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The Palgrave Handbook
of Audiovisual Translation
and Media Accessibility
Edited by
Łukasz Bogucki · Mikołaj Deckert
Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting

Series Editor
Margaret Rogers
School of Literature and Languages
University of Surrey
Guildford, UK
This series examines the crucial role which translation and interpreting in
their myriad forms play at all levels of communication in today’s world, from
the local to the global. Whilst this role is being increasingly recognised in
some quarters (for example, through European Union legislation), in others it
remains controversial for economic, political and social reasons. The rapidly
changing landscape of translation and interpreting practice is accompanied by
equally challenging developments in their academic study, often in an inter-
disciplinary framework and increasingly reflecting commonalities between
what were once considered to be separate disciplines. The books in this series
address specific issues in both translation and interpreting with the aim not
only of charting but also of shaping the discipline with respect to contempo-
rary practice and research.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14574
 Łukasz Bogucki • Mikołaj Deckert
Editors

The Palgrave
Handbook of
Audiovisual
Translation and Media
Accessibility
Editors
Łukasz Bogucki Mikołaj Deckert
Institute of English Studies Institute of English Studies
University of Łódź University of Łódź
Łódź, Poland Łódź, Poland

Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting

ISBN 978-3-030-42104-5    ISBN 978-3-030-42105-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42105-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the
whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors
give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions
that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Mark Webster/ Getty Images

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Capturing AVT and MA: Rationale, Facets and Objectives  1

Mikołaj Deckert

Part I Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility Within

and Beyond Translation Studies   9

2 An Excursus on Audiovisual Translation 11

Łukasz Bogucki and Jorge Díaz-Cintas

3 Audiovisual Translation through the Ages 33

Elisa Perego and Ralph Pacinotti

4 Media Accessibility Within and Beyond Audiovisual

Translation 57
Gian Maria Greco and Anna Jankowska

5 Multimodality and Intersemiotic Translation 83

Christopher Taylor

Part II Modes of Audiovisual Translation and

Media Accessibility 101

6 Dubbing103
Frederic Chaume

v
vi Contents

7 Translating Non-fictional Genres: Voice-­over and Off-screen

Dubbing133
Anna Matamala

8 The Name and Nature of Subtitling149

Jorge Díaz-Cintas

9 The Drama of Surtitling: Ever-Changing Translation

on Stage173
Juan Marcos Carrillo Darancet

10 Fansubbing: Latest Trends and Future Prospects189

Serenella Massidda

11 Fandubbing209
Rocío Baños

12 Audio Description: Concepts, Theories and Research

Approaches227
Iwona Mazur

13 Subtitling for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing249

Agnieszka Szarkowska

14 Live Subtitling Through Respeaking269

Pablo Romero-Fresco and Carlo Eugeni

15 Key Concepts in Game Localisation Quality297

Miguel A. Bernal-Merino

16 Intersensory Translation Mitigating Communication

Mismatches315
Josélia Neves

17 Collaborative Translation and AVT339

Lingjuan Fan
 Contents vii

Part III Methodology of Audiovisual Translation and Media

Accessibility 357

18 Translation Process Research in Audiovisual Translation359

Gary Massey and Peter Jud

19 Corpus Approaches and Audiovisual Translation381

Silvia Bruti

20 Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation397

Elena Di Giovanni

Part IV Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility Focus

Areas 415

21 Audiovisual Translation Norms and Guidelines417

Jan Pedersen

22 The Tangled Strings of Parameters and Assessment in

Subtitling Quality: An Overview437
Arista Szu-Yu Kuo

23 Accessibility of Visual Content in Mobile Apps:

Insights from Visually Impaired Users459
Adriana Silvina Pagano, Flávia Affonso Mayer,
and Larissa Nicolau Fernandes Gonçalves

24 Decision-Making: Putting AVT and MA into Perspective483

Mikołaj Deckert

25 Technology and Audiovisual Translation503

Lindsay Bywood

26 The Cloud Turn in Audiovisual Translation519

Alejandro Bolaños-García-Escribano and Jorge Díaz-Cintas
viii Contents

27 Accessible Filmmaking545
Pablo Romero-Fresco

28 The Didactic Value of AVT in Foreign Language Education567

Noa Talaván

29 Analysing Solved and Unresolved Issues of an AVT

Collaborative Task Through the Lens of Activity Theory:
Implications for Task Design593
Laura Incalcaterra McLoughlin and Susanna Nocchi

30 Censorship and Manipulation in Audiovisual Translation621

Dingkun Wang

Part V Themes for Audiovisual Translation and Media

Accessibility 645

31 The Problem with Culture647

Irene Ranzato

32 The Role of Humour in AVT: AVHT667

Patrick Zabalbeascoa

33 Multilingualism and Translation on Screen687

Delia Chiaro and Giuseppe De Bonis

34 Music and Accessibility713

Lucile Desblache

Index733
 Notes on Contributors

Rocío Baños is Associate Professor of Translation at the Centre for Translation

Studies at University College London, where she teaches Audiovisual
Translation and Translation Technology. She holds a PhD in dubbing and the
prefabricated nature of fictional dialogue from the University of Granada.
Her main research interests lie in the fields of audiovisual translation, transla-
tion technology and translation training. She has published various papers in
these areas. Her latest research has focused on underexplored forms of audio-
visual translation, such as voiceover translation of reality TV, fandubbing and
fundubbing.

Miguel A. Bernal-Merino is one of the world’s leading researchers in the

localisation of multimedia interactive entertainment software. He created the
main international fora for localisation at the core of the game industry
(Localization Summit for the Game Developers Conference, the Localization
SIG for IGDA) and the software localisation industry (Game Localization
Round Table, Game Global Summit for LocWorld). His public speaking
engagements and publications have had a very positive impact on professional
practice. He is regularly called upon as a private consultant by companies
across Europe. He is a respected member of the Higher Education Academy
and the UK research councils and collaborates with universities around the
world as a lecturer and expert advisor.

Łukasz Bogucki holds the position of full professor and has been the
Director of the Institute of English Studies at the University of Łódź, Poland,
since 2012. He has published extensively on audiovisual translation as well as
computer-assisted translation. He has founded the Polish audiovisual

ix
x Notes on Contributors

t­ ranslation research group Intermedia. He co-edits the Peter Lang series Łódź
Studies in Language. Apart from audiovisual translation, his research interests
are the theory and methodology of translation and interpreting.

Alejandro Bolaños-García-Escribano is a teaching fellow and postgraduate

teaching assistant at the UCL’s Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS) and
the UCL’s Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies,
where he teaches Spanish language and translation, and audiovisual transla-
tion, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. For his doctoral thesis,
he examines the teaching of audiovisual translation in the age of cloud com-
puting, with a focus on the pedagogical potential of cloud subtitling systems.
His published work includes journal papers and book chapters on subtitling,
translator and subtitler training, and the applications of audiovisual transla-
tion to foreign language instruction. He also works as a freelance translator
and subtitler.

Giuseppe De Bonis graduated in Communication Studies from the

University of Bologna, Italy, majoring in film studies and sociology. After
obtaining an MA in Screen Translation (University of Bologna at Forlì), he
enrolled in a PhD programme in Translation, Interpreting and Intercultural
Studies at the University of Bologna at Forlì, where he conducted his research
on the audiovisual translation of multilingual films. After defending his PhD
thesis in 2015, he also completed an MA in Teaching Italian as a Second
Language at the University of Naples “L’Orientale” in 2016. He is a research
fellow at the University of Bologna, where he is Dissemination Assistant for
the European project TRANSMIT.

Silvia Bruti holds a PhD in English from the University of Pisa. She is
Associate Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of
Pisa and Director of the University Language Centre.
Her research interests include topics such as discourse analysis, (historical)
pragmatics, corpus linguistics, audiovisual translation and language teaching.
Her published work focuses on these areas and contributed to national and
international conferences.
She has investigated issues in intercultural pragmatics and audiovisual
translation, for example, the translation of compliments, conversational rou-
tines and terms of address in subtitles and dubbing. Among her recent publi-
cations are a monograph on the translation of politeness (2013) and a
co-authored volume on interlingual subtitling (2017).
 Notes on Contributors xi

Lindsay Bywood is Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University

of Westminster and teaches translation, audiovisual translation, and project
management for translators at postgraduate level. She holds a PhD in subti-
tling, an MA in German and Philosophy, and an MA in Translation Studies.
Her research centres around the subtitling of German films into English, with
other research interests in machine translation and post-editing, and accessi-
bility. Before becoming an academic she worked for many years in the audio-
visual translation industry. She is deputy editor of The Journal of Specialised
Translation (JoSTrans), and Director of the European Association for Studies
in Screen Translation (ESIST).

Juan Marcos Carrillo Darancet studied Translation and Interpreting at the

Universidad Complutense de Madrid, where he received his PhD in 2014.
His professional career as a translator has always been related to cinema sub-
titling and theatre surtitling, working with various companies in Spain, and
developing and adapting norms and standards. He has also been a translation
professor at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid for several years and has
taken part in a number of research projects on AVT, always aiming to bridge
the gap between professional practice and theoretical studies. Since 2017 he is
a translator at the United Nations.

Frederic Chaume is Professor of Audiovisual Translation at Universitat

Jaume I, Spain, where he teaches audiovisual translation theory and dubbing;
and Honorary Professor at University College London, UK, Universidad
Ricardo Palma, Perú, and at Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Perú.
He is author of six books and has also co-edited two books and two special
journal issues (Perspectives, Prosopopeya). He is the director of the TRAMA
book series, the first collection of monographs on audiovisual translation.
Chaume has published articles, book chapters and encyclopedic entries on
audiovisual translation and has given several keynote lectures on this topic in
international translation studies conferences and many European and
American universities. He also teaches regularly in some of them (University
College London, Universidad de Granada, Universidad Ricardo Palma,
Università di Torino, among others). He coordinates the research group
TRAMA and has been awarded the Berlanga Award and the Xènia Martínez
Award for his support to audiovisual translation and his constant university
training in this field.

Delia Chiaro was born, raised and educated in the UK, but has spent her
entire academic life in Italy where she is Professor of English Language and
xii Notes on Contributors

Translation at the University of Bologna. Her research has focused on every-

thing and anything that is benignly multi-faceted and incongruous including
bilingualism, audiovisual translation, humour and especially a mixture of all
three. She has been an invited speaker at conferences around the world. She
has authored numerous articles, book chapters and books, including The
Language of Jokes in the Digital Age in 2018. She has been interviewed on her
research by the BBC (2018) and by The Economist (2019).

Mikołaj Deckert works as an associate professor at the University of Łódź,

Institute of English Studies, in Poland. In his research he uses experimental
and corpus methods to look into language and cognition as well as interlin-
gual translation. In addition to papers in collected volumes and journals, he
authored a monograph (“Meaning in subtitling: toward a contrastive cogni-
tive semantic model”, 2013), and (co-)edited collections on audiovisual trans-
lation, translation and cognition, pragma-cognitive research in language,
translation didactics and discourse studies. He serves on the editorial board of
JoSTrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation as peer-review editor, and is a
founding member of the Intermedia AVT Research Group.

Lucile Desblache is Professor of Translation and Transcultural Studies at the

University of Roehampton where she directs the Centre for Research in
Translation and Transcultural Studies. Her research interests are twofold: first,
representations of non-human beings in contemporary cultures; second, the
relationship of musical texts and translation. Recently she has also been
exploring the relationships of human and non-human cultures and the role
that translation can play in developing their interactions. She is the author of
several monographs, edited books and articles. Her latest monograph, Music
and Translation: New Mediations in the Digital Age (Palgrave Macmillan) was
published in 2019.

Jorge Díaz-Cintas is Professor of Translation and founder director of the

Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London. He is
the author of numerous articles, special issues and books on audiovisual trans-
lation. A former president and director of ESIST, he is the Chief Editor of the
Peter Lang series New Trends in Translation Studies and a member of the
Language Industry Expert Group of the European Union. He is the recipient
of the Jan Ivarsson Award (2014) and the Xènia Martínez Award (2015) for
invaluable services to the field of audiovisual translation.
 Notes on Contributors xiii

Carlo Eugeni is a parliamentary reporter in Rome, Italy. He has investigated

and taught live subtitling through respeaking since 2004 at Italian and inter-
national universities. His work in the fields of accessibility, live subtitling for
deaf people, and live court reporting has been extensively published. He is the
leader of the Italian Unit of the EU-funded Erasmus+ project LTA (http://
ltaproject.eu) aimed at producing materials for training real-time profession-
als in the fields of parliamentary and court reporting and TV and conference
live subtitling. He is the chairman of the Intersteno scientific committee
(www.intersteno.org) and co-editor of the Academic journal CoMe (www.
comejournal.com) and of the technical journal Tiro.

Lingjuan Fan is an associate professor at the School of Foreign Languages,

Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, China. She holds a PhD
in Translation and Intercultural Studies from the University of Manchester,
UK. Her research interests include online translation communities, collabora-
tive translation and genetic translation studies.

Elena Di Giovanni, PhD, is Associate Professor of English Translation at

the University of Macerata, Italy. She has taught audiovisual translation and
media accessibility for 20 years, her research interests ranging from dubbing
and subtitling from a reception studies perspective to media accessibility,
especially audio description.
In 2019, she was Fulbright Visiting Chair at the University of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, where she taught audiovisual translation. From 2008 to 2016,
she was Visiting Lecturer at Roehampton University, London, MA in audio-
visual translation. Since 2013, she lectures on film translation and accessibil-
ity at the Venice International Film Festival, within the European
Parliament-funded LUX Prize for cinema. Since November 2016, she is
President of ESIST, European association for the study of screen translation.
She is coordinator of accessibility services at Macerata Opera Festival, Teatro
Grande in Brescia, and Teatro Regio di Parma. She has published extensively
on translation from a literary and audiovisual perspective.

Larissa Nicolau Fernandes Gonçalves is a junior researcher at the Laboratory

for Experimentation in Translation, the Federal University of Minas Gerais,
Brazil, where she recently obtained her BA in Translation. She has taken part
in several accessibility projects and is actively engaged in creative writing and
fan fiction.
xiv Notes on Contributors

Gian Maria Greco is Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow at the Autonomous

University of Barcelona, Spain, and Research Associate at the University of
Vigo, Spain. His research focuses on foundational and applied issues in acces-
sibility studies, especially concerning human rights, media, and translation.
He has held various university positions as a post-doc, research fellow, and
honorary fellow. He has over a decade of experience as an accessibility consul-
tant and coordinator for public institutions and private organisations regard-
ing policies, live events, and cultural heritage. Among his publications, the
book (in Italian): Accessibility, Health and Safety of Live Events and Venues
(2015). He has participated in many national and international projects and
sits on several scientific boards of journals, conferences and organisations.

Anna Jankowska is lecturer and researcher at the Chair for Translation

Studies at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and president of the Seventh
Sense Foundation—an NGO providing access services. She is a researcher,
academic teacher, audiovisual translator, describer and media accessibility
manager. Her areas of expertise include audiovisual translation, media acces-
sibility and translator training. She participated in many research project on
audio description and supervised access services provision for many events
and sites. She is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Audiovisual Translation,
member of the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation
(ESIST), AVT Lab Research Group, Intermedia Research Group, AKCES
expert group and an honorary member of the Polish Audiovisual Translators
Association (STAW).

Peter Jud is a senior lecturer in the Institute of Translation and Interpreting

at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW). He was part of the
research teams of two nationally funded research projects on translation work-
place processes and the cognitive and physical ergonomics of translation. His
other research interests include general and multimodal translation pedagogy.
In addition to his teaching and research, he has been a freelance translator and
subtitler for many years.

Arista Szu-Yu Kuo is Assistant Professor of Translation Studies at the School

of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Prior
to joining NTU, she was a teaching fellow at the Centre for Translation
Studies, University College London, and a teaching lecturer at City University
London. Her research centres on issues concerning the quality of subtitling,
approaching the conundrum of poor-quality subtitles in c­ irculation from the
perspectives of the industry, subtitlers and audiences. She is working on a
 Notes on Contributors xv

book project that discusses the tangled relationships among Singapore’s lan-
guage policy, national identity and inter-lingual subtitling strategies.

Gary Massey is Director of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting at

the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW). His research interests
cover translation processes, translator competence development, translator
education, trainer training and AVT as well as the interdisciplinary and trans-
disciplinary interfaces between translation and related fields like organisa-
tional communication. He publishes widely, and he has recently co-edited the
Bloomsbury Companion to Language Industry Studies (2020), a special issue
(13/3, 2019) of the Interpreter and Translator Trainer on Training Translator
Teachers and a new edition of Towards Authentic Experiential Learning in
Translator Education (2020).

Serenella Massidda is Senior Lecturer in Audiovisual Translation at

Roehampton University and Honorary Research Associate at CenTraS,
University College London. She received her European Doctorate in
Audiovisual Translation in 2013. She is the author of Audiovisual Translation
in the Digital Age—The Italian Fansubbing Phenomenon (Palgrave Macmillan,
2015). In 2009 she graduated from Imperial College London, where in 2011
was Visiting Academic under the supervision of Díaz-Cintas. She is a profes-
sional translator and subtitler, and OOONA Tools Academic Instructor and
has been running professional courses on Audiovisual Translation Technology,
her main area of research, since 2015.

Anna Matamala holds BA in Translation and PhD in Applied Linguistics.

She is an associate professor at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. She leads
TransMedia Catalonia, a research group focusing on media accessibility.
She is the main researcher of the European project EASIT, on easy-to-­
understand language, and co-leader of RAD. She has participated and led
projects on audiovisual translation and media accessibility, and has taken an
active role in the organisation of scientific events. She is involved in standardi-
sation work at ISO.

Flávia Affonso Mayer is Assistant Professor of Public Relations and Social

Communication at the Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil. She is vice-­
coordinator of the Observatory for Language and Inclusion at the Federal
University of Minas Gerais, where she is engaged in projects aimed at promot-
ing a transversal approach to disability and inclusion. She is an experienced
audio describer and has led a number of collaborative projects for the provision
of audio description of films, theatre performances and TV political debates.
xvi Notes on Contributors

Iwona Mazur is an assistant professor at the Department of Translation

Studies, Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland,
where she teaches translation and audio description at both undergraduate
and graduate level. Her research focuses on translation theory and audio
description. She has participated in a number of Polish and international
research projects. She is a member of the Intermedia Research Group that
organises biennial conferences on audiovisual translation. More information:
http://wa.amu.edu.pl/wa/Mazur_Iwona

Laura Incalcaterra McLoughlin is a senior lecturer at the National

University of Ireland, Galway, co-director of the MA in Advanced Language
Skills and coordinator of the Diploma in Italian Online. Her research inter-
ests lie in applied linguistics, language technologies, and audiovisual transla-
tion in language teaching and learning. Her current research also focuses on
online language learning, Massive Online Open Courses and learning design.

Josélia Neves has a degree in Modern Languages and Literatures, an MA in

English Studies, a PhD in Translation Studies, with a dissertation on Subtitling
for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing (SDH) by the University of Surrey
Roehampton, London.
In her career as a university teacher and researcher, she has led a number of
collaborative projects in various fields—television, the cinema and DVD,
tourism, museums and cultural venues, publishing, the performing arts and
education—in an effort to provide access to people with a disability. Her
expertise is in subtitling, captioning, audio description, audio-tactile transcre-
ation and in multisensory communication.
She is a professor and Associate Dean at the College of Humanities and
Social Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University, in Qatar, and a member of
TransMedia Research Group.

Susanna Nocchi is Lecturer in Italian at Technological University Dublin

and President of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics (IRAAL). Her
research interests lie in computer assisted language learning (CALL), particu-
larly in the application of activity theory and sociocultural learning theories to
the study of immersive technology-mediated learning environments. Her
most recent research has focused on the development of digital literacies for
FL learning and on the affordances of audiovisual translation for FL learning.
 Notes on Contributors xvii

Ralph Pacinotti holds an MA in Translation Studies. He is Lecturer in

English Language at the University of Trieste and teaches Translation at the
University Institute for Translation and Interpreting Studies (SSML Carlo
Bo) in Bologna. He was involved in the EU-funded ADLAB project as trans-
lator of the ADLAB manual into Italian and contributed one additional video
to ADLAB PRO. He held seminars about audiovisual translation, especially
audio description, at the University of Udine and he gave a presentation about
the audio description of churches as total works of art at the International
Conference on Audio Visual Translation—Intermedia 2019. His research
interests focus on audio description for visual arts and heritage sites, with
special emphasis on accessibility and social inclusion.

Adriana Silvina Pagano is Full Professor of Translation Studies at the Federal

University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where she advises doctoral theses in the
Graduate Program in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics and conducts
research at the Laboratory for Experimentation in Translation. She coordi-
nates the Observatory for Language and Inclusion and is engaged in research
on inclusive practices in audiovisual translation.

Jan Pedersen was educated at the universities of Stockholm, Copenhagen

and Uppsala. He received his PhD from Stockholm University in 2007 and
was made Associate Professor of Translation Studies there in 2015. His dis-
sertation is entitled Scandinavian Subtitles, and it is a comparative study of
TV subtitling norms in the Scandinavian countries. He is the former presi-
dent of ESIST, member of EST and TraNor, co-editor of Benjamins Translation
Library and Journal of Audiovisual Translation, which he also co-founded. He
is a frequent presenter at international conferences, and his publications
include the 2011 monograph Subtitling Norms for Television, as well as several
articles on subtitling, translation and linguistics. He also worked as a televi-
sion subtitler for many years. He works at Stockholm University, where he
holds the post of Director of the Institute for Interpretation and Translation
Studies, where he also researches and teaches audiovisual translation.

Elisa Perego works at the University of Trieste, Italy, where she teaches
English linguistics and translation, translation theory, and research methodol-
ogy in translation studies. Her research interests and publications mainly
focus on AVT accessibility and reception; subtitling and audio description,
which are studied mainly from a cognitive perspective; empirical and cross-
xviii Notes on Contributors

national research methodology; text simplification in AVT. She was the coor-
dinator of the European project ADLAB PRO (2016–2019) on audio
description, and she is a partner in the European project EASIT (2018–2021)
on easy-to-understand language in audiovisual context.

Irene Ranzato teaches English language and translation at Rome Sapienza

University. She holds a PhD in Translation Studies (Imperial College London).
Her research lies at the intersection of linguistic and cultural issues and focuses
on the analysis of fictional dialogue. She is also interested in the dialectology
of British English and in topics related to adaptation studies and to film and
television studies. Among her most recent books are Translating Culture
Specific References—The Case of Dubbing (2016), Queen’s English?: Gli accenti
dell’Inghilterra (2017) and, as co-editor, Linguistic and Cultural Representation
in Audiovisual Translation (2018), Audiovisual Translation: Intersections (2019)
and Reassessing Dubbing: Historical Approaches and Current Trends (2019).

Pablo Romero-Fresco is Ramón y Cajal researcher at Universidade de Vigo

(Spain) and Honorary Professor of Translation and Filmmaking at the
University of Roehampton (London, UK). He is the author of the books
Subtitling Through Speech Recognition: Respeaking, Accessible Filmmaking:
Integrating Translation and Accessibility into the Filmmaking Process (Routledge,
forthcoming) and the editor of The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard
of Hearing in Europe. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Audiovisual
Translation (JAT) and is working with several governments, universities,
companies and user associations around the world to introduce and improve
access to live events for people with hearing loss. He has collaborated with
Ofcom to carry out the first analysis of the quality of live subtitles on TV in
the UK and is working with the Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) on a similar project in Canada.
His Accessible Filmmaking Guide is being used by many international public
broadcasters, universities and producers to introduce a more inclusive and
integrated approach to translation and accessibility in the filmmaking indus-
try. He is the leader of the international research centre GALMA (Galician
Observatory for Media Access), for which he is coordinating several interna-
tional projects on media accessibility and accessible filmmaking, including
“Media Accessibility Platform” and “ILSA: Interlingual Live Subtitling for
Access”, funded by the EU Commission. He is also a filmmaker. His first
documentary, Joining the Dots (2012), was screened during the 69th Venice
Film Festival and was used by Netflix as well as film schools around Europe to
raise awareness about audio description.
 Notes on Contributors xix

Agnieszka Szarkowska is an associate professor in the Institute of Applied

Linguistics, University of Warsaw. She is the head of AVT Lab, one of the first
research groups on audiovisual translation. She is a researcher, academic
teacher, ex-translator and translator trainer. Her research projects include eye
tracking studies on subtitling, audio description, multilingualism in subti-
tling for the deaf and the hard of hearing, and respeaking. She is a member of
the Executive Board of the European Association for Studies in Screen
Translation (ESIST), a member of European Society for Translation Studies
(EST), Galician Observatory for Media Accessibility (GALMA), Intermedia
Research Group, AKCES expert group and an honorary member of the Polish
Audiovisual Translators Association (STAW).

Noa Talaván is Associate Professor of English Studies and Translation in the

Foreign Languages Department of the Universidad Nacional de Education a
Distancia (UNED), Spain. Her main field of research is the didactic applica-
tion of audiovisual translation to foreign language education. She has been
running teaching innovation projects on this area for more than a decade and
is the coordinator of the teaching innovation research group ARENA
(Accessibility, audiovisual translation and language learning) based at
the UNED.

Christopher Taylor is Full Professor (retired) of English Language and

Translation at the University of Trieste. He has worked in the field of film
translation for many years with significant publications relating to such issues
as dubbing, subtitling and multimodal transcription, and more recently
audiovisual translation for the deaf and audio description for the blind. His
numerous publications in this field include, most recently: The Multimodal
Approach in Audiovisual Translation in a special issue of “Target” (2016) and
Reading Images (including moving ones) in the Routledge Handbook of
Systemic Functional Linguistics (2017). He recently coordinated a European
Union project ADLAB (Audio description: lifelong access for the blind)
which achieved “Success Story” status.

Dingkun Wang holds a PhD in Translation Studies from The Australian

National University. He is Assistant Professor of Translation at the University
of Hong Kong. His research interests include audiovisual translation, fan
translation, and Sinophone media and cultural flows. He is working with
researchers from University of Wollongong and Western Sydney University in
several ongoing and upcoming projects exploring contemporary platform
capitals and new influencers in the global ecosystem of new digital economies.
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