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Modern Characterization of
Electromagnetic Systems and Its
Associated Metrology
Modern Characterization of
Electromagnetic Systems and Its
Associated Metrology

Tapan K. Sarkar†
Syracuse University
11 Wexford Road, Syracuse, New York 13214

Magdalena Salazar-Palma
Carlos III University of Madrid
Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain

Ming Da Zhu
Xidian University
No. 2 South Taibai Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

Heng Chen
Syracuse University
211 Lafayette Rd. Room 425, Syracuse, NY, USA
This edition first published 2021
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sarkar, Tapan (Tapan K.), editor. | Salazar-Palma, Magdalena,
editor. | Zhu, Ming Da, editor. | Chen, Heng, editor.
Title: Modern characterization of electromagnetic systems and its
associated metrology / edited by Tapan K. Sarkar, Magdalena
Salazar-Palma, Ming Da Zhu, Heng Chen.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020008264 (print) | LCCN 2020008265 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119076469 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119076544 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119076537 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Electromagnetism–Mathematics. | Electromagnetic
waves–Measurement.
Classification: LCC QC760 .M53 2020 (print) | LCC QC760 (ebook) | DDC
537/.12–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008264
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008265
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © zf L/Getty Images
Set in 10/12pt Warnock by Straive, Pondicherry, India

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 v

Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xxi
Tribute to Tapan K. Sarkar – Magdalena Salazar Palma, Ming Da Zhu,
and Heng Chen xxiii

1 Mathematical Principles Related to Modern System Analysis 1

Summary 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Reduced-Rank Modelling: Bias Versus Variance Tradeoff 3
1.3 An Introduction to Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and the
Theory of Total Least Squares (TLS) 6
1.3.1 Singular Value Decomposition 6
1.3.2 The Theory of Total Least Squares 15
1.4 Conclusion 19
References 20

2 Matrix Pencil Method (MPM) 21

Summary 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Development of the Matrix Pencil Method for Noise Contaminated
Data 24
2.2.1 Procedure for Interpolating or Extrapolating the System Response
Using the Matrix Pencil Method 26
2.2.2 Illustrations Using Numerical Data 26
2.2.2.1 Example 1 26
2.2.2.2 Example 2 29
2.3 Applications of the MPM for Evaluation of the Characteristic
Impedance of a Transmission Line 32
2.4 Application of MPM for the Computation of the S-Parameters
Without any A Priori Knowledge of the Characteristic Impedance 37
2.5 Improving the Resolution of Network Analyzer Measurements
Using MPM 44
vi Contents

2.6 Minimization of Multipath Effects Using MPM in Antenna

Measurements Performed in Non-Anechoic Environments 57
2.6.1 Application of a FFT-Based Method to Process the Data 61
2.6.2 Application of MPM to Process the Data 64
2.6.3 Performance of FFT and MPM Applied to Measured Data 67
2.7 Application of the MPM for a Single Estimate of the SEM-Poles
When Utilizing Waveforms from Multiple Look Directions 74
2.8 Direction of Arrival (DOA) Estimation Along with Their
Frequency of Operation Using MPM 81
2.9 Efficient Computation of the Oscillatory Functional Variation in the
Tails of the Sommerfeld Integrals Using MPM 85
2.10 Identification of Multiple Objects Operating in Free Space Through
Their SEM Pole Locations Using MPM 91
2.11 Other Miscellaneous Applications of MPM 95
2.12 Conclusion 95
Appendix 2A Computer Codes for Implementing MPM 96
References 99

3 The Cauchy Method 107

Summary 107
3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 Procedure for Interpolating or Extrapolating the System Response
Using the Cauchy Method 112
3.3 Examples to Estimate the System Response Using the Cauchy
Method 112
3.3.1 Example 1 112
3.3.2 Example 2 116
3.3.3 Example 3 118
3.4 Illustration of Extrapolation by the Cauchy Method 120
3.4.1 Extending the Efficiency of the Moment Method Through
Extrapolation by the Cauchy Method 120
3.4.2 Interpolating Results for Optical Computations 123
3.4.3 Application to Filter Analysis 125
3.4.4 Broadband Device Characterization Using Few Parameters 127
3.5 Effect of Noise Contaminating the Data and Its Impact on the
Performance of the Cauchy Method 130
3.5.1 Perturbation of Invariant Subspaces 130
3.5.2 Perturbation of the Solution of the Cauchy Method Due
to Additive Noise 131
3.5.3 Numerical Example 136
3.6 Generating High Resolution Wideband Response from Sparse and
Incomplete Amplitude-Only Data 138
 Contents vii

3.6.1 Development of the Interpolatory Cauchy Method for

Amplitude-Only Data 139
3.6.2 Interpolating High Resolution Amplitude Response 142
3.7 Generation of the Non-minimum Phase Response from
Amplitude-Only Data Using the Cauchy Method 148
3.7.1 Generation of the Non-minimum Phase 149
3.7.2 Illustration Through Numerical Examples 151
3.8 Development of an Adaptive Cauchy Method 158
3.8.1 Introduction 158
3.8.2 Adaptive Interpolation Algorithm 159
3.8.3 Illustration Using Numerical Examples 160
3.8.4 Summary 171
3.9 Efficient Characterization of a Filter 172
3.10 Extraction of Resonant Frequencies of an Object from Frequency
Domain Data 176
3.11 Conclusion 180
Appendix 3A MATLAB Codes for the Cauchy Method 181
References 187

4 Applications of the Hilbert Transform – A Nonparametric Method for

Interpolation/Extrapolation of Data 191
Summary 191
4.1 Introduction 192
4.2 Consequence of Causality and Its Relationship to the Hilbert
Transform 194
4.3 Properties of the Hilbert Transform 195
4.4 Relationship Between the Hilbert and the Fourier Transforms
for the Analog and the Discrete Cases 199
4.5 Methodology to Extrapolate/Interpolate Data in the Frequency
Domain Using a Nonparametric Methodology 200
4.6 Interpolating Missing Data 203
4.7 Application of the Hilbert Transform for Efficient Computation
of the Spectrum for Nonuniformly Spaced Data 213
4.7.1 Formulation of the Least Square Method 217
4.7.2 Hilbert Transform Relationship 221
4.7.3 Magnitude Estimation 223
4.8 Conclusion 229
References 229

5 The Source Reconstruction Method 235

Summary 235
5.1 Introduction 236
5.2 An Overview of the Source Reconstruction Method (SRM) 238
viii Contents

5.3 Mathematical Formulation for the Integral Equations 239

5.4 Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation Using an Equivalent
Magnetic Current Approach 240
5.4.1 Description of the Proposed Methodology 241
5.4.2 Solution of the Integral Equation for the Magnetic Current 245
5.4.3 Numerical Results Utilizing the Magnetic Current 249
5.4.4 Summary 268
5.5 Near-Field to Near/Far-Field Transformation for Arbitrary
Near-Field Geometry Utilizing an Equivalent Electric Current 276
5.5.1 Description of the Proposed Methodology 278
5.5.2 Numerical Results Using an Equivalent Electric Current 281
5.5.3 Summary 286
5.6 Evaluating Near-Field Radiation Patterns of Commercial
Antennas 297
5.6.1 Background 297
5.6.2 Formulation of the Problem 301
5.6.3 Results for the Near-field To Far-field Transformation 304
5.6.3.1 A Base Station Antenna 304
5.6.3.2 NF to FF Transformation of a Pyramidal Horn Antenna 307
5.6.3.3 Reference Volume of a Base Station Antenna for Human
Exposure to EM Fields 310
5.6.4 Summary 311
5.7 Conclusions 313
References 314

6 Planar Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation Using a Single Moving

Probe and a Fixed Probe Arrays 319
Summary 319
6.1 Introduction 320
6.2 Theory 322
6.3 Integral Equation Formulation 323
6.4 Formulation of the Matrix Equation 325
6.5 Use of an Magnetic Dipole Array as Equivalent Sources 328
6.6 Sample Numerical Results 329
6.7 Summary 337
6.8 Differences between Conventional Modal Expansion and the
Equivalent Source Method for Planar Near-Field to Far-Field
Transformation 337
6.8.1 Introduction 337
6.8.2 Modal Expansion Method 339
6.8.3 Integral Equation Approach 341
6.8.4 Numerical Examples 344
6.8.5 Summary 351
 Contents ix

6.9 A Direct Optimization Approach for Source Reconstruction

and NF-FF Transformation Using Amplitude-Only Data 352
6.9.1 Background 352
6.9.2 Equivalent Current Representation 354
6.9.3 Optimization of a Cost Function 356
6.9.4 Numerical Simulation 357
6.9.5 Results Obtained Utilizing Experimental Data 358
6.9.6 Summary 359
6.10 Use of Computational Electromagnetics to Enhance the Accuracy
and Efficiency of Antenna Pattern Measurements Using an
Array of Dipole Probes 361
6.10.1 Introduction 362
6.10.2 Development of the Proposed Methodology 363
6.10.3 Philosophy of the Computational Methodology 363
6.10.4 Formulation of the Integral Equations 365
6.10.5 Solution of the Integro-Differential Equations 367
6.10.6 Sample Numerical Results 369
6.10.6.1 Example 1 369
6.10.6.2 Example 2 373
6.10.6.3 Example 3 377
6.10.6.4 Example 4 379
6.10.7 Summary 384
6.11 A Fast and Efficient Method for Determining the Far Field
Patterns Along the Principal Planes Using a Rectangular
Probe Array 384
6.11.1 Introduction 385
6.11.2 Description of the Proposed Methodology 385
6.11.3 Sample Numerical Results 387
6.11.3.1 Example 1 387
6.11.3.2 Example 2 393
6.11.3.3 Example 3 397
6.11.3.4 Example 4 401
6.11.4 Summary 406
6.12 The Influence of the Size of Square Dipole Probe Array
Measurement on the Accuracy of NF-FF Pattern 406
6.12.1 Illustration of the Proposed Methodology Utilizing Sample
Numerical Results 407
6.12.1.1 Example 1 407
6.12.1.2 Example 2 411
6.12.1.3 Example 3 416
6.12.1.4 Example 4 419
6.12.2 Summary 428
6.13 Use of a Fixed Probe Array Measuring Amplitude-Only
Near-Field Data for Calculating the Far-Field 428
x Contents

6.13.1 Proposed Methodology 429

6.13.2 Sample Numerical Results 430
6.13.2.1 Example 1 430
6.13.2.2 Example 2 434
6.13.2.3 Example 3 437
6.13.2.4 Example 4 437
6.13.3 Summary 441
6.14 Probe Correction for Use with Electrically Large Probes 442
6.14.1 Development of the Proposed Methodology 443
6.14.2 Formulation of the Solution Methodology 446
6.14.3 Sample Numerical Results 447
6.15 Conclusions 449
References 449

7 Spherical Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation 453

Summary 453
7.1 An Analytical Spherical Near-Field to Far-Field
Transformation 453
7.1.1 Introduction 453
7.1.2 An Analytical Spherical Near-Field to Far-Field
Transformation 454
7.1.3 Numerical Simulations 464
7.1.3.1 Synthetic Data 464
7.1.3.2 Experimental Data 465
7.1.4 Summary 468
7.2 Radial Field Retrieval in Spherical Scanning for Current
Reconstruction and NF–FF Transformation 468
7.2.1 Background 468
7.2.2 An Equivalent Current Reconstruction from Spherical
Measurement Plane 470
7.2.3 The Radial Electric Field Retrieval Algorithm 472
7.2.4 Results Obtained Using This Formulation 473
7.2.4.1 Simulated Data 473
7.2.4.2 Using Measured Data 475
7.3 Conclusion 482
Appendix 7A A Fortran Based Computer Program for Transforming
Spherical Near-Field to Far-Field 483
References 489

8 Deconvolving Measured Electromagnetic Responses 491

Summary 491
8.1 Introduction 491
8.2 The Conjugate Gradient Method with Fast Fourier Transform for
Computational Efficiency 495
 Contents xi

8.2.1 Theory 495

8.2.2 Numerical Results 498
8.3 Total Least Squares Approach Utilizing Singular Value
Decomposition 501
8.3.1 Theory 501
8.3.2 Total Least Squares (TLS) 502
8.3.3 Numerical Results 506
8.4 Conclusion 516
References 516

9 Performance of Different Functionals for Interpolation/

Extrapolation of Near/Far-Field Data 519
Summary 519
9.1 Background 520
9.2 Approximating a Frequency Domain Response by Chebyshev
Polynomials 521
9.3 The Cauchy Method Based on Gegenbauer Polynomials 531
9.3.1 Numerical Results and Discussion 537
9.3.1.1 Example of a Horn Antenna 537
9.3.1.2 Example of a 2-element Microstrip Patch Array 539
9.3.1.3 Example of a Parabolic Antenna 541
9.4 Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation of a Zenith-Directed
Parabolic Reflector Using the Ordinary Cauchy Method 543
9.5 Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation of a Rotated Parabolic
Reflector Using the Ordinary Cauchy Method 552
9.6 Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation of a Zenith-Directed
Parabolic Reflector Using the Matrix Pencil Method 558
9.7 Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation of a Rotated Parabolic
Reflector Using the Matrix Pencil Method 564
9.8 Conclusion 569
References 569

10 Retrieval of Free Space Radiation Patterns from Measured Data

in a Non-Anechoic Environment 573
Summary 573
10.1 Problem Background 573
10.2 Review of Pattern Reconstruction Methodologies 575
10.3 Deconvolution Method for Radiation Pattern Reconstruction 578
10.3.1 Equations and Derivation 578
10.3.2 Steps Required to Implement the Proposed Methodology 584
10.3.3 Processing of the Data 585
10.3.4 Simulation Examples 587
10.3.4.1 Example I: One PEC Plate Serves as a Reflector 587
10.3.4.2 Example II: Two PEC Plates Now Serve as Reflectors 594
xii Contents

10.3.4.3 Example III: Four Connected PEC Plates Serve as Reflectors 598
10.3.4.4 Example IV: Use of a Parabolic Reflector Antenna as the AUT 604
10.3.5 Discussions on the Deconvolution Method for Radiation Pattern
Reconstruction 608
10.4 Effect of Different Types of Probe Antennas 608
10.4.1 Numerical Examples 608
10.4.1.1 Example I: Use of a Yagi Antenna as the Probe 608
10.4.1.2 Example II: Use of a Parabolic Reflector Antenna as the Probe 612
10.4.1.3 Example III: Use of a Dipole Antenna as the Probe 613
10.5 Effect of Different Antenna Size 619
10.6 Effect of Using Different Sizes of PEC Plates 626
10.7 Extension of the Deconvolution Method to Three-Dimensional
Pattern Reconstruction 632
10.7.1 Mathematical Characterization of the Methodology 632
10.7.2 Steps Summarizing for the Methodology 635
10.7.3 Processing the Data 636
10.7.4 Results for Simulation Examples 638
10.7.4.1 Example I: Four Wide PEC Plates Serve as Reflectors 640
10.7.4.2 Example II: Four PEC Plates and the Ground Serve as
Reflectors 643
10.7.4.3 Example III: Six Plates Forming an Unclosed Contour Serve as
Reflectors 651
10.7.4.4 Example IV: Antenna Measurement in a Closed PEC Box 659
10.7.4.5 Example V: Six Dielectric Plates Forming a Closed Contour
Simulating a Room 662
10.8 Conclusion 673
Appendix A: Data Mapping Using the Conversion between the
Spherical Coordinate System and the Cartesian Coordinate
System 675
Appendix B: Description of the 2D-FFT during the Data
Processing 677
References 680

Index 683
 xiii

Preface

The area of electromagnetics is an evolutionary one. In the earlier days the

analysis in this area was limited to 11 separable coordinate systems for the solu-
tion of Helmholtz equations. The eleven coordinate systems are rectangular,
circular cylinder, elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, spherical, conical,
parabolic, prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal, ellipsoidal and paraboloidal
coordinates. However, Laplace’s equation is separable in 13 coordinate systems,
the additional two being the bispherical and the toroidal coordinate systems.
Outside these coordinate systems it was not possible to develop a solution
for electromagnetic problems in the earlier days. However, with the advent
of numerical methods this situation changed and it was possible to solve real
practical problems in any system. This development took place in two distinct
stages and was primarily addressed by Prof. Roger F. Harrington. In the first
phase he proposed to develop the solution of an electromagnetic field problem
in terms of unknown currents, both electric and magnetic and not fields by
placing some equivalent currents to represent the actual sources so that these
currents produce exactly the same desired fields in each region. From these
currents he computed the electric and the magnetic vector potentials in any
coordinate system. In the integral representation of the potentials in terms of
the unknown currents, the free space Green’s function was used which simpli-
fied the formulation considerably as no complicated form of the Green’s func-
tion for any complicated environment was necessary. From the potentials, the
fields, both electric and magnetic, were developed by invoking the Maxwell-
Hertz-Heaviside equations. This made the mathematical analysis quite analytic
and simplified many of the complexities related to the complicated Green’s the-
orem. This was the main theme in his book “Time Harmonic Electromagnetic
Fields”, McGraw Hill, 1961. At the end of this book he tried to develop a vari-
ational form for all these concepts so that a numerical technique can be applied
and one can solve any electromagnetic boundary value problem of interest. This
theme was further developed in the second stage through his second classic
book “Field Computations by Moment Methods”, Macmillan Company, 1968.
In the second book he illustrated how to solve a general electromagnetic field
xiv Preface

problem. This gradual development took almost half a century to mature. In the
experimental realm, unfortunately, no such progress has been made. This may
be partially due to decisions taken by the past leadership of the IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Society (AP-S) who first essentially disassociated measure-
ments from their primary focus leading antenna measurement practitioners
to form the Antenna Measurements Techniques Association (AMTA) as an
organization different from IEEE AP-S. And later on even the numerical tech-
niques part was not considered in the main theme of the IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society leading to the formation of the Applied Computational
Electromagnetic Society (ACES). However, in recent times these shortcomings
of the past decisions of the AP-S leadership have been addressed.
The objective of this book is to advance the state of the art of antenna mea-
surements and not being limited to the situation that measurements can be
made in one of the separable coordinate systems just like the state of electro-
magnetics over half a century ago. We propose to carry out this transformation
in the realm of measurement first by trying to find a set of equivalent currents
just like we do in theory and then solve for these unknown currents using the
Maxwell-Hertz-Heaviside equations via the Method of Moments popularized
by Prof. Harrington. Since the expressions between the measured fields and
the unknown currents are analytic and related by Maxwell-Hertz-Heaviside
equations, the measurements can be carried out in any arbitrary geometry
and not just limited to the planar, cylindrical or spherical geometries. The
advantage of this new methodology as presented in this book through the topic
“Source Reconstruction Method” is that the measurement of the fields need
not be done using a Nyquist sampling criteria which opens up new avenues
particularly in the very high frequency regime of the electromagnetic spectrum
where it might be difficult to take measurement samples half a wavelength
apart. Secondly as will be illustrated these measurement samples need not
even be performed in any specified plane. Also because of the analytical rela-
tionship between the sources that generate the fields and the fields themselves
it is possible to go beyond the Raleigh resolution limit and achieve super res-
olution in the diagnosis of radiating structures. In the Raleigh limit the reso-
lution is limited by the uncertainty principle and that is determined by the
length of the aperture whose Fourier transform we are looking at whereas
in the super resolution system there is no such restriction. Another objective
of this book is to outline a very simple procedure to recover the non-minimum
phase of any electromagnetic system using amplitude-only data. This simple
procedure is based on the principle of causality which results in the Hilbert
transform relationship between the real and the imaginary parts of a transfer
function of any linear time invariant system. The philosophy of model order
reduction can also be implemented using the concepts of total least squares
along with the singular value decomposition. This makes the ill-posed decon-
volution problem quite stable numerically. Finally, it is shown how to
 Preface xv

interpolate and extrapolate measured data including filling up the gap of miss-
ing measured near/far-field data.
The book contains ten chapters. In Chapter 1, the mathematical preliminaries
are described. In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, model order
reduction is the key to processing measured data. This also enables us to inter-
polate and extrapolate measured data. The philosophy of model order reduction
is outlined in this chapter along with the concepts of total least squares and sin-
gular value decomposition.
In Chapter 2, we present the matrix pencil method (MPM) which is a meth-
odology to approximate a given data set by a sum of complex exponentials. The
objective is to interpolate and extrapolate data and also to extract certain para-
meters so as to compress the data set. First the methodology is presented
followed by some application in electromagnetic system characterization.
The applications involve using this methodology to deembed device character-
istics and obtain accurate and high resolution characterization, enhance
network analyzer measurements when not enough physical bandwidth is
available for measurements, minimize unwanted reflections in antenna mea-
surements and, when performing system characterization in a non-anechoic
environment, to extract a single set of exponents representing the resonant
frequency of an object when data from multiple look angles are given and
compute directions of arrival estimation of signals along with their frequencies
of operation. This method can also be used to speed up the calculation of the
tails encountered in the evaluation of the Sommerfeld integrals and in multiple
target characterization in free space from the scattered data using their
characteristic external resonance which are popularly known as the singularity
expansion method (SEM) poles. References to other applications, including
multipath characterization of a propagating wave, characterization of the
quality of power systems, in waveform analysis and imaging and speeding up
computations in a time domain electromagnetic simulation. A computer
program implementing the matrix pencil method is given in the appendix so
that it can easily be implemented in practice.
In numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of estimating unknown data
within the range of known data from the available information. Extrapolation is
also the process of approximating unknown data outside the range of the known
available data. In Chapter 3, we are going to look at the concept of the Cauchy
method for the interpolation and extrapolation of both measured and numer-
ically simulated data. The Cauchy method can deal with extending the efficiency
of the moment method through frequency extrapolation. Interpolating results
for optical computations, generation of pass band using stop band data and vice
versa, efficient broadband device characterization, effect of noise on the perfor-
mance of the Cauchy method and for applications to extrapolating amplitude-
only data for the far-field or RCS interpolation/extrapolation. Using this
method to generate the non-minimum phase response from amplitude-only
xvi Preface

data, and adaptive interpolation for sparsely sampled data is also illustrated. In
addition, it has been applied to characterization of filters and extracting reso-
nant frequencies of objects using frequency domain data. Other applications
include non-destructive evaluation of fruit status of maturity and quality of fruit
juices, RCS applications and to multidimensional extrapolation. A computer
program implementing the Cauchy method has been provided in the Appendix
again for ease of understanding.
The previous two chapters discussed the parametric methods in the context
of the principle of analytic continuation and provided its relationship to reduced
rank modelling using the total least squares based singular value decomposition
methodology. The problem with a parametric method is that the quality of the
solution is determined by the choice of the basis functions and use of unsuitable
basis functions generate bad solutions. A priori it is quite difficult to recognize
what are good basis functions and what are bad basis functions even though
methodologies exist in theory on how to choose good ones. The advantage of
the nonparametric methods presented in Chapter 4 is that no such choices
of the basis functions need to be made as the solution procedure by itself devel-
ops the nature of the solution and no a priori information is necessary. This is
accomplished through the use of the Hilbert transform which exploits one of the
fundamental properties of nature and that is causality. The Hilbert transform
illustrates that the real and imaginary parts of any nonminimum phase transfer
function for a causal system satisfy this relationship. In addition, some parame-
trization can also be made of this procedure which can enable one to generate a
nonminimum phase function from its amplitude response and from that gen-
erate the phase response. This enables one to compute the time domain
response of the system using amplitude only data barring a time delay in the
response. This delay uncertainty is removed in holography as in such a proce-
dure an amplitude and phase information is measured for a specific look angle
thus eliminating the phase ambiguity. An overview of the technique along with
examples are presented to illustrate this methodology. The Hilbert transform
can also be used to speed up the spectral analysis of nonuniformly spaced data
samples. Therefore, in this section a novel least squares methodology is applied
to a finite data set using the principle of spectral estimation. This can be applied
for the analysis of the far-field pattern collected from unevenly spaced antennas.
The advantage of using a non-uniformly sampled data is that it is not necessary
to satisfy the Nyquist sampling criterion as long as the average value of the sam-
pling rate is less than the Nyquist rate. Accurate and efficient computation of
the spectrum using a least squares method applied to a finite unevenly spaced
data is also studied.
In Chapter 5, the source reconstruction method (SRM) is presented. It is a
recent technique developed for antenna diagnostics and for carrying out
near-field (NF) to far-field (FF) transformation. The SRM is based on the appli-
cation of the electromagnetic Equivalence Principle, in which one establishes an
 Preface xvii

equivalent current distribution that radiates the same fields as the actual cur-
rents induced in the antenna under test (AUT). The knowledge of the equiva-
lent currents allows the determination of the antenna radiating elements, as well
as the prediction of the AUT-radiated fields outside the equivalent currents
domain. The unique feature of the novel methodology presented is that it
can resolve equivalent currents that are smaller than half a wavelength in size,
thus providing super-resolution. Furthermore, the measurement field samples
can be taken at spacing greater than half a wavelength, thus going beyond the
classical sampling criteria. These two distinctive features are possible due to the
choice of a model-based parameter estimation methodology where the
unknown sources are approximated by a basis in the computational Method
of Moment (MoM) context and, secondly, through the use of the analytic free
space Green’s function. The latter condition also guarantees the invertibility of
the electric field operator and provides a stable solution for the currents even
when evanescent waves are present in the measurements. In addition, the
use of the singular value decomposition in the solution of the matrix equations
provides the user with a quantitative tool to assess the quality and the quantity
of the measured data. Alternatively, the use of the iterative conjugate gradient
(CG) method in solving the ill-conditioned matrix equations for the equivalent
currents can also be implemented. Two different methods are presented in this
section. One that deals with the equivalent magnetic current and the second
that deals with the equivalent electric current. If the formulation is sound, then
either of the methodologies will provide the same far-field when using the same
near-field data. Examples are presented to illustrate the applicability and accu-
racy of the proposed methodology using either of the equivalent currents and
applied to experimental data. This methodology is then used for near-field to
near/far-field transformations for arbitrary near-field geometry to evaluate
the safe distance for commercial antennas.
In Chapter 6, a fast and accurate method is presented for computing far-field
antenna patterns from planar near-field measurements. The method utilizes
near-field data to determine equivalent magnetic current sources over a ficti-
tious planar surface that encompasses the antenna, and these currents are used
to ascertain the far fields. Under certain approximations, the currents should
produce the correct far fields in all regions in front of the antenna regardless
of the geometry over which the near-field measurements are made. An electric
field integral equation (EFIE) is developed to relate the near fields to the equiv-
alent magnetic currents. Method of moments (MOM) procedure is used to
transform the integral equation into a matrix one. The matrix equation is solved
using the iterative conjugate gradient method (CGM), and in the case of a rec-
tangular matrix, a least-squares solution can still be found using this approach
for the magnetic currents without explicitly computing the normal form of the
equations. Near-field to far-field transformation for planar scanning may be
efficiently performed under certain conditions by exploiting the block Toeplitz
xviii Preface

structure of the matrix and using the conjugate gradient method (CGM) and the
fast Fourier transform (FFT), thereby drastically reducing computation time
and storage requirements. Numerical results are presented for several antenna
configurations by extrapolating the far fields using synthetic and experimental
near-field data. It is also illustrated that a single moving probe can be replaced
by an array of probes to compute the equivalent magnetic currents on the
surface enclosing the AUT in a single snapshot rather than tediously moving
a single probe over the antenna under test to measure its near-fields. It is
demonstrated that in this methodology a probe correction even when using
an array of dipole probes is not necessary. The accuracy of this methodology
is studied as a function of the size of the equivalent surface placed in front of
the antenna under test and the error in the estimation of the far-field along with
the possibility of using a rectangular probe array which can efficiently and accu-
rately provide the patterns in the principal planes. This can also be used when
amplitude-only data are collected using an array of probes. Finally, it is shown
that the probe correction can be useful when the size of the probes is that of a
resonant antenna and it is shown then how to carry it out.
In Chapter 7, two methods for spherical near-field to far-field transformation
are presented. The first methodology is an exact explicit analytical formulation
for transforming near-field data generated over a spherical surface to the far-
field radiation pattern. The results are validated with experimental data.
A computer program involving this method is provided at the end of the chap-
ter. The second method presents the equivalent source formulation through the
SRM described earlier so that it can be deployed to the spherical scanning case
where one component of the field is missing from the measurements. Again the
methodology is validated using other techniques and also with experimen-
tal data.
Two deconvolution techniques are presented in Chapter 8 to illustrate how
the ill-posed deconvolution problem has been regularized. Depending on the
nature of the regularization utilized which is based on the given data one can
obtain a reasonably good approximate solution. The two techniques presented
here have built in self-regularizing schemes. This implies that the regularization
process, which depends highly on the data, can be automated as the solution
procedure continues. The first method is based on solving the ill-posed decon-
volution problem by the iterative conjugate gradient method. The second
method uses the method of total least squares implemented through the singu-
lar value decomposition (SVD) technique. The methods have been applied to
measured data to illustrate the nature of their performance.
Chapter 9 discusses the use of the Chebyshev polynomials for approximating
functional variations arising in electromagnetics as it has some band-limited
properties not available in other polynomials. Next, the Cauchy method based
on Gegenbauer polynomials for antenna near-field extrapolation and the far-
field estimation is illustrated. Due to various physical limitations, there are often
Another random document with
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 “The effect achieved is a brilliant painting of sturdy scenes that
linger in the imagination after the book is laid down.”

+ N Y Evening Post p11 O 30 ’20 200w

+ Outlook 126:654 D 8 ’20 50w

“This book should have three classes of readers, those who are
interested in the early settlement of Ohio, those who like small
history personally written, and those who are quite justifiedly
interested in the early life and background of Ellen Hayes.” M. C. C.

+ Survey 45:329 N 27 ’20 300w

HAYNES, EDMOND SIDNEY POLLOCK.

Case for liberty. *$2.50 Dutton 323.4

(Eng ed 19–19932)

“Mr Haynes here develops the argument which he outlined three

years ago in ‘The decline of liberty in England.’ He associates
himself, subject to some reservations, with Mr Belloc in restating the
case for personal liberty in the old radical sense. ‘The vitally
important aspect of liberty today,’ he says, ‘is its function in
combating the sort of anarchy which threatens civilization all over
the world; for this anarchy is the inevitable result of war lords and
their imitators despising the normal aspirations of the individual
human being to a brief period of normal happiness.’ The book is in
the main a review of the more recent tendencies of politics in
England with the object of showing that the individual human being
is marked for destruction as such by the plutocrat on one side and
the collectivist on the other. The political remedies he proposes are
the referendum and the revival of the process of impeachment.”—
The Times [London] Lit Sup

Nation 112:90 Ja 19 ’21 410w

“His little book is replete with rare and robust commonsense; his
reasoning is consequent; and his illustrations are occasionally witty.”

+ − Sat R 128:201 Ag 30 ’19 1300w

+ − Spec 122:220 Ag 16 ’19 180w
+ − Springf’d Republican p8 S 13 ’19 290w
(Reprinted from the Times [London] Lit
Sup p415 Jl 31 ’19)
Springf’d Republican p9a Ag 29 ’20
470w

“Mr Haynes’s book will not command universal agreement, but it

is a real contribution to current political discussion.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p415 Jl 31

’19 280w

HEAD, JOSEPH. Everyday mouth hygiene. il *$1

Saunders 613.4
 20–1616

The author, dentist to the Jefferson hospital, Philadelphia, sounds

a serious note of warning against imperfectly cleaned teeth, which,
through infection, cause “directly or indirectly one-half of the fatal
diseases.” Rheumatism, heart disease, ulcer of the stomach and
many other fatal diseases can be reduced fifty per cent if decay of the
teeth and gum infection are stayed. How this can be done the book
tells minutely in word and picture. It contains besides some closing
remarks on the irregularity of children’s teeth and has an index.

Booklist 16:227 Ap ’20

“Considering the appalling prevalence of digestive and nerve

diseases due to bad teeth, the detailed instruction here given for
tooth preservation deserves wide circulation.”

+ Survey 43:592 F 14 ’20 80w

HEADLAM, ARTHUR CAYLEY. Doctrine of

the church and Christian reunion; being the Bampton
lectures for the year 1920. *$4 Longmans 280

20–18237

“Dr Headlam is Regius professor of divinity in the University of

Oxford. He traces the doctrine of the church from the four gospels
down to the Lambeth conference. He says that Christ ‘created the
church as a visible society. He instituted ministry and sacraments.
He gave authority for legislation and discipline.’ ‘But he gave no
directions as to the form or organization of the new community, and
the actual organization which was ultimately developed was different
from anything which he personally established.’ Episcopacy ‘was the
creation of the church.... It had its origin in the apostolic church; it
represents a continuous development from apostolic times; but we
cannot claim that it has apostolic authority.’ Dr Headlam defends the
historic episcopacy and the Nicene creed as a basis for organic
church union, not on the ground that they have the direct authority
of Jesus Christ, but because their value has been recognized by an
overwhelming majority in the Christian church from a very early
age.”—Outlook

“The writer, condemning himself, well says; ‘Only too often the
professed adoption of the historical method appears to be but a
device for concealing one’s bias’; for on page after page he
misrepresents and misinterprets the evidence that lies plainly before
him.”

− Cath World 112:543 Ja ’21 600w

Reviewed by Lyman Abbott

+ Outlook 126:689 D 15 ’20 390w

Sat R 130:459 D 4 ’20 1650w

“It should not only be read, but studied; and, in particular, it

should be in the hands of every member of the Lambeth conference.”

+ Spec 125:779 D 11 ’20 2000w

 + Springf’d Republican p9a O 24 ’20
1150w (Reprinted from The Times
[London] Lit Sup p486 Jl 29 ’20)

“No other recent book on the church and its ministry matches this
volume in importance. It brings out the essential elements of the
problems with which it deals clearly and dispassionately. Students of
this subject will appreciate the fact that there is apparently not a
single ambiguous sentence in the book.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p486 Jl 29

’20 2200w

HEAGLE, DAVID. Do the dead still live? or, The

testimony of science respecting a future life; new
foundations for man’s great hope. *$1.50 Am. Bapt.
218

20–9221

The purpose of the book is to present in popular form all the

arguments in support of a belief in human immortality. The sources
drawn from are science, philosophy and religion, but the scientific
proofs are especially enlarged upon. The book has an introduction by
Bishop Samuel Fallows who calls it a whole library of condensed
information on the subject. The discussion is outlined in the first
chapter—Preliminaries. The rest of the contents are: The older
arguments, from philosophy and religion; The argument from
biology—from physics—from physiology—from psychology (normal
and abnormal)—from spiritism scientifically examined; Conclusions,
and possibilities of further discovery; Supplement—related matters
and objections, with opinions of eminent philosophers and scholars;
Notes and a bibliography.

Booklist 16:297 Je ’20

Boston Transcript p6 Jl 31 ’20 400w

“An earnest and well-meaning intention will not atone for the lack
of critical discrimination. The book is an unfortunate example of
juggling with incommensurables.” Joseph Jastrow

− Dial 69:209 Ag ’20 210w

“The work is, perhaps, unique in its comprehensive and succinct

survey of the argument for personal survival after death.”

+ N Y Times 25:18 Jl 4 ’20 240w

Reviewed by Joseph Jastrow

Review 3:41 Jl 14 ’20 80w

HEARN, LAFCADIO. Talks to writers. *$2 Dodd

814

20–19452
 These chapters are reprinted from the author’s “Interpretations of
literature” and “Life and literature”—lectures delivered at the
University of Tokyo. Hearn writes as a craftsman and looks upon
literature as an emotional art, a moral art and one requiring
unceasing discipline. He insists on clearness of vision, on exactness
in the use of words and holds that literature must grow out of the
vernacular. He advises translating as a literary practice and
preliminary discipline. The book is edited with an introduction by
John Erskine and is indexed. Contents: On the relation of life and
character to literature; On composition; Studies of extraordinary
prose; The value of the supernatural in fiction; The question of the
highest art; Tolstoi’s theory of art; Note upon the abuse and the use
of literary societies; On reading; Literature and public opinion;
Farewell address.

“The content, not the style, is here of first importance; these

lectures, as they stand, not only furnish light on an interesting side of
Hearn’s personality, but represent adequately his point of view as it
had been ripened by study and thought.” F. N. A.

+ Freeman 2:501 F 2 ’21 360w

“Addressed to alien students, they are necessarily often elementary

in subject matter and always simple in style. Out of the latter
necessity Hearn made a virtue and achieved a naive charm, so that,
as writing, the lectures are, like everything else he wrote, beautiful.”

+ Nation 112:sup248 F 9 ’21 340w

“No one who is beginning to write, or who is a student of

composition, can afford to miss these lectures.” W. P. Eaton
 + N Y Call p10 N 21 ’20 290w
N Y Evening Post p8 N 6 ’20 190w

“There is real suggestiveness and stimulation in these

dissertations.”

+ Outlook 126:470 N 10 ’20 70w

“The first three chapters, which deal more directly with the
workmanship of good writing and good books, contain more
common sense on the subject than all the books on ‘how to become a
writer in 30 lessons’ on the market.”

+ Springf’d Republican p8 Ja 11 ’21 220w

HEATLEY, DAVID PLAYFAIR. Diplomacy and

the study of international relations. *$3.75 Oxford
327

20–4112

“The purpose of this book, as stated by its author, is ‘to portray

diplomacy and the conduct of foreign policy from the stand-point of
history, to show how they have been analyzed and appraised by
representative writers, and to indicate sources from which the
knowledge thus acquired may be supplemented.’ The first third of
the volume consists of an essay of a general character on Diplomacy
and the conduct of foreign policy, written from a British point of
view. The remaining two-thirds of the book consist of a general
discussion of the literature of international relations.”—Am Hist R

“The bibliography on treaties, maps, and supplementary reading is

rather scanty. It should be added that, whatever may be the estimate
of this volume in other respects, its tone is scholarly and gives
evidence of much painstaking in its preparation.” D: J. Hill

+ − Am Hist R 25:698 Jl ’20 1000w

“A valuable and scholarly work.”

+ Ath p782 Je 11 ’20 80w

Booklist 17:52 N ’20

“This is a very valuable source book for students of international

law. This is a book for the student, not for the general reader—a
record of careful, conscientious scholarship, containing new
material, but somewhat dry in style.” M. R. F. G.

+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 24 ’20 700w

“The arrangement of ‘Diplomacy and the study of international

relations’ is so far from orderly that its usefulness is very much
impaired, and one has even some doubt as to what the author really
aimed at doing. Much of the matter thus put together is of great
interest, but as the book stands at present, it is rather a note-book
than a finished work.”

+ − Eng Hist R 35:629 O ’20 170w

 “A repertory of historical information that is not easily found
elsewhere.”

+ Spec 124:465 Ap 3 ’20 170w

HEATON, ELIZA OSBORN (PUTNAM)

(MRS JOHN LANGDON HEATON). By-paths in
Sicily. il *$3.50 Dutton 914.58

20–12460

“The late Mrs Heaton was a clever New York journalist who for
reasons of health had to spend seven years in Sicily. She devoted
herself to the study of the Sicilian peasantry, their customs and their
dialects. We are told that after the Messina earthquake this American
lady was called in as an interpreter between Italian officers from the
North and the peasants. Her book shows that she made many close
friends among the poor and gained an unusual knowledge of their
ways. Six of the chapters are given to descriptions of fairs and
festivals.”—Spec

“The author was a gifted writer whose perceptions struck far below
the surface and who could see her material in historical perspective
as well as with rare human understanding.”

+ Booklist 17:27 O ’20

+ Bookm 52:345 D ’20 40w
+ N Y Times p22 D 12 ’20 280w
 “A book which possesses both charm and real value. The high
quality of the vivid and sympathetic realism with which the scenes
and characters are described recalls the best regional writers of
Italy.”

+ Review 3:390 O 27 ’20 660w

+ Spec 125:282 Ag 28 ’20 190w
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p528 Ag
19 ’20 900w

HEIDENSTAM, KARL GUSTAF VERNER

VON. Birth of God. *$1.25 Four seas co. 839.7

20–6852

This one act play, translated from the Swedish by Karoline M.

Knudsen, is a symbolic presentation of the human soul’s eternal
search after God. It is a moonlit scene in the street of the Sphinxes at
Karnak, where a modern and an ancient man meet on the same quest
with the old animal idols dancing about. The quest comes to an end
when they both realize that it is in their faith in the unknown God
and their search for him that they possess him and build him altars
and sacrificial fires.

Booklist 16:306 Je ’20

Boston Transcript p4 My 5 ’20 150w
 “The dialogue is not ineffective and von Heidenstam punctuates it
adequately with stage effects. Yet its rather oratorical progress is not
entirely convincing.” F. E. H.

+ − Freeman 1:478 Jl 28 ’20 130w

Reviewed by Ludwig Lewisohn

Nation 111:18 Jl 3 ’20 110w

Reviewed by O. W. Firkins

Review 2:609 Je 5 ’20 100w

“‘The birth of God’ is possibly less direct than its predecessor, ‘The
soothsayer.’ The movement is slow. Nor is the treatment as striking
in originality.”

+ − Springf’d Republican p9a N 14 ’20 580w

HEILNER, VAN CAMPEN, and STICK,

FRANK. Call of the surf. il *$3 (4½c) Doubleday
799

20–16781

This is the first book on surf fishing and its authors are enthusiasts
for the sport. The purpose of the book is threefold: “to afford some
small entertainment to brother fishermen on those long evenings
when the north wind howls and winter’s sleet drives against the
window pane; to attract the stranger to a sport in which the authors
have found a vast measure of happiness, and to make somewhat
smoother his trail to the Big-Sea Water.” (Authors’ note) The
illustrations are from photographs and from paintings by Frank
Stick. Contents: Surf fishing; In quest of the channel bass; Gold
medal fish and others; Down Barnegat way; The tiger of the sea;
With the tide runners of the inlets; On the offshore banks; The
channel bass of Gray Gull Shoals; The smaller brethren; By western
seas; Beach camping; Equipment.

“The delights of surf fishing are shown forth after the manner of an
accomplished essayist, in the opening chapter. Others than
fishermen will find much pleasure in reading this book.” E. J. C.

+ Boston Transcript p4 S 29 ’20 600w

“It is written with a threefold purpose, which it triumphantly

achieves. Both Mr Heilner and Mr Stick are surfmen whose
enthusiasm for the sport about which they write is most contagious.
They won one convert in the reviewer; he’s going a-fishing with them
next spring ‘when the red gods call.’”

+ N Y Times p10 O 10 ’20 1050w

“With three good sports collaborating in this friendly fashion the

book ought to be pretty good—and it is.”

+ Springf’d Republican p7a D 26 ’20 340w

 HENDERSON, ARCHIBALD. Conquest of the
old Southwest. il *$3 (5c) Century 976

20–8247

It is “the romantic story of the early pioneers into Virginia, the

Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky, 1740–1790,” (Sub-title) now
known as the old Southwest, that is told in this volume. The author
points out two determinative principles in the progressive American
civilization of the eighteenth century as: the passion for the
acquisition of land; and wanderlust—the inquisitive instinct of the
hunter, the traveler, and the explorer. They gave rise to a restless
nomadic temperament which in its turn formed the sub-soil of a
buoyant national character. What it did for democracy in the second
half of the eighteenth century is the theme of the book. The contents
in part are: The migration of the peoples; The cradle of westward
expansion; The back country and the border; The Indian war; The
land companies; Daniel Boone and wilderness exploration; The
regulators; Transylvania—a wilderness commonwealth; The repulse
of the red men; The lure of Spain—the haven of statehood; List of
notes, bibliographical notes, index and illustrations.

“One expects from Mr Henderson a well-told story, and this

volume realizes this expectation. The narrative will interest the
scientific historian as well as the lay reader. It is evident that there
are grave limitations to Mr Henderson’s interpretation of old
Southwest history.” C. W. Alvord

+ − Am Hist R 26:116 O ’20 580w

“An interesting economic and social story to all who know the
Mississippi valley settlements mainly as exploits of Boone and
George Rogers Clark”

+ Booklist 17:25 O ’20

“This volume is a very condensed history, with a great number of

witness-references showing the care with which Mr Henderson has
done his work. He has added a valuable and convenient treatise
concerning a somewhat overlooked section to the group of histories
of the states, and to the history of the formation of the United States
of America.” J. S. B.

+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 3 ’20 650w

Freeman 2:69 S 29 ’20 190w
+ N Y Times p14 Ag 29 ’20 2550w

“All in all, this is a book to be strongly recommended.” G. I.

Colbron

+ Pub W 97:1293 Ap 17 ’20 350w

R of Rs 62:335 S ’20 60w

“An important contribution to history.” C. L. Skinner

+ − Yale R n s 10:183 O ’20 940w

HENDRYX, JAMES BEARDSLEY. Gold girl. il

*$1.75 (3c) Putnam
 20–6633

Following her father’s death, Patty Sinclair goes West to locate his
claim. She has only his map with the directions she is too unskilled to
read to guide her, but she follows his example in playing a lone hand
and will not ask advice. She soon learns that her movements are
watched and that in her absence her cabin is being searched.
Suspicion might fall on two men and she picks the wrong one. Vil
Holland knows that she distrusts him but that makes no difference in
his attitude toward her. He knows too her opinion of the brown jug
she has seen attached to his saddle, but out of perversity he
continues to carry it. In the end the true villain is unmasked and the
race for the registry office that follows her finding of the claim has a
different meaning and a different outcome from the one she had
anticipated.

“Bright and interesting story.”

+ Ath p687 My 21 ’20 70w

“The book is colorful and well written.”

+ N Y Times 25:23 Jl 11 ’20 340w

“We should like to believe that the book gives a picture of life
anywhere or at any time, but somehow the author fails to convince
us.”

− Sat R 130:40 Jl 10 ’20 50w

 “The plot of the story is one to intrigue the interest from the
outset.”

+ Springf’d Republican p9a Ag 15 ’20

130w

HENRY, AUGUSTINE. Forests, woods and trees

in relation to hygiene. (Chadwick library) il *$7.50
(*18s) Dutton 634.9

(Eng ed Agr20–233)

“The book is an amplification of the Chadwick lectures delivered

by Prof. Henry at the Royal society of arts in 1917, and the author no
doubt looks upon it in large measure as propaganda in the cause of
tree-planting on a national scale. The first three chapters, however,
deal with matters of profound scientific importance—the influence of
forests on climate, the sanitary influence of forests, and forests as
sites for sanatoria. The greater part of the volume is devoted to a
question of national importance—the afforestation of water-
catchment areas, with particulars of the extent to which the work has
already proceeded.”—Nature

+ Booklist 17:58 N ’20

“Prof. Henry has read up the subject widely, but the nature of his
book makes it impossible for him to focus the results sharply enough.
He does, indeed, direct the attention of his readers to many recent
investigations which it is most useful to have brought together, and
for this guidance the student who wishes to go farther should be
sincerely grateful.” H. R. Mill

+ − Nature 105:158 Ap 8 ’20 1250w

HENRY, ROBERT MITCHELL. Evolution of

Sinn Fein. *$2 (3c) Huebsch 941.5

The book is a complete survey of the historical struggle of the Irish

for independence. The author asserts that at no time did the English
government aim at anything less than the complete moral, material
and political subjugation of Ireland—nor did the Irish at any time
yield in their assertion of their national independence. How this
spirit of independence finally culminated in the birth of the Sinn
Fein movement and in the course of the war developed into open
rebellion is the subject of the book. The introductory deals with Irish
nationalism before the nineteenth century and the chapters following
are: Irish nationalism in the nineteenth century; Sinn Fein; The early
years of Sinn Fein; Sinn Fein and the republicans; The volunteer
movement; Ulster and nationalist Ireland; Sinn Fein, 1914–1916;
After the rising; Conclusion.

“It displays generally the gift of patient research into the details of
the newest development of revolutionary Ireland, and in this respect
supplies much information from the writings and ideals of the
present leaders which must be of considerable value to future
historians. From the historic point of view the weak point is that the
case of England—politically and strategically—is hardly considered at
all.” P. B.

+ Ath p507 Ap 16 ’20 1850w

 “As a history of the party, it makes very good reading, but
unfortunately the author is partisan, almost blindly so, and Sinn Fein
is the only matter in Ireland that he finds for praise.”

+ − Boston Transcript p4 D 31 ’20 200w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p158 Mr 4
’20 80w

HENRY, STUART. Villa Elsa. *$2 Dutton

20–2260

“‘Villa Elsa’ is the actual, everyday family life of the middle-class

German before the war—nothing glossed over, nothing exaggerated
or fanciful. It is Mr Henry’s personal experience expressed in the
form of a novel. The Bucher family lived in Loschwitz, a suburb of
Dresden. Herr Bucher, the father, is a stolid, unwashed, collarless,
healthy and obese German ‘Vater’; his wife, Frau Bucher, is coarse,
red-faced, heavy-handed, snarling and shouting, at the top of her
lungs, her fierce hatred of England. Elsa, the only daughter, has the
usual tow hair, is stupidly healthy, reads Heine, tries to be
sentimental, but is essentially matter of fact. Rudolph, the eldest son,
is in secret a government spy, reporting upon their visitor, Gard
Kirtley, from America. He is a spruce young engineer, militaristic,
dissolute, despising all decent women, and continually hinting of Der
Tag. Ernst, a pale boy of fifteen, studies eighteen hours out of the
twenty-four, quotes falsified history, and particularly discredits all
American institutions. Gard Kirtley believes he has fallen in love with
Elsa, but her stolid indifference and phlegmatic stupidity finally
overpower him.”—Bookm
 “The chief merit of the book is that the reader is bound to feel its
truth. There is no attempt at fine writing or that easy familiarity with
aristocratic court life, so often affected by English novelists, which,
while it adds a gloss to the story, never wears the features of actual
experience.” J: S. Wood

+ Bookm 51:361 My ’20 1600w

“While the story is not uninteresting in itself, it loses both in

vividness and in artistic value by being constantly kept subservient to
the author’s determination to inform and to teach.”

+ − N Y Times 25:164 Ap 11 ’20 1000w

Review 2:436 Ap 24 ’20 180w

“For English readers this book has probably come to birth too late
by some six years. His picture is unconvincing too, because it is the
outcome of a mood which, in this country at least, has exhausted
itself.”

− + The Times [London] Lit Sup p13 Ja 6

’21 450w

HENSLOW, GEORGE. Proofs of the truths of

spiritualism. 2d ed, rev il *$2.50 Dodd 134

An inquiry into, and exposition of the nature of spiritualism, with

its abundant material for evidence discussed and described in detail,
such as automatic handwriting, apports, poltergeists, levitation,
spirit lights, spirit clouds, “spirit-controlled” painting and drawing,