 3 2 1 Shareholders' funds
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(d) 1 2 3 4 4. What does return on investment ratio indicate?
6. To test the liquidity of a concern, which of the following ratios are useful?
 It shows the proportion of net profit before interest and tax to capital employed.
(i) Quick ratio (ii) Net profit ratio
w

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(iii) Debt-equity ratio (iv) Current ratio  It is an overall measure of profitability of a business concern.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  It is computed as below:
w

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(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iv) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv) Return on Investment (ROI) = Net profit before interest and tax x 100
7. Proportion of share holder's funds to total assets is called Capital employed
w

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(a) Proprietary ratio (b) Capital gearing ratio 5. State any two limitations of ratio analysis.
(c) Debt equity ratio (d) Current ratio (i) Ratios are only means:
8. Which one of the following is not correctly matched? Ratios are not end in themselves but they are only means to achieve a particular purpose.
(a) Liquid ratio – Proportion (ii). Accuracy of financial information:
(b) Gross profit ratio – Percentage  Its depends on the accuracy of information taken from financial statements.
(c) Fixed assets turnover ratio – Percentage
(d) Debt-equity ratio – Proportion
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III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 5. Bring out the limitations of ratio analysis.
1. Explain the objectives of ratio analysis. (i) Ratios are only means:
 To simplify accounting figures  Ratios are not end in themselves but they are only means to achieve a particular purpose.

 To facilitate analysis of financial statements (ii). Accuracy of financial information:

 It’s depends on the accuracy of information taken from financial statements.
 To analyze the operational efficiency of a business
 If the statements are inaccurate, ratios are also be inaccurate.
 To help in budgeting and forecasting
(iii). Change in price level:
 To facilitate intra firm and inter firm comparison of performance
 Ratio analysis may not reflect price level changes and current values as they are calculated
2. What is inventory conversion period? How is it calculated?

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based on historical data given in financial statements.
 Inventory conversion period is the time taken to sell the inventory.
Important notes: (Do you Know)
 A shorter inventory conversion period indicates more efficiency in the management of
 Accounting ratios can be expressed in any of the following forms:
inventory.

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 Pure: It is expressed as a quotient. Example: 2 or 2:1.

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 It is computed as follows:
 Percentage: It is expressed in percentage. Example: 25%.
Inventory conversion period = Number of days in a year
 Times: It is expressed as certain number of times of a particular figure. Example: 4 times.
(in days) Inventory turnover ratio
 Operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of an asset for processing and its
a

a
Inventory conversion period = Number of months in a year realisation into cash and cash equivalents.
ik

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(in months) Inventory turnover ratio  Inventory is not considered as liquid asset because it takes some time to sell the inventory
3. How is operating profit ascertained? and to convert into cash. Similarly, prepaid expenses are not considered as liquid assets
lv

lv
 Operating Profit = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses because these are expenses paid in advance. These cannot be converted into cash and only the
 Gross Profit = Sales - Cost of Goods sold benefit can be derived and are thus excluded from liquid assets.
a

a
(Or)  Normally, 2:1 is considered as ideal current ratio; 1:1 is considered as ideal quick ratio.
 Gross Profit = Revenue from Operation - Cost of Revenue from Operation However, it is subject to change from business to business and industry to industry.
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 Operating Expenses = Selling + Office + Distribution + Administration Expenses  Debit balance in the statement of profit and loss is shown as a negative figure under the head
4. State any three advantages of ratio analysis. Reserves and surplus.
w

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(i) Measuring financial solvency:  Shareholders’ funds can also be computed as follows:
 Ratio analysis helps to ascertain the liquidity or short term  Shareholders’ funds = Total assets – Non current liabilities – Current liabilities.
w

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 Solvency and long term solvency of a business concern.  In general, a debt equity ratio of 1:1 may be considered satisfactory. However, it is subject to
(ii) Facilitating investment decisions: change from business to business and industry to industry.
w

 Ratio analysis helps the management in making effective decisions regarding profitable
avenues of investment.
(iii) Analysing the profitability:
 Ratio analysis helps to analyse the profitability of a business in terms of sales and
w  Fixed assets turnover ratio can also be calculated by substituting cost of revenue from
operations instead of revenue from operations.
 An accounting ratio is a mathematical expression of the relationship between two items or
group of items shown in the financial statements.
investments.  Under the functional classification, the ratios are classified as liquidity ratios, solvency ratios,
profitability ratios and turnover ratios.

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 Liquidity ratios help to assess the ability of a business concern to meet its short term financial CHAPTER – 10 COMPUTERIZED
obligations. ACCOUNTING SYSYTEM - TALLY
 Long term solvency ratios help to determine the ability of the business to repay its debts in I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:
the long run. 1. Accounting report prepared according to the requirements of the user is
 Profitability ratios are calculated to analyse the earning capacity of the business and is (a) Routine accounting report (b) Special purpose report
generally expressed as a percentage. (c) Trial balance (d) Balance sheet
 Turnover ratios show how efficiently assets or other items have been used to generate 2. Function key F11 is used for
revenue from operations. (a) Company Features (b) Accounting vouchers

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(c) Company Configuration (d) None of these
3. Which submenu displays groups, ledgers and voucher types in Tally?
(a) Inventory vouchers (b) Accounting vouchers

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@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@ (c) Company Info (d) Account Info

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4. What are the predefined Ledger(s) in Tally?
(i) Cash (ii) Profit & Loss A/c (iii) Capital A/c
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii) (c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Both (ii) and (iii)
a

a
5. Contra voucher is used for
ik

ik
(a) Master entry (b) Withdrawal of cash from bank for office use
(c) Reports (d) Credit purchase of assets
lv

lv
6. Which is not the default group in Tally?
(a) Suspense account (b) Outstanding expense (c) Sales account (d) Investments
a

a
7. Salary account comes under which of the following head?
(a) Direct Incomes (b) Direct Expenses (c) Indirect Incomes (d) Indirect Expenses
.k

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8. Rs. 25,000 withdrawn from bank for office use. In which voucher type, this transaction will
be recorded
w

w
(a) Contra Voucher (b) Receipt Voucher (c) Payment Voucher (d) Sales Voucher
9. In which voucher type credit purchase of furniture is recorded in Tally
w

w
(a) Receipt voucher (b) Journal voucher (c) Purchase voucher (d) Payment voucher
10. Which of the following options is used to view Trial Balance from Gateway of Tally?
w

w (a) Gateway of Tally -> Reports -> Trial Balance

(c) Gateway of Tally -> Reports -> Display -> Trial Balance
II VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What is automated accounting system?
(b) Gateway of Tally -> Trial Balance
(d) None of these

Automated accounting is an approach to maintain up-to-date accounting records with the aid
of accounting software.

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2. What are accounting reports?  To create ledger:

It is a compilation of accounting information that is derived from the accounting records of a Gateway of Tally > Masters > Accounts Info > Ledgers > Single Ledger > Create.
business concern.  Cash a/c
 Routine Reports  Profit and Loss a/c
 Special Purpose Reports.  Purchase a/c
3. State any five accounting reports.  Sales a/c
 Day books / Journal  Bank a/c
 Ledger  Capital a/c

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 Trial balance 3. Mention the commonly used voucher types in Tally.ERP 9.
 Income statement  Receipt Voucher F6
 Balance sheet  Payment Voucher F5

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 Cash flow statement  Contra Voucher F4

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4. What is Accounting Information System (AIS)?  Purchase Voucher F9
 AIS collects financial data, process them and provides information to the various users.  Sales Voucher F8
 To provide information AIS requires data from other information system that is  Journal Voucher F7
a

a
manufacturing, marketing and human resources. 4. Explain how to view profit and loss statement in Tally.ERP 9.
ik

ik
5. What is a group in Tally.ERP 9?
☻ Groups are categorized as Primary Groups and Sub-Groups.
lv

lv
☻ Primary group includes Capital Account, Current Liabilities, Fixed Assets, Current Assets,
etc.
a

a
☻ Sub-Group includes Reserves & Surplus, Sundry Creditors, Sundry Debtors, etc.
☻ Gateway of Tally > Masters > Accounts Info > Groups > Single Group > Display.
.k

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III SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
w

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1. Write a brief note on accounting vouchers.
 Voucher is a document which contains details of transactions.
w

w
 Transactions are to be recorded through voucher entries.
 Tally has a set of predefined vouchers such as Purchase, Sales, Payment, Receipt and Contra.
w

w
 To view the list of voucher types:
Gateway of Tally > Masters > Accounts Info > Voucher Types > Display
2. What are the pre-defined ledgers available in Tally.ERP 9?
5. Explain any five applications of computerized accounting system.
 Tally has two predefined ledgers, i). Maintaining accounting records:
 Cash and
 It can be maintained easily and efficiently for long time period.
 Profit & Loss A/c.
 It facilitates fast and accurate retrieval of data and information.
 The user has to create various other ledgers based on their requirements.
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ii). Inventory management: ii). Inventory management:

 CAS facilitates efficient management of inventory.  CAS facilitates efficient management of inventory.
 Fast moving, slow moving and obsolete inventory can be identified.  Fast moving, slow moving and obsolete inventory can be identified.
iii). Report generation: iii). Report generation:
 CAS helps to generate various routine and special purpose reports.  CAS helps to generate various routine and special purpose reports.
iv). Data import/export: iv). Data import/export:
 Accounting data and information can be imported from or exported to other users within  Accounting data and information can be imported from or exported to other users within
the organisation. the organization.

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v). Taxation: v). Taxation:
 CAS helps to compute various taxes and to deduct these and deposit the same to the  CAS helps to compute various taxes and to deduct these and deposit the same to the
Government account. Government account.

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5 MARKS: IMPORTANT NOTES: (DO YOU KNOW)

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1. State any five accounting reports.  Tally.ERP 9 can be used without a licence. But, for the date of the transactions only 1, 2 and 31
 Accounting report is a compilation of accounting information that are derived from the can be recorded.
accounting records of a business concern.  To delete or alter a transaction:
a

a
 It may be classified as routine reports and special purpose reports.  Gateway of Tally > Reports > Display > Day Book > Delete or make changes and Accept >
ik

ik
 Routine accounting reports include: Yes.
 Day books / Journal  Automated accounting system is an approach to maintain up-to-date accounting records with
lv

lv
 Ledger the aid of accounting software.
 Trial balance  Gateway of tally is the opening screen of tally. It is shown on the right pane which contains
a

a
 Income statement menu options such as transactions and reports.
 Accounting group is a collection of ledger accounts of same nature.
.k

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 Balance sheet
 Cash flow statement  Tally has two predefined ledgers, Cash and Profit & Loss A/c.
 Special purpose report is a report other than the routine accounting reports which is prepared  Different types of vouchers such as receipt, payment, sales, purchases, etc. can be used for
w

w
according to the requirements of the user. recording transactions in Tally.
Following are the steps involved in designing accounting reports:  Deposit of cash into bank account and withdrawal of cash from bank account are recorded in
w

w
☻ Define the objective of generating report contra voucher.
 Journal vouchers are used for recording transactions such as depreciation, provision for bad
w

w
☻ Specify the structure of the report
debts, rectification entries, etc.
☻ Creating database queries to interact with the database to retrieve, modify, add or
delete data from the records.
2. Explain any five applications of computerized accounting system. @*@*@*@*@*@*@
i). Maintaining accounting records:
 It can be maintained easily and efficiently for long time period.
 It facilitates fast and accurate retrieval of data and information.

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VIVEKANADA VIDYALAYA MATRIC HR SEC SCHOOL

PANNAIKADU PIRIVU
KODAIKANAL
TH
12 - STD

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IF YOU FAIL NEVER
AdAm smith GIVE UP BECAUSEFAIL

a
MEANS FIRST ATTEMPT
FAthER OF EcOnOmics IN LEARNING
ik

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lv

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(NEW EDITION 202
2023-24)
a

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NAME : ________
________________________________
__________________
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REG NO : ___________
________________________________
_______________
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PREPARED BY
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P.VAHEESWARAN M.COM., M.PHIL. DCA., B.ED.,
B.ED

VICE-PRINCIPAL,
PG ASSISTANT OF COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY
VIVEKANANDA VIDYALAYA MATRIC HR SEC SCHOOL
PANNAIKADU PIRIVU, KODAIKANAL, DINDIGUL DT.
CELL: 9791324143
EMAIL: npvasu92@gmail.com
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Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpNyNa ,ij njhFj;Js;Nsd;. THEORIES OF EMPLOYEMENT AND INCOME 16
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jw;nghOJ muR ntspapl;Ls;s Gjpa ghlj; jpl;l njhFg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;
4 CONSUMPTION AND INVESMENT FUNCTIONS 24
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g;ngz;fs; ngw ,JNt NghJkhdJ. NkYk; nghJj;Njh;tpy; 5 MONETARY ECONOMICS 32

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6 BNKING 40
cgNahfg;gLj;jp ey;y kjpg;ngz;fis ngwTk;.
khzt ez;gh;fNs!! Neuj;ij rhpahf gad;gLj;jp nfhs;Sq;fs;. rhpahd
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7 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 47
Neuj;jpy; rhpahd Kiwapy; gbj;J ntw
ntw;;wp ngw;W mLj;j fl;l epiyf;F nry;y Ntz;ba
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Kjypy; jPh;khdp. kjpg;ngz;fis ngWtjpNyNa ftdj;ij it. Kad;why; KbahjJ
9 FISCAL ECONOMICS 61
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miltha;. 10 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 68
gs;sp gUtj;jpy; eP ngWk; ntw;wpNa cd; tho;f;if KOtijAk; jPh;khdpf;f
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NghfpwJ vd;gij ed;whf ftdk; nfhs;. jpdKk; fhiyapy; gbg;gjw;f;F Kd; cd; 11 ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 76
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12 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL METHOD AND 83
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ECONOMETRICS
Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;. mJNt cd; tho;f;if vd;Dk; ghijf;F ey;topfhl;Lk;. gs;sp
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WISH YOU ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAMINATION

Mrphpah;
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13. Who is referred as ‘Father of Capitalism’?

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION TO MACRO ECONOMICS
a) Adam Smith b) Karl Marx c) Thackeray d) J M Keynes
14. The country following Capitalism is ________________ .
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
a) Russia b) America c) India d) China
1. The branches of the subject Economics is
15. Identify The Father of Socialism.
a) Wealth and welfare b) production and consumption
a) J M Keynes b) Karl Marx c) Adam Smith d) Samuelson
c) Demand and supply d) micro and macro
16. An economic system where the economic activities of a nation are done both
2. Who coined the word ‘Macro’?
by the private and public together is termed as_____________.
a) Adam Smith b) J M Keynes c) Ragnar Frisch d) Karl Marx

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a) Capitalistic Economy b) Socialistic Economy
3. Who is regarded as Father of Modern Macro Economics?
c) Globalisic Economy d) Mixed Economy
a) Adam Smith b) J M Keynes c) Ragnar Frisch d) Karl Marx
17. Quantity of a commodity accumulated at a point of time is termed as ________
4. Identify the other name for Macro Economics.

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a)production b) stock c) variable d) flow

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a) Price Theory b) Income Theory c) Market Theory d) Micro Theory
18. Identify the flow variable.
5. Macro economics is a study of ___________________.
a) money supply b) assets c) income d) foreign exchange reserves
a) individuals b) firms c) a nation d) aggregates
19. Identify the sectors of a Two Sector Model.
a

a
6. Indicate the contribution of J M Keynes to economics.
a) Households and Firms b) Private and Public
ik

ik
a) Wealth of Nations b) General Theory
c) Internal and External d) Firms and Government
c) Capital d) Public Finance
20. The Circular Flow Model that represents an open Economy.
7. A steady increase in general price level is termed as_____________.
lv

lv
a) Two Sector Model b) Three Sector Model
a) Wholesale price index b) Business Cycle
c) Four Sector Model d) All the above
c) Inflation d) National Income
a

a
II. Answer the Following Questions in One Or Two Sentences:
8. Identify the necessity of Economic policies.
21. Define Macro Economics.
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a) to solve the basic problems b) to overcome the obstacles
 The word ‘Macro’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Makros’ meaning ‘large’.
c) to achieve growth d) all the above
 Hence, Macro Economics is the study of the economy as a whole.
w

w
9. Indicate the fundamental economic activities of an economy.
22. Define the term ‘Inflation’.
a) Production and Distribution b) Production and Exchange
A study increase in general price level is called inflation.
w

w
c) Production and Consumption d) Production and Marketing
23. What is meant by an ‘Economy’?
10. An economy consists of
A system by which people earn their living.
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a) Consumption sector b) Production sector
- A.J.Brown
c) Government sector d) All the above 24. Classify the economies based on status of development.
11. Identify the economic system where only private ownership of production exists  Developed economics
a) Capitalistic Economy b) Socialistic Economy  Developing economics
c) Globalisic Economy d) Mixed Economy  Underdeveloped economics
12. Economic system representing equality in distribution is _________.  Undeveloped economics
a) Capitalism b) Globalism c) Mixedism d) Socialism

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25. What do you mean by Capitalism? 32. Enumerate the features of mixed economy.
 It is the system of total freedom and private ownership of means of production.  Ownership of Property and Means of Production
 Adam Smith is the ‘Father of Capitalism’.  Coexistence of Public and Private Sectors
26. Define ‘Economic Model’.  Freedom and Control
It is an explanation of how economy or part of the economy, works.  Solution to Economic Problems
27. ‘Circular Flow of Income’ - Define.  Economic Planning
 It is a model of economy showing connection between different sectors of economy. 33. Distinguish between Capitalism and Globalism.
 Such as firms, households, government and nations. S.No Basics Capitalism Globalism

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III. Answer the following questions in about a paragraph: 1 Term Adam smith Manfred D Steger
28. State the importance of Macro Economics. coined by
 It’s provides ample opportunities to use scientific investigation to understand the reality. 2 Meaning Production is privately owned and Economic activities of a nation are inter

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 It helps to make meaningful comparison and analysis of economic indicators. market determines the economic connected and inter dependent.

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 It helps for better prediction about future and to formulate suitable policies to avoid economic activities.
crises. 3 Feature Role of government is minimum and New market ideology connects the
29. Describe the different types of economic systems.
a

a
the market determines the economic nations together through international
 Capitalist Economy – Total freedom and private ownership o means of production. activities. trade.
ik

ik
 Socialist Economy – Public ownership of means of production.
 Mixed economy – Co-existence of capitalism and Socialism 34. Briefly explain the two sector circular flow model.
lv

lv
30. Outline the major merits of capitalism. (i) Household Sector:
 Automatic Working:  The household sector is the sole buyer of goods and services, and the sole supplier of
a

a
Without any government intervention, the economy works automatically. factors of production, i.e., land, labour, capital and organisation.
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 The household sector receives income from firm sector by providing the factors of
 Efficient Use of Resources:
production owned by it.
All resources are put into optimum use.
(ii) Firms:
w

w
 Economic Progress:
 The firm sector generates its revenue by selling goods and services to the household
Production and productivity levels are very high in capitalistic economies.
sector.
w

w
31. Indicate the demerits of socialism.
 It hires the factors of production, i.e., land, labour, capital and organisation, owned by the
i). Red Tapism and Bureaucracy:
w

w
household sector.
As decisions are taken by government, time delay are approval process may changes of
IV. Answer the following questions in one page:
corruptions.
35. Discuss the scope of Macro Economics.
ii). Absence of Incentive:
i). National Income:
The major limitation of socialism is that this system does not provide any incentive for
 Measurement of national income and its composition by sectors are the basic aspects of
efficiency. macroeconomic analysis.
iii). Limited Freedom of Choice:  Its composition provides a long term understanding of the growth process of an
economy.
Consumers do not enjoy freedom of choice over the consumption of goods and services.

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ii). Inflation: 38. Compare the feature among Capitalism, Socialism and Mixedism.
 A study increase in general price leve
level is called inflation. S.No Basics Capitalism Socialism Mixedism
iii). Business Cycle: 1 Ownership Private ownership Public ownership Private and public
 Almost all economies face the problem of business fluctuations and business cycle. 2 Economic motive Profit Social welfare Social welfare and
 The cyclical movements in the economy need to be carefully studied based on aggregate profit motive
3 Government role Internal regulation only Complete involvement Limited role
economic variables.
iv). Economic Growth: 4 Income Distribution Unequal Equal Less unequal

 The growth and development of an economy and the factors determining them could be 5 Economic freedom Complete freedom Lack of freedom Limited freedom

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understood only through macro analysis.
v). Economic Policies:
 Macro Economics is significant for evolving suitable economic policies.

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 To solve the basic problems, to overcome the obstacles and to achieve growth.

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36. Illustrate the functioning of an economy based on its activities.
@*@*@*@*@*@
 In an economy, the fundamental economic activities are production and consumption.
 The ultimate aim of these activities is to
a

a
achieve growth.
ik

ik
 The ‘exchange activity’ supports the
production and consumption activities.
lv

lv
 These activities are influenced by several
economic and non-economic
economic activities.
a

a
 The major economic activities include
transportation, banking, advertising,
.k

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planning, government policy and others.
 The major non-economic
economic activities
w

w
are environment, health, education,
entertainment, governance, regulations etc
etc.
w

w
37. Compare the features of capitalism and socialism.
w

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S.No Basics Capitalism Socialism
1 Ownership Private ownership Public ownership
2 Economic motive Profit Social welfare
3 Government role Internal regulation only Complete involvement
4 Income Distribution Unequal Equal
5 Economic freedom Complete freedom Lack of freedom

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15. The value of NNP at production point is called ……

CHAPTER -2 NATIONAL INCOME (a) NNP at factor cost (b) NNP at market cost c) GNP at factor cost (d) Per capita income
16. The average income of the country is ….
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
(a) Personal Income (b) Per capita income (c) Inflation Rate (d) Disposal Income
1. Net National product at factor cost is also known as
17. The value of national income adjusted for inflation is called ….
(a) National Income (b) Domestic Income (c) Per capita Income (d) Salary
(a) Inflation Rate (b) Disposal Income (c) GNP (d) Real national income
2. Primary sector is …………………..
18. Which is a flow concept?
(a) Industry (b) Trade (c) Agriculture (d) Construction.
(a) Number of shirts (b) Total wealth (c) Monthly income (d) Money supply
3. National income is measured by using ……….. methods.

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19. PQLI is the indicator of ………………
(a) Two (b) Three (c) Five (d) Four
(a) Economic growth (b) Economic welfare
4. Income method is measured by summing up of all forms of ……………
(c) Economic progress (d) Economic development
(a) Revenue (b) Taxes (c) expenditure (d) Income

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20. The largest proportion of national income comes from …….

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5. Which is the largest figure?
(a) Private sector (b) Local sector (c) Public sector (d) None of the above
(a) Disposable income (b) Personal Income (c) NNP (d) GNP
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
6. Expenditure method is used to estimate national income in …………..
21. Define National Income.
a

a
(a) Construction sector (b) Agricultural Sector
“The labour and capital of country acting on its natural resources produce annually a certain net
(c) Service sector (d) Banking sector
ik

ik
aggregate of commodities, material and immaterial including services of all kinds.
7. Tertiary sector is also called as ………. sector
This is the true net annual income or revenue of the country or national dividend”.
(a) Service (b) Income (c) Industrial (d) Production
lv

lv
-Alfred Marshall.
8. National income is a measure of the ……… performance of an economy.
22. Write the formula for calculating GNP.
(a) Industrial (b) Agricultural (c) Economic (d) Consumption
a

a
GNP at Market Prices = GDP at Market Prices + Net Factor income from Abroad.
9. Per capita income is obtained by dividing the National income by …………
23. What is the difference between NNP and NDP?
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(a) Production (b) Population of a country (c) Expenditure (d) GNP
S.No Basics NNP NDP
10. GNP = ………. + Net factor income from abroad.
1 Meaning To the value if the net output It is the value of net output of the economy
w

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(a) NNP (b) NDP (c) GDP (d) Personal income
of the economy during the year. during the year.
11. NNP stands for ……….
2 Formula NNP=GNP-Depreciation NDP = GDP- Depreciation
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(a) Net National Product (b) National Net product
(c) National Net Provident (d) Net National Provident
24. Trace the relationship between GNP and NNP.
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12. ……… is deducted from gross value to get the net value.
(a) Income (b) Depreciation (c) Expenditure (d) Value of final goods S.No Basics GNP NNP

13. The financial year in India is …… 1 Meaning It is the total measure of the flow of To the value if the net output

(a) April 1 to March 31 (b) March 1 to April 30 the final goods and service at market of the economy during the year.

(c) March 1 to March 16 (d) January 1 to December value in a country during a year.

14. When net factor income from abroad is deducted from NNP, the net value is … 2 Formula GNP = GDP + Net factor income NNP=GNP-Depreciation
(a) Gross National Product (b) Disposable Income
(c) Net Domestic Product (d) Personal Income

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25. What do you mean by the term ‘Personal Income’? C - Private consumption expenditure
 It is the total income received by the individuals of a country from all sources before I - Private Investment Expenditure
payment of direct taxes in a year. G - Government expenditure
 Personal Income = National Income – (Social Security contribution and X-M = Net exports
undistributed corporate profit) + Transfer Payments 32. What is the solution to the problem of double counting in the estimation of national
26. Define GDP deflator. income?
 It is an index of price changes of goods and services included in GDP.  To avoid double counting either the value of the final output should be taken into the estimate
 GDP deflator = Nominal GDP x 100 of GNP or the sum of values added should be taken.

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Real GDP  Double counting is to be avoided under the valued added method.
27. Why is self consumption difficult in measuring national income?  Any commodity which is either raw material or intermediate goods for the final production
 Farmers keep a large portion of food and other goods produced on the farm for self should not be included.

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consumption. 33. Write briefly about national income and welfare.

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 The problem is whether that part of the produce which is not sold in the market can be  National income is considered as an indicator of the economic wellbeing of a country.
included in national income or not.  The economic progress of countries is measured in terms of their GDP per capita and their
III. Answer the following questions in one Paragraph. annual growth rate.
a

a
28. Write a short note on per capita income.  A country with a higher per capita income is supposed to enjoy greater economic welfare
ik

ik
 The average income of a person of a country in a particular year is called Per Capita Income. with a higher standard of living.
 Per capita income = National income / Population. 34. List out the uses of national income.
lv

lv
29. Differentiate between personal and disposable income.  To know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy and their contribution

S.No Basics Personal Income Disposable Income towards national income.

a

a
 To formulate he national policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy and other policy.
1 Meaning It is the total income received by the It is the individuals income after
individuals before payment of direct the payment of income tax.  To formulate planning and evaluate plan progress.
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taxes in a year IV. Answer the following questions in about a page.
2 Implication It is never equal to the national income. This is the amount available for 35. Explain the importance of national income.
w

w
households for consumption.
 To know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy and their contribution
3 Formula Personal Income = National income – Disposable income =
towards national income.
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w
(Social security contribution) + Personal income – Direct tax
 To formulate the national policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy and other policies.
Transfer Payments
30. Explain briefly NNP at factor cost.  To formulate planning and evaluate plan progress.
w

 NNP refers to the market value of output.

 Whereas NNP at factor cost is the total of income payment made to factors of production.
 NNP at factor cost = NNP at Market prices – Indirect taxes + Subsidies.
31. Give short note on Expenditure method.
w  To build economic models both in short - run and long - run.
 To know a country’s per capita income which reflects the economic welfare of the country.
 To arrive at many macro economic variables namely, Tax – GDP ratio, Current Account Deficit -
GDP ratio, Fiscal Deficit - GDP ratio, Debt - GDP ratio etc.

 Under this method, the total expenditure incurred by the society in a particular year is added 36. Discuss the various methods of estimating the national income of a country.

together. i). Product Method

 To calculate the expenditure of a society, GNP = C + I + G + (X-M).  It is measures the output of the country.
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 It is also called inventory method. 38. Discuss the importance of social accounting in economic analysis.
 The gross value of output from different sectors like agriculture, industry, trade and i). In Classifying transaction:
commerce, etc., is obtained for the entire economy during a year.  Economic activities in a country involves innumerable transactions relating to buying
 Care must be taken to avoid double counting. and selling, paying and receiving income exporting and importing, paying taxes, etc.
ii). Income Method (Factor Earning Method) ii). In Understanding Economic Structure:
 This method approaches national income from the distribution side.  It helps us to understand the structure of the body economic.
 It is calculated by adding up all the incomes generated in the course of producing iii). In Understanding different sector and flows:
national product.  It’s throw light on the relative importance of the different sectors and flows in the

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 It is also called Factor Earning Method. economy.
iii). Expenditure method. iv). In Clarifying relations between concepts:
 The total expenditure incurred by the society in a particular year is added together.  It’s help in clarifying the relationships between such related concepts as net national

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 To calculate the expenditure of a society, GNP = C + I + G + (X-M). product at factor cost and gross national product at market prices.

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C - Private consumption expenditure I - Private Investment Expenditure v). In Guiding the Investigator:
G - Government expenditure X-M = Net exports  Social accounts are a guide for the economic investigator by indicating the type of data
37. What are the difficulties involved in the measurement of national income? which might be collected for analyzing the behavior of the economy.
a

a
i). Transfer payments:
ik

ik
 These are government expenditure.
 Government makes payments in the form of pensions, unemployment allowance,
lv

lv
subsidies, etc. *************
 But they are not included in the national income.
a

a
ii). Difficulties in assessing depreciation allowance:
 The deduction of depreciation allowances, accidental damages, and repair and
.k

.k
replacement charges from the national income is not an easy task.
 It requires high degree of judgment to assess the depreciation allowance and other
w

w
charges.
iii). Unpaid services:
w

w
 A housewife renders a number of useful services like preparation of meals, serving,
tailoring, mending, washing, cleaning, bringing up children, etc.
w

iv). Income from illegal activities:

 Income earned through illegal activities like gambling, smuggling, illicit extraction of
liquor, etc., is not included in national income.
v). Production for self-consumption and changing price
w
 Farmers keep a large portion of food and other goods produced on the farm for self
consumption.

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CHAPTER -3 THEORIES OF EMLOYEMENT AND INCOME 12. The component of aggregate demand is ………….
(a) Personal demand (b) Government expenditure
(c) Only export (d) Only import
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
13. Aggregate supply is equal to ………….
1. Every able bodied person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate is employed
(a) C + I + G (b) C + S + G + (x-m) (c) C + S + T + (x-m) (d) C + S + T + Rf
called as ……….
14. Keynes theory pursues to replace laissez faire by …………
(a) Full employment (b) Under employment
(a) No government intervention (b) Maximum intervention
(c) Unemployment (d) Employment opportunity
(c) State intervention in certain situation (d) Private sector intervention
2. Structural unemployment is a feature in a ………..

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15. In Keynes theory of employment and income, ……is the basic cause of economic depression.
(a) Static society (b) Socialist society
(a) Less production (b) More demand
(c) Dynamic society (d) Mixed economy
(c) Inelastic supply (d) Less aggregate demand in relation to productive capacity.
3. In disguised unemployment, the marginal productivity of labour is …..

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16. Classical theory advocates ……

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(a) Zero (b) One (c) Two (d) Positive
(a) Balanced budget (b) Unbalanced budget (c) Surplus budget d) Deficit budget
4. The main concention of the Classical Economic Theory is ……..
17. Keynes theory emphasized on …… equilibrium.
(a) Under employment (b) Economy is always in the state of equilibrium
(a) Very short run (b) Short run (c) Very long run (d) Long run
a

a
(c) Demand creates its supply (d) Imperfect competition
18. According to classical theory, rate of interest is a reward for ……
5. J.B. Say is a …………………….
ik

ik
(a) Investment (b) Demand (c) Capital (d) Saving
(a) Neo Classical Economist (b) Classical Economist
19. In Keynes theory , the demand for and supply of money are determined by ….
(c) Modern Economist (d) New Economist
lv

lv
(a) Rate of interest (b) Effective demand
6. According to Keynes, which type of unemployment prevails in capitalist economy
(c) Aggregate demand (d) Aggregate supply
(a) Full employment (b) Voluntary unemployment
a

a
20. Say’s law stressed the operation of …………. in the economy.
(c) Involuntary unemployment (d) Under employment
(a) Induced price mechanism (b) Automatic price mechanism
.k

.k
7. The core of the classical theory of employment is …………
(c) Induced demand (d) Induced investment
(a) Law of Diminishing Return (b) Law of Demand
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
w

w
(c) Law of Markets (d) Law of Consumption
21. Define full employment.
8. Keynes attributes unemployment to …………..
Full Employment as the absence of involuntary unemployment.
w

w
(a) A lack of effective supply (b) A lock of effective demand
(c) A lack of both (d) None of the above - Keynes
w

w
9. ………. Flexibility brings equality between saving and investment. 22. What is the main feature of rural unemployment?
(a) Demand (b) Supply (c) Capital d) Interest It is the existence of unemployment in the form of disguised unemployment and seasonal
10. ……theory is a turning point in the development of modern economic theory. unemployment.
(a) Keynes’ (b) Say’s (c) Classical (d) Employment
23. Give short note on frictional unemployment.
11. The basic concept used in Keynes Theory of Employment and Income is……….
 It’s arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
(a) Aggregate demand (b)Aggregate supply
 This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary skills, break down of machinery,
(c) Effective demand (d) Marginal Propensity Consume
shortage of raw materials etc.

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24. Give reasons for labour retrenchment at present situation. 29. According to classical theory of employment, how wage reduction solve the problem of
It means termination of service of a workman by an employer for any reason whatsoever. unemployment diagrammatically explain.
25. List out the assumptions of Say’s law.  Classical economists assumed that full employment condition can be achieved by cutting down
 No single buyer or seller of commodity the wag rate.
 Full employment
 Unemployment would be eliminated when
 People are motivated by self interest and economic decisions.
wages are determined by the mechanism of economy.
 Money acts only as a medium exchange.
26. What is effective demand?  When wage rate is OW then employment is ON,

.in

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 Money actually spent by the people on products of industry. as the wage rate us reduced to OW1, then he
 The money which entrepreneurs receive is paid in the form of rent, wages, interest and employment is ON1.
profit.
 Organization would prefer to hire new employees and more at lower wage rate.

l
 ED = Y = C + I = Output = Employment
30. Write short note on the implications of Say’s law.

da

da
27. What are the components of aggregate supply?
 There is no possibility for over production or unemployment.
Aggregate Supply = C + S + T + Rf
 As automatic price mechanism operates in the economy, there is no nee
need for government
 Consumption expenditure
a

a
intervention.
 Private savings
 Interest flexibility brings about equality between saving and investment.
ik

ik
 Net tax payments
 Money performs only the medium of exchange function in the economy
economy.
 Personal transfer payments to the foreigners
31. Explain Keynes’ theory in the form of flow chart.
lv

lv
III. Answer the following questions in a paragraph.
28. Explain the following in short
a

a
(i) Seasonal unemployment (ii) Frictional unemployment
(iii) Educated unemployment
.k

.k
i). Seasonal unemployment:
 Its occurs during certain seasons of the year.
w

w
 In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are carried out
in some seasons.
w

w
ii). Frictional Unemployment.
 It’s arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
w

 This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary skills, break down of

machinery, shortage of raw materials etc.
iii). Educated unemployment:
 Sometimes educated people are under employed or unemployed when qualification
w 32. What do you mean by aggregate demand
demand? Mention its components.
does not match the job.
 Faulty education system, lack of employable skills. The aggregate demand is the amount of money which entrepreneurs expect to get by
selling the output produced by the number of laborers employed.

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Components:  In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are carried out

 Consumption demand (C) in some seasons.

 Investment demand (I) iii). Frictional Unemployment.

nemployment.

 Government expenditure (G)  It’s arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.

 Net Export (export – import) (X-M) iv). Educated unemployment

unemployment:
 Sometimes educated people are under employed or unemployed when qualification
does not match the job.
33. Explain about aggregate supply with the help of diagram.
v). Structural unemployment
unemployment:
Meaning of Aggregate Supply

.in

.in
 It is due to drastic change in the structure of the society.
It refers to the value of total output of goods and services produced in an economy in a year.
36. Critically explain Say’s law of market.
Formula: Aggregate Supply = C + S + T + Rf
i). Says’ Law: “Supply creates its own demand”

l
Components:
ii). Explanation off Say’s Market Law
Law:

da

da
 Aggregate consumption expenditure (C)
 When goods are produced by firms in the economy, they pay reward to the factors of
 Aggregate private savings (S)
production.
 Net tax payments (T)
 The households after receiving rewards of the factors of production spend the amount on
a

a
 Personal transfer payments to the foreigners (Rf)
the purchase of goods and services produced by them.
ik

ik
 The figure shows the shape of the two aggregate
iii). Says Law Chart:
supply curves drawn for the assumption of fixed
money wages and variable wages.
lv

lv
 Z curve is linear where money wages remains fixed;
 Z1 curve is non - linear since wage rate increases with employment.
a

a
34. Write any five differences between Classism and Keynesianism.
.k

.k
iv). Assumptions:
S.No Keynesianism Classism
 No single buyer or seller of commodity or an input can affect price.
1 Short rub equilibrium Long –run
run equilibrium
 Full employment.
w

w
2 Saving is a vice Saving is a social virtue
 There is wage-price
price flexibility.
3 Macro approach to national problems Micro foundation to macro problems
w

w
 Money acts only as a medium of exchange.
4 Demand creates own supply Supply creates own demand
 Long - run analysis.
5 Rate of interest is a flow. Rate of interest is a stock
w

w
Criticisms of Say’s Law:
 According to Keynes, supply does not create its demand.
IV. Answer the following questions in about page.
35. Describe the types of unemployment.  Automatic adjustment process will not remove unemployment.

i). Cyclical Unemployment  Money is not neutral.

 This unemployment exists during the downturn phase of trade cycle in the economy.  Say‟ss law is based on wrong proposition.

ii).
). Seasonal unemployment:  Keynes regards full employment as a special case.

 It’ss occurs during certain seasons of the year.

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37. Narrate the equilibrium between ADF and ASF with diagram.
i). ADF and ASF:
CHAPTER – 4 CONSUMPTION AND
INVESTMENT FUNCTIONS
Under the Keynes theory of employment a simple two sector economy consisting of the
household sector and the business sector is taken to understand the equilibrium between ADF
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
and ASF.
1. The average propensity to consume is measured by
ii). Equations:
a) C/Y b) CxY c) Y/C d) C+Y
 Aggregate Demand
d AD = C + I + G + (X – M)
2. An increase in the marginal propensity to consume will:
 Aggregate Supply AS = C + S + T + Rf
a) Lead to consumption function becoming steeper

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 Effective Demand ED = Y = C + I = Output = Employment
b) Shift the consumption function upwards
iii). Equilibrium Point:
c) Shift the consumption function downwards
Effective Demand = AD = AS
d) Shift savings function upwards

l
iv). Diagram:

da

da
3. If the Keynesian consumption function is C=10+0.8 Y then, if disposable income is Rs 1000,
what is amount of total consumption?
a) ₹ 0.8 b) ₹ 800 c) ₹ 810 d) ₹ 0.81

a
4. If the Keynesian consumption function is C=10+0.8Y then, when disposable income is Rs
ik

ik
100, what is the marginal propensity to consume?
a) ₹ 0.8 b) ₹ 800 c) ₹ 810 d) ₹ 0.81
5. If the Keynesian consumption function is C=10+0.8 Y then, and disposable income is Rs. 100,
lv

lv
v). Diagram Explanation:
what is the average propensity to consume?
 The aggregate demand and aggregate supply reach equilibrium at point E.
a) ₹ 0.8 b) ₹ 800 c) ₹ 810 d) ₹0.9
a

a
 The employment level is No at that point.
6. As national income increases
 At ON1 employment, the aggregate supply is N1 R1.
.k

.k
a) The APC falls and gets nearer in value to the MPC.
 But they are able to produce M1 N1.
b) The APC increases and diverges in value from the MPC.
 The expected level of profit is M1 R1
w

w
c) The APC stays constant
 The equilibrium level of employment need not be the full employment level.
d) The APC always approaches infinity.
 It iss understood that the difference between No – Nf is the level of unemployment.
w

w
7. As increase in consumption at any given level of income is likely to lead
38. Explain the differences between Classical theory and Keynes theory.
S.No Basis Classical Theory Keynes Theory a) Higher aggregate demand b) An increase in exports
w

1 Equilibrium
2 Savings
3 Approach
4 Output
5 Employment
Long run equilibrium
Saving is a social virtue
Micro foundation to macro problems
Supply creates own demand
Full employment
w
c)A fall in taxation revenue d) A decrease in import spending
Short run equilibrium
8. Lower interest rates are likely to :
Saving is a vice
a) Decrease in consumption b) increase cost of borrowing
Macro approach to national c) Encourage saving d) increase borrowing and spending
problems
9. The MPC is equal to :
Demand creates own supply
a) Total spending / total consumption b) Total consumption/total income
Unemployment
c) Change in consumption /change in income d) none of the above.

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10. The relationship between total spending on consumption and the total income is the _____ 23. Define average propensity to consume (APC).
a) Consumption function b) Savings function  The average propensity to consume is the ratio of consumption expenditure to any particular
c) Investment function d) aggregate demand function level of income.”
11. The sum of the MPC and MPS is _______  APC = C/Y
24. Define marginal propensity to consume (MPC).
a)1 b) 2 c) 0.1 d) 1.1
 The marginal propensity to consume may be defined as the ratio of the change in the
12. As income increases, consumption will _________
consumption to the change in income.
a)fall b) not change c) fluctuate d) increase
 MPC = ΔC / ΔY
13. When investment is assumed autonomous the slope of the AD schedule is determined by
25. What do you mean by propensity to save?

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the _____
 It is the relationship between income and consumption that is when income increases,
a) marginal propensity to invest b) disposable income
consumption also increase.
c) marginal propensity to consume d) average propensity to consume
26. Define average propensity to save (APS).

l
14. The multiplier tells us how much __________ changes after a shift in _____
 The average propensity to save is the ratio of saving to income.

da

da
a) Consumption , income b) investment, output
 It is the ratio of total savings to total income.
c) savings, investment d) output, aggregate demand
 APS = S / Y
15. The multiplier is calculated as
a

a
27. Define Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS).
a) 1/(1-MPC) b) 1/MPS c) 1/MPC d) a and b
 Marginal Propensity to Save is the ratio of change in saving to a change in income.
ik

ik
16. It the MPC is 0.5, the multiplier is ____________
 MPS is obtained by dividing change in savings by change in income.
a) 2 b)1/2 c) 0.2 d) 20
 MPS = ΔS / ΔY
lv

lv
17. In an open economy import _________ the value of the multiplier
28. Define Multiplier.
a) Reduces b) increase c) does not change d) changes
 The ratio of the change in national income to change in investment.
a

a
18. According to Keynes, investment is a function of the MEC and _____
 K =ΔY/ΔI
a) Demand b) Supply c) Income d) Rate of interest
.k

.k
- J.M Keynes
19. The term super multiplier was first used by
29. Define Accelerator.
a) J.R.Hicks b) R.G.D. Allen c) Kahn d) Keynes
“The accelerator coefficient is the ratio between induced investment and an initial change in
w

w
20. The term MEC was introduced by
consumption.”
a) Adam Smith b) J.M. Keynes c) Ricardo d) Malthus
III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph
w

w
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences. 30. State the propositions of Keynes’s Psychological Law of Consumption
21. What is consumption function?
w

w
 When income increases, consumption expenditure also increases but by a smaller amount.
 It is a functional relationship between two aggregates viz., total consumption and gross  The increased income will be divided in some proportion between consumption expenditure
national income. and saving.
 C = f (Y)  Increase in income always leads to an increase in both consumption and saving.
22. What do you mean by propensity to consume?
31. Differentiate autonomous and induced investment.
 Prosperity to consume refers to income consumption relationship.
 When income increase consumption also increase. S.No Autonomous Investment Induced Investment
1 Independent Planned

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2 Income inelastic Income elastic IV. Answerr the following questions in a page
3 Welfare motive Profit Motive 36. Explain Keynes psychological law of consumption function with diagram.

32. Explain any three subjective and objective factors influencing the consumption function. i). Meaning:

i). Subjective Factors The law implies that there is a tendency on the part of the people to spend on consumption
less than the full increment of income.
 The motive of calculation: The desire to enjoy interest and appreciation.
ii). Assumptions:
 The motive of financial independence.
 The other variables such as inc
income
ome distribution, tastes, habit,
habit social customs, price
 The motive of enterprise (desire to do forward trading).
movements, population growth, etc, do not.
ii). Objective Factors

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 The law holds good under normal conditions.
 Income distribution:
 People may spend the whole of increased income on consumption.
There is large disparity between rich and poor.
 The law operates in a rich capital economy where there is no government intervention.
 Price level: When the price falls, real income goes up.

l
iii). The three propositions of the law:

da

da
 Wage level:
Wage level plays an important role in determining the consumption function. Income Consumption Savings

33. Mention the differences between accelerator and multiplier effect (Y) (C) S=Y-C
120 120 0
a

a
S.No Accelerator Multiplier
1 It is the ratio between induced investment The ratio of the change in national income 180 170 10
ik

ik
and an initial change in consumption. to change in investment. 240 220 20

2 Change in consumption expenditure Change in investment forms the effect. iv). Explanations:
lv

lv
forms the effect. Proposition (1):

3 β =ΔI/ΔC K =ΔY/ΔI Income increases by ₹ 60 crores and the increase in consumption is by ₹ 50 crores.
a

a
34. State the concept of super multiplier. Proposition (2):
.k

.k
 The super multiplier is worked out by combining both induced consumption and induced The increased income of ₹ 60 crores in each case is divided in some proportion between

investment. consumption and saving respectively. .

Proposition (3):
w

w
 It is greater than simple multiplier.
 It is K and β integration, Y = C + IA + IP As income increases consumption as well as saving increase. Neither consumption nor
saving has fallen.
w

w
35. Specify the limitations of the multiplier.
 It assumes that those who earn income are likely to spend a proportion of their additional 37. Briefly explain the subjective and objective factors of consumption function?
w

w
income on consumption. i). Subjective Factors

 But in practice people tend to spend their additional income on other items.  The motive of precautions: to build up a reserve against unforeseen contingencies.
 Such expenses are known as leakage.  The motive of foresight: The desire to provide for anticipated future needs.
 These leakage are the limitation of multiplier  The motive of calculation: The desire to enjoy interest and appreciation.
 Payment towards past debts  The motive of financial independence.
 Purchase of existing wealth  The motive of enterprise (desire to do forward trading).
 Import of goods and service.

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ii). Objective Factors Operation of the Acceleration principle:

 Income distribution: There is large disparity between rich and poor.  To
o produce 1000 consumer goods, 100 machines are required.
 Price level: When the price falls, real income goes up.  Life of a machine is 10 years.
 Wage level: It plays an important role in determining the consumption function.  This means that every year 10 machines have to be replaced in order to maintain the constant
 Fiscal Policy: flow of 1000 consumer goods.
When government reduces the tax the disposable income rises and the propensity to  This might be called replacement demand.
consume of community increase.  Demand for consumer goods rises by 10 percent. That causes increase
crease in demand for 10 more
38. Illustrate the working of Multiplier. machines.

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Meaning:  So that total demand for machines is 20.
 The multiplier is defined as the ratio of the change in national income to change in  It may be noted here a 10 percent increase in demand for consumer goods causes a 100 percent
investment. increase in demand
and for machines
machines.

l
 If ΔI stands for increase in investment and ΔY stands for resultant increase in income, Operation of Accelerator.

da

da
the multiplier K =ΔY/ΔI.  SS is the saving curve.

Multiplier K = 1/1 - MPC  II is the investment curve.

 The multiplier is the reciprocal of one minus marginal propensity to consume. Since  At point E1,, the economy is in equilibrium with OY
OY1.
a

a
marginal propensity to save is 1 - MPC. (MPC+MPS =1).  Saving and investment are equal at OI 2.
ik

ik
 Multiplier is 1/ MPS.  Now, investment is increased from OI
OI2 to OI 4.

 The multiplier is therefore defined as reciprocal of MPS.  This increases income from OY
OY1 to OY3, the equilibrium point being E3.
lv

lv
 Multiplier is inversely related to MPS and directly with MPC.  If the increase in investment by II2 I4 is purely exogenous, then the increase in income by Y1 Y3

Working of Multiplier: would have been due to the multiplier effect.

a

a
 Suppose the Government undertakes investment expenditure equal to Rs.100 crore on  But in this diagram it is assumed that exogenous investment is only by II2 I3 and induced

some public works, by way of wages, price of materials etc. investment is by I3 I4.
.k

.k
 Thus income of labourers and suppliers of materials increases by Rs.100 crore. Suppose  Therefore, increase in income by Y
Y1 Y2 is due to the multiplier effect and the increase in income

the MPC is 0.8 that is 80 %. by Y2 Y3 is due to the accelerator effect.

w

w
 A sum of Rs.80 crores is spent on consumption . 40. What are the differences between MEC and MEI.
 As a result, suppliers of goods get an income of Rs. 80 crores. S.No MEC MEI
w

w
 They intern spend Rs.64 crore. 1 It is based on given supply price for capital. It is bases on the induced change in the price
 In this manner consumption expenditure and increase in income act in a chain like due to change in the demand for capital.
w

w
2 It represents the rate of return on all It shows the rate of return on just those units
manner.
successive units of capital without regard of capital over and above the existing capital
The final result is ΔY = 100+100×4/5+100 ×[4/5]2+100×[4/5]3 to existing capital. stock
39. Explain the operation of the Accelerator. 3 The capital stock is taken on the X axis of The amount of investment is taken on the X –
diagram. axix of diagram.
Meaning:
4 It is a stock concept It is a flow concept
 It is the numerical value of the relation between an increase in consumption and the
5 It determines the optimum capital stock in It determines the net investment of the
resulting increase in investment. an economy at each level of interest rate. economy at each interest rate given the capital
Accelerator (β)= ΔI / ΔC stock.
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CHAPTER – 5 MONETARY ECONOMICS 14. During depression the level of economic activity becomes extremely
(a) high (b) bad (c) low (d) good
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 15. “Money can be anything that is generally acceptable as a means of exchange and that the
1. The RBI Headquarters is located at same time acts as a measure and a store of value”, This definition was given by
(a) Delhi (b) Chennai (c) Mumbai (d) Bengaluru (a) Crowther (b) A.C.Pigou (c) F.A.Walker (d) Francis Bacon
2. Money is 16. Debit card is an example of
(a) acceptable only when it has intrinsic value (b) constant in purchasing power (a) currency (b) paper currency (c) plastic money (d) money
(c) the most liquid of all assets (d) needed for allocation of resources 17. Fisher Quantity Theory of money is based on the essential function of money as

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3. Paper currency system is managed by the (a) measure of value (b) store of value
(a) Central Monetary authority (b) State Government (c) medium of exchange (d) standard of deferred payment
(c) Central Government (d) Banks 18. V in MV = PT equation stands for

l
4. The basic distinction between M1 and M2 is with regard to . (a) Volume of trade (b) Velocity of circulation of money

da

da
(a) post office deposits (b) time deposits of banks (c) Volume of transaction (d) Volume of bank and credit money
(c) saving deposits of banks (d) currency 19. When prices rise slowly, we call it
5. Irving Fisher’s Quantity Theory of Money was popularized in (a) galloping inflation (b) mild inflation
a

a
(a) 1908 (b) 1910 (c) 1911 (d) 1914 (c) hyper inflation (d) deflation
ik

ik
6. MV stands for 20. __________ inflation is in no way dangerous to the economy.
(a) demand for money (b) supply of legal tender money (a) walking (b) running (c) creeping (d) galloping
lv

lv
(c) Supply of bank money (d) Total supply of money II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
7. Inflation means 21. Define Money.
“ Money is, what money does”
a

a
(a) Prices are rising (b) Prices are falling
(c) Value of money is increasing (d) Prices are remaining the same - Walker.
.k

.k
22. What is barter?
8. _________ inflation results in a serious depreciation of the value of money.
 Before money was invented the exchange of goods for goods was known as “Barter System”.
(a) Creeping (b) Walking (c) running (d) Hyper
w

w
23. What is commodity money?
9. _________ inflation occurs when general prices of commodities increases due to
 It is the value from the commodity by which it is made.
increase in production costs such as wages and raw materials.
w

w
 Commodity money has value in itself and value in its use of money.
(a) Cost-push (b) demand pull (c) running (d) galloping
 Example: Jewels
10. During inflation, who are the gainers?
w

w
24. What is gold standard?
(a) Debtors (b) Creditors (c) Wage and salary earners (d) Government
 It is a system in which the standard currency is directly linked with gold.
11. ___________ is a decrease in the rate of inflation.
25. What is plastic money? Give example.
(a) Disinflation (b) Deflation (c) Stagflation (d) Depression
 It is the advanced form of financial products and it is an alternative to cash.
12. Stagflation combines the rate of inflation with
 Example: Credit cards, Debit cards, smart cards
(a) Stagnation (b) employment (c) output (d) price
26. Define inflation.
13. The study of alternating fluctuations in business activity is referred to in Economics as
Too much of money chasing too few goods.
(a) Boom (b) Recession (c) Recovery (d) Trade cycle - Coulbourn
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27. What is Stagflation? 32. Explain Demand-pull and Cost push inflation.
Combination of stagnant economic growth, high employment and high inflation. i). Demand-Pull Inflation:
III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph.  Demand and supply play a crucial role in deciding the inflation levels in the society at all
28. Write a note on metallic money. points of time.

 Some kind of metal either gold or silver is used to determine the standard value of the money  For instance, if the demand is high for a product and supply is low, the price of the

and currency. products increases.

 Standard coins made out of the metal are the principal coins used under the metallic standard. ii). Cost-Push Inflation:

 Their face value is equal to their intrinsic metal value.  When the cost of raw materials and other inputs rises inflation results.

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29. What is money supply?  Increase in wages paid to labour also leads to inflation.
 It means the total amount of money in an economy. 33. State Cambridge equations of value of money.
 It refers to the amount of money which s in circulation in an economy at any given time. i) Marshall’s Equation

l
 Money supply plays a crucial role in the determination of price level and interest rates. The Marshall equation is expressed as: M = KPY

da

da
30. What are the determinants of money supply? Where

i). Currency Deposit ratio:  M is the quantity of money

 The ratio of money held by the public in currency to that they hold in bank deposits.  Y is the aggregate real income of the community
a

a
ii). Reserve Deposit Ratio:  P is Purchasing Power of money
ik

ik
 Vault cash in banks  K represents the fraction of the real income
 Deposits of commercial banks with RBI.  The value of money is 1/P = KY/M
lv

lv
iii). Cash Reserve Ratio: ii) Keynes’ Equation

 It is the fraction of the deposits the banks must keep with RBI. Keynes equation is expressed as: n = pk (or) p = n / k
a

a
31. Write the types of inflation. Where

i). Based on Speed:  n is the total supply of money

.k

.k
 Creeping inflation  p is the general price level of consumption goods
 Walking inflation  k is the total quantity of consumption units
w

w
 Running inflation  Keynes indicates that K is a real balance, because it is measured in terms of consumer

 Galloping inflation goods.

w

w
ii). On the basis of Demand and Cost: 34. Explain disinflation.

 Demand - Pull inflation  It is the slowing down the rate of inflation by controlling the amount of credit available to
w

 Cost- Push inflation

iii). On the basis of Inducement:
 Currency inflation
 Credit inflation
w consumers without causing more unemployment.
 The process of reversing inflation without creating unemployment or reducing output in
the economy.
IV. Answer the following questions in about a page
 Deficit induced inflation 35. Illustrate Fisher’s Quantity theory of money.
 Profit induced inflation The general form of equation given by Fisher: MV = PT
 Tax induced inflation M – Quantity of money V – Velocity if money
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P – Price level T – Volume of Transaction B). Secondary Functions

 The
he total quantity of money (MV) will be equal to the total value of all goods and services i) Money as a Store of value:
bought and sold (PT).  Savings done in terms of commodities were not permanent.
 Supply of Money = Demand for Money
Money.  This difficulty has now disappeared and savings are now done in terms of money.
 This equation is referred to as “Cash Transaction Equation”. ii) Money as a Standard of Deferred Payments:
Extended Form of Equation:  In the absence of money, the borrowed amount could be returned only in terms of
Fisher extended his original equation of exchange to include bank deposits M1 and its velocity goods and services.
V1. The revised equation was: PT = MV + M1V1 C. Contingent Functions

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P = MV + M1V1
M i) Basis of the Credit System:
T  Money is the basis of the Credit System.
 The quantity of money in circulation ‘M’
 Business transactions are either in cash or on credit.
 The velocity of circulation of money ‘V’

l
ii) Money facilitates distribution of National Income:
 The volume of bank credit money M1

da
M

da
 The task of distribution of national income was exceedingly complex under the barter
 The velocity of circulation of credit money V1
V
system.
and the volume of trade (T)
(
D. Other Functions
a

a
Figure (A):
i) Money helps to maintain Repayment Capacity:
 It shows the effect of changes in the quantity of
ik

ik
 To maintain its repayment capacity, every firm has to keep assets in the form of liquid
money on the price level. When the quantity of
cash.
money is OM, the price level is OP.
lv

lv
ii) Money represents Generalized Purchasing Power:
 When the quantity of money is doubled to OM2, the price level is also doubled to OP2.
 Purchasing power kept in terms of money can be put to any use.
 Further, when the quantity of money is increased four
four-fold
fold to OM4, the price level also
a

a
increases by four times to OP
OP4. 37. What are the causes and effects of inflation on the economy?
Figure (B): Causes:
.k

.k
 It shows the inverse relation between the quantity of money and the value of money, i) Increase in Money Supply:
where the value of money is taken on the vertical axis.  Inflation is caused by an increase in the supply of money which leads to increase in
w

w
 With
ith the quantity of money increasing by four
four-fold
fold to OM4, the value of money is aggregate demand.
reduced by OI / P4. ii) Increase in Disposable Income:
w

w
 This inverse relationship between the quantity of money and the value of money is  When the disposable income of the people increases, it raises their demand for goods and
shown by downward sloping curve I O / P = f(M). services.
w

36. Explain the functionss of money.

A). Primary Functions:

i) Money as a medium of exchange:
 This is considered as the basic function of money.
w iii) Increase in Public Expenditure:
 Government activities have been expanding due to developmental activities and social
welfare programmes.
iv). Cheap Money Policy:

 The
he quality of general acceptability, and all exchang
exchanges
es take place in terms.  The policy of credit expansion also leads to increase in the money supply

ii) Money as a measure of value: Effects of Inflation

 Money
oney is that it measures the value of goods and services. a. Effects on Production:
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 The profit due to rising prices encourages and induces business class to increase their
CHAPTER – 6 BANKING
investments in production, leading to generation of employment and income.
b. Effects on Distribution I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A Bank is a
i) Debtors and Creditors:
a) Financial institution b) Corporate c) An Industry d) Service institutions
 During inflation, debtors are the gainers while the creditors are losers.
2. A Commercial Bank is an institutions that provides services
ii. Investors:
a) Accepting deposits b) Providing loans c) Both a and b d) None of the above
 The investors, who generally invest in fixed interest yielding bonds and securities have
3. The Functions of commercial banks are broadly classified into
much to lose during inflation.
a) Primary Functions b) Secondary functions c) Other functions d) a, b, and c

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38. Describe the phases of Trade cycle.
4. Bank credit refers to
i) Boom: a) Bank Loans b) Advances c) Bank loans and advances d) Borrowings
 The movement of the economy beyond full employment is characterized as boom period. 5. Credit creation means.

l
 During this period money wages rise, profits increase and interest rates go up.

da

da
a) Multiplication of loans and advances b) Revenue
ii) Recession: c) Expenditure d) Debt
 The turning point from boom condition is called recession. 6. NBFI does not have.
 This happens at higher rate, than what was earlier.
a

a
a) Banking license b) government approval
iii) Depression: c) Money market approval d) Finance ministry approval
ik

ik
 The level of economic activity becomes extremely low. 7. Central bank is --------------- authority of any country.
 Interest prices, profits and wages are low. a) Monetary b) Fiscal c) Wage d) National Income
lv

lv
 The agricultural class and wage earners would be worst hit. 8. Who will act as the banker to the Government of India?
 Depression is the worst phase of the business cycle. a) SBI b) NABARD c) ICICI d) RBI
a

a
iv. Recovery: 9. Lender of the last resort is one of the functions of.
 This is the turning point from depression to revival towards upswing.
.k

.k
a) Central Bank b) Commercial banks c) Land Development Banks d) Co-operative banks
 It begins with the revival of demand for capital goods. 10. Bank Rate means.
 Autonomous investments boost the activity.
w

w
a) Re-discounting the first class securities b) Interest rate
 Recovery may be initiated by innovation or investment or by government expenditure. c) Exchange rate d) Growth rate
w

w
11. Repo Rate means.
a) Rate at which the Commercial Banks are willing to lend to RBI
w

w
@*@*@*@*@*@ b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks
c) Exchange rate of the foreign bank d) Growth rate of the economy
12. Moral suasion refers.
a) Optimization b) Maximization c) Persuasion d) Minimization
13. ARDC started functioning from
a) June 3, 1963 b) July 3, 1963 c) June 1, 1963 d) July 1, 1963
14. NABARD was set up in.

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a) July 1962 b) July 1972 c) July 1982 d) July 1992 25. Write the meaning of Open market operations
15. EXIM bank was established in.  In narrow sense, the Central Bank starts the purchase and sale of Government securities in
a) June 1982 b) April 1982 c) May 1982 d) March 1982 the money market.
16. The State Financial Corporation Act was passed by  In Broad Sense, the Central Bank purchases and sells not only Government securities but
a) Government of India b) Government of Tamilnadu also other proper eligible securities like bills and securities of private concerns.
c) Government of Union Territories d) Local Government. 26. What is rationing of credit?
17. Monetary policy his formulated by.  This is the oldest method of credit card
a) Co-operative banks b)Commercial banks  It aims to control and regulate the purposes for which credit is granted by commercial

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c) Central Bank d) Foreign banks banks.
18. Online Banking is also known as. 27. Manson the functions of agriculture credit department.
a) E-Banking b) Internet Banking c) RTGS d) NEFT  To maintain an expert staff to study all questions on agricultural credit.

l
19. Expansions of ATM.  To provide expert advice to central and state government state cooperative banks

da

da
a) Automated Teller Machine b) Adjustment Teller Machine and other banking activities.
c) Automatic Teller mechanism d) Any Time Money III. Answer the following questions in about a paragraph
20. 2016 Demonetization of currency includes denominations of 28. Write the mechanism of credit creation by commercial banks.
a

a
a) Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 b) Rs.1000 and Rs. 2000  Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances.
ik

ik
c) Rs. 200 and Rs. 500 d) All the above  Banks have the power to expand or contact demand deposits and they exercise this
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences power through granting more or less loans and advances and acquiring other assets.
lv

lv
21. Define Commercial banks.  This power of commercial bank to create deposits through expanding their loans and
These are the institutions that make short term loans to business and in the process create advances is known as credit creation
a

a
money. 29. Give a brief note on NBFI.
22. What is credit creation?  A non banking financial institution is a financial institution that does not have a full banking
.k

.k
 It means the multiplication of loans and advances. license or is not supervised by the central bank.
 Commercial banks receive deposits from the public and use these deposits to give loans.  It’s do not carry on pure banking business, but they will carry on other financial
w

w
23. Define Central bank. transactions.
 It is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates.  It can be broadly classified into two categories. i). Stockxchange ii). Other financial
w

w
 Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system. Institutions.
24. Distinguish between CRR and SLR. 30. Bring out the methods of credit control.
w

S.No
1

2
CRR
The commercial Bank has to
maintain reserve with the RBI

Regulates the flow of money

SLR
The amount which a bank has to
maintain form of cash or gold.

Ensure the solvency of the banks

w General
i). Bank Rate
ii). Open Market operation
Methods of Credit Control

Selective
i). Rationing of credit
ii). Direct action
iii). Variable Cash Reserve Ratio iii) Moral suasion
in the economy iv). Publicity
v). Regulation of Consumer Credit
vi). Marginal Requirements

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31. What are the functions of NABARD? ii). Creation of Credit:

 It acts as a refinancing institution for all kinds of production and investment credit to
agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries.
 It provides short-term, medium-term and long-term credits to state co-operative Banks
SCBs, RRBs, LDBs.
 It gives long-term loans to State Government to enable them to subscribe to the share
capital of co-operative credit societies.
32. Specify the functions of IFCI.
 Banks create credit for the purpose of providing more funds for development projects.
 Credit creation leads to increased production, employment, sales and prices.
iii). Channelizing the Funds towards Productive Investment:
 Banks invest the savings mobilized by them for productive purposes.
 Capital formation is not the only function of commercial banks.
iv). Encouraging Right Type of Industries:
 Many banks help in the development of the right type of industries by extending loan to

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 Industrial Finance Corporation of India provides assistance to the industrial concern. right type of persons.
 Long term loans both rupees and foreign currencies.  For the economic development of the country.
 Underwriting of equality, preference and debenture issues. v). Employment Generation

l
 After the nationalization of big banks, banking industry has grown to a great extent.
33. Distinguish between money market and capital market.

da

da
 Bank’s branches are opened frequently, which leads to the creation of new employment
S.No Basis Money Market Capital Market
opportunities.
1 Meaning The mechanism through which System which is concerned with raising
36. Elucidate the functions of Commercial Banks.
a

a
Short term funds are loaned and capital by dealing in share, Bonds and
A). Primary Function:
ik

ik
borrowed other long term investments.
i). Accepting Deposits:
2 Financial Treasury Bills, Commercial Papers, Shares, Debenture, Bonds, Retained
 It implies that commercial banks are mainly dependent on public deposits.
Instruments Certificate Of Deposits, Trade Credit Earnings, Asset Securitization.
lv

lv
 There are two types of deposits which are discussed as follows
3 Institutions Central bank, Commercial Bank Commercial bank, Stock Exchange  Demand Deposit
34. Mention the objectives of demonetizations.
a

a
 Time Deposit
Meaning: ii). Advancing Loans:
.k

.k
 It is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender.  It refers to granting loans to individuals and business.
 It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency  Commercial bank grants loans in the form of overdraft, cash credit, and discounting
w

w
Objectives of Demonetization bills of exchange.
 Removing Black Money from the country. B. Secondary Function:
w

w
 Stopping of Corruption. i). Agency Function:
 Stopping Terror Funds. It implies that commercial banks act as agents of customers by performing various
w

w
 Curbing Fake Notes functions.
IV. Answer the following questions in one page  College Cheques
35. Explain the role of Commercial Banks in economic development.  Collecting Income
i). Capital Formation:  Paying Expenses
 Banks play an important role in capital formation, which is essential for the economic ii). General Utility Functions:
development of a country.  Providing Locker Facilities
 Issuing Travelers Cheque
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iii). Transferring funds:  It was regarded as socially dangerous, economically wasteful and morally deplorable.
 It refers to transferring of funds from one bank to another. 5. Economic Growth
 Funds are transferred by means of draft, telephonic transfer, and electronic transfer.  It is the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long
C).Other Functions: period of time.
Money Supply  It implies an increase in the total physical or real output.
Credit Creation
37. Describe the functions of Reserve Bank of India.
@*@*@*@*@
i). Monetary Authority:

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 It controls the supply of money in the economy to stabilize exchange rate, maintain
healthy balance of payment, attain financial stability, control inflation.
ii). The issuer of currency:

l
 The objective is to maintain the currency and credit system of the country.

da

da
 It is the sole authority to issue currency.
 It also takes action to control the circulation of fake currency.
iii). The issuer of Banking License:
a

a
 As per Sec 22 of Banking Regulation Act, every bank has to obtain a banking license
ik

ik
from RBI to conduct banking business in India.
iv). Banker to the Government:
lv

lv
 It acts as banker both to the central and the state governments.
 It provides short-term credit.
a

a
5. Banker’s Bank:
 RBI is the bank of all banks in India as it provides loan to banks, accept the deposit of
.k

.k
banks, and rediscount the bills of banks.
38. What are the objectives of Monetary Policy? Explain.
w

w
1. Neutrality of Money:
 That monetary authority should aim at neutrality of money in the economy.
w

w
 Monetary changes could be the root cause of all economic fluctuations.
2. Exchange Rate Stability:
w

 Exchange rate stability was the traditional objective of monetary authority.

 This was the main objective under Gold Standard among different countries.
3. Price Stability:
 Price stabilization as a main objective of monetary policy.
w
 Price stability is considered the most genuine
4. Full Employment
 During world depression, the problem of unemployment had increased rapidly.
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12. If there is an imbalance in the trade balance (more imports than exports), it can be reduced
CHAPTER – 7 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS by
a) Decreasing customs duties b) increasing export duties
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
c) Stimulating exports d) stimulating imports
1. Trade between two countries is known as ………….trade
13. BOP includes
a) External b) Internal c) Inter-regional d) Home
a) Visible items only b) invisible items only
2. Which of the following factors influence trade?
c) Both visible and invisible items d) merchandise trade only
a) The stage of development of a product b) The relative price of factors of productions.
14. Components of balance of payments of a country includes
c) Government. d) All of the above.

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a) Current account b) Official account c) Capital account d) All of above
3. International trade differs from domestic trade because of
15. In the case of BOT,
a) Trade restrictions b) Immobility of factors
a) Transactions of goods are recorded.
c) Different government policies d) All the above

l
b) Transactions of both goods and services are recorded.

da

da
4. In general, a primary reason why nations conduct international trade is because
c) Both capital and financial accounts are included. d) All of these
a) Some nations prefer to produce one thing while others produce another
16. Tourism and travel are classified in which of balance of payments accounts?
b) Resources are not equally distributed among all trading nations
a)merchandise trade account b) services account
a

a
c) Trade enhances opportunities to accumulate profits
c)unilateral transfers account d) capital account
d) Interest rates are not identical in all trading nations
ik

ik
17. Cyclical disequilibrium in BOP occurs because of
5. Which of the following is a modern theory of international trade?
a) Different paths of business cycle.
a) Absolute cost b) comparative cost c) Factor endowment theory d) none of these
lv

lv
b) The income elasticity of demand or price elasticity of demand is different.
6. Exchange rates are determined in
c) long-run changes in an economy d) Both (a) and (b).
a) Money market b) foreign exchange market
a

a
18. Which of the following is not an example of foreign direct investment?
c) Stock market d) capital market
a) the construction of a new auto assembly plant overseas
.k

.k
7. Exchange rate for currencies is determined by supply and demand under the system of
b) the acquisition of an existing steel mill overseas
a) Fixed exchange rate b) Flexible exchange rate
c) the purchase of bonds or stock issued by a textile company overseas
w

w
c) Constant d) Government regulated
d) the creation of a wholly owned business firm overseas
8. Net export equals ……
19. Foreign direct investments not permitted in India
w

w
a) Export x Import b) Export + Import
a) Banking b) Atomic energy c) Pharmaceutical d) Insurance
c) Export – Import d) Exports of services only
20 Benefits of FDI include, theoretically
w

w
9. Who among the following enunciated the concept of single factoral terms of trade?
a) Boost in Economic Growth b) Increase in the import and export of goods and services
a) Jacob Viner b) G.S.Donens c) Taussig d) J.S.Mill
c) Increased employment and skill levels d) All of these
10. Terms of Trade of a country show ……………
II. Answer the following questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
a) Ratio of goods exported and imported b) Ratio of import duties
21. What is International Economics?
c) Ratio of prices of exports and imports d) Both (a) and (c)
It is that branch of economics which is concerned with the exchange of goods and services
11. Favorable trade means values of exports are ……. Than that of imports.
between two or more countries.
a) More b) Less c) More or Less d) Not more than
22. Define international trade.

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 To the trade exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. trade.
 It is also called as external trade or foreign trade S.No Classical Theory Modern Theory
23. State any two merits of trade. 1 The phenomenon of international trade on The phenomenon of international trade on
 Trade is one of the powerful forces of economic integration. the basis of labor theory of value. the basis of general theory of value.
 It brings foreign exchange to our country. 2 Labour Labour and capital
24. What is the main difference between Adam Smith and Ricardo with regard to the 3 It attributes the differences in the It attributes the difference in comparative
emergence of foreign trade? comparative costs to differences in the costs to the difference in factor endowments
Adam Smith Ricardo productive efficiency of workers in the two in the two countries.

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The basis of international trade was A country can gain from trade countries.
absolute cost advantage. When it produces at relatively lower costs.
30. Explain the Net Barter Terms of Trade and Gross Barter Terms of Trade.

l
25. Define Terms of Trade. S.No Net Barter Terms Gross Barter Terms

da

da
 It is the rate at which the goods of one country are exchanged for goods of another country. 1 The ratio between the prices of exports and It is an index of relationship between total
26. What do you mean by balance of payments? of imports. It is named viner as the physical quantity of imports and the total
It is a systematic record of a country’s economic and financial transaction with the rest of the commodity terms of trade. physical quantity of exports.
a

a
world over a period of a time. 2 Tn = (Px/Pm) x 100 Tg = (Qm/Qx) x 100
ik

ik
27. What is meant by Exchange Rate?
31. Distinguish between Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments.
 It is the price paid in the home currency for a unit of foreign currency that is the rate at
S.No Balance of Trade Balance of Payments
lv

lv
which one currency is exchanged for another currency.
1 It refer the total value of countries export It is a systematic record of a country economic
III. Answer the following questions. Each question carries 3 marks.
commodities and import commodities. and financial transaction with rest of world over
a

a
28. Describe the subject matter of International Economics.
a period.
i). Pure Theory of Trade
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2 It can be favorable, unfavorable or Balance Both receipts and payments side should tallies.
This explains the causes for foreign trade, volume of trade, balance of trade and balance
3 It is a component of current account of It is a components are current account and
of payments.
a balance of payments. capital account
w

w
ii). Policy Issues
32. What are import quotas?
It covers the policy issues like methods of regulating trade, use of taxation, foreign aid,
 It is a quantitative limit fixed on the import of some type of goods.
w

w
foreign direct investment, disequilibrium in the balance of payments.
 It may be fixed either interms of quantity or the value of the product.
iii). International Cartels and Trade Blocs
w

w
 This is imposed to conserve foreign exchange or product domestic consumption.
It deals with the economic integration in the form of customs unions, monetary unions,
33. Write a brief note on flexible exchange rate.
and operation of MNCs.
 It is also known as floating exchange rate.
 Under this system exchange rate are freely determined in an open market by market force of
demand and supply.
 Market prices that vary day to day.
34. State the objectives of Foreign Direct Investment.
29. Compare the Classical Theory of international trade with Modern Theory of International

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 Sales expansion  India should concentrate on the production of wheat in which she enjoys a comparative
 Acquisition of resource cost advantage.
 Diversification  America will specialize in the production of cloth and export it to India in exchange for
 Minimization of competitive risk. wheat.
IV. Answer the following questions. Each question carries 5 marks.  With trade, India can get 1 unit of cloth and 1 unit of wheat by using its 160 la
labour units.
35. Discuss the differences between Internal Trade and International Trade.  With trade, America can get 1 unit of cloth and one unit of wheat by using its 200 units of
S.No Internal Trade International Trade labour.
1 It takes place between different individuals It takes place between different individuals 37. Discuss the Modern Theory of International Trade.

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and firm within the same nation. and firms in different countries. i). Factor endowment model
2 Labour and capital move freely from one Labour and capital don’t move freely from one  Developed by Heckscher and Ohlin
region to another. region to another.  Countries with a relative factor abundance can specialize and trade

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3 There is no restriction There are no of restriction  Abundance of skilled labour → specialization → export → exchange for goods are services

da

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4 This only one common currency There are different currency produced by countries with abundance of unskilled labour
5 Trade and financial regulations are more or Trade and financial regulations are different ii). The Theory
less the same. between countries.  Difference
ifference in the endowm
endowments
ents of factors of production between countries.
countries
a

a
 Differences
ifferences in the factor proportions required in production.
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36. Explain briefly the Comparative Cost Theory.
Meaning:
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lv
 A country can gain from trade when it produces at relatively lower costs.
- Ricardo
a

a
 Even when a country enjoys absolute advantage in both goods, the country would specialize
in the production and export of those goods which are relatively more advantageous.
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 Similarly, even when a country has absolute disadvantage in production of both goods, the
country would specialize in production and export of the commodity in which it is Assumptions
w

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relatively less disadvantageous.  There are two countries, two commodities and two factors. (2x2x2 model)
Assumptions  Countries differ in factor endowments.
w

w
 There are only two nations and two co
commodities.  Commodities are categorized in terms of factor intensity.
 Labour is the only element of cost of production.  Countries use same production technology.
w

 All laborers are of equal efficiency.

 No change in technology.
 No transport cost.
 Perfect competition.
w  Countries have identical demand conditions.
Explanation
“A capital-abundant
abundant country will export the capital –intensive
country will export the labour--intensive goods”.
intensive goods, while the labour-abundant
labour

 Full employment. - Heckscher - Ohlin,

 No government intervention.
Explanation: 38. Explain the types of Terms of Trade given by Viner.
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i). Net Barter Terms of Trade:  Official reserve transactions consist of movements of international reserves by
 The ratio between the prices of exports and of imports is called the “net barter terms of governments and official agencies to accommodate imbalances arising from the current
trade’. and capital accounts.
 It is named by Viner as the ‘commodity terms of trade’. 40. Discuss the various types of disequilibrium in the balance of payments.
 It is expressed as: Tn= (Px / Pm) x 100 i). Cyclical Disequilibrium:
Where,  Two
wo countries may be passing through different phases of business cycle.
Tn = Net Barter Terms of Trade  Tthe elasticity’s of demand may differ between countries.
Px = Index number of export prices ii). Secular Disequilibrium:

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Pm = Index number of import prices  The secular or long-run
run disequilibrium in BOP occurs because of long
long-run.
ii). Gross Barter Terms of Trade  In the initial stages of development, domestic investment exceeds domestic savings and
 It is an index of relationship between total physical quantity of imports and the total imports exceed
ceed exports, as it happens in India since 1951.

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physical quantity of exports. iii). Structural Disequilibrium:

da

da
 It is expressed as: Tg= (Qx/Qm) x 100  Structural changes in the economy may also cause such
uch structural changes include
Where, development of alternative sources of supply, development of better substitutes,
Qm = Index of import quantities
a

a
exhaustion of productive resources or changes in transport routes and costs.
Qx = Index of export quantities 41. How the Rate of Exchange is determined? Illustrate.
ik

ik
iii). Income Terms of Trade Rate of Exchange is determined:
 It is the index of the value of exports divided by the price index for imports multiplied  The equilibrium rate of exchange is determined in the foreign exchange market in
lv

lv
by quantity index of experts. accordance with
th the general theory of value.
 It is expressed as: Ty = (Px / Pm)Qx  The
he interaction of the forces of demand and supply.
a

a
Where,  Thus, the rate of exchange is determined at the point where demand for forex is equal to
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Px = Price index of exports the supply of forex.

Pm = Price index of imports Explanation:

 In the above diagram, Y axis represents exchan
exchange
ge rate, that is, value of rupee in terms of
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w
Qx = Quantity index of exports
39. Bring out the components of balance of payments account. dollars.
 X axis represents demand
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i) The Current Account:
 It includes all international trade transactions of goods and services, international service and supply of forex.
w

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transactions and international unilateral transfers.  E is the point of equilibrium where DD

ii) The Capital Account: Intersects SS.

 The exchange rate is P2.
 Financial transactions consisting of direct investment and purchases of interest- bearing
financial instruments, non- interest bearing demand deposits and gold fall under the
capital account.

42. Explain the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and economic development.
iii) The Official Reserve Assets Account:

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CHAPTER – 8 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC

 It help to increase the investment level and thereby the income and employment in the host
ORGANIZATION
country. I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
 It may facilitate transfer of technology to the recipient country. 1. International Monetary Fund was an outcome of
 FDI may also bring revenue to the government of host country. a) Pandung Conference b) Dunkel Draft
 When it taxes profits of foreign firms or gets royalties from concession agreements. c) Bretton Woods Conference d) Doha Conference
 A part of profit from direct foreign investment may be ploughed back into the expansion, 2. International Monetary Fund is having its headquarters at
modernization or development of related industries. a) Washington D.C. b) New York c) Vienna d) Geneva
 Foreign capital may enable the country to increase its exports and reduce import 3. IBRD is otherwise called

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requirements. And thereby ease BOP disequilibrium. a) IMF b) World Bank c) ASEAN d) International Finance Corporation
 Foreign investment may also help increase competition and break domestic monopolies. 4. The other name for Special Drawing Rights is
a) Paper gold b) Quotas c) Voluntary Export Restrictions d) None of these

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@*@*@*@*@*@*@ 5. The organization which provides long term loan is

da

da
a) World Bank b) International Monetary Fund
c) World Trade Organisation d) BRICS
6. Which of the following countries is not a member of SAARC?
a

a
a) Sri Lanka b) Japan c) Bangladesh d) Afghanistan
ik

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7. International Development Association is an affiliate of
a) IMF b) World Bank c) SAARC d) ASEAN
lv

lv
8. ---------- relates to patents, copyrights, trade secrets, etc.,
a) TRIPS b) TRIMS c) GATS d) NAMA
a

a
9. The first ministerial meeting of WTO was held at
a) Singapore b) Geneva c) Seattle d) Doha
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10. ASEAN meetings are held once in every __________ years
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
w

w
11. Which of the following is not the member of SAARC?
a) Pakistan b) Sri Lanka c) Bhutan d) China
w

w
12. SAARC meets once in ----------- years.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
w

w 13. The headquarters of ASEAN is

a) Jaharta
14. The term BRIC was coined in
a) 2001
b) New Delhi

b) 2005
c) Colombo

c) 2008
d) Tokyo

d) 2010

15. ASEAN was created in

a) 1965 b) 1967 c) 1972 d) 1997
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16. The Tenth BRICS Summit was held in July 2018 at III. Answer the following questions (3 marks):
a) Beijing b) Moscow c) Johannesburg d) Brasilia 28. Mention the various forms of economic integration.
17. New Development Bank is associated with i). Economic integration
a) BRICS b) WTO c) SAARC d) ASEAN  It takes the form of Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market and Economic
18. Which of the following does not come under ‘Six dialogue partners’ of ASEAN? Union.
a) China b) Japan c) India d) North Korea ii)). A free trade area
19. SAARC Agricultural Information Centre (SAIC) works as a central information  It is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-
institution for agriculture related resources was founded on trade agreement (FTA).

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a) 1985 b) 1988 c) 1992 d)1998 iii). A customs union
20. BENELUX is a form of  It is a type of trade block which is composed of a free trade area with no tariff among
a) Free trade area b) Economic Union c) Common market d) Customs union members and with a common external tariff.

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II. Answer the following questions (2 marks)  Ex; BENELUX (Belgium, Netherland and Luxumbuarg).

da

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21. Write the meaning of Special Drawing rights. 29. What are trade blocks?

 They are form of international reserves created by IMF in 1969 to solve the problem of  Some countries create business opportunities for themselves by integrating their economies in

international liquidity. order to avoid unnecessary competition among them.

a

a
 It is also called as paper gold.  Trade blocks cover different kinds of arrangements between or among countries for mutual
ik

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22. Mention any two objectives of ASEAN. benefit.

 To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region.  Economic integration takes the form of Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market and
lv

lv
 To promote regional peace and stability and adherence to the principles of the United Economic Union.

Nations Charter. 30. Mention any three lending programmes of IMF.

a

a
23. Point out any two ways in which IBRD lends to member countries.  Basic Credit Facility:

 Loans out of its own fund  Extended Fund Facility

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 Loans out of borrowed capital.  Compensatory Financing Facility

24. Define Common Market.  Buffer Stock Facility

w

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A group formed by countries within a geographical area to promote duty free trade and free  Supplementary Financing Facility

movement of labour and capital among its members. 31. What is Multilateral Agreement?
w

w
25. What is Free trade area?  It is a multinational legal or trade agreements between countries.

It is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade  It is an agreement between more than two countries but not many.
w

agreement (FTA).
26. When and where was SAARC Secretariat established?
SAARC secretariat was established in Kathmandu (Nepal) on 16th January 1987.
27. Specify any two affiliates of World Bank Group.
w  The agreements reduce tariffs and make it easier for business to import and export.
32. Write the agenda of BRICS Summit, 2018.
 Inclusive growth
 Trade issues

 International development (IDA)  Global governance

 International Finance Corporation (IFC)  Shared prosperity

 International peace and security

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33. State briefly the functions of SAARC. 37. Discuss the role of WTO in India’s socio economic development.
 Maintenance of the cooperation in the region.  By reducing tariff on raw materials, components and capital goods, it was able to import
 Prevention of common problems associated with the member nations. more.
 Ensuring strong relationship among the member nations.  India gets market access in several countries without any bilateral trade agreements.
34. List out the achievements of ASEAN.  Advanced technology has been obtained at cheaper cost.
 The main achievement of ASEAN has been the maintenance of an uninterrupted period of  India is in a better position to get quick redressal from the trade disputes.
peace and stability.  The Indian exporters benefited from wider market information.
 ASEAN’s modernization efforts have brought about changes in the region’s structure of 38. Write a note on a) SAARC b) BRICS

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production. a) SAARC
 It has been the fourth largest trading entry in the world.  The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation is an organisation of South
IV. Answer the following questions (5 marks) Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985.

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35. Explain the objectives of IMF.  The SAARC Group comprises of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal,

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 To promote international monetary cooperation among the member nations. Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
 To facilitate faster and balanced growth of international trade.  In April 2007, Afghanistan became its eighth member.
 To eliminate or reduce exchange controls imposed by member nations.  To accelerate the process of economic and social development of member states
a

a
 To promote the flow of capital from developed to developing nations. through joint action in the agreed areas of cooperation.
ik

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 To solve the problem of international liquidity.  The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu (Nepal) on 16th January 1987.
36. Bring out the functions of World Bank. b) BRICS
lv

lv
i. Investment for productive purposes  BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies:
 The World Bank performs the function of assisting in the reconstruction and development Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
a

a
of territories of member nations through facility of investment for productive purposes.  Its headquarter is at Shanghai, China.
ii. Balanced growth of international trade  The new development bank formed the BRICS development bank was established by
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 Promoting the long range balanced growth of trade at international level and the BRICS states.
maintaining equilibrium in BOPs of member nations by encouraging international  The BRICS countries make up 21 percent of global GDP.
w

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investment.  They have increased their share of global GDP threefold in the past 15 years.
iii. Provision of loans and guarantees  The BRICS are home to 43 percent of the world population.
w

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 Arranging the loans or providing guarantees on loans by various other channels so as to
execute important projects. ****************
w

iv. Promotion of foreign private investment

 The promotion of private foreign investment by means of guarantees on loans and other
investment made by private investors.
v. Technical services
w
 The World Bank facilitates different kinds of technical services to the member countries
through Staff College and experts.

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13. The primary purpose of deficit financing is

CHAPTER – 9 FISCAL ECONOMICS
a) Economic development b) Economic stability
c) Economic equality d) Employment generation
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. The modern state is 14. Deficit budget means

a) Laissez-faire state b) Aristocratic state a) An excess of government’s revenue over expenditure

c) Welfare state d) Police state b) An excess of government’s current expenditure over its current revenue

2. One of the following is NOT a feature of private finance c) An excess of government’s total expenditure over its total revenue

a) Balancing of income and expenditure b) Secrecy d) None of above

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c) Saving some part of income d) Publicity 15. Methods of repayment of public debt is

3. The tax possesses the following characteristics a) Conversion b) Sinking fund c) Funded debt d) All these

a) Compulsory b) No quid pro quo 16. Conversion of public debt means exchange of

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c) Failure to pay is offence d) All the above a) new bonds for the old ones b) low interest bonds for higher interest bonds

da

da
4. Which of the following canons of taxation was not listed by Adam smith? c) Long term bonds for short term bonds d) All the above

a) Canon of equality b) Canon of certainty 17. The word budget has been derived from the French word “bougette” which means

c) Canon of convenience d) Canon of simplicity a) A small bag b) An empty box c) A box with papers d) None of the above
a

a
5. Consider the following statements and identify the correct ones. 18. Which one of the following deficits does not consider borrowing as a receipt?
ik

ik
i. Central government does not have exclusive power to impose tax which is not mentioned a) Revenue deficit b) Budgetary deficit c) Fiscal deficit d) Primary deficit

ii. The Constitution also provides for transferring certain tax revenues from union list to states. 19. Finance Commission determines
lv

lv
a) i only b) ii only c) both d) none a) The finances of Government of India b) The resources transfer to the states

6. GST is equivalence of c) The resources transfer to the various departments d) None of the above
a

a
a) Sales tax b) Corporation tax c) Income tax d) Local tax 20. Consider the following statements and identify the right ones.
i. The finance commission is appointed by the President
7. The direct tax has the following merits except
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ii. The tenure of Finance commission is five years
a) equity b) convenient c) certainty d) civic consciousness a) i only b) ii only c) both d) none
8. Which of the following is a direct tax? II. Two mark questions
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a) Excise duty b) Income tax c) Customs duty d) Service tax 21. Define public finance.
9. Which of the following is not a tax under Union list? Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of the state revenue and
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a) Personal Income Tax b) Corporation Tax expenditure.
- Adam smith
c) Agricultural Income Tax d) Excise duty
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22. What is public revenue?
10. “Revenue Receipts” of the Government do not include
 Public revenue deals with the methods of raising public revenue such as tax and non-tax.
a) Interest b) Profits and dividents c) Recoveries and loans d) Rent from property
23. Differentiate tax and fee.
11. The difference between revenue expenditure and revenue receipts is
Basis Tax Fees
a. Revenue deficit b. Fiscal deficit c. Budget deficit d. Primary deficit
Meaning It is a compulsory payment by the citizens to the It is charged by public authorities for
12. The difference between total expenditure and total receipts including loans and other government to meet the public expenditure. rendering a service to the citizens.
liabilities is called Compulsion It is legally imposed by the government on the tax There is no compulsion involved in
a. Fiscal deficit b. Budget deficit c. Primary deficit d. Revenue deficit
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payer. case of fees. 32. State any three characteristics of taxation.

24. Write a short note on zero based budget.  A tax is a compulsory payment made to the government.
 It involves fresh evaluation of expenditure in the Government budget, assuming it as a new  Every tax involves some sacrifice on part of the tax payer.
item.  A tax is not levied as a fine or penalty for breaking law.
 The review has been made to provide justification. 33. Point out any three differences between direct tax and indirect tax.

25. Give two examples for direct tax. Basis Direct Tax Indirect Tax
 Corporation Tax  Income Tax Meaning It is referred to as the tax, levied on It is referred to as the tax levied on a person
26. What are the components of GST? persons income and wealth. who consumes the goods and services.

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 CGST: Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale Nature Progressive Regressive
 SGST: Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale Impact Falls on the same person Falls on the different persons
 IGST: Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sale 34. What is primary deficit?

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27. What do you mean by public debt?

da

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 Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.
It deals with the methods of raising loans from internal and external sources.  It shows the real burden of the government and it does not include the interest
III. Three mark questions: burden on loans taken in the past.

a
29. Describe canons of Taxation.  Primary Deficit (PD) = Fiscal deficit (PD) - Interest Payment (IP)
i. Canon of Ability: 35. Mention any three methods of redemption of public debt.
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 The Government should impose tax in such a way that the people have to pay taxes i). Sinking Fund
according to their ability.  The Government establishes a separate fund known as “Sinking Fund”.
lv

lv
ii. Canon of Certainty:  The Government credits every year a fixed amount of money to this fund.
 The Government must ensure that there is no uncertainty regarding the rate of tax or the ii). Conversion
a

a
time of payment.  Conversion of loans is another method of redemption of public debt.
.k

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iii. Canon of Convenience:  It means that an old loan is converted into a new loan.
 The method of tax collection and the timing of the tax payment should suit the iii). Budgetary Surplus
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convenience of the people.  When the Government presents surplus budget, it can be utilized for repaying the debt.
30. Mention any three similarities between public finance and private finance. IV. Five mark questions:
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 Rationality: Both public finance and private finance are based on rationality 37. Explain the scope of public finance.
 Limit to borrowing: Both have to apply restraint with regard to borrowing. i). Public Revenue:
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 Resource utilization: Both the private and public sectors have limited resources.  The methods of raising public revenue such as tax and non-tax, the principles of taxation,
31. What are the functions of a modern state? rates of taxation, impact, incidence and shifting of taxes and their effects.
 Creating economic and social overhead. ii). Public Expenditure:
 Ensuring stability in both internal and external.  This part studies the fundamental principles that govern the Government expenditure,
 Conserving resources for sustainable development. effects of public expenditure and control of public expenditure.
 Defense iii). Public Debt:
 Judiciary  The methods of raising loans from internal and external sources.

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 The burden, effects and redemption of public debt fall under this head. v). Reduction in Rate of Interest
iv). Financial Administration:  It is the compulsory reduction in the rate of interest, during the time of financial crisis.
 This part deals with the study of the different aspects of public budget. 40. State and explain instruments of fiscal policy.
 The budget is the Annual master financial plan of the Government. i). Taxation:
v). Fiscal Policy:  Taxes transfer income from the people to the Government.
 Taxes, subsidies, public debt and public expenditure are the instruments of fiscal policy.  Taxes are either direct or indirect.
38. Bring out the merits of indirect taxes over direct taxes.  An increase in tax reduces disposable income.
i) Wider Coverage: ii) Public Expenditure:

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 All the consumers, whether they are rich or poor, have to pay indirect taxes.  It raises wages and salaries of the employees and thereby the aggregate demand for goods
 For this reason, it is said that indirect taxes can cover more people than direct taxes. and services.
ii) Equitable:  It is raised to fight recession and reduced to control inflation.

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 The indirect tax satisfies the canon of equity when higher tax is imposed on luxuries used iii) Public debt:

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by rich people.  When Government borrows by floating a loan, there is transfer of funds from the public to
iii) Economical the Government.
 Cost of collection is less as producers and retailers collect tax and pay to the Government.  At the time of interest payment and repayment of public debt, funds are transferred from
a

a
 The traders act as honorary tax collectors. Government to public.
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iv) Checks harmful consumption 41. Explain the principles of federal finance.
 The Government imposes indirect taxes on those commodities which are harmful to health i). Principle of Independence:
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e.g. tobacco, liquor etc.  It means each Government should have separate sources of revenue, authority to levy
 They are known as sin taxes. taxes, to borrow money and to meet the expenditure.
a

a
v) Convenient ii). Principle of Equity:
 Indirect taxes are levied on commodities and services.  The resources should be distributed among the different states.
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 Whenever consumers make purchase, they pay tax along with the price.  So that each state receives a fair share of revenue.
39. Explain the methods of debt redemption. iii). Principle of Uniformity:
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i). Sinking Fund  Each state should contribute equal tax payments for federal finance.
 The Government establishes a separate fund known as “Sinking Fund”.  But this principle cannot be followed in practice.
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 The Government credits every year a fixed amount of money to this fund.  Because the taxable capacity of each unit is not of the same.
ii). Conversion iv). Principle of Adequacy of Resources
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 Conversion of loans is another method of redemption of public debt.

 It means that an old loan is converted into new loan.
iii). Budgetary Surplus
 When the Government presents surplus budget, it can be utilized for repaying the debt.
w  The principle of adequacy means that the resources of each Government.
 Central and State should be adequate to carry out its functions effectively.
v). Principle of Fiscal Access
 There should be possibility for the Central and State Governments to develop new source
iv). Terminal Annuity of revenue within their prescribed fields to meet the growing financial needs.
 Government pays off the public debt on the basis of terminal annuity in equal annual
instalments.
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42. Describe the various types of deficit in budget. CHAPTER – 10 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
i). Revenue Deficit
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
 It refers to the excess of the government revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.
1. The term environment has been derived from a French word-----------.
 It does not consider capital receipts and capital expenditure.
a. Environ b. Environs c. Environia d. Envir
 Revenue Deficit = Total Revenue Expenditure - Total Revenue Receipts
2. The word biotic means environment
ii). Budget Deficit
a. living b. non-living c. physical d. None of the above
 Budget deficit is the difference between total receipts and total expenditure.
3. Ecosystem is smallest unit of
 Budget Deficit = Total Expenditure – Total Revenue
a. Ionosphere b. Lithosphere c. Biosphere d. Mesosphere

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iii). Fiscal Deficit
4. Who developed Material Balance Models?
 Fiscal deficit = Budget deficit + Government’s market borrowings and liabilities
a. Thomas and Picardy b. AlenKneese and R.V. Ayres
iv). Primary Deficit
c. Joan Robinson and J.M. Keynes d. Joseph Stiglitz and Edward Chamberlin

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 Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.

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5. Environmental goods are --------------
 It shows the real burden of the government.
a. Market goods b. Non-market goods c. Both d. None of the above
 It does not include the interest burden on loans taken in the past.
6. In a pure public good, consumption is -----------------
 Primary Deficit = Fiscal deficit - Interest Payment
a

a
a. Rival b. Non-rival c. Both d. None of the above
43. What are the reasons for the recent growth in public expenditure?
7. One of the most important market failures is caused by ------------
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i). Population Growth:
a. Positive externalities b. Negative externalities c. Both d. None of the above
 During the past 67 years of planning, the population of India has increased from 36.1 crore
8. The common source of outdoor air pollution is caused by combustion processes from the
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in 1951, to 121 crore in 2011.
following----------
 The growth in population requires massive investment in health and education, law and
a. Heating and cooking b. Traditional stoves c. Motor vehicles d. All the above
a

a
order, etc.
9. The major contributor of Carbon monoxide is
ii). Defense Expenditure
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a. Automobiles b. Industrial process c. Stationary fuel combustion d. None of the above
 There has been enormous increase in defense expenditure in India during planning period.
10. Which one of the following causes of global warming?
 The defense expenditure has been increasing tremendously due to modernization of
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a. Earth gravitation force b. Oxygen c. Centripetal force d. Increasing temperature
defense equipment.
11. Which of the following is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet rays?
iii). Government Subsidies
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a. UV-A b. UV-C c. Ozone layer d. None of the above
 The Government of India has been providing subsidies on a number of items such as food,
12. Global warming also refers to as
fertilizers, interest on priority sector lending, exports, education, etc.
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a. Ecological change b. Climate Change c. Atmosphere change d. None of the above
iv). Debt Servicing
13. Which of the following is the anticipated effect of Global warming?
 The government has been borrowing heavily both from the internal and external sources.
a. Rising sea levels b. Changing precipitation c. Expansion of deserts d. All of the above
 As a result, the government has to make huge amounts of repayment towards debt
14. The process of nutrient enrichment is termed as
servicing.
a. Eutrophication b. Limiting nutrients c. Enrichment d. Schistosomiasis
v). Development Projects
15. Primary cause of Soil pollution is ----------------
 The government has been undertaking various development projects such as irrigation,
a. Pest control measures b. Land reclamation c. Agricultural runoff d. Chemical fertilizer
iron and steel, heavy machinery, power, telecommunications, etc.
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16. Which of the following is main cause for deforestation? It is the current increase in temperature of the earth’s surface as well as its atmosphere.
a. Timber harvesting industry b. Natural afforestation 27. Specify the meaning of seed ball.
c. Soil stabilization d. Climate stabilization A seed ball is a seed that has been wrapped in soil materials usually a mixture of clay and
17. Electronic waste is commonly referred as ---------- compost, and then dried.
a. solid waste b. composite waste c. e-waste d. hospital waste III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph.
18. Acid rain is one of the consequences of ------------ 28. Brief the linkage between economy and environment.
a. Water Pollution b. Land pollution c. Noise pollution d. Air pollution  Human life also depends on social, political, ethical, philosophical and other aspects of
19. Sustainable Development Goals and targets are to be achieved by ------- economic system.

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a. 2020 b. 2025 c. 2030 d. 2050  The life of human beings is shaped by his living environment.
20. Alkali soils are predominantly located in the ------------ plains?  The relationship between the economy and the form of a “Material Balance Model’’ developed
a. Indus-Ganga b. North-Indian c. Gangetic plains d. All the above by Alen Kneese and R.V. Ayres.

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II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences 29. Specify the meaning of material balance principle.

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21. State the meaning of environment.  The material balance principle considers the total economic process as a physically
All the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development of balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
an organism or group of organisms. M = G–(RC– RP) + (RrP + Rrc) = Rdp + Rdc
a

a
22. What do you mean by ecosystem?
Final Residual
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Economic Activities of Goods and Service
An ecosystem includes all living things in a given area, interacting with each other, and also Material and Energy Discharge from
Production (G) -Consumption and
with their non-living environments. Inflow from Natural = =
Production Residual Discharges from Production and
Consumption and Production activities Consumption into
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23. Mention the countries where per capita carbon dioxide emission is the highest in the World (M)
(RC+RP) + Recycles from Production and Natural World (RdC+
world.
Consumption (RrP + Rrc) RdC)
a

a
S.No Countries Per Capita CO2
1 Saudi Arabia 16.85
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30. Explain different types of air pollution.
2 Australia 15.83
i). Indoor Air Pollution:
3 United States 15.53
 It refers to toxic contaminants that we encounter in our daily lives in our homes, schools
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4 Canada 15.32
and workplaces.
24. What are environmental goods? Give examples.
 For example, cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires.
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 Environmental goods are typically non-market goods.
ii). Outdoor Air Pollution:
 It’s including clear air, clean water, landscape, green transport infrastructure, public parks,
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 It refers to ambient air.
urban parks, rivers, mountains, forests, and beaches.
 The common sources of outdoor air pollution are caused by combustion processes from
25. What are the remedial measures to control noise pollution?
motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry.
 Use of noise barriers
31. What are the causes of water pollution?
 Newer roadway for surface transport
i). Dumping of solid wastes:
 Traffic control
 The dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies cause huge problems.
 Regulating times for heavy vehicles
ii). Acid rain:
26. Define Global warming.

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 Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution.  From

rom factories, cars or heating boilers contact with the water in the atmosphere.
 When the acidic particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with water  These emissions contain nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide which
vapor, it results in acid rain. when mixed with water becomes sulfurous acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
iii). Global warming: IV. Answer
nswer the following questions in about a page.
 Due to global warming, there is an increase in water temperature as a result aquatic 35. Briefly explain the relationship between GDP growth and the quality of environment.
plants and animals are affected.  Environmental quality is a set of properties
32. State the meaning of e-waste. and characteristics of the environment
 Electronic waste which is commonly referred as “e-waste” is the new byproduct of the Info either generalized or local, as they

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Tech society. impinge on human beings.
 It is a physical waste in the form of old discarded, end of life electronics.  It is a measure of the condition of an
 As the result when consumer, business and household devices are disposed or sent for re- environment relative to the requirements

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cycling. of one or more species.

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 Example, television, computers, audio-equipments, VCR, DVD, telephone, etc.  It is a pure public good that can be
33. What is land pollution? Mention the causes of land pollution. consumed simultaneously by everyone
Meaning: and from which no one can be excluded.
a

a
The degradation of land because of the disposal of waste on the land. Any substance that is  A pure public good is one for which consumption is non
non-revival
revival and from which it is
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discharged, deposited in the environment in such a way that it alters the environment causes impossible to exclude a consumer.
land pollution  The contribution of the nature to GDP as well as depletion of natural resources are not
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- Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 accounted in the present
resent system of National Income Enumeration.
Causes of Land Pollution 36. Explain the concepts of externality and its classification
a

a
 Deforestation and soil erosion Concepts of Externality:
 Agricultural activities i). Positive Consumption Externality
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 Mining activities:  When some residents of a locality hire a private security agency to patrol their area.
 Landfills  The other residents of the area also benefit from better security without bearing cost.
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 Industrialization ii). Negative Consumption Externality
 Construction activities  A person smoking cigarette gets may gives satisfaction to that person, but this act
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 Nuclear waste causes hardship to the non
non-smokers
rs who are driven to passive smoking.
34. Write a note on a) Climate change and b) Acid rain iii). Positive Production Externality
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i). Climate Change:

 The climate change refers to seasonal changes over a long period with respect to the
growing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
 Recent studies have shown that human activities since the beginning of the industrial
w  The ideal location for beehives is orchards.
 While bees make honey, they also help in the pollination of apple blossoms.
 The benefits accrue to both producers.
iv). Negative Production
roduction Externality
revolution.  The emissions and effluents of factory cause air and water pollution.
 Water becomes contaminated and unfit for drinking e.g. Tanneries.
ii). Acid Rain:
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CHAPTER – 11 ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPPMENT

AND PLANNING
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. "Redistribution with Growth" became popular slogan which approach?
a). Traditional approach b) New welfare oriented approach
c) Industrial approach d) None of the above
2. Which is not the feature of economic growth?

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37. Explain the importance of sustainable development and its goals. a). Concerned with developed nations b) Gradual change

Importance of sustainable development: c) Concerned with quantitative aspect d) Wider concept

 It is concerned with the welfare of not only present generation but also future 3. Which among the following is a characteristic of underdevelopment?

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generation. a). Vicious circle of poverty b) Rising mass consumption

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 It aims at not only satisfying the luxury wants rich but also the basic necessities of the c) Growth of Industries d) High rate of urbanization

poor like food, sanitation, health care, education etc. 4. The non-economic determinant of economic development

 The present generation should not exhaust the resources left by the past generation, a). Natural resources b) Human resource c) Capital formation d) Foreign trade
a

a
 It should leave the same for the sake of future generation. 5. Economic growth measures the ------- --------
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Global Goals for Sustainable Development: a). Growth of productivity b) Increase in nominal income

 End Poverty in all its forms everywhere c) Increase in output d) None of the above
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 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 6. The supply side vicious circle of poverty suggests that poor nations remain poor because

 Ensure quality education for all a). Saving remains low b) Investment remains low
c) There is a lack of effective government d) a and b above
a

a
 Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls
 Ensure access to water and sanitation for all 7. Which of the following plan has focused on the agriculture and rural economy?
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 Reduce inequality within and among countries a).People’s Plan b) Bombay Plan c) Gandhian Plan d) Vishveshwarya Plan

 Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 8. Arrange following plans in correct chronological order
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a). People’s Plan b) Bombay Plan
c) Jawaharlal Nehru Plan d) Vishveshwarya Plan
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@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@
Answer choices
a). (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) b) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) c) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) d) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
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9. M.N. Roy was associated with --------- ------------
a) Congress Plan b) People’s Plan c) Bombay Plan d) None of the above
10. Which of the following country adopts indicative planning?
a) France b) Germany c) Italy d) Russia
11. Short-term plan is also known as----- --------------
a) Controlling Plans b) De-controlling Plans
c) Rolling Plans d) De-rolling Plans

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12. Long-term plan is also known as ----- ---------------- 24. What is GNP?
a) Progressive Plans b) Non-progressive Plans GNP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a
c) Perspective Plans d) Non-perspective Plans particular year, plus income earned by its citizens, minus income of non-residents located in
13. The basic philosophy behind long-term planning is to bring--------changes in the economy? that country.
a) Financial b) Agricultural c) Industrial d) Structural 25. Define economic planning.
14. Sarvodaya Plan was advocated by----- ------------- Economic Planning is “collective control or suppression of private activities of production and
a). Mahatma Gandhi b) J.P. Narayan c) S. N Agarwal d) M.N. Roy exchange”.
15. Planning Commission was set up in the year --------------- -Robbins-

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a). 1950 b) 1951 c) 1947 d) 1948 26. What are the social indicators of economic development?
16. Who wrote the book ‘The Road to Serfdom’?  It is referred to as basic and collective needs of the people.
a). Friedrich Hayek b) H.R. Hicks c) David Ricardo d) Thomas Robert Malthus  The direct provision of basic needs such as health education, etc

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17. Perspective plan is also known as ---- 27. Write a short note on NITI Aayog.

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a). Short-term plan b) Medium-term plan c) Long-term plan d) None of the above  National institution for transforming India was formed in 1st January 2015 by union cabinet
18. NITI Aayog is formed through------------------------ resolution.
a). Presidential Ordinance b) Allocation of business rules by President of India  It has replaced the planning commission form 13th August 2014.
a

a
c). Cabinet resolution d) None of the above  NTI Ayog is a policy Think-tank
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19. Expansion of NITI Aayog? III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph.
a). National Institute to Transform India b). National Institute for Transforming India 28. Elucidate major causes of vicious circle of poverty with diagram
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c). National Institution to Transform India d). National Institution for Transforming India  There are circular relationships known as the ‘vicious circles of poverty’.
20. The Chair Person of NITI Aayog is  That tends to perpetuate the low level of development in Less Developed Countries (LDCs).
a

a
a). Prime Minister b) President c) Vice – President d) Finance Minister  Nurkse explains the idea in these words: “It implies a circular constellation of forces tending
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences. to act and react upon one another in such a way as to keep a poor country in a state of
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21. Define economic development poverty.
The increase in GNP is accompanied by decline in share of agriculture in output and 29. What are the non-economic factors determining development?
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employment while those of manufacturing and service sectors increase.  Human Resource
- Traditional Approach  Technical know – how
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22. Mention the indicators of development.  Political freedom
 Gross National Product  Social Indicators – health, education, food,  Social organization
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 GNP per capita

 Welfare
23. Distinguish between economic growth and development
Basis Growth
water, sanitation and etc.

Development
w  Corruption free administration
 Desire for development
 Moral ethical and social values
30. How would you break the vicious circle of poverty?
Deals Deals with the problems of developed Deals with the problems of UDCs  To break the vicious circle on the demand side, Nurkse suggested the strategy of balanced
countries growth.
Changes Gradual and steady Discontinuous and Spontaneous

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 If investment is made in several industries simultaneously the workers employed in various  Network of Expertise
industries will become consumers of each other’s products and will create demand for one  Harmonization
another.  Conflict Resolution
 The balanced growth i.e. simultaneous investment in large number of industries creates  Internal Consultancy
mutual demand. IV. Answer the following questions in about a page.
 Thus, through the strategy of balanced growth, vicious circle of poverty operating on the 35. Discuss the economic determinants of economic development.
demand side of capital formation can be broken. i). Natural Resource:
31. Trace the evolution of economic planning in India.  The principal factor affecting the development of an economy is the availability of natural

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 Jawaharlal Nehru (1938): resources.
Set-up “National Planning Commission” by a committee but due to the changes in the political  The existence of natural resources in abundance is essential for development.
era and Second World War, it did not materialize. ii). Capital Formation:

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 Bombay Plan (1940):  Capital formation is the main key to economic growth.

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The 8 leading industrialists of Bombay presented “Bombay Plan”. It was a 15 Year Investment  It facilitates adoption of advanced techniques of production.
Plan.  It leads to better utilization of natural resources.
 S. N Agarwal (1944) iii). Size of the Market:
a

a
They gave the “Gandhian Plan” focusing on the agricultural and rural economy.  Large size of the market would stimulate production, increase employment and raise the
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32. Describe the case for planning. National per capita income.
 To accelerate and strengthen market mechanism iv). Financial System:
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 To remove unemployment  It implies the existence of an efficient and organized banking system in the country.
 To achieve balanced development v). Foreign Trade:
a

a
 To remove poverty and inequalities  The country which enjoys favorable balance of trade and terms of trade is always
33. Distinguish between functional and structural planning. developed.
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Basis Functional Planning Structural Planning  It has huge forex reserves and stable exchange rate.
Meaning It refers to that planning which seeks
It refers
to to a good deal of changes in 36. Describe different types of Planning.
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remove economic difficulties the socio-economic framework of the country. i). Democratic Vs Totalitarian:
Approach Attempt within the existing Attempt to change the economic  Planning within democracy.
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socio-economic framework. structure fundamentally.  People are associated at every step in the formulation and implementation of the plan.

Nature Functional planning is Structural planning is  There is central control and direction of all economic activities in accordance with a single
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evolutionary

34. What are the functions of NITI Aayog?

 Cooperative and Competitive Federalism
therefore revolutionary

w plan.
ii). Centralized Vs Decentralized:
 The entire planning process in a country is under a central.
 There is central authority which plans, directs and orders the execution of the plan in

 Shared National Agenda accordance with predetermined targets and priorities.

 Decentralized Planning
 Vision and Scenario Planning
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iii). Planning by Direction Vs Inducement:

CHAPTER – 12 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL
 There is a central authority which plans, directs and orders the execution of the plan in
METHODS AND ECONOMETRICS
accordance with pre-determined targets and priorities.
 The people are induced to act in a certain way through various monetary and fiscal I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
measures 1. The word ‘statistics’ is used as __________.
iv). Indicative Vs Imperative Planning: (a) Singular. (b) Plural (c) Singular and Plural (d) None of above.
 The private sector and the public sector work together. 2. Who stated that statistics as a science of estimates and probabilities.
 Then it is discussed with the representatives of private management, trade unions, (a) Horace Secrist. (b) R.A Fisher. (c) Ya-Lun-Chou (d) Boddington

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consumer groups, finance institutions and other experts. 3. Sources of secondary data are ___________.
 the state is all powerful in preparation and implementation of the plan. (a) Published sources. (b) Unpublished sources.
v). Short, Medium and Long term Planning: (c) neither published nor unpublished sources. (d) Both (A) and (B)

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 Short-Term Planning concerns the plans in a time period of1 year – Operational Planning 4. The data collected by questionnaires are_____________.

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 Medium-Term Planning is considered for a time period 5 years – Tactical Planning (a) Primary data (b) Secondary data. (c) Published data. (d) Grouped data.
 Long-Term Planning is considered for a time period over 10 years – Strategic Planning 5. A measure of the strength of the linear relationship that exists between two variables is
37. Bring out the arguments against planning. called:
a

a
i). Loss of freedom (a) Slope (b) Intercept (c) Correlation coefficient (d) Regression equation
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 The absence of freedom in decision making may act as an obstacle for economic growth. 6. If both variables X and Y increase or decrease simultaneously, then the coefficient of
 Regulations and restrictions are the backbone of a planned economy. correlation will be:
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ii). Elimination of Initiative (a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) One
 There will be no incentive for initiatives and innovations. 7. If the points on the scatter diagram indicate that as one variable increases the other variable
a

a
 The absence of initiatives may affect progress in following ways. tends to decrease the value of r will be:
 The absence of private ownership and profit motive discourages entrepreneurs from (a) Perfect positive (b) Perfect negative (c) Negative (d) Zero
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taking bold decisions and risk taking. 8. The value of the coefficient of correlation r lies between:
 As all enjoy equal reward under planned economy irrespective of their effort, (a) 0 and 1 (b) -1 and 0 (c) -1 and +1 (d) -0.5 and +0.5
w

w
efficiency and productivity, nobody is interested in undertaking new and risky 9. The term regression was used by:
ventures. (a) Newton (b) Pearson (c) Spearman (d) Galton
w

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 The bureaucracy and Red Tapism which are the features of planned economy, 10. The purpose of simple linear regression analysis is to:
cripple the initiative as they cause procedural delay and time loss. (a) Predict one variable from another variable
w

iii). High cost of Management

 No doubt the fruits of planning such as industrialization, social justice and regional
balance are good.
iv). Difficulty in advance calculations:
w (b) Replace points on a scatter diagram by a straight-line
(c) Measure the degree to which two variables are linearly associated
(d) Obtain the expected value of the independent random variable for a given value
of the dependent variable
 Price mechanism provides for the automatic adjustment among price, demand and supply 11. A process by which we estimate the value of dependent variable on the basis of one or
in a Laissez Faire economy. more independent variables is called:
(a) Correlation (b) Regression (c) Residual (d) Slope

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12. If Y = 2 - 0.2X, then the value of Y intercept is equal to  Secondary Data ii). Secondary Data
(a) -0.2 (b) 2 (c) 0.2X (d) All of the above ii). Based on Sources
13. In the regression equation Y = β0+β1X, the Y is called:  Primary Data
(a) Independent variable (b) Dependent variable  Secondary Data
(c) Continuous variable (d) none of the above 25. Define Correlation.
14. In the regression equation Y = β0+β1X, the X is called:  Correlation is a statistical device that helps to analyze the co-variation of two or more
(a) Independent variable (b) Dependent variable variables.
(c) Continuous variable (d) none of the above  Sir Francis Galton is responsible for the calculation of correlation coefficient.

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15. Econometrics is the integration of 26. Define Regression.
(a)Economics and Statistics (b) Economics and Mathematics  It is the study of the relationship between the variables.
(c) Economics, Mathematics and Statistics (d) None of the above  The literal meaning of the word regression is stopping back towards the average.

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16. Econometric is the word coined by 27. What is Econometrics?

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(a) Francis Galton (b) Ragnar Frish (c) Karl Person (d) Spearsman “Econometrics is concerned with the empirical determination of economic laws”
17. The raw materials of Econometrics are: - H Theil
(a) Data (b) Goods (c) Statistics (d) Mathematics III. Answer the following questions in one paragraph:
a

a
18. The term Uiin regression equation is 28. What are the functions of Statistics?
ik

ik
(a) Residuals (b) Standard error (c) Stochastic error term (d) none  Statistics presents facts in a definite form.
19. The term Uiis introduced for the representation of  It simplifies mass of figures.
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(a) Omitted Variable (b) Standard error (c) Bias (d) Discrete Variable  It facilitates comparison.
20. Econometrics is the amalgamation of  It helps in formulating and testing.
a

a
(a) 3 subjects (b) 4 subjects (c) 2 subjects (d) 5 subjects  It helps in prediction.
II. Answer the following in one or two sentences  It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.
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21. What is Statistics? 29. Find the Standard Deviation of the following data: 14, 22, 9, 15, 20, 17, 12, 11
Statistics as a science of estimates and probabilities S.No X N= 8
(x-𝐗⃑) (x-𝐗⃑)2
w

w
- Boddington 1 14 -1 1
𝐗⃑ = 120/8 = 15
2 22 7 49
22. What are the kinds of Statistics?
w

w
3 9 -6 36 𝚺(𝐱 − 𝐗)𝟐
σ =
 Descriptive Statistics 4 15 0 0 𝐍
 Inferential Statistics 5 20 5 25 140
w

w
=
6 17 2 4 8
23. What do you mean by Inferential Statistics?
7 12 -3 9
The branch of statistics concerned with using sample data to make an inference about a = √𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
8 11 -4 16
population of data is called Inferential Statistics. N=8 ΣX = 120 0 σ = 4.18
Σ(x-X)2 = 140
24. What are the kinds of data?
i). Based on characteristics 30. State and explain the different kinds of Correlation.

a). Quantitative Data: b). Qualitative Data i). Based on the direction of change of variables:

 Primary Data i). Primary Data  Positive Correlation

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 Negative Correlation ii). National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

ii). Based upon the number of variables studied:  It is an organization under the Ministry of Statistic of the Government of India.
 Simple Correlation  It has four divisions: i). SDRD, ii). FOD, iii). DPD, iv). CPD
 Multiple Correlation  It is the largest organisation in India.
 Partial Correlation  Twenty Point Programme
iii'). Based upon the constancy of the ratio change between the variables  Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring
 Linear Correlation  Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.
 Non-Linear Correlation IV. Answer the following questions

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31. Mention the uses of Regression Analysis. 35. Elucidate the nature and scope of Statistics.
 It indicates the cause and effect relationship between the variables and establishes i). Nature of Statistics:
functional relationship.  Statistics are an aggregate of facts.

l
 Besides verification it is used for the prediction of one value, in relation to the other given  Statistics are numerically enumerated, estimated and expressed.

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value.  It should be collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose.
 Regression coefficient is also relative measure.  Should be capable of being used as a technique for drawing comparison
 In regression there is no such spurious regression ii). Scope of Statistics
a

a
32. Specify the objectives of econometrics. i). Statistics and Economics:
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 It helps to explain the behavior of a forthcoming period that is forecasting economic  Statistical data and techniques are immensely useful in solving many economic
phenomena. problems.
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 It helps to prove the old and established relationships among the variables or between the ii). Statistics and Firms
variables  Statistics is widely used in many firms to find whether the product is conforming to
a

a
 It helps to establish new theories and new relationships. specifications or not.
 It helps to test the hypotheses and estimation of the parameter. iii). Statistics and Commerce
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33. Differentiate the economic model with econometric model.  Statistics are life blood of successful commerce.
S.No Economic Model Econometric model iv). Statistics and Education
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1 An economic model is a local It is an integration at dependent variables  It is necessary for the formulation of policies to start new course, according to the
representation of knowledge with explanatory variables. changing environment.
w

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2 It is adapted to yield a define and It represent a set of hypotheses that v). Statistics and Planning:
precise formulation of the economic permits statistical inference from the  Statistics is indispensable in planning.
w

3
processed at work.
This is based upon abstract
economic theory.
particular date under review.
It appropriate to the particular situation
based on common sense.
34. Discuss the important statistical organizations (offices) in India.
w  All the organisations in the government are seeking the help of planning for efficient
working.
36. Calculate the Karl Pearson Correlation Co-efficient for the following data
Demand of Product X 23 27 28 29 30 31 33 35 36 39
i). Central Statistical Office (CSO) Sale of Product Y: 18 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 32
 The Central Statistical Office is one of the two wings of the National Statistical
Organisation (NSO).
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Let A =30 and B = 26 then dx = X

X- A, dy = Y= B X Y U=X-65 V=Y-65 U2 V2 UV
X Y dx dy dx2 dy 2 dx dy 45 25 -20 -20 400 400 400
23 18 --7 -8 49 64 56 48 30 -17 -15 289 225 255
27 22 --3 -4 9 16 12 50 35 -15 -10 225 100 150
28 23 --2 -3 4 9 6 55 30 -10 -15 100 225 150
29 24 --1 -2 1 4 2 65 40 0 -5 0 25 0
30 25 0 -1 0 1 0 70 50 5 5 25 25 25
31 26 1 0 1 0 0 75 45 10 0 100 0 0

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33 28 3 2 9 4 6 72 55 7 5 49 25 35
35 29 5 3 25 9 13 80 60 15 15 225 225 225
36 30 6 4 36 16 24 85 65 20 20 400 400 400

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39 32 9 6 81 36 54 ΣX=645 ΣY=435 ΣU=5 ΣV=20 ΣU2=1813 ΣV2=1415 ΣUV=1675

da

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11 -3 275 159 175
We have,

a
𝐗⃑ = ΣX = 645 = 64.5 𝐘⃑ = ΣY = 435 = 43.5
N 10 N 10
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byx = NΣUV - (ΣUΣV)
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NΣU2- (ΣU)2
= (10)x1415 – (5)X(-20)
a

a
(10) x 1813 – (5)2
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= 14150 + 100
18130 – 25
= 14250
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18105
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w
= 0.787
Regression equation of Y on X is
w

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y-𝐲⃑ = byx (x-𝐗⃑)
y – 43.5 = 0.787 (X-64.5) or
y = 0.787X + 7.26
37.Find the regression equation Y on X and X on Y for the following data: Similarly bxy can be calculated as
Y: 45 48 50 55 65 70 75 72 80 85 byx = NΣUV - (ΣUΣV)
X: 25 30 35 30 40 50 45 55 60 65 NΣU2- (ΣU)2
= (10)x1415 – (5)X(-20)

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(10) x 1675 – (-20)2 12th ECONOMICS PUBLIC IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

= 14150 + 100 TWO MARK
16750 – 400 1. Define macroeconomics.
= 14250 2. What is capitalism, Socialism and Mixedlism?
16350 3. What is national Income, GDP, GNP?
= 0.87 4. What is real income?
Regression equation of Y on X is 5. What is Unemployment and Full employment?
6. What is effective demand?
x-𝐱⃑ = bxy (y-𝐲⃑)
7. Define Multiplier and Accelerator.

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y – 64.5 = 0.87 (y-43.5) or
8. What is Autonomous and Induced Investment?
x = 0.87Y + 26.65
9. What is Economy?
38. Describe the application of Econometrics in Economics. 10. What is GDP deflator?

l
i). Forecasting Macroeconomic indicators: 11. What is disposable income and personal income?

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 It’s concerned with the expected effects of monetary and fiscal policy on the aggregate 12. What are the difference NNP and NDP?
performance of the economy. 13. What is frictional unemployment?
 Time series models can be used to make predictions about these economic indicators 14. What are the components of ADF and ASF?

a
15. What is Propensity consume and Propensity save?
ii). Definition:
16. What is commodity money?
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As a result of certain outlook on the role of economics, consists of application of mathematical
17. Define central bank.
statistics to economic data to lend empirical support to the models constructed by
18. What is commercial bank?
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mathematical economics and to obtain numerical results”. 19. What is credit creation?
 Econometrics means economic measurement. 20. What are the differences between CRR & SLR?
a

a
 Econometrics deals with the measurement of economic relationships. 21. What is international Economics and Exchange rate?
iii). Objectives of Econometrics: 22. Define terms of trade and balance of payment.
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 It helps to explain the behavior of a forthcoming period that is forecasting economic 23. What is IMF and special drawing rights?
24. Write any two affiliates group of world bank ?
phenomena.
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25. Write any two objectives of ASEAN?
 It helps to prove the old and established relationships among the variables or between
26. Define Public revenue and Public finance.
the variables 27. Give two examples of indirect tax and Indirect tax.
w

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 It helps to establish new theories and new relationships. 28. What is zero based budget and public debt?
 It helps to test the hypotheses and estimation of the parameter. 29. What is federal finance?
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30. What is pollution, Environment and Eco – System?
@*@*@*@*@*@*@ 31. Define Economic planning.
32. Write short notes on NITI Aayog?
33. List out about social Indicators of economic development.
34. What are the difference between Economic growth and Economic Development?
35. What is statistics and Econometrics?
36. List out kinds of co-relations.
37. What is consumption function and Investment functions?
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THREE MARK FIVE MARK

1. What are the importance of macroeconomics? 1. What are scopes of macroeconomics?

2. What are the merits of capitalism? 2. Compare between capitalism, socialism and mixedism.
3. What are the mixed Economy? 3. What are the measuring methods of national income?
4. Write short notes on Expenditures methods? 4. What are difficulties to measuring national income?
5. What are the Difference between personal income and disposable income? 5. Explain types of unemployment.
6. Write implications of say’s law? 6. Write Keynes theory of employment and income.
7. What is ADF and ASF with diagram? 7. What are the difference between classical theory and Keynes theory?

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8. Explain between autonomous investment and induced investment. 8. Working multiplier – full concept.
9. Explain psychological law of consumption. 9. What are difference between MEC and MEI?
10. Write uses of Multiplier. 10. Explain – Fisher Quantity theory of money.

l
11. How equilibrium between interest and Investment? 11. What are the functions of money?

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12. What are the determinants of Investment function? 12. What are the phases of trade cycle?
13. What is money supply?
13. What are the functions of commercial bank and central bank?
14. Write Cambridge Equations?
14. What are the difference between International trade and internal Trade?
a

a
15. What are the types of inflations?
15. Explain Full concept of comparative cost theory and Absolute cost theory.
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16. What are the objectives of demonetizations?
16. What are the objectives of IMF and its functions?
17. What are the functions of NABARD?
17. Write shorts on : I. SAARC II. BRICS
18. Explain difference between money market and capital market.
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18. What are the principles of federal finance?
19. What are the objectives of FDI?
19. Explain the types of deficit in budget.
20. What are the difference between classical theory and Modern theory of trade?
a

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20. What are the scopes of public finance?
21. What are the difference between BOT and BOP?
21. Air pollution – Full concept.
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22. What are the functions of SAARC?
23. What are the objectives of ASEAN? 22. What are the concept of externality and & its classifications?

24. Explain canons of taxations. 23. What are the types of economic planning?
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25. What are features of taxations? 24. Explain the argument of planning.
26. What are the difference direct tax and indirect tax? 25. Explain the theory of balance material model.
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27. What are the functions of modern state? 26. Focus on Correlation & Regression type of sums and theory.
28. Explain type of Air Pollutions. 27. Explain natures and scope of statistics and scatter diagrams (Correlation).
w

29. What are the causes of water pollution?

30. What is E-Waste?
31. Short notes on: I. Climate change
32. What are the functions of NITI Aayog?
II. Acid Rain w 28. Focus on Standard deviation sums.

************

33. What are the case for planning?

34. Write major causes of vicious circle of poverty with flow chart.
35. Evolutions of planning in India.

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 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
1 – Rise of Nationalism in India
2 – MARKS
1. When did Gandhi return to India from South Africa? 1. What is nationalism ?
(a) 1915 (b) 1916 (c) 1917 (d) 1918 Nationalism means loyalty and devotion to a nation.
2. In which year English Education was introduced in India? It is a consciousness to exalt and place one nation above all others.
(a) 1825 (b) 1835 (c) 1845 (d) 1855 Emphasising promotion of its culture and interests in a nations.
3. Find the odd one.
(a) William Jones (b) Charles Wilkins (c) Max Muller (d) Aurobindo Ghose 2. Describe the implications of the new land tenures?
4. „Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it‟ was said…………… Agricultural produce was predominantly for the market.
(a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak (b) Dadabhai Naoroji The land was converted into a commodity for sale.
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose (d) Bharathi Agriculture was commercialized.
5. Match and choose the correct answer from the code given below.
(A) Bala Gangadhar Tilak- 1. Voice of India 3. Write a note on Indigo revolt?
(B) Dadabhai Naoroji – 2. Madras Time The farmers paid less than the market price for indigo cultivation.
(C) Macaulay - 3. Kesari
The peasants rebelled against this (1859-60).
(D) William Digby - 4. Minute on Indian Education Code
(a) 2, 4, 1, 3 (b) 3, 1, 4, 2 (c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1 As a result the planters were expelled from North Bengal.
6. Which one of the following is correctly matched?
(a) English Education Act - 1843 (b) The abolition of slavery – 1859 4. Discuss the importance of Illbert Bill.
(c) Madras Native Association - 1852 (d) Indigo revolt - 1835 The Indian judges were empowered to try europeans through this Bill.
7. Which is the correct chronological sequence of the following associations? The bill was amended by european opposition.
(i) East India Association (ii) Madras Mahajana Sabha The Ilbert Bill controversy was a cause of the rise of Indian nationalism.
(iii) Madras Native Association (iv) The Servants of India Society
(a) ii, i, iii, iv (b) ii, iii, i, iv (c) iii, iv, i, ii (d) iii, iv, ii, i 5. Highlight the contribution of missionaries to modern education.
8. The Indian National Congress was founded by They taught modern education to Indians.
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose (b) Gandhi (c) A.O. Hume (d) B.G. Tilak They taught secular education.
9. The first President of the Indian National Congress was It also provided education to the deprived and marginalised sections of the people.
(a) Surendranath Bannerjea (b) Badruddin Tyabji (c) A.O. Hume (d) W.C. Bonnerjee
10. Who was called the „Grand Old Man of India?
(a)Bala Gangadhar Tilak (b) M.K. Gandhi 6. What were the grievances represented by the Madras Native Association in their petition to
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji (d) Subhash Chandra Bose the British Parliament?
11. Who wrote the book - „Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India‟ ? They pointed out the flaws of the Ryatwari and Zamindari systems.
(a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak (b) Gopala Krishna Gokhale It urged the revival of the ancient village system.
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji (d) M.G. Ranade They also mentioned about judicial system which was slow, complicated.
12. Assertion (A): The British Government pursued a policy of free trade (or) laissez fair.
Reason (R): India had comparative advantage from England's free trade policy. 7. Make a list of the important political associations formed in India prior to the Indian
(a) A is correct but R does not explain A. (b) A is correct and R explains A. National Congress.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect. (d) Both A and R are wrong. Madras Native Association. Indian Association.
13. Which of the following statements are correct on Orissa famine? East India Association, Madras Mahajana Sabha.
Statement I: In 1866 a million and a half people of Orissa died of starvation.
Statement II: During that time the British exported 200 million pounds of rice to Britain.
Statement III: The Orissa famine prompted Dadabai Naoroji to begin a life long 8. Identify the prominent early Indian nationalists.
investigation of poverty in India. W C. Bonnerjee , BadruddinTyabji, Surendranath Banerjee.
(a) I & II (b) I & III (c) None of the above (d) All of the above Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopala Krishna Gokhale, M.G. Ranade.
Bipin Chandra Pal, BalGangadharTilak, LalaLajpatRai and Aurobindo Ghose.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3 – MARKS
1. Analyse Macaulay's „Minute on Indian Education‟.
English education system was introduced in India drafted by T.B.Macaulay.
 Macaulay wrote his famous „Minute on Indian Education‟ in 1835.
He wanted the Indians to be English in will, morals and in intellect'.
Consequently, the government started schools, colleges in English.
2. What do you know of the Madras visit of the chairman of Indian Reform Society in 1853?
The Madras Native Association presented its grievances before British Parliament.
The MNA petition was discussed in the Britain Parliament.
To investigate this petition, H. D. Seymour came to Madras.
He visited places like Guntur, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem and Tirunelveli.
3. Point out the role played by press in creating nationalist consciousness in British India.
It spread the modern ideas of autonomy, democracy, etc.
They criticized politics.
It addressed the people on several issues affecting the country .
They taught people important issues of public interest.
4. Describe the way in which indentured labour was organized in British India?
The colonial state allowed agents (kanganis) to trick or kidnap indigent labourers.
Many impoverished peasants and weavers went hoping to earn some money.
Under this system, the workers were contracted for a period of five years.
They worked in the coffee and tea plantations of Sri Lanka.
5. Name the prominent participants in the inaugural meeting of Madras MahajanaSabha held
in May 1884?
 G. Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu.
Rangiah, BalajiRao, Salem Ramaswamy.
6. Attempt a brief account of early emigration of labourers to Ceylon.
In 1815, the Governor of Ceylon asked the Governor of Madras to send "wages" to work
in Ceylon Plantations.
But famines in 1833 and 1843 forced people to migrate.
So Indians went to work as labourers in the coffee and tea plantations of Sri Lanka.
Due to the famine of 1877, a large number of Tamil labourers were employed in Ceylon.
7. What were the items which constituted Home Charges?
The share to be paid to the shareholders of the company.
Guaranteed interest to investors in railways.
Pensions to retired officials and generals.
Interest for the money borrowed from England to meet war expenses.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5 – MARKS
1. Discussthe impact of Western education on Indian Middle Class, highlighting the latter‟s
role in reforming and regenerating Indian Society.
Impact of the Western education :
Impact of the Western education in India, a modern Indian Intellectuals were emerged.
Traders, landlords, Doctors and lawyers were included in the new division.
They initially had a cordial approach to the British administration.
They soon realized that their wishes were fulfilled only in independent India.
It's role in reforming and regenerating Indian Society :
They played a prominent role in promoting Nationalism amongst the people.
They learned philosophical ideas like nationalism, democracy and socialism.
They formed Various forums for The right of a free press, the right of free speech and the
right of association.
They realized the need for reforming the society.
Rajaram mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghosh and Gokhale led the
Political, Social and Religious movements of India.
Abolition of sati and child marriage and widow remarriage became the main concerns for
these reformers.
2. Examine the Socio-economic causes for the rise of nationalism British in India.
Implications of the New Land Tenures :
The British destroyed the traditional basis of Indian land system.
The British fixed the land revenue in cash, during the fall in prices and droughts or
floods.
Agriculture was commercialized. But there was no improvement in the lives of the
peasants.
Impact of the laissez faire policy :
The British Government pursued a policy of free trade or laissez faire.
As a result India became a Purchase area for the raw material such like cotton, jute and
silks.
Gradually Indian handloom products and handicrafts lost there market.
As a result the weavers, the cotton dressers, the carpenters, and the blacksmiths out of
employment.
Impact of the Famines :
The British extended their policy of non-intervention (laissez faire) even to famines.
As a result, millions of people died of starvation during the Raj.
Sadly when people were dying of starvation millions of tonnes of wheat was exported to
Britain.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3. To what extent the repressive and racist policy measures of the British were responsible 2 – Rise of Extremism and Swedeshi Movement
for the national awakening in India.
Indian civil service examination : 1 . In the Surat session of the Congress, whose name was proposed by militant nationalists for
The systematic exclusion of the Indians from higher official positions came to be looked the next Congress Presidency?
upon as an anti-Indian policy measure. A. Aurobindo Ghose B. Dadabhai Naoroji C. Pherozesha Mehta D. Lala Lajpat Rai
2. Which of the statements given below is/are correct?
When civil service examinations were introduced the age limit was fixed at 21.
(i) The partition of Bengal in 1905 was the most striking example of the British divide and
To debarring the Indians from entering the civil services, the age limit was reduced to 19. rule policy.
Repressive Laws : (ii) In the Calcutta meeting 1905, Surendranath Banerjea gave a call for the boycott of
Repressive regulations like Section 124A of the I.P.C (1870). British goods and institutions.
The Vernacular Press Act (1878) (iii) On 7 August 1905 at Town Hall meeting a formal proclamation of Swadeshi
Above the Laws provoked protests. Movement was made.
Exploitative Measures : (a) (i) only (b) (i) and (iii) only (c) (i) and (ii) only (d) All of the above.
Abolition of custom duty on cotton manufactures imported from England. 3. Match List I and List II and select answer with the help of the codes given below.
But same time in India the excise duty on cotton fabrics manufactured. A. Indian Press Act 1910 - 1. Self-rule
B. Dawn Society - 2. a revolt against their state of dependence
Ilbert Bill :
C. Swaraj - 3. crushed the nationalistic activities
The Indian judges were empowered to try europeans through this Bill. D. Swadeshi - 4. The National Council of education
The bill was amended by european opposition. (a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 1 2 3 4 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 2 4 3
The Ilbert Bill controversy was a cause of the rise of Indian nationalism. 4. Which one of the following is correctly paired?
(a) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee – Anandmath (b) G. Subramaniam - Dawn Society
4. Explain the objectives of the Indian National Congress and contributions of the early (c) Lord Minto - The University Act of 1904 (d) Epicentre of militant nationalism - Madras
nationalists to the cause of India‟s liberation from the colonial rule. 5. Anushilan Samity of Calcutta was founded by
The objectives of the Indian National Congress (a) Pulin Behari Das (b) Hemachandra Kanungo
Opportunity for participation in the government. (c) Jatindernath Banerjee and Barindar Kumar Ghose
(d) Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki
The land revenue should be reduced and the farmers should be protected from Zamindars.
6. Assertion (A): 16 October 1905 was declared as a day of mourning.
The imposition of heavy tax on the imported goods. Reason (R): That day Bengal was officially divided into two provinces.
I.C.S. examinations should be conducted simultaneously in England and India. (a) A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
The complete separation of the Executive and the Judiciary. (b) A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
Contributions of the early nationalists (c) A is correct and R is wrong. (d) A is wrong and R is correct.
The early nationalists in the INC came from the elite sections of the society. 7. Assertion (A): V.O. Chidambaram established a Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company.
These leaders of the INC adopted the constitutional methods of presenting petitions, Reason (R): He wanted to oppose the monopoly of the British in navigation through the
prayers and memorandums. coast
Later, Bal GangadharTilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, LalaLajpatRai were advocating radical (a) A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
approaches.
(c) A is correct and R is wrong (d) A is wrong and R is correct
The method of mass mobilisation and boycott of British goods and institutions 8. Which of the following statement is not true about Subramania Bharati?
suggested by the radicals. (a) Bharati was the sub–editor of Swadesamitran
Through the press, they explained to the people the oppressive policies of the British. (b) He translated Tilak‟s Tenets of the New Party into Tamil
Both moderates and militants, contributed towards the making of the swadeshi (c) Bharati‟s Gurumani was Swami Vivekananda
movement. (d) He was editor of a woman‟s magazine by name Chakravartini

2 - MARKS

1. What was called the mendicant policy of the Moderates?

Cautious approach. Prayers. Petitions.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
2. How did M.G. Ranade explain the idea of Swadeshi?
 Swadeshi means „of one‟s own country‟.
Priority should be given to the products of the own country.
The products should be given priority even if they are less satisfactory.
3. Identify the leaders of the epicenters of militant nationalism in British India
BalGangadharTilak. Bipin Chandra Pal. LalaLajpatRai.
4. Why was militant nationalism was on the decline by 1908?.
The nationalism glued with the Hindu beliefs was not accepted by the Muslims.
The leaders of the swadeshi movement failed to penetrate the larger section of the
society.
The Surat split of 1907 was another contributing factor to this decline.
5. What were the repressive measures adopted by the colonial government to crush the
nationalist movements?
The Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908)
The Explosives Substances Act (1908).
The Indian Press Act (1910).
The Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act (1911).
3 - MARK
1. Give an account of the proceedings of Surat session that ended in the split of the Congress.
The question of four resolutions passed at the Calcutta Conference intensified.
The Pherozeshah Mehta group sought removal of those items from the agenda.
So the militants decided to oppose the election of Rash Behari Gosh as president.
The session ended in chaos. Now INC split into two groups – militant and moderate.
2. Explain the reasons for the spurt in individual acts of violence during the Swadeshi
movement.
The apolitical constructive programmes had little acceptance among the youth.
Failure to involve young people in a protracted mass struggle.
The revolutionary action was considered an attempt to restore The Indian heroism.
Which the revolutionaries believed was often challenged by the British.
3. Highlight the methods used by samitis for mass mobilization.
Samitis taught members exercise and morals.
Samitis Served during famines and epidemics.
It established the Local schools and tribunals.
Its aim was to refuse to cooperate with the British administration.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
4. What do you know of Coral Mill Strike of 1908?
The abject working and living conditions of the Coral Mill workers attracted the
attention of V.O.C and Siva.
The workers, who were inspired by the two speeches, went on strike.
The mill owners and government had decided to suppress the strike.
Finally the mill owners decided to accept the workers demands.
5. Outline the essence of the Alipore Bomb Case.
Aurobindo Ghose, along with his brother and thirty-five other comrades, were arrested.
Chittaranjan Das took up the case.
Aurobindo Ghosh was released because there was no evidence of conspiracy.
The case portrayed revolutionary nationalists as heroes.
6. Write about the swadeshi venture of V.O. C.
 He opposition to the monopoly of the British in navigation through the coast.
So he registered a joint stock company called The Swadeshi Steam Navigation
Company.
V.O.C. purchased two steamships, S.S. Gallia and S.S. Lawoe.
He used the maritime glory of India‟s past for the Swadeshi venture in the sea.
7. Why was Collector Ashe killed by Vanchinathan.
The repressive measures of the British administration.
Repression of the Swadeshi efforts in Tuticorin.
The arrest and humiliation of the swadeshi leaders.
To avenge for the Tirunelveli event.
5 – MARKS
1. Attempt an account of Swadshi movement in Tamilnadu.
Beginning of Swadeshi Movement:
The Swadeshi movement in Tamil Nadu had an all India flavour.
It was also underpinned by Tamil - pride and consciousness.
Initially, the movement gained more reaction to the partition of Bengal.
Development of Vernacular Oratory :
The vernacular oratory had a huge impact on the mass politics in Tamil Nadu.
Europeans in public places were greeted by the students with shouts of Vande Mataram.
The both Tamil and English press supported the Swadeshi movement.
V.O.C. and Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company :
During the swadeshi movement ,V.O.C. purchased two steamships, S.S. Gallia and S.S.
Lawoe.
He educating to the people about swadeshi and the boycott.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM

The swadeshi leaders in Tamil Nadu planned to celebrate the day of Bipin Chandra Pal‟s 4. Who founded the Banaras Hindu University?
release as „Swarajya Day‟ in Tirunelveli. (a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Madan Mohan Malaviya (c) Tilak (d) B.P. Wadia
Subramania Bharati: 5. The Lucknow session of 1916 is noted for
Radical nationalist methods were more acceptable to the Bharati to counter the British (a) Resurgence of Muslim League (b) Temporary merger of Muslims League into Congress
(c) Congress‟ acceptance of League‟s demand for separate electorates for Muslims
rule.
(d) Jinnah‟s negative role in the joint-session of the League and the Congress
He translated into Tamil Tilak‟s Tenets of the New Party. 6. Match the following with the help of codes given below
He published a booklet on the Madras militants‟ trip to the Surat Congress in 1907. (A) Ghadar Party - (i) 1916
Bharati edited a Tamil weekly India, which became the voice of the radicals. (B) New India - (ii) 1913
(C) Home Rule - (iii) 1909
2. Write about the role played by V.O. Chidambaram in Indian National Movement. (D) Minto-Morley Reforms- (iv) 1915
Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company : (a) ii, iv, i, iii b) iv, i, ii, iii (c) i, iv, iii, ii (d) ii, iii, iv, i
7. The author of the book Indian Unrest was
 He opposition to the monopoly of the British in navigation through the coast.
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai (b) Valentine Chirol (c) Tilak (d) Annie Besant
So he registered a joint stock company called The Swadeshi Steam Navigation 8. The Ghadar Party was started by
Company. (a) Lala Lajpat Rai (b) A.C. Mazumdar (c) Lala Hardayal (d) Sankarlal Banker.
V.O.C. purchased two steamships, S.S. Gallia and S.S. Lawoe. 9. Who was the president of the first All-India Trade Union Congress?
He used the maritime glory of India‟s past for the Swadeshi venture in the sea. (a) B.P. Wadia (b) Jawaharlal Nehru (c) Lala Lajpat Rai (d) C.R. Das
The Coral Mill Strike :
The abject working and living conditions of the Coral Mill workers attracted the 2 - MARKS
attention of V.O.C and Siva.
The workers, who were inspired by the their speeches, went on strike. 1. What were the repressive measures adopted by colonial government to crush the growing
The mill owners and government had decided to suppress the strike. nationalist movement during 1903-1914?
But finally the mill owners decided to accept the workers demands. The Criminal Intelligence Department (CID) 1903. * The Newspapers Act (1908)
Celebrating the release of Bipin Chandrapal: The Explosives Substances Act (1908), * The Indian Press Act (1910)
He planned to celebrate the day of Bipin Chandra Pal‟s release as „Swarajya Day‟ in The Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act (1911) * The Foreigners Ordinance (1914)
Tirunelveli.
As a result, he was arrested. 2. What was the background for the launch of the Khilafat movement?
V.O.C. got a life term (20 years) for abetting him.
End of the first world war the allied powers decided to end the caliphate.
He got another life sentence for his own seditious speech.
So the Ali brothers started a Khalifat Movement.
The aim was to the support the Ottoman Empire.
3 - Impact of World War I on Indian Freedom Movement
3. Name the book and weekly published by Annie Besant.
1. The Home Rule Movement in south India was started by
(a) Tilak (b) Annie Besant (c) B.P. Wadia (d) Col. H.S. Olcott Name the book : How India Wrought for Freedom
2. Which of the following about Annie Besant are correct? Name the book weekly magazine : Commonweal
1. Annie Besant was elected the international president of the Theosophical Society, after
Col. H.S. Olcott. 4. Describe the Defence of India Act, 1915.
2. She started a weekly The Commonweal in 1914. Its also referred to as the Defence of India Regulations Act.
3. She published a book How India Wrought for Freedom in 1915. The Act allowed suspects to be tried by special tribunals.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 Three Commissioners were appointed for this act by the Local Government.
3. Assertion: Sarojini Ammaiyar called Jinnah „the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity‟.
Reason: Jinnah was the chief architect of the Lucknow pact.
(a) A is correct R does not explain A. (b) A is correct and R explanations A.
(c) A is wrong and R is correct. (d) Both A and R are wrong
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3 - MARKS
1. Discuss the twin objectives of the Home Rule League?
The establishment of Home Rule for India in British Empire.
Arousing in the Indian masses a sense of pride for the Motherland.
Annie Besant organized public meetings and conferences to spread the idea.
In 1916, two Home Rule Movements were launched in the country.
2. Why is Ghadar Movement considered an important episode in India‟s freedom struggle.
A ship named Komagatamaru, filled with Indian immigrants was back from Canada.
When the ship returned to India, there was a clash with the British police.
In this clash several passengers were killed or arrested .
This incident left a deep impression on the Indian nationalist movement.
3. What were the demands of the Khilafat Movement presented to the Paris peace
conference held in March 1920?
The Sultan of Turkey's position of Caliph should not be disturbed.
The Muslim sacred places must be handed over to the Sultan.
The Sultan must be left with sufficient territory.
The Jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine) must remain under his sovereignty.
4. What was the impact and significance of the Madras Labour Union?
 This union was formed mainly due to the ill-treatment of Indian workers.
This union adopted collective bargaining.
It used trade unionism as a weapon for class struggle.
This wave spread to other parts of India.
5- MARKS
1. Highlight the important provisions of Lucknow Pact.
Provinces should be free as much as possible in administration and finance.
Four-fifths of the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils should be elected.
one- fifth of the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils should be nominated.
Four-fifths of the provincial and central legislatures were to be elected on the franchise.
Half the executive council members were to be Indians elected by the councils
themselves.
The Congress also agreed to separate electorates for Muslims in provincial council
elections.
The Governments, Central and Provincial, should be act in with resolutions passed by
their Legislative Councils.
The resolution was passed again after an interval of not less than one year, it should be
put into effect.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
2. Narrate the work done by two Home Rule Movements one under Tilak and another under
AnniBesant.
Home Rule Movement under Tilak :
Tilak inaugurated the Home Rule League at Belgaum in April 1916.
Tilak's League was organised as six branches.
Tilak popularised the demand for Home Rule through his lectures.
Tilak's movement gained popularity in parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka.
On 23 July 1916 Tilak was arrested for propagating the idea of Home Rule.
Home Rule Movement under Annie Besant:
Besant inaugurated the Home Rule League at Madras in September 1916.
She made an extensive tour and spread the idea of Home Rule.
She declared that "the price of India's loyalty is India's Freedom".
As Besant‟s Home Rule Movement became very popular in Madras.
So Students were barred from attending its meetings.
Annie Besant and her associates were arrested by the British government in Ooty.
4 - Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation
1. Who was the political guru of Gandhiji?
(a) Tilak ( b ) Gokhale (c) W.C.Bannerjee ( d ) M.G. Ranade
2. After returning from South Africa Gandhi launched his first successful Satyagraha in
(a) Kheda (b) Dandi (c) Champaran (d) Bardoli
3. Why was the Simon Commission boycotted by the Congress?
(a) There was no recommendation for bestowing dominion status on India in its report.
(b) It did not provide any safeguards for minorities.
(c) It had excluded Indians from its fold.
(d) It did not hold any promise for total independence
4. When was the tri-colour flag of freedom hoisted?
(a) December 31, 1929 (b) March 12, 1930 (c) January 26, 1930 (d) January 26, 1931
5. What was the name of the party formed by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das in 1923?
(a) Swaraj Party (b) Ghadar Party (c) Swantara Party (d) Communist Party
6. Match List I with List II and select answer from the codes given below
(A) The Namasudra Movement - 1. North Western India
(B) The Adidharma Movement - 2. South India
(C) The Satyashodhak Movement - 3. Eastern India
(D) The Dravidian Movement - 4. Western India codes
(a) 3, 1, 4, 2 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3 (c) 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
7. Arrange the different stages of Non Cooperation Movement in chronological order.
1. The most heinous of political crime was perpetrated on an unarmed mass by the British
regime at Amritsar town.
2. Rowlatt Act was promulgated to imprison any person without trial by a law court.
3. Chauri Chaura incident of mob violence made Gandhi announce the suspension of Non-
Cooperation Movement.
4. A special session held at Calcutta resolved to accept Gandhi‟s proposal on
noncooperation with the colonial state.
(a) 2, 1, 4, 3 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4 (c) 2, 4, 1, 3 (d) 3, 2, 4, 1
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
8. Which of the following is not correctly paired? 4. Write about Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha.
(a) Lt. Governor of Punjab - Reginad Dyer (b) Dalit-Bahujan Movement - Dr. Ambedkar Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha was founded by Dr.Ambedkar.
(c) Self Respect Movement - Periyar E.V.R. (d) Satyagraha Sabha - Rowlatt Act This mean Association for the welfare of excluded.
9. Arrange the launching of the following events in chronological order Its main Aim was to secure the removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
i) The Kheda Satyagraha ii) Champran Movement
iii) Non-Brahman Movement iv) Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha
(a) ii, iii, i, iv (b) iii, ii, i, iv (c) ii, i, iv, iii (d) ii, i, iii, iv 5. Why was the Rowlatt Act opposed by the nationalists?
10. Which of the following is/are not true? This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
i. Gandhiji established Sabarmathi Ashram at Ahmedabad. The elected central legislature members also opposing this bill.
ii. Vallabhai Patel was a lawyer So Gandhiji's „Satyagraha Sabha‟ pledged to disobey the Act first.
iii. Simon Commission was welcomed by the Muslim League
iv. Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference
(a) i (b) i and iv (c) ii and iii (d) only iii 6. What do you know of the Mahad Satyagraha launched by Dr.Ambedkhar.
11. Non-Cooperation movement included Its establish for the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells.
(A) boycott of government schools and colleges (B) return of government conferred titles Ambedkar‟s intellectual and public activities drew the attention of all.
(C) observing protest fasts (D) conducting underground movements He lashed out at the Indian National Congress and the British officials.
(a) A and B (b) B and C (c) A and D (d) C and D
12. Assertion (A) : B.R. Ambedkar launched Mahad Satyagraha.
Reason (R) : He wanted to unite Hindus and Muslims. 7.What was agreed upon according to Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
(a) A is correct R explains A (b) A is correct does not explain R The government agreed to allow people to make salt for their consumption.
(c) A is correct and R is wrong (d) A wrong and R is correct. Release political prisoners who had not indulged in violence.
13. Assertion (A): The Indian Council Act and the Rowlatt Act were passed in 1919. Permitted the picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops.
Reason (R): It was part of the British policy of winning over the moderates and isolating
the extremists
3 - MARKS
(a) Both A and R are correct R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct and R is wrong (d) A wrong and R is correct. 1. Write a note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
14. Which of the under mentioned personality is unrelated to Swaraj Party? The people had assembled at the Jallianwala Bagh to protest peacefully against the arrest
(a) Rajaji (b) Chitaranjan Das (c) Motilal Nehru (d) Sathya murthi of their leaders. ( Satyapal and Saifudding Kitchlew).
15. Gandhi set out on the March and reached Dandi on This Jallianwala Bagh ground was held had only one narrow entrance.
(a) 6th April 1930 (b) 6th March 1930 (c) 4th April 1939 (d) 4th March 1930
Dyer ordered firing on the crowd, Until the ammunition was empty.
While the official figures of the dead was only about 379.
2 - MARKS
1. How was the visit of Prince of Wales to India received?
2. Write about the Dyarchy in provinces.
The visit of Prince of Wales to several cities in India was boycotted.
Under this „Dyarchy.‟ law and order and finance were „reserved‟ for the whitemen.
The government's calculation that the prince of Wales would induce the spirit of loyalty
They were directly under the control of the Governors.
of the Indian people proved wrong.
The local bodies like health and education were transferred to representatives of India.
Workers and peasants had gone on strike across the country.
Ministers holding „transferred subjects‟ were responsible to the legislatures.
2. Who were the local leaders to accompany Gandhiji to Champran ?
Rajendra Prasad, MazharulHuq, AcharyaKripalani , Mahadeva Desai. 3. What is the importance of the Poona Pact?
The communal award was modified.
3. Why was Servants of India Society founded? The Poona Pact took away separate electorates.
Servants of India Society founded for train Indians of welfare work. Reservation of seats was guaranteed.
It worked for the welfare of the backward and tribal people. This reservation seats was incorporated in the constitutional changes which were made.
Its members were involved in relief and literacy.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. “The leaders of the non-Brahman movement were using the same tactics as the early
Nationalist in dealing with the colonial government.” Elaborate.
Non Brahmin leaders who questioned the supremacy of the Brahmins and other
‘superior’ castes.
These leaders pleaded with the government through their associations for justice.
In this way, these leaders followed the path of the early Nationalists.
The colonial government made use of the grievances of the non-Brahmins to divide and
rule India.
6. Point out the difference between pro-changers and no changers.
Pro-changers No changers
They proposed a new line of activity. They wanted to continue the Gandhian line.
They wanted council entry. They opposed council entry.
They wanted to activate entry into They argued that electoral politicswould
electoral politics. divert the attention of nationalists.
7. Write about Communal Award of British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.
A meeting between Gandhi and Ambedkar on the separate electorates ended in failure.
During the Second RTC also, the discussion on this issue remained inconclusive.
So the British government announced Communal Award in August 1932.
Ambedkar‟s demands for separate electorates with reserved seats were conceded.
7. Why was the Congress banned in the aftermath of the unsuccessful conclusion of three
round table conferences?
The Congress resolved on renewing the civil disobedience movement.
The peasants and Workers protested all over the country.
All key leaders including Nehru, Khan Abdul Gafar Khan and finally Gandhi were all
arrested.
So the Congress was banned. Special laws were enacted to crush the agitations.
5 – MARKS
1. Discuss the context of launching of the Non-Cooperation movement and its outcome.
launching of the Non-Cooperation.
The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-
cooperation movement.
It was decided to adhere to this non cooperation till the establishment of self-government.
To decided the boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices.
To decided that return in government conferred titles and awards.
The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Impact of the Non-Cooperation movement
Schools, colleges and vidyapeethas were established by the natives.
Several leading lawyers gave up their practice.
The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 to several cities in India was also boycotted.
Workers and peasants had gone on strike across the country.
The Government dealt with repression as usual.
2. In what way was the Civil Disobedient Movement different from Non-cooperation Movement?
Non-cooperation Movement
It was started with the aim of establishing an Self government.
The non cooperation movement has both a positive and negative approaches.
In the positive scheme included the Swadeshi, khadi spinning, and Hindu muslim Unity.
The negative approach included the legislative, judicial and foreign boycott.
During this Movement, Riots and poor violence were held.
Civil Disobedient Movement :
It Started with the goal of achieving complete independence.
It was a ethical protest against the unjust tax on salt.
Many Indians were joined Gandhi in defiance of the ban on the production of salt.
It was symbolic of the refusal of Indians to be under the repressive colonial government
and its unjust laws.
This Movement was a struggle based on non violent crusaders.
3. Estimate the role of Mahathma Gandhi in the Indian Freedom Struggle.
Gandhiji's early struggles:
The first attempt at mobilizing the Indian masses was made by Gandhi on an invitation
by peasants of Champaran.
He fought in support of ahmedabad factory workers and got a 35% wage increase.
He got exempted the farmers of Kheda district from paying land tax for failiure of the
monsoon.
Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement:
Gandhi called upon the people to observe „hartal‟ in 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.
He combined it with the Khilafat issue which brought Hindus and Muslims together.
The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-
cooperation movement.
Gandhi promised Swaraj, if Indians participated in the non-cooperation movement on
non-violent mode within a year.
The Civil Disobedience Movement and the Poona Pact :
As a part of the civil disobedience movement Gandhi started „Dandi March‟.
He violated the Salt Tax Act by march from the Sabarmati Ashram to the Dandi.
Gandhiji went on a fast unto death to protest against the communal reservation given by
the British.
Later, the Poona Pact was signed between Gandhiji and Ambedkar.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Individual Satyagraha and Quit India Movement:
During the second world war, Gandhi decided the way of individual Satyagraha in
India.
Individual Satyagraha was the Congress response to the August offer.
In 1942, gandhi rejected the Cripps propossal, and started the Quit India Movement.
He said to the people, "Do it or die."
4. Sketch the educational career of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar with particular focus on his
activism to secure social justice to the depressed classes?
Ambedkar’s Ideology :
Ambedkar was always concerned about the education and employment of Dalits.
His famous slogan was “Educate, unite, struggle”.
He wanted to use education to establish justice, equality, fraternity, in society.
He also demanded scholarships for Dalit students.
Mahad Satyagraha :
Its establish for the civic right of the untouchables to public tanks and wells.
Ambedkar‟s intellectual and public activities drew the attention of all.
He lashed out at the Indian National Congress and the British officials.
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha :
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha was founded by Dr.Ambedkar.
This mean Association for the welfare of excluded.
Its main Aim was to secure the removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.
Poona Pact :
The Poona Pact was signed between Gandhiji and Ambedkar.
As a result the communal award was modified.
This Poona Pact took away separate electorates.
But Reservation of seats was guaranteed.
5 - Period of Radicalism in Anti-imperialist Struggles
1. Communist Party of India was formed in the year
(a) 1920 (b) 1925 (c) 1930 (d) 1935
2. Kalpana Dutt was associated with
(a) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (b) Bengal Association
(c) Communist Party of India (d) Indian Republican Army
3. Match the following
(A) Kanpur Conspiracy Case - 1. Fundamental rights
(B) Meerut Conspiracy Case - 2. Surya Sen
(C) Chittagong Armoury Ride - 3. 1929
(D) Karachi Session of Indian National Congress - 4. 1924
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 3, 4, 1 (c) 3, 4, 1, 2 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1 .
4. Who died in jail after 64 days of hunger strike?
(a) Pulin Das (b) Sachin Sanyal (c) Jatindra Nath Das (d) Preet Waddadar
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. Which of the following about Great Depression are true?
(i) It started in North America (ii) The crash in the Wall Street triggered the Depression
(iii) Depression hit only the rich
(iv) Labourers enjoyed better living conditions during the Depression because of fall inprices.
(a) i and ii (b) i, ii and iii (c) i and iv (d) i, iii and iv
6. The First Cotton Mill in Bombay was started in
(a) 1852 (b) 1854 (c) 1861 (d) 1865
7. Find out which of the following statements are correct with the help of the the code given
below.
(a) Chittagong Armoury Raiders‟ Reminiscences was written by Kalpana Dutt.
(b) Kalpana Dutt fought carrying guns for the liberation of her mother land.
(c) She was charged with „waging war against the King Emperor‟.
(a) Only I (b) I and II (c) II and III (d) all the above
8. The first passenger train ran in 1853 between
(a) Madras – Arakkonam (b) Bombay – Pune (c) Bombay – Thane (d) Kolkata – Hoogly
9. The first Jute Mill in Calcutta was founded in
a) 1855 (b) 1866 (c) 1877 (d) 1888
10. Who among the following was arrested in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case?
(a) M.N. Roy (b) Baghat Singh (c) S.A. Dange (d) Ram Prasad Bismil
11. Which of the following statements about the Kanpur conspiracy case are true?
(i) Trade unions emerged in the jute and cotton textile industries.
(ii) The Communists and trade unionists were charged
(iii) The case came before session Judge H.E. Holmer
(iv) The trial and the imprisonment led to some awareness of the Congress activities in
India Codes
(a) i, ii and iii (b) i, iii and iv (c) ii, iii and iv (d) i, ii and iv
2 - MARKS
1. Name the three British communists sent by the Communist Party of Great Britain to
help build the party in India.
Philip Spratt, Ban Bradley, Lester Hutchinson.
2. Identify the persons who appeared and defended the accused in the Meerut Conspiracy Case.
K.F. Nariman and M.C. Chagla.
3. What do you know of the notorious Sessions Judge of Gorakhpur H.E. Holmes?
 He was the judge who tried the Kanpur Conspiracy Case.
 He had already tried the Chauri Chaura case.
 He sentenced 172 farmers to death in this case
4. Which incident was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case?
Saunders murder case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case.
In this case Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, JatindraNath Das and 21 others were
Arrested.
In this case that Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. Why is J.N. Tata called the father of Indian modern industry?
He was the first successful Indian entrepreneur, so he called the father of Indian modern
industry.
His trading company evolved into the Tata Group.
He called one of his factories established in Bombay as "Swadeshi".
3 - MARKS
1. Explain how Surya Sen organised the Chitagong Armoury Raid.
He planned a rebellion to occupy Chittagong in a guerrilla-style operation.
They planned to cut off all communication networks to isolate the region.
Simultaneous attacks were launched on telegraph offices, the armoury and the police
barracks.
Finally the Chittagong armouries were raided on the night of 18 April 1930.
2. Write a short note on TISCO.
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) – was set up by the Tatas in 1907.
It was set up by a part of swadeshi effort.
In 1912–13 Its production was 31,000 tons.
Its production increased to 1,81,000 tons in 1917–18.
3. Write about the contribution of Singaravelu to the promotion of trade unionism in South
India.
Along with Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram, he organised many trade unions in South India.
He organised the first ever celebration of May Day in the country (1923).
He attending Communist Conference of different communist groups.(1925).
He was one of the main organisers of the strike in South Indian Railways (1928).
5 – MARKS
1. Discuss Bhagat Singh‟s radical strand of nationalism, and his revolutionary activitsm that
led to his hanging.
Bhagat Singh's early activities:
He was associated with the Naujawan Bharat Sabha and the Hindustan Republican
Association.
He was one of the leader in the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
Bhagat Singh’s Bomb Throwing :
The British Government decided to introduce the Trade Disputes Bill against the
workers.
Bhagat Singh and his friends bombed the Central Assembly on the day the bill was
introduced.
But the bombs did not kill anybody.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Lahore Conspiracy Case :
Bhagat Singh and his commerades were arrested in Saunders murder case.
This case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case.
In this case that Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death.
In 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in the Lahore Jail.
Bhagat Singh's slogans:
He said, „the days of capitalism and imperialism are numbered.
He also said, Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind.
Until his last breath, he shouting Inquilab Zindabad.
2. Write an account of the industrial development in colonial India during 1919-1939.
Development of weaving industry:
After a short slug the output of textile industry began to pick up.
During the interwar period, the number of looms and spindles increased considerably.
After the Great Depression, the proportion had fallen to 20.5 percent.
Development of shipping industry :
The Scindia Steamship Company was a pioneer in the shipping industry.
In 1939, they also bought the British Bombay Steamship Company.
Development of other industries:
Other two industries which registered impressive growth were sugar and cement.
During the inter-war period, many machineries, aircrafts, locomotives industries were
started.
Industrial Development in Tamil Nadu:
A cement factory started at Madukkarai in Coimbatore district.
The number of sugar factories increased from 2 to 11.
The number of rice mills, oil mills and cinema enterprise increased.
3. Examine the importance of Karachi session of India National Congress in articulating the
socio- economic political aspirations, under the pressure of Great Depression.
In the context of great agrarian distress, deepened by world-wide economic depression..
So the Congress adopted a no-rent and no-tax campaign as a part of its civil disobedience
programme.
Under the pressure of Great Depression, socio-economic demands were sharply
articulated in its Karachi Session of the INC.
During this time Peasants organised themselves into Kisan Sabhas, and they participated
the freedom struggle.
Industrial workers also organized the trade unions, and they participate the freedom
struggle.
The Congress , which was now Nehru‟s leadership, began to talk about an egalitarian
society based on social and economic justice.
The Karachi session held in March 1931, presided over by SardarValabhbhai Patel,
adopted a resolution on Fundamental Rights and Duties.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
In this session, provided an insight into what the economic policy of an independent
India.
In some ways, it was the manifesto of the Indian National Congress for independent
India.
6 - Communalism in Nationalist Politics
1. During the Mughal Period the Official and Court language was
(a) Urdu (b) Hindi (c) Marathi (d) Persian
2. The first Indian to find a place in London Privy Council
(a) Rahmatullah Sayani (b) Sir Syed Ahmed (c) Syed Ameer Ali (d) Badruddin Tyabji
3. Assertion: The Bengal government‟s order of 1870 created apprehension in the minds of
Muslim professional groups.
Reason: It replaced Urdu by Hindi and the Perso-Arabic script in the courts and offices.
(a) A is correct R does not explain A. (b) A is correct and R explains A.
(c) A is wrong and R is correct. (d) Both A and R are wrong
4. The Two Nation Theory first came from
(a) Rajaji (b) Ramsay MacDonald (c) Mohammad Iqbal (d) Sir Wazir Hasan
5. In the 1937 elections, Congress won in
(a) 12 Provinces (b) 7 Provinces (c) 5 Provinces (d) 8 Provinces
6. The Muslim League celebrated the end of Congress rule as a Day of Deliverance on
(a) 22 December 1940 (b) 5 February 1939 (c) 23 March 1937 (d) 22 December 1939
7. Match List- I with List- II and select the correct answer using the codes given below
(A) Annie Besant - 1. Aligarh Movement
(B) Syed Ahmed Khan - 2. Dayanand Saraswati
(C) Khilafat Movement- 3. Theosophical Society
(D) Suddhi Movement - 4. Ali Brothers
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 1 2 3 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 2 3 4 1
8. Find out the correct answer from the following:
(i) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the founder of Aligarh movement, was initially supportive of the
Congress.
(ii) The Punjab Hindu Sabha founded in 1909 laid the foundation for Hindu communal
politics.
(a) Statement (i) & (ii) are correct (b) statement (i) correct (ii) wrong
(c) Statement (i) wrong (ii) correct (d) statement (i) & (ii) are wrong
9. Direct Action Day organised by the Muslim League on
(a) 25 December, 1942 (b) 16 August, 1946 (c) 21 March, 1937 (d) 22 December, 1939
10. Wavell was succeeded by
(a) Linlithgow (b) Pethic Lawrence (c) Mountbatten (d) Chelmsford
11. Assertion (A): The institution of separate electorate was the principle adopted by the
British Government for fostering and spreading communalism.
Reason (R): The people were split into separate constituencies so that they voted
communally.
(a) A is correct, R is not the correct explanation of A (b) A is correct, R is wrong
(c) A and R are wrong (d) A is correct, R is the correct explanation of A
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
12. Match the following and choose the correct answer form the codes given below
(A) Hindu Revivalism 1. M.S. Golwalkar
(B) Abolition of the Caliphate 2. Arya Samaj
(C) Lala Lajpat Rai 3. 1924
(D) RSS 4. Partition of the Punjab into Hindu and Muslim Provinces
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 1 2 (c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 2 3 4 1
2 - MARKS
1. Why was supported to British by syed Ahmad khan?
The competitive examinations for the government service began to increase the fear of
Muslims.
So Syed and his followers decided to work for close collaboration with the Government.
He also thought that in a country ruled by Hindus, Muslims would not get adequate help.
2. Write a short note on Separate Electorate or Communal Electorate:
Under this arrangement only Muslims could vote for the Muslim candidates.
Minto-Morley reforms act granted separate constitutional identity to the Muslims.
This separate electorates incorporation of the principle of “divide and rule” into a
formal constitutional arrangement.
3.What were the demands put forth by Muslim under the leadership of Aga Khan.
Representation of Muslims in government jobs.
Appointment of Muslim judges in High Courts.
Muslims were the members in Viceroy‟s council.
4. Write about the sixth annual conference of the All India Hindu Mahasabha held in Varanasi
in 1923.
This conference was held to place their demand for autonomous institutions.
At this conference, the United Provinces, Punjab, Delhi, Bihar, Madras, Bombay and
Bengal were sent their as representatives.
Most of the delegates were attending from the United Provinces.
3 – MARKS
1. How did Gandhi view the Malabar Rebellion of 1921.
Basically it was an agrarian revolt.
But communal passion ran high in this revolt.
So Gandhi himself viewed it as a Hindu-Muslim conflict.
Gandhi wanted Muslim leaders to tender a public apology for the happenings in Malabar.
2. Highlight the objectives of the first centrally-organized political party of Muslims.
To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of loyalty to the British Government.
To remove any misconception that may arise as to the instruction of Government.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
To protect and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims of India.
To prevent the rise among the Muslims of India of any feeling of hostility towards other
communities.
3. State the importance of Minto-Morley reforms of 1909.
This act gave separate constituencies for muslims.
It granted separate constitutional identity to the Muslims.
This separate electorates incorporation of the principle of “divide and rule” into a
formal constitutional arrangement.
it was made completely estrangement, the Hindus and Muslims.
4.What were the proposals of the Delhi Conference of Muslims held in 1927?
The separation of Sind from Bombay.
Reforms for the Frontier and Baluchistan.
Representation by population in the Punjab and Bengal.
 33 % seats for the Muslims in the Central Legislature.
5 – MARKS
1. Trace the origin and growth of communalism in British India.
Hindu Revivalism :
Hindu, revivalism found its voice in politics through the Arya Samaj.
The participation of the Congressmen in the activities of the Arya Samaj further divided
the Hindus and Muslims.
Rise of Muslims Consciousness :
The Wahabi movement had wanted to take Islam to its pristine purity.
Islam was securing its articulation through the Aligarh movement.
Divide and Rule Policy of British :
The British government lent legitimacy and prestige to communal ideology.
The British identified the Congressmen with Hindu communalism and the revivalists.
Local administrative bodies provided the scope for pursuing communal politics.
Weak policy of The Congress :
During the Swadeshi Movement, Muslim supporters of the Swadeshi movement were
Condemned as “Congress touts.”
Lal Chand condemned the Indian National Congress for pursuing a policy of appeasing
Muslims.
Tilak's attempt to mobilise Hindus through the Ganpati festival further intensified
communalism.
2. How did the divide and rule policy of the British impact on Indian nationalism?
Disunity:
The object of the British was to check development of acomposite Indian identity.
To forestall attempts at consolidation and unification of Indians.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Introduce of Separate electorates :
Separate electorates were distributed as part of the policy of divide and rule.
The announcement of separate electorates, the principle of “divide and rule” into a formal
constitutional arrangement.
Communalism in local body elections :
There were unexpected consequences in democratic politics.
All parties adopted a sectarian approach.
Outbreak of riots:
In North India enmity between Hindus and Muslims grew.
The last decades of the 19 th century was marked by a number of Hindu–Muslim riots.
The policy of divide and rule of the British led to the emergence of the Muslim League.
This led to the partition of India.
3. Hindu nationalism, Muslim nationalism and Indian nationalism were equally responsible
for the partition of the country. How?
Hindu nationalism, responsible for the partition of the country:
The Hindu Mahasabha, represented the forces of Hindu revivalism in the political
domain, raised the slogan of „Akhand Hindustan‟ .
They openly advocated that „the non-Hindu people in Hindustan must adopt the Hindu
culture and language.
LalaLajpat Rai openly advocated the partition of the Punjab into Hindu and Muslim
Provinces.
Muslim nationalism, responsible for the partition of the country:
Muslim supporters of the Swadeshi movement were condemned as “Congress touts.”
During the Khilafat movement, Muslims were engaged in religious mobilization.
The demonstration of Nationalist Muslims was dubbed as anti-Islamic and denigrated.
Indian nationalism, responsible for the partition of the country:
Congress was unable to prevent the involvement of its members in the activities of Hindu
communal organisations.
Congressmen‟s participation in campaigns of the Arya Samaj further estranged Hindus
and muslims.
Tilak, Aurobindo Gosh and LalaLajpatRai aroused Nationalism by using religious
symbols. it was most aggravating factor for the hindu muslim conflict.
7 - Last phase of Indian National Movement
1. When did „Individual Satyagraha‟ begin?
(a) March 23, 1940 (b) August 8, 1940 (c) 17 October 1940 (d) August 9, 1942
2. Match the following
A. Hindu Muslim Riot - 1. Mohan Singh
B. August Offer - 2. Govind Ballabh Pant
C. Proposer of Partition Resolution - 3. Lord Linlithgow
D. Indian National Army - 4. Naokhali
(a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 4 2 1 3 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 4 1
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3. The Cripps Mission visited India during the regime of 20. British had their intention to leave India by
(a) Lord Wavell (b) Lord Linlithgow (c) Lord Mountbatten (d) None of these (a) August 15, 1947 (b) January 26, 1950 (c) June, 1948 (d) December, 1949
4. Match the following
A.US President - 1. Tojo 2 - MARKS
B. Chinese President - 2. Winston Churchill
C. British Prime Minister - 3. Chiang Kai-Shek 1. What is the importance of Lahore resolution?
D. Japanese Prime Minister - 4. F.D. Roosevelt The demand for a separate nation for Muslims.
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 1 3 2 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1 The Muslim League and its associates proposed this demand.
5. When was Subhash Chandra Bose removed from the congress? The resolution gave the British an opportunity to reject the litigations with Congress.
(a) 1938 (b) 1939 (c) 1940 (d) 1942
6. Mahatma Gandhi gave the call „Do or Die‟ during the 2. State the main features of August Offer.
(a) Civil Disobedience Movement (b) Non-Cooperation Movement Dominion status at some unspecified future.
(c) Quit India Movement (d) All of the above.
Setting up a War Advisory Council with Indians in it.
7. Who ran an illegal radio station at Bombay during the Quit India Movement?
(a) Usha Mehta (b) Preeti Waddadar (c) Asaf Ali (d) Captain Lakshmii Recognition of the rights of the minority.
8. Who appeared in court in defense of the INA soldiers
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Motilal Nehru (c) Rajaji (d) Subhash Chandra Bose 3. Why was the Cripps Mission rejected by the Congress?
9. Who was the Viceroy of India when the Quit India Movement started in 1942? The offer of Dominion Status was too little.
(a) Lord Wavell (b) Lord Linlithgow (c) Lord Mountbatten (d) Winston Churchill The idea of nominated members for the Princely States to the constitution-making body.
10. Assertion (A): Quit India Movement could not achieve its goal. The possibility of partition.
Reason (R): The government of the day adopted a very repressive policy.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. 4. Why did the talks at Simla Conference break down.
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. The talks broke down on the right to nominate members to the Viceroy‟s Council.
11. INA was founded with the help of The Muslim League insisted on its exclusive right to nominate Muslim members to the
(a) Germany (b) Japan (c) France (d) USA Council.
12. Name the regiment of Indian National Army consisting of women soldiers. Congress did not accept muslim league rights, so Simla Conference proved to be a
(a) Subhash regiment (b) Kasturba regiment failiure.
(c) Captain Lakshmi Regiment (d) Rani of Jhansi regiment
13. Where did Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose form the Provincial Government of Free India?
(a) Rangoon (b) Malaya (c) Imphal (d) Singapore 5. How did Captain Mohan Singh organise the INA?
14. The INA trials took place in The Indian Prisoners of War with the Japanese were left under Mohan Singh’s
(a) Red Fort, New Delhi (b) Penang (c) Viceregal Lodge, Simla (d) Singapore command.
15. Which Viceroy convened the „Simla Conference‟ in 1945? As Singapore also fell to Japan, the number of POWs under Mohan Singh's control
(a) Lord Wavell (b) Lord Linlithgow (c) Lord Mountbatten (d) Clement Attlee increased.
16. Interim Government of 1946 was headed by Mohan Singh drafted about 40,000 men in the Indian National Army by the end of 1942.
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Moulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Rajendra Prasad (d) Vallabhai Patel
17. Arrange the following in correct order 3 – MARKS
(i) Formation of Indian National Army (ii) Royal Indian Navy Revolt 1. Name the organisations which did not participate in the Quit India Movement.
(iii) Indian National Army Trials (iv) Rajaji formula The Muslim League, The Shiromani Akali Dal, The Hindu MahaSabha.
(a) i, iii, ii, iv (b) i, iv, iii, ii (c) iii, iv, i, ii (d) iii, iv, ii, i
18. Which is the correct sequence of the following events? 2. Discuss the proposals of Sir Strafford Cripps
(i) INA Trial (ii) Direct Action Day (iii) August Offer (iv) Individual Satyagraha Cripps promised Dominion Status after the war.
(a) i, ii, iii, iv (b) iii, i, ii, iv (c) iii, iv, i, ii (d) i, iii, iv, ii He also promised constitution-making body after the war.
19. Name the British Prime Minster who announced the transfer of power to the Indian hands?
The constitution-making body was to be elected Members by the provincial assemblies.
(a) Winston Churchill (b) Lord Mountbatten (c) Clement Attlee (d) F.D. Roosevelt
It also nominated members from the Princely states.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3. Explain the reasons for the removal of S.C. Bose from the INC.
Subhas Chandra Bose was isolated within the Congress.
Most of the congress leaders refused cooperation with S.C. Bose.
So Bose resigned the AICC president.
Bose founded the Forward Bloc party to function within the Congress
4. Who were the Muslim League representatives in the Interim Government formed in 1946?
Liaquat Ali Khan, I.I. Chundrigar.
A. R. Nishtar, Ghazanfar Ali Khan.
Jogendra Nath Mandal.
5. What was the context in which Gandhi thought of Quit India Movement?
The proposals of the Cripps made Gandhiji lose faith in the British.
The colonial government did not any assurance of independence .
 Subhas Bose‟s campaign to join hands with the Axis powers in the fight for
independence.
Bose addressed the people of India on the Azad Hind Radio broadcast from Germany.
5 - MARKS
1. Discuss the course of the Quit India Movement.
Beginning of the movement:
When Gandhi announced the Quit India Movement, all the leaders of the INC, including
Gandhi, were arrested.
The immediate response to the pre-dawn arrests was hartals in almost all the towns where
the people clashed.
Workers across India went on strike.
Spread of Movement:
The early stage of the struggle was centred in urban areas.
It spread in its second phase into the villages.
Village youth were mobilized through guerilla action.
Clandestine Radio :
The press being censored, the rebels set up a clandestine radio broadcast system from
Bombay.
Usha Mehta was the originator of clandestine radio broadcasting in Bombay
Its broadcast was heard as far away as Madras.
State repression :
The police shot dead 1060 persons during the same period.
The British unleashed „white terror‟.
The Quit India movement was the most powerful onslaught against the colonial state
hitherto.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
2. How far was the INA Trial instrumental in intensifying the freedom struggle?
The contribution of the Congress:
The Indian National Congress fielded its best lawyers in defence of the INA soldiers.
The trials made a huge impact in inspiring the masses.
The INA figured more prominently as an issue in all election meetings.
The contribution of the press:
All the Indian press published the inquiry passionately.
They published the inquiry in an editorial and demanded their release.
Public Participation :
Hartals and even general strikes across the nation demanding release of the soldiers.
The funds were raised for the defence of INA soldiers.
The INA Week was reiterated and the immediate release of the soldiers was emphasized.
Conclusion of the investigation:
The investigation attracted a great deal of attention to the public and had an impact.
The trial court convicted and sentenced Sehgal, Dhillon and Shah Nawaz Khan.
The commander of Chief reduced their sentence and later released them.
3. Write a paragraph about the Rajaji Formula.
A post-war commission to be formed to demarcate the contiguous districts where the
Muslims were in absolute majority.
A plebiscite of the adult population there to ascertain whether they would prefer Pakistan.
In case of a partition there would be a mutual agreement .
Defence and communication should be in this mutual agreement .
The border districts could choose to join either of the two sovereign states;
The implementation of the scheme would wait till the full transfer of power.
Gandhi, proposed talks with Jinnah based on what came to be the „Rajaji formula‟.
But no decision has been reached in this speech.
4. Why is the Royal Indian Revolt considered a glorious chapter in the history of Indian
National Movement?
The beginning of the revolt :
B.C. Dutt, the HMIS Talwar was arrested for scribbling „Quit India‟ on the panel of the
ship.
This provoked a strike by the 1,100 ratings on the ship.
They condemed, racist behaviour and abuses that were the norm of the English
commanders.
The spread of the revolt :
The trade unions in Bombay and Calcutta called for a sympathy strike and the two cities
turned into war zones.
Shopkeepers downed shutters.
Trains were stopped in the two cities with people sitting on the tracks.
Support of Air Force and Army :
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
 Royal Air Force personnel from various cities also protested in support of the sailors' 11. The adoption of the Constitution was on
strike. (a) January 30, 1949 (b) August 15, 1947 (c) January 30, 1949 (d) November 26, 1949
 The Sepoys in the army cantonment station at Jabalpur too went on strike. 12. The first State formed on linguistic basis was
End of the revolt : (a) Kashmir (b) Assam (c) Andhra (d) Orissa
The colonial government‟s response was brutal repression.
Sardar Vallabhai Patel, then in Bombay, took the initiative to bring the revolt to an end. 2 - MARKS
1. What do you know of Instrument of Accession?
The RIN mutiny, however, was indeed a glorious chapter in the Indian National
Movement. A legal document, introduced in Government of India Act, 1935.
This document was used, during the partition of india.
8 - Reconstruction of Post-Colonial India. Accordingly, the princely states were given the opportunity to join India or Pakistan.
1. Match the following
(A) JVP Committee - 1. 1928 2. Describe the composition of Constituent Assembly.
(B) Sir Cyril Radcliffe - 2. State Reorganisation Commission The Constituent Assembly was setup under the plan of Cabinet Mission.
(C) Fazl Ali - 3. 1948 The constituent assembly members were indirectly elected by the provincial legislators.
(D) Nehru Committee Report - 4. Boundary Commission Rajendra Prasad was elected the chairman of the House.
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 4 2 1 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1
3. What is the significance of article 370 of the Constitution?
2. Arrange the following in chronological order.
Autonomous status was given to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(i) Atlee‟s announcement on India‟s independence
(ii) Interim Government under Nehru (iii) Lord Mountbatten Plan During the partition of India, Kashmir too became an integral part of the Indian Union.
(a) ii, i, iii (b) i, ii, iii (c) iii, ii, i (d) ii, iii, i This status was given by the promise of the Indian leaders during the partition of India.
3. Match the following
(A) People‟s Republic of China - 1. Belgrade 4. What justified the “police action” in Hyderabad to get it integrated into union of India?
(B) Bandung Conference - 2. March 1947 Following Nizam's announcement, People expressed their anger towards the Nizam and
(C) Asian Relations Conference - 3. April 1955 his army.
(D) Birth of NonAligned Movement - 4. January 1, 1950
(a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 4 2 3 1 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 4 1 So Communists led the Telangana people's movement.
4. Which is the correct sequence of the following events? Which provided the legitimacy to “the police action”.
(i) People‟s Republic of China (ii) India‟s war with China (iii) Meeting of the
Constituent Assembly (iv) Panch Sheel (v) Nehru-Liaquat Ali Khan Pact 5. What was the essence of the JVP Committee‟s recommendations?
(a) i, ii, iii, iv, v (b) iii, i, v, iv, ii (c) iii, iv, i, v, ii (d) i, iii, iv, v, ii The JVP committee rejected the demand for linguistic states.
5. Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on Because that demand, in given context had “narrow provincialism.
(a) January, 30, 1948 (b) August 15, 1947 (c) January, 30, 1949 (d) October, 2, 1948
“while language is a binding force, it is also a separating one‟‟
6. Who was the first to raise the demand for Andhra province ?
(a) Potti Sriramulu (b) Pattabhi Sitaramayya (c) K.M. Panikkar (d) T. Prakasam 3 - MARKS
7. The Objectives Resolution before the Constituent Assembly was placed by 1. How was the Raja of Kashmir made to sign the Instrument of Accession?
(a) Rajendra Prashad (b) Jawaharlal Nehru During the Partition of India, Maharaja of Kashmir was opposed to Annexation in India.
(c) Vallabh bhai Patel (d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad But Maharaja Hari Singh could not stop the Marauders from Pakistan raided Kashmir.
8 The Congress ensured the election of Dr B.R. Ambedkar from a seat in When Hari Singh sought India's help, Patel said he should sign the annexure.
(a) Amethi (b) Bombay (c) Nagpur (d) Mhow Accordingly, the King of Kashmir signed the Annexure .
9. Assertion (A): Radcliffe‟s award contained all kinds of anomalies.
Reason (R) : Despite anomalies the award was accepted by all stakeholders.
2. What are the hallmarks of our Indian Constitution?
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. Fundamental rights
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. Directive principles of state policy.
10. The Constituent Assembly was convened for the first time on An autonomous election commission.
(a) March 22, 1949 (b) January 26,1946 (c) December 9, 1946 (d) December 13, 1946 The independence of the judiciary.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3. Highlight the tragic consequences of Partition.
Communal riots had become normal in many parts of India.
Minorities on both sides lived in fear .
Properties left behind by migrant families in both countries were occupied.
Trains from either side of the new border in the Punjab were many of with piles of dead
bodies.
4. Explain the five principles of PanchSheel.
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
Mutual non-aggression
Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit
Peaceful co-existence
5 – MARKS
1. What were the problems in the merger of princely states with the Indian Union and
how they were ably handled by Patel and Nehru.
The problems in the merger of princely states with the Indian Union
The ruler of Hyderabad, Nizam declaring his kingdom as independent.
The ruler of Junagadh wanted to join Pakistan, much against the wishes of the people.
Similarly, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, declared that Kashmir
would remain independent.
These activities delayed the complete attainment of the Indian Union.
The role of Nehru and Patels in the incorporation of the princely states in the Indian Union
Nehru announced, that there will be offer for generous privy purse to the princes.
Annexation of Hyderabad :
Following Nizam's announcement, there was a movement of the Telangana people led by
the communists.
India had taken military action with in 48 hours and annexed Hyderabad with the Indian
Union .
Annexation of Junagadh :
King of Junagadh wanted to join Pakistan so people rebelled.
Patel held a public referendum on the Junagadh people and annexed with Indian Union.
Annexation of Kashmir :
Maharaja Hari Singh could not stop the Marauders from Pakistan raided Kashmir.
When Hari Singh sought India's help, Patel said he should sign the annexure.
2. Trace the different stages in the reorganization of Indian States from 1920 to 1956.
Demand for a linguistic state before India's independence :
The idea of linguistic reorganisation of states was integral to the national movement,
since 1920.
Nehru Report also said “The re distribution of provinces should take place on a linguistic
basis on the demand.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
In the 1945 election manifesto of the Congress, the idea of linguistic provinces was
firmly contained.
In 1946, Pattabhi Sitaramayya raised the demand for an Andhra Province in
Constituent Assembly.
3-Member commission :
The idea of linguistic states revived soon after the first general elections.
In 1948, Chairman Rajendra Prasad set up a 3-member commission for this demand.
But the Three Commission rejected the demand for a linguistic province.
JVP Committee :
The committee said that linguistic provinces insisted on "narrow provincialism."
The committee also said “while language is a binding force, it is also a separating one‟‟
Finally the JVP committee rejected the demand for linguistic states.
Potti Sriramulu’s Fasting :
 Potti Sriramulu‟s started fast demanding a separate state of Andhra and he was died in
1952.
This led to the States Reorganisation Commission under the leadership of Fasli Ali.
Based on the report of this Commission, the State Reorganisation Act, 1956 was passed.
3. What were the basic principles of India‟s foreign policy? What role did Prime minister
Nehru in organizing the Afro-Asian countries into a non-aligned movement.
Basic principles of India’s foreign policy:
Anti-colonialism,and anti-racism.
Non-alignment with the super powers.
Afro-Asian Unity.
Non-aggression.
Non-interference in other‟s internal affairs.
 Mutual respect for each other‟s sovereignty.
The promotion of world peace and security.
Role of nehru in organizing the Afro-Asian countries into a non-aligned movement.
He opposed attempts to push the new countries of Asia and Africa into the Cold War.
The Bandung Conference laid the foundation for the non-aligned movement.
The importance of non-alignment and its essence in such a world is best explained
Nehru.
Nehru said we object to forcing the new nations of Asia and Africa into their cold war
machine.
In 1961 when he stood with Nasser of Egypt and Tito of Yugoslavia to call for peace.
9 - Envisioning a New Socio-Economic Order
1. Arrange the following in chronological order.
(i) Laws abolishing zamindari system (ii) Adoption of High Yielding Variety of seeds
(iii) First Land Ceiling Act, Tamilnadu
(a) ii, i, iii (b) i, iii, ii (c) iii, ii, i (d) ii, iii, i
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
2. Government of India was committed to a pattern of development. 3. What do you understand by the Socialistic Pattern of Society?
(a) Capitalistic (b) Socialistic (c) Theocratic (d) Industrial The reduction of inequalities. Elimination of exploitation.
3. When was the first amendment to the constitution of India made? Prevention of concentration of wealth.
(a) 1951 (b) 1952 (c) 1976 (d) 1978 All citizens would have an equal opportunity to education and employment.
4. Match the following and choose the correct answer from the codes given blow.
A. Industrial Development Policy Resolution - 1. 1951-56 4. Point out the two important considerations that determined the setting up of public sector
B. IISc - 2. Second Five Year Plan enterprises in the wake of India‟s independence.
C. Mahalanobis - 3. 1909  1.The ideological level. 2. The practical level
D. First Five Year Plan - 4. 1956
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 1 4 2 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1 In ideological level, To establish greater control over the economy in the development of
a socialistic pattern .
5. Land Ceiling Act in Tamilnadu was for the second time implemented in the year In practical level, The Government accepts responsibility for creating heavy industries.
(a) 1961 (b) 1972 (c) 1976 (d) 1978
6. Bhoodan movement was started by 5. Write about the Bhoodan movement.
(a) Ram Manohar Lohia (b) Jayaprakash Narayan Bhoodan movement was started by Vinoba Bhave.
(c) Vinoba Bhave (d) Sundar Lal Bahuguna Its aim was persuade large landowners to surrender their surplus land voluntarily.
7. Assertion (A): Zamindari abolition achieved only a part of the original objective. VinobaBhave 's Efforts attracted much public attention.
Reason (R): Many zamindars managed to evict their tenants and claim that the land was
under their personal cultivation.
3 - MARKS
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
1. What are the main objectives of the Tenancy reforms?
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
To regulate the rent.
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.
To secure the rights of the tenant.
8. The Industrial Development and Regulation Act was passed in the year
Expropriating the land of the land owners.
(a) 1951 (b) 1961 (c) 1971 (d) 1972
To confer ownership rights on the tenants.
9. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed in the year
(a) 2005 (b) 2006 (c) 2007 (d) 2008
10.In which year did Indian public sector enterprises face severe problems 2. What was the outcome of Green Revolution in India?
(a) 1961 (b) 1991 (c) 2008 (d) 2005 India achieved self-sufficiency in food production.
11.MGNREG Act provided days work for an individual. Productivity also increased.
(a) 200 (b) 150 (c) 100 (d) 75 The government stored large quanitity of food grains recieving from the farmers.
12.When was Tata Institute of Fundamental Research established? To ensure food security for the people.
(a) 1905 (b) 1921 (c) 1945 (d) 1957
13.How many public sector enterprises were functioning in India in 1951? 3. Describe the Integrated Rural Development Programme introduced by the Union
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 225 Government in the 1980s.
The objective of the scheme is to improve the economic status of rural families.
2 - MARKS In this plan, Govt supply of cows or goats for dairying.
This plan also help to set up small shops or other trade-related businesses.
1. Give an account of the conditions of the Indian economy at the time of independence. The subsidy varied according to the economic situation of the family receiving
The level of poverty was very high. assistance.
Many skilled artisans had lost their livelihood.
The per capita income from agriculture was very low. 4. What were the reasons for agricultural backwardness in India?
 1. Institutional factors and 2. Technological factors.
2. What were the immediate tasks before the new government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru? Institutional factors refer to the social and economic relations between the land-owners
Developing the economy. Improving conditions in agriculture. and the cultivators.
Widening the manufacturing sector. Technological factors relate to did not use of better seeds, use of chemical fertilizers, use
Increasing employment and reducing poverty. of machinery.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. What were the factors which contributed to the poor performance of the public sector
enterprises?
Delays in construction resulted in cost overrun.
Administrative prices were not always under control.
Public sector units were also overstaffed.
5 – MARKS
1. Highlight the measures adopted by the Government of India towards rural reconstruction.
Integrated Rural Development Programme :
The objective of the scheme is to improve the economic status of rural families.
In this plan, Govt supply of cows or goats for dairying.
This plan also help to set up small shops or other trade-related businesses.
The subsidy varied according to the economic situation of the family receiving
assistance.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act :
In this scheme Govt giving at least 100 days of wage employment.
In the absence of agricultural services for three months every year, other jobs were
provided.
Accordingly, roads, canals, small irrigation works and construction work were provided
in rural areas.
No contractors are to be involved.
One-third of the workers would be women.
Men and women would be paid the same wage.
4. Examine the development of institutions of scientific research and technology after India‟s
2. Assess the educational progress made in independent India.
Literacy levels have increased in India from 18.3% in 1951 to 74% in 2011.
Female literacy still lags behind the male literacy rate at 65% as compared to 82% among
men.
There has been a great increase in the number of schools from the primary to senior high
school.
In 2014 - 15 there were 12.72 lakh primary and upper primary schools, 2.45 lakh
secondary and higher secondary schools, 38,498 colleges in the country.
Colleges, Central and State Universities, Deemed Universities and State Private
Universities were started in large numbers.
Children dropping out of school mostly belonged to the poorer families in rural and urban
areas.
The backward states and regions have the poorest record on school education.
So Government started Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyam Abhiyan
(RMSA) and the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to redress the issue of dropouts.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3. Assess the achievements of the first two Five- Year plans.
The First Plan (1951–56) :
The First Plan (1951–56) focused on developing agriculture.
The allocation for Agriculture and Irrigation accounted for 31% of the total outlay.
After this, the emphasis shifted to industry.
The Second Plan (1956–61) :
The Second Plan , stressed the development of heavy industry for achieving economic
growth.
The share of industry in Plan outlay was only 6% in the First Plan, and increased to about
24% after the Second Plan.
Evaluation of First Two Five Year Plans:
The first two Plans had set fairly modest targets of growth at about 4%.
Which economists described as the “Hindu rate of growth”.
These growth rates were achieved, so that the first two Plans were considered to have
been successful.
Achievements :
The expansion of the economy
The significant growth in national and per capita income
Increase in industrial production
A more diversified economy.
independence.
Science and Technology :
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was set up in 1945 on the initiative of
HomiJ.Bhabha,
It was intended to promote research in mathematics and pure sciences.
The National Chemical Laboratory, Pune and the National Physics Laboratory, New
Delhi were set up in India .
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research :
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is the umbrella organisation,
under which most of the scientific research institutions function.
The CSIR also advances research in applied fields like machinery, drugs, planes etc.
The Atomic Energy Commission :
The Atomic Energy Commission is the nodal agency for the development of nuclear
science.
It focusing both on nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons..
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research :
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the coordinating agency for the
research in basic agriculture.
Fishery, forests, dairy, plant genetics, bio-technology are its subsidiary activities.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Indian Institutes of Technology : 14. Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were set up as centres of excellence in different (a) Marlowe - Dido (b) Shakespeare - King Lear
fields of engineering. (c) Francis Bacon - Novum Organum (d) Roger Bacon - Decameron
The first IIT was located in Kharagpur, followed by Delhi, Bombay, Kanpur and Madras. 15. Assertion (A): The Turkish conquests and the fall of Constantinople provided stimulus to
find a sea route to the East.
Reason (R): As the demands for the products from the East increased, the European states
wanted to control sea-borne trade.
10 - Modern World : The age of Reason. (a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
1. Which one of the following was not an independent trading city?
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
(a) Nuremberg (b) Antwerp (c) Genoa (d) St. Petersburg
16. Which one of the following ships was returned after the death of Magellan?
2. Which one of the following had relegated religion to a subordinate place?
(a) Santa Maria (b) Pinta (c) Nina (d) Vittoria
(a) Renaissance (b) Reformation (c) Geographical Discovery (d) Commercial Revolution
17. Who conquered Mexico for Spain?
3. Of the following Popes, who was not the patron of Italian Renaissance?
(a) Pedro Cabral (b) Columbus (c) Hernan Cortes (d) James Cook
(a) Nicholas V (b) Julius II (c) Pius II (d) Paul III
18. When was the Act of Supremacy passed by Henry VIII in England ?
4. Whose success encouraged overseas enterprises enormously?
(a) 1519 (b) 1532 (c) 1533 (d) 1534
(a) Marco Polo (b) Roger Bacon (c) Columbus (d) Bartholomew Diaz
19. Assertion (A): The Black Death weakened the position of the church as it could not
5. Assertion (A): Paper originated in China in second century BC (BCE).
explain the causes for the Black Death.
Reason (R): Germany invented the movable printing press .
Reason (R): The authority of Pope came to be increasingly challenged.
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R does not explain A
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
6. Which one of the following was not an idea developed during the age of Renaissance?
20. Who was the ruler of Germany excommunicated by Gregory VII?
(a) rationalism (b) scepticism (c) anarchism (d) individualism
(a) Henry VII (b) Henry VIII (c ) Henry II (d) Henry IV
7. Who is considered the father of modern experimental science?
(a) Aristotle (b) Plato (c) Roger Bacon (d) Landsteiner
2 - MARKS
8. Who wanted humankind to be ruled not by dogma and authority but rather by reason?
(a) Dante (b) Machiavelli (c) Roger Bacon (d) Petrarch 1. How did Erasmus pave the way for Reformation?
9. Who came to Italy seeking the help of the West in the war against the Turks? He protested many Church practices and teachings.
(a) Giovanni Aurispa (b) Manuel Chrysaloras (c) Roger Bacon (d) Columbus His well known work, The Praise of Folly .
10. Assertion (A): Galileo Galilei was tried by the Church for heresy. He made fun of theologians and monks.
Reason (R): He accepted the views of Copernicus‟ heliocentric theory.
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A 2. Write about the Medici family in Florence.
(b) Both A and R are correct but R does not explain A A powerful merchant family in florence called Medici.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct Cosimo de Medici who was engage in banking with many branches across Italy.
11. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct? The Medici family patronised many artists.
Statement I: Italians managed to preserve the belief that they were descendants of the
ancient Vikings.
3. What do you know of the Papal Bull of 1493?
Statement II: The hazard of sea voyages was reduced by the use of firearms and canon.
The proclamation drew a north–south line from pole to pole, passing around 320 miles
Statement III: The eagerness to spread religion (Christianity) also acted as an impetus to
the exploration of new lands. west of the Cape Verde islands.
Statement IV: Ferdinand Magellan sailed westward and discovered Brazil It declared that any new discoveries west of the line belonged to Spain.
(a) I, II & III (b) II & III (c) I & III (d) All are correct. Portugal was not happy with the arrangement.
12. Which one of the following was not the work of Leonardo da Vinci?
(a) Virgin of the Rocks (b) Last Supper (c) Mona Lisa (d) Madonna and Child 4. What was the significant outcome of Spanish Armeda?
13. The Cathedral of St. Peters in Rome, built by the Popes, was fashioned by King Philip II of Spain sent an armada to invade England.
(a) Donatello (b) Raphael (c) Leonardo da Vinci (d) Michelangelo However, the English easily destroyed the Spanish Armada.
This marked the rise of the British as an important power in modern world.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. Point out the outcome of Diet of Worms.
The peace talks with Luther and pope failed.
Luther's books banned and burnt.
luther was declared outlaw by the emperor.
6. What purpose did the Star Chamber serve and why was it called so ?
Henry VII decided to remove the threat of the nobles to his rule.
So he created a special court in the Star Chamber to put the rebellious nobles on trial.
In this court palace ceiling were stars painted. so it was called star chamber.
7. Why did feudalism fail in the later stage of the Middle Ages?
The plague that struck Europe in medieval time weakened the nobility.
As thousands of peasants died, the nobility lost their work force and their taxes too.
Nobles died in large numbers during the course of Crusades.
8. What did the Inquisition do in Spain?
This Inquisition was set up to deal with the Protestants.
This Inquisition To give punishment to the heretics.
They used many methods from flogging to burning.
9. Highlight the work of the Council of Trent.
The Council of Trent emphasised faith in the Bible.
The celibacy of the priests and the supremacy of the Pope were upheld.
It supported the image worship of Jesus and Mary in all churches.
10. Why is Joan of Arc remembered in history?
In Hundred Years war, the French king Charles VII was helped by Joan of Arc.
She fought bravely and won the battle at Orleans.
So Joan of Arc got the title Maid of Orleans.
3 – MARKS
1. Why did Italy become the birthplace of Renaissance?
Italians preserved the belief that they were descendants of the ancient Romans.
They looked back upon their ancestry with pride.
Italy had a more secular culture than most other parts of Latin Christendom.
They learnt to write Latin as the ancient Romans did.
2. Highlight the literary accomplishments of England during the Renaissance.
The Elizabethan Age produced many scholars during the English Renaissance.
Notable among them were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Francis
Bacon.
Christopher Marlowe wrote,Dido, The Queen of Carthage, and Tamburlaine the Great.
William Shakespeare wrote, the Othello, Hamlet, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
3. What were the achievements of Italian and English explorers?
John Cabot, an Italian explorer saw the Canada and made it an English colony.
Giovanni da Verrazano, another Italian, explored the lands for the French.
He annexed provinces for the French in eastern Canada.
An English explorer named Henry Hudson wanted to find the passage from North
America to the Pacific Ocean.
4. Bring out the negative outcome of Commercial Revolution.
The most negative result of the Commercial Revolution was the revival of slavery.
The Commercial Revolution developing mining and plantation farming in colonies.
This led to the recruitment of slaves as unskilled labourers.
This slave trade that exported more than 11 million Africans to the Americas.
5. Discuss the contribution of Society of Jesus to the counter-reformation movement in
Europe.
It used education as a tool to teach the Catholic religion to the masses.
They set up various educational institutions to promote the Catholic religion.
Society of Jesus succeeded in producing efficient and faithful followers of the Church.
The Jesuits, helped in raising the standard of the Church in Europe.
6. Write about the voyage of Columbus in 1492.
On 3 August 1492 Columbus sailed from the harbour of Palos, with three small ships .
After a voyage of two months, he came to a land which he believed to be India.
But it was really a new continent, America.
They were called Indians because, he believed that the land he had discovered was India.
7. Describe the voyage of Portuguese sailor Pedro Cabral in India.
Cabral sailed to India, following the route of Vasco da Gama, and reached Kozhikode.
The zamorin ruler allowed Cabral to build a fort and carry on trade.
He then left for Cochin , further south, where he was warmly received.
After establishing a port at Cannanore Cabral returned with six shiploads of spices to
Portugal.
5 - MARKS
1. Analyse the contributions of Florentines to Italian Renaissance.
Renaissance in Literature :
Dante‟s Divine Comedy is a summation of medieval culture.
Its dominant theme is the salvation of mankind through reason and divine grace.
Petrak, the 'father of Italian Renaissance literature', produced works in both Latin and
Italian.
Boccaccio , also a Florentine, produced Decameron, a collection of 100 stories.
Niccolò Machiavelli‟s The Prince became famous because of its relevance as a political
guide for the rulers.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Renaissance in Art :
Leonardo da Vinci‟s painted thje Last Supperand Mona Lisa.
Michelangelo sculpted the famous Pieta, a statue of the Virgin Mary.
Raphael‟s famous work is Madonna and Child.
Renaissance in Science :
Galileo made efforts to make science stay detached from religion.
He discovered the telescope and discovered the spots of the Sun.
He accepted the views of Copernicus who propounded the heliocentric theory.
2. Attempt a comprehensive account of the evolution of England, France and Spain as nation-
states.
Spain emerged as nation-states.
Major parts of Spain like Aragon and Castile were under the control of the Moors.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella worked hard to expell the Moors and unite Spain.
The king and queen took power in their hands and controlled the nobles by eliminating
them from the royal councils. This made Spain to emerge as a nation-state.
England emerged as nation-states.
There was conflict between two royal houses in England namely the House of York and
House of Lancaster for the throne.
In this civil war, Henry Tudor emerged victorious and he started a new line of monarchy
in England.
He entered into matrimonial alliance with Elizabeth of York family. This made England
to emerge as a nation-state.
France emerged as nation-states.
Burgundy and western parts of France was for long in English possession.
End of the Hundred Years' War, Louis XI returned to Burgundy and expelled the
English.
Finally, Burgundy came under French control in 1483. With this, France became a
nation-state.
3. Explain the initiatives of Portugal and Spain in the discovery of new sea routes to the East
and point out why it is considered as an important event in the economic history of
modern world.
Portugal’s contribution to the discovery of new sea routes :
Portugal discovered the Canaries, Madeira and Azores.
Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama reached the island of Mozambique.
Later, he reached part of India and opened avenues for direct trade.
Cabral sailed to India, following the route of Vasco da Gama, and reached Kozhikode.
Spain's contribution to the discovery of new sea routes :
In 1492 Columbus came to a land of America.
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese sailor got Spanish support to explore the world.
His Vittoria was the first ship that ever circumnavigated the world.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Its significance in the economic history of the modern world :
The Italians obtained goods from the Arabs and traded them in European countries.
But new maritime discoveries have led europeans to trade directly with eastern countries.
Through this, the European countries were trying to earn more profits.
4. What are the causes of Protestant Reformation? How did Martin Luther organise the
movement in Germany?
Causes of Protestant Reformation
The practice of sale of indulgence , nepotism, and simony came under attack.
Inexperienced youths were appointed to lucrative bishoprics.
Clergymen received incomes from several churches but never appeared in any of them.
Many princes kept an eye on the vast property of the churches.
The peasantry saw the Church as an oppressive landowner.
Members of great merchant families became popes to increase their wealth.
Martin Luther organise the Protestant Reformation
After a visit to Rome Martin Luther became disgusted with the corruption and luxury of
the Church.
He wrote ninety-five complaints against the Roman Church known as „95 Theses‟.
He argued that Bible alone is supreme and not the Pope and Bishops.
He believed the salvation can be achieved only by the faith of God. In this way the
Protestant revolt began.
11 - The age of Revolutions
1. The Europeans who settled first in North America were
(a) Portuguese (b) Spanish (c) Danish (d) English
2. New Amsterdam was renamed as
(a) Washington (b) New York (c) Chicago (d) Amsterdam
3. Assertion (A): England passed the Navigation Acts.
Reason (R): The Act mandated that colonial produce should be exported only in British
ships.
(a) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct, R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
4. Assertion (A): In 1770, England abolished the taxes on products except tea.
Reason (R): This was retained to assert that the British Parliament had a right to tax the
colonies directly as well as indirectly.
(a) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct, R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
5. Boston Tea Party incident took place in the year
(a) 1775 (b) 1773 (c) 1784 (d) 1799
6. Assertion (A): The representatives of all the colonies except that of Georgia, demanded the
repeal of the Intolerable Acts.
Reason (R): The Congress decided to boycott the British goods until then.
(a) Both A and R are correct, R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct, R does not explain A
(c) A is correct R is wrong (d) A is wrong R is correct
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
7. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct?
Statement I: On July 4, 1776, all the thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain.
Statement II: The Declaration of Independence was essentially the work of Thomas
Jefferson.
(a) I (b) II (c) None of the above (d) All the above
8. In the American War of Independence the British army was led by
(a) Richard Lee (b) George Washington (c) William Howe (d) Rockingham
9. Which of the following statement/s is/are Correct?
Statement I: The peasantry made up the bulk of French society.
Statement II: The peasants in France were serfs.
Statement III: The peasants had to work certain days in the week for their lords for
remuneration.
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) All are Correct
10. The noble who led the protest that led to Tennis Court Oath was
(a) Marat (b) Danton (c ) Lafayette (d) Mirabeau
11. Assertion (A): The rising bourgeoisie wanted their political power to match their economic
status.
Reason (R): They wanted to have a voice in government.
(a) Both A and R correct. R explains A
(b) Both A and R correct. R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
12. Match and choose the correct answer from the code given below.
(A) Montesquieu 1. Jacobins
(B) Voltaire 2. English Philosopher
(C) Reign of Terror 3. The Age of Louis XIV
(D) John Locke 4. The Spirit of Laws
(a) 1 3 4 2 (b) 4 3 1 2 (c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 1 4 3 2
13. The storming of the Bastille happened on
(a) June 5, 1789 (b) July 14, 1789 (c) November 11, 1789 (d) May 1, 1789
14. During the French Revolution was dissatisfied with the Declaration of Rights of Man and
of the Citizen, as it excluded women.
(a) Olympe de Gouges (b) Mary Antoinette (c) Roget de Lisle (d) Robespierre
15. The official residence of Louise XVI was
(a) Versailles (b) Toulon (c) Marseilles (d) Tuileries
16. was earlier known as Saint- Dominigue
(a) Mexico (b) Panama (c) Haiti (d) Havana
17. The revolution in Mexico was led by
(a) Simon Bolivar (b) Jose Maria Morelos (c) Ferdinand de Lesseps (d) Miguel Hidalgo
18. The liberator of Argentina was
(a) San Martin (b) Dom Pedro (c) Bernardo O‟Higgins (d) Marina Morelos
19 ............................. city acquired the nickname “Cottonopolis‟‟.
(a) Manchester (b) Lancashire (c) Liverpool (d) Glasgow
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
20. Match and choose the correct answer from the code given below
(A) Michael Faraday 1. Ark Wright
(B) Elias Howe 2. Robert Fulton
(C) Water Frame 3. Electricity
(D) Steam Boat 4. Sewing machine
(a) 1 3 4 2 (b) 1 4 2 3 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 3 4 2 1
2 - MARKS
1. What impact did the European settlement in North America make on the indigenous
population?
Colonists in search of gold staged violent ambushes on tribal villages.
They were dispossessed of their land.
Blatant racism took place.
2. What do you know about the Boston Tea Party?
Following the Boston Massacre, about100 activists dressed like Native Americans.
They boarded three ships at Boston Harbour.
 342 tea boxes were thrown into the sea.
3. What was the intellectual contribution of Thomas Paine to the American Revolution?
Thomas Paine, wrote the pamphlet titled Common Sense.
This pamphlet had justifying the demands of the colonies.
The pamphlet had an astounding impact of people.
4. Point out the importance of the battle of Saratoga.
The British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
With this victory the northern colonies became free.
5. Discuss the three Estates of the ancien regime.
 1. Clergy, 2. Nobility , 3. Commoners.
The clergy and the nobility were exempted from various taxes.
Only the third estate bore the brunt of taxation.
6. Highlight the essence of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
It defined individual and collective rights.
It also insisted that taxation could only be raised by common consent.
which declares that, „Men are born and remain free and equal in rights‟.
7. Outline the contribution of Simon Bolivar to Latin American independence.
Bolivar emerged as a strong military and political force after the struggles.
After leading his army up the face of the eastern Andes.
Bolívar defeat to his enemies in the Battle of Boyaca.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
8. Highlight the essential features of Industrial Revolution.
The use of iron and steel.
The use of new sources of energy or fuels such as coal, steam, and iron.
The invention of new machines.
Developments in transport and communication
9. Why is Samuel Slater considered the father of American Industrial Revolution?
He used the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in the Americas.
By 1800, Slater's mill had been duplicated by many other entrepreneurs.
So the U.S. President hailed him as "Father of the American Industrial Revolution."
10. What was the background for the Peterloo Massacre?
In England, industrial depression and high food prices.
So a great demonstration was organised by the radical leader Henry Hunt.
Alarmed by the mood of the people, the magistrates ordered the attack on the crowd.
3 - MARKS
1. Discuss the important provisions of the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783.
Britain recognised the freedom of the United States of America.
France gained certain British territories in West Indies, India and Africa.
Spain obtained Florida from Great Britain
Holland and England maintained the status quo that prevailed before the war.
2. Analyse the significance of American Revolution.
The concepts of democracy and republic became widespread.
The political and social changes were on the lines of democracy and equality.
Education gained prominence.
The principle of federalism became widespread.
3. Long before the revolution of 1789, there was a revolution in the realm of ideas. Explain.
Intellectuals played a key role in the preparing of society for the French Revolution.
The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau acted as an impetus to the revolution.
Montesquieu opposed the concentration of all powers in one hand.
Rousseau , argued that the relationship between the rulers and ruled should be bound by a
contract.
4. What caused the “September Massacres”?
In France, the people believed that the political prisoners would join a conspiracy by
counter-revolutionaries.
As a result, the mob attacked prisons.
Summarily executed those they believed to be royalists.
A total of 1,200 prisoners were killed in the incident.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. Trace the circumstances in which Brazil became the first constitutional monarchy in South
America.
Portugal's King Tom Jovo faced challenges in the colony of Brazil.
So he decided to hand over Brazil to his son Dom Pedro.
In 1822, Brazil obtained independence from Portugal.
It became the only constitutional monarchy in South America.
6. What happened in Germany during the second phase of Industrial Revolution?
Germany emerged as the most industrialised country.
It surpassed England and established itself as the United States' competitor.
Daimler and Benz became the most popular brands of automobile in the world.
Germany made its mark in iron and steel industry.
5 – MARKS
1. Discuss the causes, course and results of the American War of Independence
Causes :
The UK imposed its US settlements on the Navigation Acts , the Sugar Tax Stamp Act,
the Townshend Act, the tea tax, and The Intolerable Acts.
So representatives of the colonies appealed for the intolerated laws to be removed.
They sent a request to the King of England, George III, with an olive branch.
But the demand was rejected. This was followed by the American War of Independence.
Course :
The British forces were led by William Howe.
George Washington led the American forces.
The Battle of Saratoga, the British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
Results :
A peace treaty was signed between The United Kingdom and the United States in Paris.
Britain recognised the freedom of the United States of America.
George Washington became the first President of the United States.
In England Lord North resigned as Prime Minister.
2. Sketch the course of French Revolution from the storming of Bastille to the execution of
Robespierre.
National Assembly and Constitution Making:
The National Assembly abolished feudalism in the country.
The National Assembly drafted the constitution.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted.
The powers of the king were Reduced.
War against Austria and Prussia :
Austria and Prussia, who thought that the uprising of the masses was a threat to the
monarchy, helped the French king.
So the National Assembly declared war against Austria and Prussia.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Formation of Clubs and the September massacre : 12. Europe in Turmoil
Dissatisfied people started forming political clubs to discuss the problems they faced.
On 2 September 1792, the mob descended on the prisons and summarily executed those 1. Napoleon was exiled first time to
they believed to be royalists. (a) Elba (b) St. Helena (c) Corsica (d) Waterloo
National Convention and Robespierre's assassination : 2. Napoleon was defeated by the allied forces of British, Belgians and Prussians at Waterloo in
In 1792 the new Convention abolished monarchy and declared France a republic. (a) France (b) Germany (c) Belgium (d) Italy
King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. 3. Assertion (A): Utopian Socialist s recommended model communities, where the means of
As the government and the base of society were radicalised, so the Jacobian group leader production would be collectively owned.
Robasesphere also hanged. Reason (R): They promoted a visionary idea of a socialistic society, devoid of poverty and
unemployment.
3. American Revolution and French Revolution inspired the revolution in Haiti. Substantiate. (a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
Haiti, earlier known as Saint-Domingue was the richest French colony in the Caribbean (b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
Sea.
4. Labour Unions were legalised in England in
The storming of the Bastille was followed by armed defiance of the royal governor. (a) 1815 (b) 1822 (c) 1824 (d) 1827
Vincent Ogé, who had lobbied with the Parisian assembly for colonial reforms. 5. Match the following and select the answer from the code given below.
He was led to revolt at the end of 1790. But the rebellion was suppressed and he was (A) New Christianity 1. William Lovett
hanged. (B) A New View of Society 2. Louis Blanc
 In the late 1790s, Toussaint L‟Ouverture, gained control of several areas. (C) Revue du Progres 3. Saint Simon
Napoleon sent a fleet of 12,000 troops to seize control from Toussaint L‟Ouverture‟s (D) The People‟s Charter 4. Robert Owen
forces. (a) 2, 3, 4, 1 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1 (c) 1, 4, 3, 2 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4
Napoleons forces were defeated by the Dessalines , even though Toussaint was killed. 6. Marx and Engels published the Communist Manifesto in
(a) 1842 (b) 1848 (c) 1867 (d) 1871
Saint Domingue became the independent black state of Haiti in 1804.
7. Assertion (A): The Chartist movement was not a riot or revolt.
Reason (R): It was an organised movement of the working class.
4. Why did Industrial revolution start in England first? What impact did it make on modern (a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
society? (b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
Causes of Industrial Revolution in England: (c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
Provided the capital necessary for investment in industries. 8. The Chartist‟s principal newspaper was
The markets at home were also expanding as the population grew. (a) The Poor Man‟s Guardian (b) The Charter (c) The Northern Star (d) Il Risorgimento
Political stability also provided objective conditions for industrial development. 9. Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, assumed the title
The availability of coal and iron deposits in large quantities. (a) Napoleon II (b) Napoleon III (c) Duke of Orleans (d) Napoleon IV
The British had well established ports all across the coast. 10. The author of Code de la Nature is
The geographical location of England. (a) Charles Fourier (b) Étienne-Gabriel Morally (c ) Saint Simon (d) Bakunin
The temperate climate of the British isles. 11. Assertion (A): The year 1848 was one of the distinct triumphs for nationalism.
Reason (R): Absolutism seemed dead for a while.
Impact of Industrial Revolution :
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
The mechanisation of industry resulted in much greater production and wealth.
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
Production and wealth increased enormously.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
Thousands of artisans and weavers lost their jobs. 12. The Second International was founded in
Labour was obtained from women and children at a cheap errand. (a) Paris (b) Berlin (c) London (d) Rome
Two classes were formed, the factory owners and the factory workers. 13. The Young Italy Movement was started in the year
(a) 1822 (b) 1827 (c) 1831 (d) 1846
14. Parma, Modena and Tuscany were merged with the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
after
(a) plebiscite (b) invasion of Charles Albert
(c) Treaty of Solferina (d) Treaty of Villa Franca
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM

15. was called the “Hero of Two Worlds”. 5. Attempt an account of the first International Working Men‟s Association of 1864.
(a) Charles Albert (b) Bismarck (c) Napoleon III (d) Garibaldi It purpose was to form an international working class alliance.
16. The Seven Weeks‟ War was fought between It worked hard to exclude the moderates from the International.
(a) Denmark and Prussia (b) Piedmont-Sardinia and Austria It also denounced other socialists such as Ferdinand Lassalle and Bakunin.
(c) France and Prussia (d) Austria and Prussia
17. The Franco-Prussian War was triggered by _ 6. Highlight the contribution of Carbonari to the unification of Italy.
(a) Convention of Gastein (b) Ems telegram The Carbonari, advocating liberal and patriotic ideas.
(c) The treaty of Prague (d) Dispute over the control of Alsace- Lorraine They kept alive the ideas of liberalism and nationalism.
18. delivered a series of Addresses to the German Nation.
As a result Revolts broke out in Naples, Piedmont and Lombardy.
(a) Johann von Herder (b) Friedrich Schliegel (c) J.G. Fichte (d) Otto von Bismarck
19.Assertion (A): J.G. Fichte promoted the idea of nationalism among the Germans.
Reason (R): Fichte was the leader of Young Italy Movement. 7. Who was Francois Babeuf?
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A Francois Babeuf, a political agitator of the French Revolutionary period.
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A He said, the Revolution in France did not address the needs of the peasants and workers.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct He advocated the abolition of private property and the generalisation of the land.
20. Match and choose the correct answer from the code given below.
(A) Metternich - 1. Ruler of Piedmont- Sardinia 8. What was the importance of Zollverein?
(B) Charles X - 2. French Foreign Minister Prussia was successful in establishing the Zollverein (customs union).
(C) Gramont - 3. French King It included most of the Germanic states except those under the control of Austria.
(D) Charles Albert - 4. Chancellor of Austria-Hungary It also provided economic unity to the Germanic states.
(a) 1, 3, 4, 2 (b) 4, 2, 1, 3 (c) 4, 1, 2, 3 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
9. What do you know of the Gilded Age?
2 - MARKS An era of intense mass mobilisation of working classes.
Socialism and the labour movements rose in many countries
1. Why is the period between June 24 and 26, 1848 considered the bloody June days? The expansion of industrialisation resulted in wage growth.
The Workers dared to oppose the government for closing workshops created by Louis
Blanc. 10. What is the importance of the year 1873 in the economic history of America?
As a result thousands of people were killed in france. The global economic Depression occurred in 1873.
Eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported. This economic Depression also affected the United States very seriously.
American railroads became bankrupt in this period.
2. What role did Concert of Europe play in Metternich Era?
It worked for the preservation of European order and balance of power. 3 - MARKS
They intervened in the case of countries threatened by internal rebellion.
They Imposed their overall decision on the affected countries. 1. When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold – Elucidate.
Europe in the nineteenth century was influenced by the developments in France.
3. Why was Italy described as “a mere geographical expression” by Metternich? Metternich was the one who sought to suppress the spirit of democracy and nationalism
Italy was divided into eight states by the Vienna Congress. that arose in Europe.
 Italy in the nineteenth century was a „patchwork of about a dozen large states and a He said, “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.”
number of smaller ones. France sneezed not once, but thrice in 1789, 1830 and 1848, when revolutions broke out
 So ‟ Metternich described Italy as “a mere geographical expression.” in France.

4. Explain Poor Laws. 2. “The Industrial Revolution was the basis for emerging the ideas of Socialism” – Substantiate.
In Britain the Poor Laws, as codified during Elizabethan period. The working classes were initially unorganized.
This act provided a relief for the aged, sick, and poor infants. Soon they realized without organisation and unity, no permanent improvement was
This act also provided a relief for the capable unemployed in workhouses. possible.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
So they strove to establish trade unions.
This trade unions, was emerged a form of socialism.
3. Estimate the pioneering work done by Robert Owen in improving the condition of workers
in his factories.
He did not employ children below the age of 10 in his industries.
Later he criticised private property and profit.
He advocated a cooperative communities combine industrial and agricultural production.
Owen had developed a theory of Utopian Socialism.
4. How did the 1830 July Revolution in France impact other parts of Europe?
In other parts of Europe there arose a number of risings.
Belgium was separated from the Netherlands and became a separate independent state.
The Greeks attained independence from the Turks.
But the revolt of Poles against the Russian Tsar was suppressed.
5. Trace the events that led to the formation of Paris Commune.
The National Assembly had a majority of monarchical supporters. This made the people
of Paris bitter.
The appointment of a 71-year-old man named Thiers to the leadership made
disillusioned with the republic.
Paris was once again armed.
As the regular army had been disbanded, the Parisian masses kept their arms.
6. Discuss the measures adopted by Paris Commune in the interests of the poor and the
working class.
Banning night work in bakeries.
If the factories or industries were shut down by the owners, it was opened by the workers.
Providing pensions for widows and free education for every child.
Stopping the collection of debts incurred during the siege.
7. Attempt an account of Working class struggles during the period of Long Depression in
Britain and America.
The strike in the Homestead Steel workshop in Britain went up in a gun battle.
The Pullman strike by the US Railway Union was suppressed by the administration.
In Britain, the Match stick Girls Strike ended with their enormous victory.
There was also a dock strike in the port of London.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5 - MARKS
1. Identify the important collectivist thinkers of nineteenth century and highlight their
contributions to Socialism.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels :
The term “Utopian Socialism” was first used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Utopian Socialists recommended the establishment of model communities.
Their influence led to the establishment of several hundred model communes in Europe
and USA.
Saint Simon :
He criticised contemporary French society for being in the grip of feudalism.
Saint-Simon suggested that scientists take the place of priests in the social order.
Charles Fourier :
Fourier believed that social conditions were the primary cause of human misery.
He speculated on the co-operative society and wanted the profit and loss to be shared
equally in society.
Robert Owen :
He criticised private property and profit.
 He developed a theory of Utopian Socialism based on social equality and cooperation.
Proudhon :
He said the “All property is theft.”
Proudhon wanted to replace nation-state with federations of autonomous communes.
2. Discuss the political fallout of French Revolutions of 1848 in other parts of Europe.
Metternich, the arbiter of Europe and enemy of nationality, was forced to leave Vienna.
Hungary and Bohemia both claimed national independence.
Milan expelled the Austrians.
Venice became an independent republic.
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, declared war against Austria.
Absolutism seemed dead for a while. But it was not to be.
By the summer, the monarchs had begun their attacks on the revolutionaries.
They succeeded in crushing the democratic movements in important centres like Berlin,
Vienna and Milan.
3. How was the unification of Italy achieved?
Beginning of the unification of Italy :
The several secret societies such as the like the Corporanari, who were insisting on free
and patriotic ideas, became more spread.
Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi were the three central figures of the unification of Italy.
War with Austria, 1859 :
The combined armies of Piedmont- Sardinia and France defeated the Austrian armies.
In November 1859, Piedmont- Sardinia and Austria concluded the Treaty of Zurich.
Austria ceded Lombardy to Piedmont- Sardinia.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM

Plebiscites : 3. 'An inquiry into the Nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations' was authored by
Parma, Modena and Tuscany were merged with the Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia (a) Adam smith (b) Thomas Paine (c) Quesnay (d) Karl Marx
through plebiscites. 4. England decided on free trade policy in
Plebiscites held in Sicily, Naples and Papal States led to their merger with Piedmont- (a) 1833 (b) 1836 (c) 1843 (d) 1858
5. Assertion (A): In the second half of the nineteenth century many nations were faced with
Sardinia.
the problem of surplus manufactures.
Annexation of Venetia :
Reason (R): Surplus manufactures forced nations to find new markets.
During the Austro-Prussian War, Italy had allied itself with Prussia. (a) A and R are correct. R explains A (b) A and R are correct. R does not explain A
Prussia won this war, so italy received Venetia as a gift. (c) A is true but R is wrong (d) A is wrong and R is true
Annexation of Rome : 6. Tariff Act, 1879 was enacted by
The French forces suffered setbacks in the Franco-Prussian War. (a) Germany (b) France (c) Britain (d) USA
As a result, when France left Rome, Italy annexed Rome. 7. Shimonoseki Treaty was signed after the
(a) Russio-Japanese war (b) Second Opium War
4. Why is Bismarck considered the true architect of a unified Germany? (c) Second Anglo-Chinese War (d) Sino-Japanese war
Bismarck's principle: 8. The treaty of Portsmouth was signed at the mediation of
Bismarck, transformed it into a powerful state with the objective of uniting the Germanic (a) Spain (b) Britain (c) USA (d) France
9. Which country presented 21 demands to the President of the newly established Chinese
states under its leadership.
Republic?
He adopted a „blood and iron‟ policy to achieve the unification. (a) France (b) Russia (c) Japan (d) Britain
Diplomatic moves : 10. The new state of Albania was created based on the
He realised that the unification of Germany was not possible without an armed conflict (a) Treaty of Bucharest, 1913 (b) Treaty of Versailles, 1919
with Austria and France. (c) Treaty of London, 1913 (d) Treaty of St. Germaine
He sparked conflict with Austria and France through diplomatic moves. 11. Which one of the following was not part of the Central Powers?
Allied with Austria, he retrieved the areas of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark and (a) Bulgaria (b) Austria-Hungary (c) Turkey (d) Montenegro
thereby prepared to clash with Austria. 12. With imminent attack on Paris, the French Government moved to
Austro–Prussian War : (a) Marseilles (b) Bordeaux (c) Lyons (d) Versailles
13. Which one of the following was not a part of the Treaty of Versailles?
Bismarck wanted to drive Austria out of Venetia.
(a) Germany was required to surrender Alsace - Lorraine to France
So he got the support of Piedmont-Sardinia. (b) Saar valley to be given to France
By his diplomacy Bismarck had ensured the neutrality of Russia and France. (c) The Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies
With the victory of the Austrian-Prussian War, he formed the Northern German (d) Danzig was to be under the control of Poland
Federation under the leadership of Prussia. 14. Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
Franco–Prussian War : (a) Edict of Emancipation – Alexander II (b) Bloody Sunday - Nicholas II
Bismarck wanted to unite the southern Germanic provinces. (c) 500 Serf riots in Russia - Nicholas I (d) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Alexander III
For this he created a rift between Prussia and France. 15. Assertion (A): The League of Nations was shown to have no teeth.
Reason (R): The principle of “collective security‟ could not be applied in actual practice.
At the end of the Franck-Prussian War, Germany combined the unification of Northern
(a) A and R are correct. R explains A (b) A and R are correct but R does not explain A
and southern Germany.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong and R is correct
16. Assertion (A): The Great Depression which affected the entire world had made no impact
13 - Imperialism and its Onslaught on USSR.
Reason (R): Land was declared as social property and distributed among poor Peasants.
(a) A and R are correct. R explains A. (b) A and R are correct but R does not explain A.
1. What was the battle in which the French succeeded in pushing back the advancing army of (c) A is correct but R is wrong. (d) A is wrong. R is correct.
Germans? 17. The first Secretary General of the League of Nations Eric Drummond belonged to
(a) Battle of Marne (b) Battle of Tannenberg (c) Battle of Verdun (d) Battle of Somme (a) France (b) South Africa (c) Britain (d) USA
2. Laissez Faire is a word coined by . 18. The League of Nations was dissolved in
(a) John A. Hobson (b) Karl Marx (c) Fischer (d) Gournay (a) 1939 (b) 1941 (c) 1945 (d) 1946
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
19. Who designated Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany?
(a) General Ludendorff (b) Von Hindenburg
(c) General Smuts (d) Alfred von Bethmann
20. What was the name of journal Mussolini edited?
(a) Avanti (b) Pravda (c) Marxist (d) Mein Kampf
2 - MARKS
1. Why did Germany want to isolate France?
France lost Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War.
Bismarck expected France to take revenge for this.
So he was determined to isolate France.
2. What was the significance of Entente Cordiale signed between Britain and France in 1904?
Morocco and Egypt related Quarrels were solved.
France allowed to operate independently in Morocco.
France agreed to recognize the British occupation of Egypt.
3. Highlight the outcome of the Balkan crisis.
The Bulgarians felt injured and awaited an opportunity to take revenge on Serbia.
The passions of the Serbians were inflamed by victory.
Anti-Austrian struggle in Serbia and Bosnia became ever more militant.
4. What was “Triple Intervention”?
According to the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed at the end, Japan got Liaotung peninsula
along with some regions.
The European powers feared the sudden growth of Japans.
So, France, England and Russia forced Japan to surrender the Liaotung peninsula to
china.
5. Write about the role played by Von Hindenburg in the Eastern Front of the First World War.
The Russian forces penetrated far into the Eastern Prussia.
German general Van Hindenburg confronted russian forces.
Russia suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Danenburg by van Hindenburgs war skills.
6. Point out the importance of Battle of Jutland.
This war took place at sea in Jutland peninsula, Denmark.
The battle was inconclusive.
The Battle of Jutland is the largest naval battle of the First World War.
7. What is Nihilism?
Nihilism represented a revolt against the established social order.
It rejected all authority exercised by the state, church and by the family.
It based its belief only on scientific truth.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
8. How did the League of Nations resolve the dispute between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925?
In 1925, Greece invaded Bulgaria.
The League ordered a ceasefire.
After investigation it decided that Greece was to pay reparations.
9. How did the Lateran Treaty help Mussolini in legitimising his authority?
Mussolini recognising the Vatican City as an independent state.
In return the Church recognised the Kingdom of Italy.
The Roman Catholic faith was made the religion of Italy.
10. What was the Third Reich?
The Nazi state of Hitler, known as the Third Reich.
It brought an end to the parliamentary democracy .
As a result Germany was converted into a highly centralised state.
3 - MARKS
1. How did the first Moroccan crisis happen?
Relying on their understanding with England the French decided to go ahead with their
plan in Morocco.
Early in 1905, a French mission arrived at Fez, a city in Morocco.
French treating it as a part of French protectorate.
Germany protested so French agreed to refer the dispute to a European conference.
2. How was Trench Warfare fought?
First World War compelled soldiers to burrow into the soil to obtain shelter and survival.
The Trench system is the two to four trenches that go parallel to each other.
The trenches were dug in a zigzag manner.
So that no enemy, could fire for more than a few yards down its length.
3. What do you know of the fearsome U-boats and Q-ships?
During the First World War Germany's most fearsome weapon was the submarine.
The Germans adopted a strategy to starve Britain by sinking every ship it could.
The Q-ships were Britain's answer to the Germany.
Britain provoked the attack on Germany through these ships and then resorted to
retaliation.
4. Highlight the sequence of events after America‟s entry into the War.
America‟s entry with its enormous resources made Allied victory a foregone conclusion.
The first to surrender was Bulgaria.
The Turks opted for an armistice.
Germany was now left with the impossible task of carrying on the struggle alone.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
5. Analyse the impact of Russian Revolution on the world outside Russia.
The revolution fired people‟s imagination across the world.
In many countries, communist parties were formed.
Soviet Union encouraged the colonies to fight for their freedom.
Debates over key issues, land reforms, workers‟ rights, started taking place in a global
context.
6. Highlight the successful accomplishments of League of Nations.
A dispute arose between Sweden and Finland over the sovereignty of the Aaland Islands.
The League ruled that the islands should go to Finland.
The frontier between Poland and Germany in Upper Silesia, which was successfully
resolved.
Greece invaded Bulgaria, and the League ordered a ceasefire.
7. How did the impact of Great Depression reflect in politics?
In England, the Labour Party was defeated in the general elections of 1931.
In USA, the Republican Party was rejected by the people in successive elections for
about twenty years.
The Fascist Parties seized government in Italy and Germany.
Argentina, Brazil and Chile saw a change of government.
5 – MARKS
1. Enumerate the causes and the consequences of the First World War.
Causes :
The Evolution of the System of Alliances :
The great powers of Europe had come to be arrayed in two opposing camps.
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy emerged as Triple Alliance.
 Britain, France and Russia emerged as Triple Entente.
Moroccan crisis :
The UK supported France in a Moroccan dispute between Germany and France.
Early in 1905, a French mission arrived at Fez, a city in Morocco.
Germany expressed its opposition to this act of France.
Balkan Crisis :
The Balkan League was formed to occupay Macedonia.
As a result of this, two Balkan wars took place.
The Balkan crisis led the countries that participated in it to The First World War.
Immediate Cause :
Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Princip , a Serbian
country.
Austria refused to accept Serbia's explanation for this massacre and waged war on Serbia.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Results :
The Peace Conference opened in Paris.
The peace treaty was signed with Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
Separate treaties were signed by the Allies with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.
The League of nations was formed for world peace.
2. “Marx supplied sparks and Lenin lit the fire”- Elucidate.
Marxism and Lenin :
Marx and Engels held the firm view that the existence of the bourgeoisie was as
necessary.
Lenin Influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx.
Lenin believed that the way for freedom was through mass action.
The Russian Revolution and the Provisional Government :
The inefficient rule of the Tsar‟s led to the revolution in Russia.
The Menshevik government was established in Russia through the revolution.
But the Provisional government made grave mistakes.
Revolution led by Lenin :
Lenin was in Switzerland when the revolution broke out.
Lenin wanted continued revolution.
His slogan of „All power to the Soviets‟ soon won over the workers‟ leaders.
The slogan ' Bread, peace and land ' attracted the victims of the war.
Lenin Capturing power :
Lenin persuaded the Bolshevik Central Committee to decide on an immediate revolution.
Accordingly, key government buildings, including the Winter Palace and the Prime
Minister‟s headquarters, were seized.
Finally, the new communist government was sworn in under the leadership of Lenin.
3. The Treaty of Versailles was harsh and humiliating for Germany. Substantiate the
statement.
Alsace, Lorraine and Saar Valley :
Germany handed over Alsace and Lorraine to France.
The coal mines in the Saar Valley were to be ceded to France.
Seize of German colonies :
All German colonies became mandated territories under the League of Nations.
Germany was forced to give up all the rights and titles over its overseas possessions to
the allies.
Armed Reduced :
Germany was disarmed and was forced to give up practically all of its submarines and
battleships.
Germany was forbidden to have any airplanes, either military or naval.
Its army was to be limited to 100,000 .
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM

The union of Austria : 4. In which year did Japan invade and seize Manchuria from China?
(a) 1931 (b) 1932 (c) 1933 (d) 1934
The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden .
5 ................... emerged as the most powerful Industrial country in continental Europe towards
Germany was to acknowledge and respect the Independence of Austria. the close of nineteenth century.
War Reparations : (a) France (b) Spain (c) Germany (d) Austria
Germany and its allies were held responsible for the loss and damage during the war. 6. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, a plebiscite was to be held in in January 1935.
The exact amount of war reparations was decided as 33 billion dollars. (a) Sudetenland (b) Rhineland (c) Saar (d) Alsace
7. Assertion (A): The methods of warfare changed during the Second World War.
4. Describe the circumstances that favoured Mussolini and Hitler to establish fascist Reason (R): Trench warfare had given way to aerial bombing.
governments in Italy and Germany respectively. (a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
Circumstances for the establishment of a fascist state in Italy: (b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
The failure of the Democratic party leaders to act decisively led to Mussolini's victory. (c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
The dispute between the communist and their opponents led to the civil war. 8. In 1939 Germany signed Non-aggression pact with
Impressed by march of the Fascists on Rome, the King Immanuel III invited Mussolini (a) Austria (b) Italy (c) Russia (d) Britain
to form a government. 9. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour was planned by
(a) Yamamoto (b) Schuschnigg (c) Kaiser William II (d) Hirohito
In the 1924 elections, after intimidation of the electors, the Fascists won 65 percent of the
10. Lend-Lease system introduced by President Roosevelt was helpful in
votes. (a) providing additional soldiers to countries fighting the fascist forces
Assuming the title of Il Duce, Mussolini became a dictator with power to legislate. (b) safeguarding the Jews from the murderous attacks of Hitler‟s army
Thus Mussolini destroyed parliamentary government and all democratic institutions. (c) expanding the resources of the allies, supplying arms and ammunition
Circumstances for the establishment of a fascist state in Germany: (d) providing medical services to those wounded in the Second World War.
Republican government in Germany fell, as the Communists refused to collaborate with 11. In August 1942, US forces in the Pacific was commanded by
the Social Democrats. (a) MacArthur (b) Eisenhower (c) General de Gaulle (d) George Marshall
In the wake of this, industrialists, bankers and the people of the royal family, who had 12. The US navy defeated the Japanese navy in the Battle of
the background, wanted to subordinate Hitler to their control. (a) Britain (b) Guadalcanal (c) El Alamein (d) Midway
13. German forces suffered their first reverses at
They approached President von Hindenburg and appointed Hitler as Prime Minister.
(a) Potsdam (b) El Alamein (c) Stalingrad (d) Midway
The Nazi regime then put an end to parliamentary democracy in Germany. 14. Which one of the following was not a declaration of the Potsdam conference?
Germany was converted into a highly centralised state. (a) East Prussia to be divided into two parts: northern part going to the Soviet Union, and
All political parties except the Nazi party were declared illegal. the southern part to Poland.
(b) Poland to receive the former free city of Danzig.
(c) Germany to be divided into four occupation zones to be governed by the USSR, Great
14 - Outbreak of Second World War and its Impact in Colonies.
Britain, the United States and France
(d) Trieste was to be divided into Zone A and Zone B. Zone A went to Italy, while zone B
1. Which one of the following was not the cause for the outbreak of Second World War?
was awarded to Yugoslavia
(a) The unjust nature of the terms of Peace with Germany
15. Which one of the following was not the result of the Second World War?
(b) Failure of the League of Nations (c) Economic Depression of 1930s
(a) Second World War was fatal to many European monarchies.
(d) National Liberation Movements in Colonies
(b) The Labour Party government in Britain established a welfare state.
2. The Kellogg–Briand Pact was signed in the year
(c) The struggle against Fascism ended in the triumph of Imperialism
(a) 1927 (b) 1928 (c) 1929 (d) 1930
(d) The United States and Soviet Russia emerged as two super powers in the world.
3. Assertion (A): A Disarmament Conference was organised by the League of Nations at
16. Which of the following pairs is correct?
Geneva.
1) General de Gaulle - France 2) Haile Selassie - Ethiopia
Reason (R): The matter came up for deliberation was Germany‟s rearmament plan on a par
3) General Badoglio - Japan 4) Admiral Yamamoto - Italy
with France.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 3 and 4 (d) All are correct
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A 17. France joined the Second Opium War
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A ( a ) To help Britain in the war (b) To carve out a separate sphere of influence to France
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct (c) To obtain permission for religious activities
(d) To establish the French rights to engage in opium trade.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
18. The end of Manchu dynasty came in the year
(a) 1908 b) 1911 (c) 1912 (d) 1916
19. The dispute that led to the Spanish- American War in 1898 was on
(a) Cuba (b) the Philippines (c) Puerto Rico (d) Batavia
20. Assertion (A): On 4 July 1946 the Philippines became independent.
Reason (R): Philippines joined the US-dominated South East Asian Treaty Organisation.
(a) Both A and R are correct. R explains A
(b) Both A and R are correct. R does not explain A
(c) A is correct but R is wrong (d) A is wrong but R is correct
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
7. Enumerate the essential principles of Atlantic Charter.
No territorial changes without the consent of the people concerned.
Freedom to travel across the sea without hindrance.
Disarmament of all nations that threaten aggression.
8. Examine the importance of the Treaty of Nanking.
The treaty of Nanking signed at the end of first Opium War.
This treaty opened the doors to Britain.
China ceded Hong Kong and paid an indemnity.

2 - MARKS 9. Explain the immediate outcome of American rule established in the Philippines in 1902.
The primary colonial institutions were firmly established.
1. Bring out the importance of Kellogg-Briand Pact.
The system of civil services and judiciary was established on the basis of English
The Kellogg–Briand Pact was signed in the year of 1928.
education.
Though the US did not become a member of the League of Nations, it participated in this
The municipal and provincial governments were established through the elections.
meet.
The outcome of this pact was the pledge of all nations of the world to renounce war.
10. Assess the significance of the Cavite uprising.
In Philippines, Cavite uprising , was crushed served to promote the nationalist cause.
2. Why did Germany withdraw from the League of Nations in 1933?
A number of Filipino intellectuals were arrested.
In Disarmament Conference, The issue was the German rearmament plan on a par with
After a brief trial, three priests were publicly executed.
France.
The French refused to agree to this proposal.
As a result, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. 3 - MARKS

1 Why was Hitler keen on capturing Stalingrad? Point out how his plan turned out to be his
3. What was the background for the formation of Rome-Berlin Axis?
“Waterloo”.
Britain and France condemned Mussolini‟s invasion of Ethiopia.
Hitler thought Stalingrad would be a prize catch, as it was a large industrial city.
This helped Hitler to establish close relationship with Italy.
Hitler felt that occupying the city named after Joseph Stalin would enhance his prestige.
This was the beginning of Rome–Berlin Axis.
It became clear that the German Army could not hold Stalingrad.
Yet Hitler refused to allow a strategic withdrawal.
4. What was the essence of the Munich agreement?
In the Munich conference, the premiers of Britain, France, Germany and Italy joined the
2 Allied bombing of Germany became a symbol of terror bombing campaign. Elucidate.
meeting.
Germany's City of Dresden was completely destroyed.
The German army should occupy the Sudetenland, as demanded by Hitler.
The raids became a symbol of the “terror bombing” campaign against Germany.
Parts of Czechoslovakia should go to Poland and Hungary.
During this period, 600,000 German citizens were killed.
Slowly, the German army was forced back.
5. What do you know of Dunkirk Evacuation?
During the Second World War, French troops were expell to the Dunkirk coast.
3 Bring out the significance of Huk Rebellion.
From there, they were forced to leave the boats and the small ships.
The Philippine Communist peasants were called Huk.
The French soldiers evacuated from Dunkirk formed the nucleus of the Free French Huk areas were bombarded by government forces.
army. As a result, the huk resorted to guerrilla warfare.
6. Highlight the importance of Japan‟s attack on Pearl Harbour. The “Huk rebellion” had been crushed by the Philippine government, assisted by the U.S.
United States declared war on Japan.
Thus making it an absolute second world war. 4 Highlight the important results of the Second World War.
Germany ceased to be a great power.
Britain and China joined the US.
Europe lost its status and prestige.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
The economy was in a shambles.
The U.S and Soviet Russia were emerged the two dominant powers of the world.
5 Attempt an account of Boxer Rebellion in China.
The Boxers came from peasants, particularly from Shandong province.
The original aim of the Boxers was the destruction of the Manchu dynasty.
And also destruction of the Westerners who enjoyed a privileged position in China.
The Boxers burned churches and foreign residences.
6 Discuss the role of Kuomintang Party in China‟s nationalist politics.
Sun Yat-sen founded a political party in Tokyo, which became the Kuomintang Party.
Sun Yat-sen, the inspirer of the organisation, wanted a republic china.
After the death of Sun Yat-sen , the Kuomintang did not adopt Communist policies.
The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.
7 Estimate the contribution of Sukarno to the independence of Indonesia.
Sukarno organised the Indonesian Nationalist Party.
This party in the country was supported by the westernised secular middle class.
In 1931 Sukarno was imprisoned and the party he founded was dissolved.
With Japans support, he got indonesias independence by Eviction the Dutch.
5 - MARKS
1. The seeds for the Second World War were sowed in the treaty of Versailles. Discuss with
reasons.
The terms imposed upon Germany at the end of First World War were harsh.
Stripped off its colonies, the size of the German army was drastically reduced.
Germany was forced to cede Alsace and Lorraine to France.
Germany agree to the temporary occupation by French troops of the Saar valley.
Germany was also compelled to hand over to Poland large parts of the industrial area of
Silesia.
Further Germany was to pay an impossible sum in reparation.
Austria was not allowed to unite with Germany.
Such bad Features later led to the political success of the Nazi Party in Germany.
2. Examine to what extent Germany and Hitler were responsible for the outbreak of Second
World War.
Annexation of Sar and Rhineland :
Hitler held a general referendum in the SAR area and annexed it with Germany.
In 1936 Hitler flouted the Treaty of Versailles by sending troops to occupy Rhineland.
Annexation of Austria :
The Nazi state was established in Austria by the pressure of Hitler.
Then the German forces entered Vienna and began to establish control over the country.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Attack on Czechoslovakia :
Hitler accused the Germans living in Sudetenland of being oppressed.
Before the referendum was held in the Sudetenland, Hitler occupied it with his army.
Using the conflict in Czechoslovakia, Hitler sent German forces to occupy the conflict
zone.
Attack on Poland :
Hitler accused the Germans living in Poland of being oppressed.
Hitler, who was aiming to occupy the whole of Europe, On september 1, 1939, the attack
on Poland was held.
The reason for the Second World War was the rejection of Britains ultimatum to leave
Germany in Poland.
3. Describe Mao Tse Tung‟s contribution to the establishment of Communist government in
China.
Marxism and Mao Tse Tung :
In 1918 a Society for the Study of Marxism was formed in Peking University.
Among the students who attended was a young assistant librarian by the name of Mao
Tse-tung.
He soon brought the Communist Party under his control.
The Kuomintang government and Mao
The Kuomintang government in China was more corrupt.
Mao knew that the Kuomintang grip on the towns was too strong.
So concentrated his energies on organizing the peasantry.
Mao took refuge in Hunan :
Mao's life was threatened by the Kuomintang party.
So he took refuge in the hills between Kiangsi and Hunan.
The Kuomintang invaded five times to completely destroy Mao and his comrades.
 So Mao wanted to move out of Hunan for safer territory.
Long March :
The communist army then carried out the 'long march'.
As a result of the Long March, Mao became the ruler of the people in China.
 Mao organised Workers and Peasants‟ Councils and laid the foundations for communists
to form a government in China.
4 Make a comparative analysis of common and varying features in the liberation struggles of
Indonesia and Philippines.
Common features :
Both countries were a colony of European countries.
In both countries, the communists gave voice against to the domination of colonialism.
During World War II, both countries were under Japanese occupation.
Both countries got Independence, after the second War.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
Varying features : 10. The term “Third World” was coined by
(a) Alfred Sauvy (b) Marshall (c) Molotov (d) Harry Truman
The Philippines went to the U.S. control after Indonesia is the colonial country of the 11. Match and choose the correct answer from the code given below
being a colony of the Spanish state. Dutch state. (A) Indonesia 1. Jawaharlal Nehru
Nationalism developed among the Filipinos The nationalist movement became the most (B) Egypt 2. Tito
earlier than elsewhere. belated in Indonesia. (C) Ghana 3. Kwame Nkrumah
The Philippines got independence in 1946 Indonesia got independence in 1949 due to (D) Yugoslavia 4. Gamal Abdel Nasser
with the support of the United States. pressure from the U.N Security Council. (E) India 5. Sukarno
(a) 5 3 4 2 1 (b) 1 3 2 4 5 (c) 5 4 3 2 1 (d) 1 2 3 4 5
12. The first Summit of NAM was held at
(a) Belgrade (b) Beijing (c) Bandung (d) Pali
15 - The World after World War 13. Assertion (A): The Second World War proved that the League of Nation was a failure.
Reason (R): World leaders realised the need for the creation of an effective organisation
1. By the end of 1947 the only country left out of the Soviet influence in eastern Europe was to prevent another war.
(a) East Germany (b) Czechoslovakia (c) Greece (d) Turkey (a) Both A and R are correct; R explains A
2. Assertion (A): Stalin criticised Churchill as a warmonger. (b) Both A and R are correct; but R does not explain A
Reason (R): Churchill had earlier called for a western alliance against communism. (c) A is correct but R is wrong
(a) Both A and R are correct; R explains A (d) A is wrong and R is correct
(b) Both A and R are correct; R does not explain A 14. On 24 October 1945, the UNO came into existence with
(c) A is correct and R is wrong (d) A is wrong and R is correct (a) 100 members (b) 72 members (c) 51 members (d) 126 members
3. The term “Cold War” was coined by 15. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct?
(a) Bernard Baruch (b) George Orwell (c) George Kennan (d) Churchill Statement I: The Birth of UNO coincided with the beginning of Cold War.
4. Assertion (A): The soviet foreign minister dubbed the Marshall Plan as "dollar Statement II: During the Cold War period, the UNO played an important role in
imperialism". preventing wars.
Reason (R): In the Soviet view, Marshall Plan was little more than a ploy to spread Statement III: But in disputes involving the permanent members of the Security Council,
American influence. the UNO was a mute spectator.
(a) Both A and R are correct; R explains A (a) I, II (b) II, III (c) I, III (d) All the above
(b) Both A and R are correct; R does not explain A 16. Suez Canal connects the Red Sea with the
(c) A is correct and R is wrong (d) A is wrong and R is correct (a) Gulf of Aden (b) Gulf of Khambat (c) Mediterranean Sea (d) Arabian Sea
5 Marshall aid was for the purpose of 17. Trygve Lie, the first Secretary General of the UNO, belonged to
(a) Economic reconstruction of Europe (a) Burma (b) Japan (c) Singapore (d) Norway
(b) Protection of capitalistic enterprises. 18. Assertion (A): In 2017, Britain voted to exit the European Union.
(c) Establishment of American hegemony in Europe Reason (R): Britain‟s exit is known as Brexit.
(d) forming a military alliance against Soviet Russia (a) Both A and R are correct; R explains A
6. Truman doctrine advocated (b) Both A and R are correct; R does not explain A
(a) financial aid to stop the spread of communism (c) A is correct and R is wrong (d) A is wrong and R is correct
(b) supply of weapons to the insurgents in colonies 19. Glasnost denotes
(c) interference in internal affairs of east European countries (a) transparency and openness (b) democratisation of Communist Party of Soviet Union
(d) permanent army to UN under US Commander (c) restructuring of the Soviet Federal Assembly (d) reinventing communism
7. Arrange the following in chronological order
20. Soviet Union disintegrated on
1) Warsaw Pact 2) CENTO 3) SEATO 4) NATO (a) November 17, 1991 (b) December 8, 1991 (c) May 1, 1991 (d) October 17, 1991
(a) 4, 2, 3, 1 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4 (c) 4, 3, 2, 1 (d) 1, 2, 3, 4
8. The aim of the Baghdad Pact was to 2 - MARKS
(a) protect England‟s leadership in the Middle East
(b) exploit the oil resources in the region 1. Identify the espionage agencies of USA and USSR.
(c) prevent communist influence (d) destabilise the government in Iraq The espionage agency of United States : CIA.
9. US intervention in Lebanon was opposed by The espionage agency of Sovit Union : KGB, or CNS.
(a) Turkey (b) Iraq (c) India (d) Pakistan
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
2. Explain the concept of containment of communism.
The US wanted to restoring the European economy and control communism.
For this, the US put forward the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.
Further, the European Economic Cooperation Agency was formed in 1948.
3. Point out the significance of the “Uniting for Peace” resolution passed by the UN General
Assembly.
The General Assembly took initiative in US to pass the „Uniting for Peace‟ resolution.
If the Security Council could not reach an agreement in a crisis, the General Assembly
may make a recommendation to use the military.
USSR regarded this resolution as illegal.
4. What do you know about Cominform?
USSR set up The Cominform in 1947.
This was an organisation in which all European communist parties were represented.
It discouraged trade contact between the non-communist countries.
5. Provide examples of Surrogate Wars in the cold war era.
The Korean War and the Vietnam Wars were classic examples of the Cold War period.
In both cases Soviet Union supported the communist government in North Korea and in
North Vietnam.
The United States supported South Korea and South Vietnam.
6. What was the background to the Hungarian Crisis?
The Russians agreed to Nagy becoming premier again in Hungary .
He started introducing a multiparty system and set up a coalition government.
Enraged by this, Soviet Russia sent its army into Hungary and crushed the rebellion.
7. What was Schuman Plan?
Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, realised that a reconciliation between
France and Germany was good for both.
He proposed the joint production of two countries ' coal and steel to be administered by
the High Authority.
This project for economic integration automatically connected the two countries.
8. Outline the concept of Perestroika.
Gorbachev announced the concept of Perestroika.
Perestroika describes the necessity of a political and economic re-structuring.
By Perestroika Gorbachev loosened centralised control of many institutions.
3 - MARKS
1. Warsaw Pact was a response of the Soviet Union to the US controlled NATO-Explain.
When West Germany became a member of NATO, USSR decided to make a counter
arrangement.
In May 1955, The Soviet Union and its allies signed this treaty.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
It was signed in The Polish Capital of Warsaw, and was named the Warsaw Pact.
The treaty called upon member states to come to the defence of any member if it was
attacked by an outside force.
2. Write about the different stages in the final adoption of UN Charter.
At Dumbarton Oaks, the representatives of the superpowers met to formulate a plan of
action for a world organization.
The Moscow declaration recognised the need for an international organisation to replace
the League of Nations.
Decisions on the voting system in security council and a few other issues were raised in
Yalta Conference.
After holding deliberations and negotiations at the San Francisco Conference, the
Charter of the United Nations was finalised.
3. Trace the background of the formation of NATO.
Despite the friendship of the United States, Western European countries felt insecure.
Communist victory in Czechoslovakia added to their fears.
The Western European countries were now willing to consider a collective security
solution.
In this context that the NATO organization was formed.
4. Give a brief account of Suez Canal Crisis.
In July 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal.
Which was until then privately owned by the Anglo-French Suez Canal Corporation.
So the Israeli, French and British forces invaded the Sinai Peninsula.
UN forces expelled Israeli, British and French troops in march 1957 .
5. Why SEATO was not so popular as NATO?
SEATO is seen as an Asian-Pacific version of NATO.
Only two Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines and Thailand, were members of the
organization.
SEATO only for consultation.
Leaving each individual nation to react individually to internal threats.
5 - MARKS
1. Highlight the goals and objectives of the Non- Aligned Movement.
Respect of fundamental human rights
Respect of the objectives and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
Recognition of the equality among all races and of the equality among all nations.
Non-intervention or non-interference in the internal affairs of another country.
Non-use of pressures by any country against other countries.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means.
Promotion of mutual interest and cooperation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.
 M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
2. Discuss the origin of Arab-Israeli conflict and show how subsequent developments caused
a major war between the two in 1967.
The beginning of the Palestinian crisis :
As the United Nations voted to partition Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state in
November 1947.
So conflict broke out almost immediately between Jews and Arabs in Palestine.
Independence of Israel :
On the eve of the British forces‟ withdrawal , Israel declared independence.
The following year, Israel became a member of the the United Nations Council.
When Israel was created, there was little involvement of the UN in making political
decisions.
Israel seeking armed assistance :
By 1966 the U.S. providing began to Israel with advanced planes and missiles.
As a result, the Cold War broke out in the Middle East.
In April 1967 there were artillery exchanges between Israel and Syria.
The Beginning of the War :
The U.S. Sixth Fleet remained off the Syrian coast.
Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping.
 So early June Israel attacked Egypt.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
4. Sketch the political career of Boris Yetlsin, focusing on his role in the collapse of Soviet
Union.
Communist Party and Boris Yeltsin :
Boris Yeltsin Joining the Communist Party in 1961.
Later he became a full-time worker in the party.
He emerged as a popular figure and began to occupy in key positions in the Party.
Holding important responsibilities :
He chose to eliminate corruption in the Moscow party organisation.
In 1986 Yeltsin was elevated to the Politburo.
Soon he was made the mayor of Moscow.
Confrontation with Gorbachev :
He criticized party meetings and reform work for being too slow.
He advocated democratic governance and economic reforms.
Boris Yeltsin's comments drew Gorbachev's opposition.
Becoming President of the Russian Republic :
He succeeded in winning a seat in the USSR Congress of People‟s Deputies.
The Soviet parliament elected him president of the Russian republic against Gorbachev‟s
wishes.
He became the first popularly elected leader in 1991, after the collapse of Soviet Union.

3. In disputes involving the permanent members of the Security Council, the UNO was a mute
spectator. Elucidate this statement from the cold war period experiences.
The Egyptian Crisis :
On 1956, British and French troops landed at the Egyptian town of Port Said.
The General Assembly, at the initiative of the US, called for an emergency session and
condemned the invasion.
So Israel, Great Britain and France stopped fighting and decided to withdraw their forces
from Egypt.
The Hungarian Crisis :
The Russians agreed to Nagy becoming premier again in Hungary .
He started introducing a multiparty system and set up a coalition government.
Enraged by this, Soviet Russia sent its army into Hungary and crushed the rebellion.
The Israeli-Palestinian problem :
The UN has repeatedly tried to hold the International Peace Conference in its support to
resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict completely.
But the problem could not be resolved, because Israel had the full support of the great
powers.
Position of UNO :
On the above issues, the Security Council's permanent states have used their veto power
and extend the issue.
Moreover, the UN was a silent observer, as the permanent members of the Security
Council were involved in the issues.
M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM M. VENKATESAN M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., PG ASSISSTANT ( HISTORY ) GBHSS AYAPPAKKAM
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