CHAPTER 5 : VECTORS SM025

TUTORIAL 5.1 : VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONS

5.2 : SCALAR PRODUCT

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
5.1 a) State the types of vectors.
b) Find the magnitude of a vector and unit vector.
c) Perform addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication of vectors.
5.2 a) Find the scalar product.
b) Use the properties of scalar product.
c) Find the angle between two vectors.
d) Find the direction cosines and directions angles for a non-zero vector.

REFERENCE : Lecture 1

1. Given vector a  2 i  2 j  k , find

a) the magnitude of a
b) the unit vector of a .

2. Given vectors a  2 i  3 j  5 k and b  3 i  4 j  2 k , find

a) a  b
b) 2a  4b

c) a  b

3. Given three vectors a  8 i  2 j  5 k , b  2 i  3 j   k and c  4 i  j   k . Find

a)  if a and b are perpendicular.

b)  if a and c are parallel.

4. Given a  3, b  5 and a  b  9 , find a  b .

5. If u , v and w are three non-zero vectors such that u  v  w  0 , show that

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2 2 2
w  u  v
u v 
2

6. If u  v  5 and u  v  1 , find u  v .

7. Find the angle between the vectors a  2 i  3 j  5 k and b  3 i  4 j  2 k .

8. Find the direction cosines and direction angles of vector a  2 i  j  3 k . Hence, show

that cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1 .

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 CHAPTER 5 : VECTORS SM025

TUTORIAL 5.3 : VECTOR PRODUCT

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
a) Find the vector product.
b) Use the properties of vector product.
c) Find the area of a parallelogram and a triangle.

REFERENCE : Lecture 2

9. If a  2 i  4 j  k and b  3 i  2 j  4 k , find a  b .

10. Given vectors a  2 i  j  q k and b  q i  2 j  2q k . Find the value of q if

ab  8i  4 j  6 k .

11. Find the unit vectors which is perpendicular to both vectors a  2i  3 j  6 k and

bi j  2k .

12. If a  b  c  0 , show that a  b  b  c  c  a .

13. Given that a , b and r are three vectors and  is a scalar such that
2a  a  b
a  r  b   a and a  r  2 . Show that r  2
.
a

2 2 2
14. Show that a  b  a b  ( a  b )2 .

15 a) Find the area of parallelogram with sides a  i  j  4k and b  5i  4 j  2k .

b) Find the area of triangle with vertices A(3, 5, 1) , B(6, 3, 3) and C(-1, 3, 5).

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 CHAPTER 5 : VECTORS SM025

TUTORIAL 5.4 : APPLICATIONS OF VECTORS IN GEOMETRY

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
a) Find the equation of a straight line.
b) Determine the angle between two straight lines.

REFERENCE : Lecture 3

16. Find the vector, parametric and Cartesian equations of the line passes through point
A(1,  4, 2) and parallel to 2i  j  3k .

17. Find the vector equation of line passes through points A(1, 2, 1) and B (1, 3, 2) .

18. A straight line with vector equation r  2i  j  k  t (i  j  2k ) passes through point

(a, 1, b) . Find the values of a and b .

19. Find the angle between two straight lines r1  (2 i  2 j  4k )  t (i  j  k ) and

r2  ( i  2 j  k )  s (2i  3 j  4k ) .

20. Find the angle between the straight lines l1 and l2 which are defined by
x  2 y 1
l1 : x  1  2t , y  3  t , z  5  2t and l2 :   1 z .
4 8

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 CHAPTER 5 : VECTORS SM025

TUTORIAL 5.4 : APPLICATIONS OF VECTORS IN GEOMETRY

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
c) Find the equation of a plane.

REFERENCE : Lecture 4

21 a) Find the vector equation of the plane with normal vector 5i  3 j  7 k and

containing the point A(5, 1, 2) .

b) Find the vector equation of the plane passes through point A(1, 2,  3) and
perpendicular with line x  t , y  2  2t , z  1  3t .

22. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passes through the points A(1, 3, 1) ,
B(2, 1, 2) and C (4, 2,  1) .

23. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane passes through the point A(4, 0,  2) and
perpendicular to the planes x  y  z  0 and 2 x  y  4 z  5 .

24. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane

a) passes through point A(6,  7, 4) and parallel to the xz  plane .
b) contains point A(2, 6,  1) and parallel with the plane 4 x  2 y  z  1 .

25. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane containing the line
r  2i  4 j  3 k  t (2i  3 j  4k ) and the point A(7,  3, 5) .

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 CHAPTER 5 : VECTORS SM025

TUTORIAL 5.4 : APPLICATIONS OF VECTORS IN GEOMETRY

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
d) Determine the angle between
i) two planes
ii) a line and a plane
e) Determine the point of intersection between a line and a plane.

REFERENCE : Lecture 5

26. Find the angle between two planes below

a) 2 x  y  z  5 and 3 x  y  z  1

b) r  (2i  4 j  6k )  1 and r  (2i  j  k )  7

27. Prove that the planes 2 x  3 y  z  5 and  6 x  9 y  3 z  2 are parallel.

28. Find the angle between the line and the plane below
a) r  2i  3 j  k  t (2i  j  2k ) and 2 x  4 y  z  1

y 1 z  2
b) x  2 ,  and r  (i  2 j  k )  11
2 3

29. Find the intersection point between the line r  2i  j  k  t (i  2 j  k ) and the plane

2 x  y  2 z  13 .

x  2 y z 1
30. Find the intersection point between the line   and the plane
1 2 2
r  (4i  j  8k )  26 .

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ANSWER

1
1 a) 3 b) (2i  2 j  k )
3
2 a) 5i  j  3k b)  8i  22 j  18k c)  16

5
3 a)   2 b)   
2
4) 4
6) 6
7) 118.8 0
2 1 3
8) cos   , cos    , cos   ;
14 14 14
  57.7 0 ,   105.5 0 ,   36.7 0
9) 14 i  11 j  16 k

10) q  2
^ 1 ^ 1
11) u  (12i  2 j  5k ) or u (12i  2 j  5k )
 173  173
15 a) 27 unit 2 b) 12.4 unit 2
16) r  i  4 j  2 k  t ( 2i  j  3k ) ; x  1  2t , y  4  t , z  2  3t ;

x 1 y  4 z  2
 
2 1 3
17) r  i  2 j  k  t (2i  j  k )

18) a  0 , b  3
19) 71.2 0
20) 85.8 0
21 a) r  (5i  3 j  7k )  14 b) r  (i  2 j  3k )  12

22) 5 x  11y  7 z  35
23) x  2 y  z  2
24 a) y  7 b) 4 x  2 y  z  5
25) 4 x  4 y  z  21

26 a) 60.5 0 b) 40.2 0

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28 a) 8.4 0 b) 6.5 0
29) (5, 7, 2)
30) (1,  2, 3)

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MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

x2 y z 1
1. Given the point P (4, 2,  3) , the straight line L :   and the plane
4 3 5
 : 2 x  y  2 z  9 . Find
a) an acute angle between the straight line L and the plane  .
b) an intersection point between the straight line L and the plane  .
c) a Cartesian equation of the plane containing the point P and the straight line L .

2. P , Q and R are three points in space where PQ  a and PR  b . Given

a  2i  2 j  k

b i  2 j  2k

a) Find the area of the triangle PQR .

b) Find the parametric equations of the line L passing through the point R ( 2, 0, 3) and

parallel to vector a .

c) If u  ( b a  a b) and v  ( a b  b a ) , evaluate u  v . Hence, interpret

the geometrical relationship between u and v .

3 a) If u and v are nonzero vectors, show that u  (u  v)  0 .

b) Find a unit vector perpendicular to u  2 i  3 j  3 k and v  2 i  k .

4. The plane  1 contains a line L with vector equation r  t j and a point P (3,  1, 2) .

a) Find a Cartesian equation of  1 .

b) Given a second plane  2 with equation x  2 y  3 z  4 , calculate the angle between

 1 and  2 .

5. Given nonzero vectors p and q are perpendicular. Prove that

2 2 2
a) pq  p  q .

b) p  q  p  q .

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6. Given the points A(1, 2,  2) , B(2, 4, 6) and C (4, 3,  1) . Find the area of the triangle
ABC .

7. Given two planes  1 : x  2 y  z  1 ,  2 : 2 x  y  4 z  1 and the straight line

x  2 y  3 z 1
L:   .
2 4 5
a) Find an acute angle between the planes  1 and  2 .
b) Write the equation of L in parametric form. Hence, find the intersection point between
the straight line L and the plane  2 .
c) Find a Cartesian equation of the plane which is orthogonal to the straight line L and
passes through the point (1, 2,  3) .

8. Given two straight lines,

x 1 y  2 z x2 y z4
L1 :   and L2 :   .
3 8 3 10 10 7
a) Show that L1 and L2 are not parallel and find the acute angle between the two
straight lines.
b) Determine intersection point between L1 and plane  : 2 x  y  5 z  25  0 .
c) Find an equation of the plane containing L1 and L2 .

9. Given P , Q and R are three points in a space where

PQ  a  3i  j  k , PR  b  2 i  j  3k

and the coordinates of R is (3, 0, 1) .

a) Hence, show that
i) a and b are not perpendicular.
2 2 2
ii) a  b  a b  ( a b ) 2 .

b) Find the area of triangle PQR .

c) Find the Cartesian equation for the
i) plane that passes through the points P , Q and R .
ii) line that passes through the point R and perpendicular to the plane in part (i).

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10 a) If p  3i  j  2k and q  2i  2 j  k , show that

2 2 2
pq  p q  ( p  q )2 .

b) Given a triangle ABC with AB  2a and AC  3b . Use the result in part (a), show
2 2
that the area of the triangle is 3 a b  ( a  b) 2 .

Hence, deduce the area of the triangle if a  p and b  q .

11. Given a line l : x  2  t , y  3  4t , z  5  3t and two planes

 1 : 2 x  y  7 z  53 and  2 : 3x  y  z  1 . Find
a) the point of intersection between the line l and the plane  1 .
b) the acute angle between the line l and the plane  1 .
c) the acute angle between planes  1 and  2 .

12. Find the angle between the line l :  x, y, z    1, 3,  1   t  2, 1, 0  and the

plane  : 3 x  2 y  z  5 .

13. Given four points A  (2,  8, 4) , B  ( 2,   ,  1) , C  (0,  9, 0) and

D  ( 4,  3, 7) . Determine the value of  if AB  ( AC  AD)  64 .

14 a) If the line l1 :  x, y, z    1, 1, 2   t  2,  1, 3  does not intersect with the

plane  1 : Ax  By  Cz  0 , show that 2 A  B  3C  0 .

Hence, find the equation of plane  1 if the plane passes through the point (1, 0, 1) .
b) Given the line l 2 : x  x 0  tv1 , y  y 0  tv 2 , z  z 0  tv 3 , the plane

 2 : x  y  2 z  0 and a point ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )  (0, 0, 0) is on the plane.

i) If l 2 is perpendicular to the plane  2 , show that

 v1 , v 2 , v3   v 2  1, 1,  2  ; v 2  0 .
ii) Give one example of the equation of straight line which satisfy part (b)(i).

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15. Given vectors p  3i  6 j   k and q   i  4 j  5k where  and  are constants.

a) Find the values of  and  if p and q are parallel.

b) Given   1 , find  if p and q are perpendicular.

16. Given three points P ( 3, 2,  1) , Q (2, 4, 5) and R (1,  2, 4) . Calculate the area of
triangle PQR .

x 1 y  3 z  2
17. Given the line L :   and the planes  1 : 2 x  y  2 z  17 and
2 1 3
 2 :  4 x  3 y  5 z  10 .
Find
a) the intersection point between L and  1 .
b) the acute angle between  1 and  2 .
c) the parametric equations of the line that passes through the point ( 2,  1, 3) and

perpendicular to the plane  2 .

18. The line L1 and L2 passes through the point R(2, 4,  3) and S (8,  5, 9) in the
direction of 2i  3 j  4k and i  2 j  3k , respectively.

a) State the equations for lines L1 and L2 in the vector form. Hence, calculate the acute

angle between the lines L1 and L2 .

b) Find the equation of plane containing the line L1 and the point (7,  3, 5) in the
Cartesian form.
c) Determine whether the line L2 is parallel to the plane x  5 y  3 z  5 .

19. The points A(2, 3, 5) , B (4,  2, 3) and C (2, 0, 7) lie on the plane  . A straight line
L passes through the points P ( 2, 8, 9) and Q (5, 6,  4) .

a) Find AB , AC and AB  AC . Hence, obtain the Cartesian equation of the plane  .

b) Find the vector equation of the straight line L .
c) Find the acute angle between the straight line L and plane  .

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20. Point R (1, 2, 3) and Q ( x, y, z ) are such that PQ and RS are normal to the planes
M and N . Planes M and N are parallel. Points S (2, 4, 6) and P (1, 3, 2) are on
the planes M and N respectively.

a) State PQ .
b) Find

i) vector equation of the line that passes through point P and parallel to RS .
ii) the Cartesian equation of the plane N .
iii) determine the acute angle between the intersection of plane N and another plane
with equation 2 x  3 y  2 z  1 .

c) Describe PQ  2 RS . Then, find point Q .

ANSWERS

1 a)   45 0 b) ( 2,  3, 4) c) 2 x  y  z  3

2 a) 4.03 unit 2 b) x  2  2t , y  2t , z  3  t
c) u  v  0 ; u and v are perpendicular
^ 1
3 b) n  (3i  8 j  6k )
 109
4 a) 2 x  3 z  0 b) 58.7 0
6) 21.4 unit 2
 3
7 a)   69.10 b) x  2  2t , y  3  4t , z  1  5t ; 1,  5 ,  
 2
c) 2 x  4 y  5 z  5

8 a)   60.2 0 b) ( 2, 6,  3) c)  26 x  51 y  110 z  76

x  3 y z 1
9 b) 6.12 unit 2 c i) 2 x  11 y  5 z  11 ii)  
2 11 5
10 b) 33.1 unit 2
11 a) (5,  15, 4) b)   46.10 c)   60.5 0

12)   28.6 0
13)   10

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14 a) x  y  z  0 b ii) x  1  t , y  1  t , z  1  2t
15 29
15 a)   ,  2 b)   
2 3
16) 20.4 unit 2

17 a) (5, 1,  4) b)   45 0
c) x  2  4t , y  1  3t , z  3  5t

18 a) L1 : r1  2i  4 j  3k  t (2i  3 j  4k ) , L2 : r2  8i  5 j  9k  s (i  2 j  3k ) ;

  6.98 0
b) 4 x  4 y  z  21
c) parallel

19 a) AB  2i  5 j  2k , AC  4i  3 j  2k , AB  AC  16i  4 j  26k ;

 8 x  2 y  13z  75
b) r  (2i  8 j  9k )  t (3i  2 j  13k )

c) 42.8 0
20 a) ( x  1)i  ( y  3) j  ( z  2) k

b i) r  i  3 j  2k  t ( i  2 j  3k ) ii)  x  2 y  3 z  11 iii)   82.60

c) PQ is same direction with RS and magnitude PQ is two times magnitude RS ;

Q (1, 7, 8)

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