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brief Contents
PrefaCe xvii
1 abnormal behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Understanding and treating mental disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3 assessment and ClassifiCation of mental disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4 researCh methods for stUdying mental disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5 anxiety and obsessive-ComPUlsive and related disorders . . . . 127
6 traUma-and stressor-related disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7 somatiC and dissoCiative disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8 dePressive and biPolar disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
9 sUiCide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
10 eating disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
11 sUbstanCe-related and other addiCtive disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
12 sChizoPhrenia sPeCtrUm disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
13 neUroCognitive and sleeP–Wake disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
14 sexUal dysfUnCtions, gender dysPhoria, and ParaPhiliC
disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
15 Personality PsyChoPathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
16 disorders of Childhood and adolesCenCe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
17 laW and ethiCs in abnormal PsyChology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
glossary G-1 referenCes R-1 name index I-1 sUbjeCt index I-21
iii
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Contents
Chapter 1 abnormal behavior 3

The Field of Abnormal Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Witchcraft: 15th Through 17th Centuries 17
Describing Behavior 5 The Rise of Humanism 18
Explaining Behavior 5 The Moral Treatment Movement: 18th
Predicting Behavior 6 and 19th Centuries 18
Modifying Behavior 7 Causes of Mental Illness: Early
Views of Abnormality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
The Biological Viewpoint 20
Distress 8
The Psychological Viewpoint 21
Deviance 9
Personal Dysfunction 9 Contemporary Trends in Abnormal
Dangerousness 9 Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The Influence of Multicultural Psychology 22
Cultural Considerations in
Positive Psychology 24
Abnormal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Recovery Movement 26
Sociopolitical Considerations in Changes in the Therapeutic Landscape 27
Abnormality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
How Common Are Mental Disorders? . . . . . . . 12
■ CONTROVERSY
Overcoming Social Stigma and
What role should spirituality and religion Play
Stereotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
in mental health Care? 19
Historical Perspectives on ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Abnormal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Psychology is also the study of strengths
Prehistoric and Ancient Beliefs 16 and assets 25
Naturalistic Explanations: Greco-Roman
Thought 16 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Reversion to Supernatural Explanations: The i have it, too: the medical student
Middle Ages 16 syndrome 28
Chapter 2 Understanding and treating
mental disorders 33
One-Dimensional Models Social-Relational Treatment Approaches 63
of Mental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Criticisms of Social-Relational Models 64
A Multipath Model of Mental Dimension Four: Sociocultural
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Gender Factors 65
Dimension One: Biological Factors . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Socioeconomic Class 66
The Human Brain 40
Immigration and Acculturative Stress 66
Biochemical Processes within the Brain
and Body 42 Race and Ethnicity 66
Neuroplasticity 45 Sociocultural Considerations in Treatment 68
Genetics and Heredity 45 Criticisms of the Multicultural Model and
Related Therapeutic Techniques 68
Sex Differences in Brain Development 47
Biology-Based Treatment Techniques 48 Contemporary Trends and
Criticisms of Biological Models Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
and Therapies 50
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Dimension Two: Psychological Factors . . . 50
Psychodynamic Models 51
■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
a multipath model of resilience 38
Behavioral Models 53
Cognitive-Behavioral Models 57 ■ CONTROVERSY
Humanistic-Existential Models 61 the Universal shamanic tradition: Wizards,
sorcerers, and Witch doctors 67
Dimension Three: Social Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Social-Relational Models 63
■ CRITICAL THINKING
applying the models of Psychopathology 69
Family, Couples, and Group Perspectives 63
Chapter 3 assessment and ClassifiCation

of mental disorders 75
Reliability and Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Evaluation of the DSM-5 Classification System 96
Objections to Classification and Labeling 98
Assessment and Classification
of Mental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Contemporary Trends and
Observations 78 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Interviews 79 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Mental Status Examination 79
Psychological Tests and Inventories 80 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Projective Personality Tests 80 should strengths be assessed? 77
Self-Report Inventories 82 ■ CONTROVERSY
Intelligence Tests 85 Wikipedia and the rorschach test 81
Tests for Cognitive Impairment 86 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Neurological Tests 87 should We assess the assessor? 83
Diagnosing Mental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual differential diagnosis: the Case of Charlie
of Mental Disorders 90 sheen 97
Cultural Factors in Assessment 95
vi | Contents
Chapter 4 researCh methods for
stUdying mental disorders 103
Research Methods used to Epidemiological Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Study Mental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Contemporary Trends and Future
Characteristics of Clinical Research 107
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Experiments 111
Correlational Studies 113 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Analogue Studies 116 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Field Studies 116 attacks on scientific integrity 108
Single-Participant Studies 117
■ CONTROVERSY
Biological Research Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 repressed memories: issues and
The Endophenotype Concept 119 Questions 110
Twin Studies 120 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Genetic Linkage Studies 120 ethical Considerations—risk/benefit versus
Epigenetic Research 121 social value 114
Using Animals in Biological Research 121
Chapter 5 anxiety and obsessive-ComPUlsive

and related disorders 127
understanding Anxiety Disorders Body Dysmorphic Disorder 154
from a Multipath Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Hair-Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania) 155
Biological Dimension 130 Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder 156
Psychological Dimension 132 Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Social and Sociocultural Dimensions 133 Disorders 156
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive and
Phobias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Related Disorders 159
Social Anxiety Disorder 135
Specific Phobias 135
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Agoraphobia 136
Therapy Modifications to Target Specific
Etiology of Phobias 137 Disorders 161
Treatment of Phobias 141 Treatment Protocols for Multiple Disorders 161
Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Technology to Improve CBT Outcome and
Etiology of Panic Disorder 145 Outreach 162
Treatment of Panic Disorder 147 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Etiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 149 reducing risk of lifelong anxiety 132
Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 150
■ CONTROVERSY
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related fear or disgust? 139
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 152 Panic disorder treatment: should We
Hoarding Disorder 153 focus on Personal Control? 148
Contents | vii
Chapter 6 traUma- and stressor-related disorders 165
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Contemporary Trends and
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Adjustment Disorders 166
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Trauma-Related Disorders 168
Etiology of Trauma- and Stressor-Related ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Disorders 171 is there a silver lining to adverse life
Treatment of Trauma- and Stressor-Related events? 176
Disorders 176
■ CONTROVERSY
Psychological Factors Affecting the hmong sudden death syndrome 182
Medical Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 ■ CONTROVERSY
Medical Conditions Influenced by Psychological Can humor influence the Course of a
Factors 179
disease? 191
Stress and the Immune System 186
Etiological Influences on Physical Disorders 188
Treatment of Psychophysiological Disorders 192
Chapter 7 somatiC and dissoCiative disorders 197

Somatic Symptom and Related Dissociative Identity Disorder 216
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Etiology of Dissociative Disorders 219
Somatic Symptom Disorder 199 Treatment of Dissociative Disorders 222
Illness Anxiety Disorder 201
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Symptom Disorder) 202
Factitious Disorder and Factitious Disorder CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Imposed on Another 203
Etiology of Somatic Symptom and
Related Disorders 205 Culture and somatic symptom and
dissociative disorders 210
Treatment of Somatic Symptom and
Related Disorders 209 ■ CONTROVERSY
Dissociative Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 “suspect” techniques Used to treat
Dissociative Amnesia 212
dissociative identity disorder 222
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 215
viii | Contents
Chapter 8 dePressive and biPolar disorders 229
Symptoms Associated with Commonalities between Bipolar Disorders
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 230 and Schizophrenia 261
Symptoms of Depression 230 Treatment for Bipolar Disorders 262
Symptoms of Hypomania or Mania 232 Contemporary Trends and
Evaluating Mood Symptoms 233 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Depressive Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Diagnosis and Classification of
Depressive Disorders 234 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Prevalence of Depressive Disorders 237 Can We immunize People against
Etiology of Depressive Disorders 238
depression? 246
Treatment for Depression 249 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
antidepressants and suicidality:
Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
risk versus benefit 250
Diagnosis and Classification of
Bipolar Disorders 255 ■ CONTROVERSY
Prevalence of Bipolar Disorders 259 Computer-based interventions for
Etiology of Bipolar Disorders 260 depression 251
Chapter 9 sUiCide 267

Facts about Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Preventing Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Prevalence of Suicidal Behavior 269 Clues to Suicidal Intent 287
Choice of Method 270 Suicide Hotlines and Telephone
Occupation 270 Crisis Intervention 289
Suicide Crisis Intervention 290
Effects of Suicide on Friends Psychotherapy for Suicidal Individuals 291
and Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Contemporary Trends and
Suicide and Specific Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Suicide among Children and Adolescents 273
Suicide among Military Veterans 275 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Suicide among College Students 276 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Suicide among Baby Boomers 277 suicide Prevention: reinforcing Protective
Suicide among the Elderly 277 factors 272
A Multipath Perspective of Suicide . . . . . . . . 280 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Biological Dimension 280 Coping with a suicidal Crisis: a top
Psychological Dimension 282 Priority 278
Social Dimension 283 ■ CONTROVERSY
Sociocultural Dimension 284 do People have a right to die? 293
Contents | ix
Chapter 10 eating disorders 297
Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Anorexia Nervosa 299 Etiology of Obesity 319
Bulimia Nervosa 302 Treatments for Obesity 322
Binge-Eating Disorder 303
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Disorders 305
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Etiology of Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Psychological Dimension 305 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Social Dimension 307 anorexia’s Web 301
Sociocultural Dimension 308 ■ CONTROVERSY
Biological Dimension 313 should Underweight models and digitally
Treatment of Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 “enhanced” Photos be banned from
advertisements? 314
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 315
Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 316 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder 317 Preventing eating disorders 323
Chapter 11 sUbstanCe-related and other

addiCtive disorders 327
Substance-Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Treatment for Cannabis-Use Disorder 355
Treatment for Tobacco-Use Disorder 356
Substances Associated with Abuse . . . . . . . . 330
Depressants 331 Gambling Disorder and Other
Stimulants 335 Addictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Hallucinogens 338 Internet Gaming Disorder 358
Dissociative Anesthetics 338 Contemporary Trends and
Substances with Mixed Chemical Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Properties 338
Combining Multiple Substances 343 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Etiology of Substance-use Disorders . . . . 344 ■ CRITICAL THINKING

Psychological Dimension 345 What messages is society sending about
Social Dimension 346 alcohol Use? 334
Sociocultural Dimension 347 ■ CONTROVERSY
Biological Dimension 349 stimulants and Performance enhancement:
a new source of addiction? 337
Treatment for Substance-use
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 ■ CONTROVERSY
Understanding and Preventing Relapse 352 a Closer look at legalizing Pot 340
Treatment for Alcohol-Use Disorder 353 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Treatment for Opioid-Use Disorder 354 Curbing the tide of substance abuse 350
Treatment for Stimulant-Use Disorder 355
x | Contents
Chapter 12 sChizoPhrenia sPeCtrUm disorders 363
Symptoms of Schizophrenia Delusional Disorder 392
Spectrum Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Brief Psychotic Disorder 395
Positive Symptoms 365 Schizophreniform Disorder 395
Cognitive Symptoms 370 Schizoaffective Disorder 396
Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal
Contemporary Trends and
Psychomotor Behavior 371
Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Negative Symptoms 372
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
understanding Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Long-Term Outcome Studies 373 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
instilling hope after a schizophrenia
Etiology of Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
diagnosis 366
Biological Dimension 376
Psychological Dimension 380 ■ CONTROVERSY
Social Dimension 382 should We Challenge delusions and
hallucinations? 369
Sociocultural Dimension 383
Treatment of Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
attenuated Psychosis syndrome: a beneficial
Antipsychotic Medications 386
or harmful diagnosis? 374
Psychosocial Therapy 389
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 389 ■ CONTROVERSY
the marketing of atypical antipsychotic
Interventions Focusing on Family
Communication and Education 391 medications 388
Other Schizophrenia Spectrum ■ CRITICAL THINKING

Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 morgellons disease: delusional Parasitosis or
Physical disease? 394
Chapter 13 neUroCognitive and sleeP–Wake disorders 401

Types of Neurocognitive Disorders . . . . . . . . 402 Neurocognitive Disorder due to Frontotemporal
The Assessment of Brain Damage and Lobar Degeneration 419
Neurocognitive Functioning 402 Neurocognitive Disorder due to Parkinson’s
Major Neurocognitive Disorder 403 Disease 419
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder 404 Neurocognitive Disorder due to Huntington’s
Disease 420
Delirium 405
Neurocognitive Disorder due to
Etiology of Neurocognitive Disorders . . 406 HIV Infection 420
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Treatment Considerations with
Traumatic Brain Injury 407
Neurocognitive Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorders 412
Rehabilitation Services 422
Neurocognitive Disorder due to
Biological Treatment 422
Substance Abuse 414
Cognitive and Behavioral Treatment 423
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s
Disease 414 Lifestyle Changes 424
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Dementia with Environmental Support 424
Lewy Bodies 418
Contents | xi
Sleep–Wake Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Dyssomnias 425 just how safe are Contact sports? 410
Parasomnias 427 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Etiology of Sleep–Wake Disorders 428 Can We Prevent brain damage? 415
Treatment of Sleep–Wake Disorders 429
■ CONTROVERSY
Contemporary Trends and genetic testing: helpful or harmful? 421
Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
head injury: What do soldiers need to
know? 408
Chapter 14 sexUal dysfUnCtions, gender dysPhoria,

and ParaPhiliC disorders 433
What Is “Normal” Sexual Behavior? . . . . . . . 433 Etiology and Treatment of Paraphilic
The Sexual Response Cycle 436 Disorders 459
Sexual Dysfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorders 438 Effects of Rape 462
Orgasmic Disorders 440 Etiology of Rape 462
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder 441 Treatment for Rapists 465
Aging and Sexual Dysfunctions 442 Contemporary Trends and
Etiology of Sexual Dysfunctions 442 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions 446
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Gender Dysphoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
■ CONTROVERSY
Etiology of Gender Dysphoria 450
is hypersexual behavior a sexual
Treatment of Gender Dysphoria 451
disorder? 441
Paraphilic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Paraphilic Disorders Involving Nonhuman Why do men rape Women? 463
Objects 454
Paraphilic Disorders Involving Nonconsenting ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Persons 455 resilience in the aftermath of rape 464
Paraphilic Disorders Involving Pain or
Humiliation 458
xii | Contents
Chapter 15 Personality PsyChoPathology 469
Personality Psychopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Dimensional Personality
Assessment and the DSM-5
Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Alternative Personality Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Cluster A—Disorders Characterized by Odd
or Eccentric Behaviors 471 DSM-5 Alternative Personality Model 496
Cluster B—Disorders Characterized by Dramatic, Contemporary Trends and Future
Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors 475 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Cluster C—Disorders Characterized by Anxious
or Fearful Behaviors 483 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Analysis of One Personality Disorder: ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE

Antisocial Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 dr. marsha linehan: Portrait of
Biological Dimension 487 resilience 480
Psychological Dimension 489 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Social Dimension 490 sociocultural Considerations in the
Sociocultural Dimension 491 assessment of Personality disorders 493
Treatment of Antisocial Personality ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Disorder 492
What Personality traits best apply to
Issues with Diagnosing Personality this man? 500
Psychopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Chapter 16 disorders of Childhood and adolesCenCe 503

Internalizing Disorders among youth . . . 505 Learning Disorders 535
Anxiety, Trauma, and Stressor-Related Support for Individuals with Neurodevelopmental
Disorders in Early Life 505 Disorders 535
Mood Disorders in Early Life 509 Contemporary Trends and
Externalizing Disorders among youth . . 511 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 512 CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Intermittent Explosive Disorder 512
Conduct Disorder 513 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Child abuse and neglect 508
Etiology of Externalizing Disorders 514
Treatment of Externalizing Disorders 516 ■ CONTROVERSY
are We overmedicating Children? 516
Elimination Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Enuresis 517 ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE
Encopresis 517 enhancing resilience in youth 530
Neurodevelopmental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 ■ CONTROVERSY

eliminating the asperger’s diagnosis: Why the
Tics and Tourette’s Disorder 518
Uproar? 527
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 519
Autism Spectrum Disorders 523 ■ CRITICAL THINKING
Intellectual Disability 531 risks of substance Use in Pregnancy 535
Contents | xiii
Chapter 17 laW and ethiCs in abnormal PsyChology 541
Criminal Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Ethical Guidelines for Mental
Competency to Stand Trial 542 Health Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Legal Precedents Regarding the Insanity The Therapist–Client Relationship 561
Defense 545 Cultural Competence and the Mental Health
Contemporary Views on the Insanity Profession 565
Defense 547
CHAPTER SuMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Civil Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Criteria for Commitment 551
Predicting dangerousness and Profiling serial
Procedures in Civil Commitment 553
killers and mass murderers 552
Rights of Mental Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
■ CONTROVERSY
Right to Treatment 554
“doc, i murdered someone”: Client disclosures
Right to Refuse Treatment 556 of violence to therapists 555
Deinstitutionalization 557
Moral, Ethical, and Legal Issues Using Positive Psychology to build soldier
Surrounding Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 resilience: an ethical dilemma? 566
xiv | Contents
featUres
■ CONTROVERSY
What role should spirituality and religion Play in mental should Underweight models and digitally “enhanced” Photos
health Care? 19 be banned from advertisements? 314
the Universal shamanic tradition: Wizards, sorcerers, and stimulants and Performance enhancement: a new source of
Witch doctors 67 addiction? 337
Wikipedia and the rorschach test 81 a Closer look at legalizing Pot 340
repressed memories: issues and Questions 110 should We Challenge delusions and hallucinations? 369
fear or disgust? 139 the marketing of atypical antipsychotic medications 388
the hmong sudden death syndrome 182 genetic testing: helpful or harmful? 421
Can humor influence the Course of a disease? 191 is hypersexual behavior a sexual disorder? 441
“suspect” techniques Used to treat dissociative identity are We overmedicating Children? 516
disorder 222 eliminating the asperger's diagnosis: Why the Uproar? 527
Computer-based interventions for depression 251 “doc, i murdered someone”: Client disclosures of violence
do People have a right to die? 293 to therapists 555
i have it, too: the medical student syndrome 28 What messages is society sending about alcohol Use? 334
applying the models of Psychopathology 69 attenuated Psychosis syndrome: a beneficial or harmful
should We assess the assessor? 83 diagnosis? 374
differential diagnosis: the Case of Charlie sheen 97 morgellons disease: delusional Parasitosis or Physical
disease? 394
attacks on scientific integrity 108
head injury: What do soldiers need to know? 408
ethical Considerations—risk/benefit versus social
value 114 just how safe are Contact sports? 410
Panic disorder treatment: should We focus on Personal Why do men rape Women? 463
Control? 148 sociocultural Considerations in the assessment of Personality
Culture and somatic symptom and dissociative disorders 493
disorders 210 What Personality traits best apply to this man? 500
antidepressants and suicidality: risk versus benefit 250 Child abuse and neglect 508
Coping with a suicidal Crisis: a top Priority 278 risks of substance Use in Pregnancy 535
anorexia’s Web 301 Predicting dangerousness and Profiling serial killers and
mass murderers 552
Psychology is also the study of strengths and assets 25 Curbing the tide of substance abuse 350
a multipath model of resilience 38 instilling hope after a schizophrenia diagnosis 366
should strengths be assessed? 77 Can We Prevent brain damage? 415
reducing risk of lifelong anxiety 132 resilience in the aftermath of rape 464
is there a silver lining to adverse life events? 176 dr. marsha linehan: Portrait of resilience 480
Can We immunize People against depression? 246 enhancing resilience in youth 530
suicide Prevention: reinforcing Protective factors 272 Using Positive Psychology to build soldier resilience:
Preventing eating disorders 323 an ethical dilemma? 566
xv
■ DISORDERS CHARTS
anxiety disorders 134 schizophrenia spectrum and other Psychotic disorders 392
obsessive-Compulsive spectrum disorders 151 sexual dysfunctions 438
trauma- and stressor-related disorders 167 Paraphilic disorders 453
somatic symptom and related disorders 198 Personality disorders 472
dissociative disorders 213 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and Pediatric
depressive disorders 235 bipolar disorder 513
bipolar disorders 256 oppositional defiant, intermittent explosive,

and Conduct disorder 515
eating disorders 299
neurodevelopmental disorders 521
xvi | features
PrefaCe
W
e are all touched in one way or another by mental health issues, either directly
through our own struggles with mental disorders or indirectly through friends
or family. Thus, knowledge about the symptoms of, causes of, and treatments
for mental disorders and about methods for maintaining optimal mental health is a
highly relevant topic for all students. It is a privilege to write a textbook that sum-
marizes information and research that is so meaningful to the lives of those who read
the book.
The 11th edition of Understanding Abnormal Behavior has been extensively
revised to accommodate the newest scientific, psychological, multicultural, and psy-
chiatric research and is completely up-to-date with respect to the many changes and
controversies surrounding the classification and diagnosis of mental disorders included
in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Because the 10th edition of Understanding
Abnormal Behavior covered anticipated DSM-5 changes, you will find that most chap-
ters in the 11th edition did not require extensive reorganization. However, we have
included additional discussion of DSM-5 changes, as well as other key topics in the
field of abnormal psychology. Although we have relied on the DSM-5 for much of our
organizational framework and for the specific diagnostic characteristics of mental dis-
orders, you will find that we do not follow the DSM in a mechanistic fashion. Instead,
we remain committed to providing our readers with information from a variety of key
organizations and from the multitude of medical and psychological publications that
address mental health issues. Thus, you will find that our discussions of disorders,
contemporary issues, controversies, and trends in the field rely on multiple sources of
information from a variety of disciplines.
As authors of an abnormal psychology textbook, we feel a keen responsibility
to keep our book fresh and to incorporate the burgeoning and immensely impor-
tant research from the fields of neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry that per-
tains to the study of abnormal psychology. In recent years, researchers from a variety
of disciplines have made unprecedented contributions to our understanding of the
causes of and most effective treatments for mental disorders. In addition to biological
breakthroughs in treatment, there is excitement regarding how psychological forms of
intervention can create lasting changes in brain functioning and improve the distress-
ing emotional and behavioral symptoms associated with mental disorders. In keeping
with our commitment to currency of information presented, you will find that we
have included hundreds of new references in this edition of the text. Most important,
consistent with our goal of a balanced presentation, the references come from a wide
variety of journals and other resources. Further, we have made every attempt to deter-
mine which research is most critical to a comprehensive understanding of each mental
disorder and to present that information in an understandable, nontechnical manner.
Although we strive to avoid overwhelming students with extensive data or too much
xvii
theory, we are strong believers in sharing research-based information and evidence-
based mental health practices. As with previous editions of Understanding Abnormal
Behavior, our goal has been to include recent and cutting-edge research from a variety
of resources, but in a manner that engages the reader.
We continue to receive very positive feedback about our use of the Multipath
Model of Mental Disorders; the model is considered a highly effective visual and
conceptual framework that helps students understand the multitude of factors that
influence the development of various mental health conditions. In keeping with this
model, we once again emphasize the importance of considering biological, psycholog-
ical, social, and sociocultural factors and their interactions in the etiology of mental
disorders. Our four-dimensional model ensures that instructors consistently consider
sociocultural influences that are associated with specific disorders—a dimension
often neglected by contemporary models of psychopathology. Although we continue
to emphasize the importance of multicultural issues in abnormal psychology, a topic
that is increasingly salient given the growing diversity of the population, readers will
find that we take a very balanced approach when discussing the etiology of men-
tal disorders—emphasizing multicultural issues within the context of interactions
between these cultural factors and biological, psychological, and social factors. In
other words, we strive to provide an evenhanded, balanced approach to the topics we
address throughout the text.
Readers will find that another signature feature of our text, Mental Disorders
Charts, concisely describe symptoms and diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and
gender data, as well as data on course and outcome for many of the disorders
covered in the text. Students can easily compare and contrast the various disor-
ders presented throughout the text by referring to these charts and the Multipath
Model figures.
We are excited about the fresh focus and some of the innovative changes you will
find in this newest edition of Understanding Abnormal Behavior, including our new
Focus on Resilience feature that encompasses contributions from the field of positive
psychology and highlights key information relevant to both prevention and recovery
from the symptoms associated with various disorders. This emphasis is particularly
important given all of the recent data on neuroplasticity and the changes that are pos-
sible with prevention efforts or with evidence-based therapy targeted toward amelio-
rating the distressing symptoms of many disorders.
Overall, we believe readers will find the text more engaging and captivating
than ever before. We have made a consistent effort to align the information pre-
sented from chapter to chapter in order to enhance students’ understanding of more
complex topics. We also connect our discussions with current events whenever pos-
sible and with issues of particular importance to college-age populations. We have
concentrated on providing students with information that is related not only to
the field of abnormal psychology but also to their day-to-day lives—material stu-
dents will find valuable both now and in the future. In fact, we view this text as a
meaningful tool that students can refer to when they encounter questions regarding
mental health issues in their personal lives or with co-workers or clientele within
the workforce.
We have also prioritized putting a human face on the various disorders and issues
we discuss thought the text. When writing, we have considered the fact that many stu-
dents have direct experience with mental disorders, either because they are personally
affected or because their friends or family members are experiencing or have expe-
rienced the distressing symptoms of a mental disorder. Many of the case studies are
presented from the perspective of individuals coping with various disorders to allow
readers to better comprehend the struggles involved.
As illustrated by the new information added to each chapter, this edition of our
book provides current and relevant information on a wide variety of topics in the field
of abnormal psychology.
xviii | Preface
New and updated Coverage of the Eleventh
Edition
Our foremost objective in preparing this edition was to thoroughly update the contents
of the text and present the latest trends in research and clinical thinking, with a par-
ticular emphasis on the new DSM-5. This has led to updated coverage of many topics
throughout the text, including the following:
Chapter 1—Abnormal Behavior

• Updated discussion of the DSM-5 definition of mental disorders.
• New statistics on the prevalence of mental disorders.
• Discussion of new topics, including the recovery movement; overcoming stigma
and stereotypes (including the difference between public stigma and self-stigma);
the importance of considering each person’s strengths and assets; and technologi-
cal advances that affect mental health research and treatment.
Chapter 2—understanding and Treating Mental Disorders

• Expanded multipath model coverage, including a significantly expanded discus-
sion of biological factors with a focus on key concepts that underlie later biologi-
cal discussions throughout the text.
• New discussion of genetics and epigenetics, the enteric nervous system, neuro-
hormones, neuroplasticity, and sex differences in brain development.
• Updated discussion of the social and sociocultural etiological dimensions,
including a focus on stress associated with immigration (acculturative stress).
• Updated discussion of treatment techniques associated with the various
theoretical models.
Chapter 3—Assessment and Classification of Mental

Disorders
• Updated material on assessment, differential diagnosis, and classification of men-
tal disorders.
• Expanded discussion of neuropsychological assessment, including new tables
comparing structural and functional imaging techniques.
• Expanded discussion of the DSM-5 and controversies regarding the new classifi-
cation system.
• Expanded coverage on cultural considerations in assessment and diagnosis.
Chapter 4—Research Methods for Studying

Mental Disorders
• Updated sections on scientific evidence, the scientific method, and research
design.
• New discussions about trends in research, including evidence-based practice and
reducing research bias.
Chapter 5—Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive

and Related Disorders
• New case studies.
• Expanded discussion of hoarding disorder.
• Expanded discussion of treatment for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disor-
ders, including research trends involving cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Preface | xix
Chapter 6—Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
• New case studies.
• Expanded discussion about the physiological and psychological effects of trauma.
• New discussion of adjustment disorders.
• Expanded discussion of biological factors contributing to stress disorders.
• Expanded discussion regarding treatment for trauma disorders.
Chapter 7—Somatic and Dissociative Disorders

• New disorders chart reflecting reorganization of somatic disorders in DSM-5.
• New discussion of self-reported medically self-sabotaging behaviors.
• New discussion regarding possible ramifications of the changes in the DSM-5
diagnostic criteria involving somatic symptoms.
Chapter 8—Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

• New tables outlining symptoms of depressive, hypomanic, or manic episodes and
new figure regarding range of mood symptoms.
• New discussion of depressive reactions to grief and persistent complex bereave-
ment disorder.
• New case studies and expanded discussion of depressive and hypomanic/manic
symptoms.
• New discussion of seasonal patterns, maladaptive thinking patterns, and
memory bias in depression.
• Reorganized and updated discussion of biological factors influencing depression.
Chapter 9—Suicide
• New figures with data on the frequency of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts
and ethnic and gender differences in completed suicide.
• New discussions regarding preventing suicide, coping with a suicidal crisis, suicide
in the military, suicide among baby boomers, suicide in men, psychotherapy for
clients with suicidal ideation, and the effects of suicide on friends and family.
Chapter 10—Eating Disorders

• Updated research on the etiology and treatment of eating disorders and obesity,
including a discussion of the influence of hormones and intestinal bacteria.
• New discussions on prevention of eating disorders and online resources to
counteract Web sites that encourage disordered eating.
Chapter 11—Substance-Related and Other Addictive

Disorders
• Updated statistics and figures illustrating the prevalence of substance use and
abuse, with a particular focus on alcohol.
• Expanded discussion regarding the abuse of illicit and prescription drugs.
• New topics, including the marijuana debate, e-cigarettes, and designer drugs.
• New discussion of other addictions, including gambling and Internet gaming
disorders.
Chapter 12—Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

• Updated research on schizophrenia and explanations of the DSM-5 diagnostic
categories.
xx | Preface
• Expanded discussion of symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum
disorders and cultural issues associated with schizophrenia.
• Updated discussion on attenuated psychosis syndrome.
• New discussion about the recovery model and early intervention for individuals
at risk for psychotic disorders.
Chapter 13—Neurocognitive and Sleep–Wake Disorders

• Presentation of new research on various neurocognitive disorders, particularly
Alzheimer’s disease.
• Continued focus on neurocognitive disorders across the life span, with a strong
emphasis on lifestyle changes that can help prevent the development of degenera-
tive disorders such as dementia.
• Expanded discussion of traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic
encephalopathy.
• New discussion of normal sleep patterns and sleep–wake disorders, including
the two major categories of sleep disorders included in DSM-5: dyssomnias and
parasomnias.
Chapter 14—Sexual Dysfunctions, Gender Dysphoria,

and Paraphilic Disorders
• Updated DSM-5 terminology related to sexual dysfunctions and paraphilic
disorders.
• Updated application of the multipath model to sexual disorders.
• Discussion of new research on treatment for sexual dysfunctions and paraphilic
disorders.
Chapter 15—Personality Psychopathology

• Chapter substantially reorganized to incorporate the 10 traditional personality
disorders, as well as the DSM-5 alternative model for diagnosing personality
psychopathology, including a new discussion of the dimensional and categorical
assessment associated with the new alternative model.
• Expanded discussion of the 10 traditional personality categories, including
updated research on etiology and treatment.
• Expanded discussion of the six personality types and five personality trait
domains included in the DSM-5 alternative model for diagnosing a personality
disorder.
• Critical discussion of the DSM-5 inclusion of two methods for diagnosing
personality disorders and dimensional methods of personality assessment.
• Discussion of Dr. Marsha Linehan and her contributions to our understanding
and treatment of borderline personality disorder.
Chapter 16—Disorders of Childhood

and Adolescence
• Updated and expanded discussion of neurodevelopmental disorders, childhood
anxiety, childhood post-traumatic stress disorder, reactive attachment disorder,
tics and Tourette’s syndrome.
• Updated discussion of new diagnostic categories, including nonsuicidal self-
injury (a category undergoing further study), disruptive mood dysregulation
disorder, and disinhibited social engagement disorder.
• New discussion regarding early prevention of lifelong mental illness and methods
for enhancing resilience.
Preface | xxi
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Nordic race in, 26, 188, 199–210;
decline of Nordic element in, 190, 191, 208–210;
Norman type in, 206–208, 252;
physical types in, 249;
Post-Roman invaders of, 73;
race elements in, 64, 249;
Round Barrow men of, 137–138;
Saxon invasion of, 200–201;
Saxon speech of, 69;
severed from France and Ireland, 128;
stone weapons in, 120–121;
in world war, 191, 198.
English, the, 61, 67;
brunet, 149–150;
borderers, 40;
characters, 26, 29, 64;
in the Bahamas, 40;
in New York, 80;
in South Africa, 80;
modern, 67;
Norman type among, 207;
Round Barrow survivals among, 164;
typical hair shade of, 26.
English Channel, 199.
English language, 61;
a world language, 80, 204.
English race related to the Frisians, 73.
Environment, 4, 16, 19, 28, 38–39, 98–99;
effects of, 262.
Eoanthropus, 105–106.
Eolithic culture, 103;
man, 97–103;
Period, 102–103, 105, 132.
Eoliths, 102–103.
Ephtalites, 254.
Epirus, 164.
Erse language, 247.
Esquimaux, and Cro-Magnons, 110, 112, 225.
Esthonians, 234;
language of, 234, 236, 243;
immigration of, 236.
Esths, 236, 243.
Eternal City, 153.
Ethiopia, 151.
Ethiopian Negro, 24, 151.
Etruria, 153, 165;
ancient civilization of, 153;
struggles of with the Latins, 154;
empire of, 165.
Etruscans, 154, 157, 244;
language of, 234, 244;
empire of, 157;
power of destroyed, 157;
learn Aryan, 244.
Eugenics, ideal in, 48.
Eurasia, 100, 202.
Europe, 20, 21, 24, 27, 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 63, 68;
abandoned to invaders, 179;
Alpines in, 117;
Anaryan survivals in, 234–235;
brain capacity of, 53;
Cro-Magnons in, 108, 115;
dolichocephalic, 116;
early man in, 102;
glaciation in, 101–102;
not the home of the Alpines, 43;
nor of the Slavs, 65;
German types in, 73;
iron in, 129–131;
(mediæval), 10, 52, 59;
megaliths in, 155;
Mongols in, 65;
Nordic aristocracy in, 188;
see also Aristocracy;
Nordics in, 188;
peninsula of Asia or Eurasia, 100;
Pre-Aryan speech in, 235;
Teutonic, 179–187;
Turkish language in, 237;
(western) introduction of Aryan speech into, 234.
Europe (Paleolithic), 23.
European culture, derivation of, 164.
European man, 25,000 years ago, 109.
European races, 18–21, 24, 28–30, 32, 33, 35, 60, 66, 131;
natural habitat of, 37;
physical characters of, 21, 31, 34;
present distribution of, 272–273.
European wars and Nordics, 73, 74;
causes of, 56.
Europeans, in Brazil, 78;
modern, cranial capacity of, 109.
Euskarian language; see also Basque, 140, 235.
Euskarians (Basques), 234.
Eye color, 13, 24, 25, 35, 135, 168, 175.
Farms, immigrants on, 209;

nurseries of nations, 209.
Fellaheen, 152.
Fen districts, Mediterraneans in, 153.
Ferdinand of Hapsburg, 187.
Fertility and infertility of races, 22.
Feudalism, 228.
Finland, 59, 236;
Alpines in, 211;
colonized by Sweden, 211;
conquered by the Varangians, 177.
Finlanders, language of, 234, 236, 243.
Finnic dialects, 234.
Finns, 58, 243;
round skulled, invasion of, 236.
Firbolgs, 108, 203.
Flanders, 182;
Nordics in, 188, 210, 231.
Flemings, 57, 61, 195, 210;
language of, 195;
descended from the Franks, 210.
Flints, chipped, 102–104, 113, 119–121;
polished, 119–120.
Foot, as a race character, 31.
Forests, 124.
Forty-Niners, 75.
France, 23, 56, 60, 63;
and the church, 181;
and the Huguenots, 53;
Alpines in, 138, 140, 142, 194;
Aryan language in, 234;
Athenian versatility of, 161;
Basques in, 140;
Bronze Age in, 129, 131;
Brythonic language in, 248;
caverns in, 112;
Celtic language in, 194, 248–251;
connection of by land with Britain, 199;
cephalic index in, 197;
conquered by Gauls, 173;
Cro-Magnon race in, 110;
Cymry or Belgæ in, 175, 251;
decline of international power in, 197;
first Alpines in, 116;
Hallstatt relics in, 131;
in Cæsar’s time, 194–195;
invasion of by Gauls, 199;
loss through war, 197;
Mediterraneans in, 149, 156, 194;
megaliths in, 129;
mercenaries in, 135;
Nordic aristocracy in, 140;
Nordics in, 188, 231;
Normans in, 201;
Paleolithic,
remnants in, 110;
racial composition of, 194;
religious wars of, 185, 196;
Saxons in, 201;
severed from England, 128;
stature in, 198;
Tardenoisian Period of, 115;
variation of physical characters in, 23.
Francis I, 183.
Franco-Prussian War, 198.
Frankish aristocracy, 196;
dynasties, 195;
kingdom, 196.
Franks, 67, 70, 145, 177, 181, 251;
founders of France, 195;
in Belgium, 195;
in Gaul, 206;
conquer the Lombards, 181;
conversion of, 181;
control western Christendom, 181;
defeat the Moslems, 181;
kingdom of, 180–196.
French, 67;
stature of, 197–198;
conscripts, 198;
language, 244;
Revolution, 6.
French Canadians, 11, 58.
Frisia, 73.
Frisian coast, 210;
dialect (Taal), South Africa, 80.
Frisians, 177;
Nordic character of, 73.
Friulian language, 244.
Frontiersmen of America, 45, 74–75, 85.
Furfooz-Grenelle race, 116, 132, 136, 138.
“Furor Normanorum,” 130.
Gaelic, 247, 249.

Galatia, 158, 225.
Galatians, 158;
physical character of, 175.
Galicia, 245;
Nordics in, 156.
Gallicia, Slavs in, 143.
Gaul, 60, 131;
Cisalpine Gaul, 157;
Roman Gaul, 69;
Alpines in, 124, 240;
Belgæ in, 251;
Burgundians in, 180;
Celtic speech in, 250;
conquered by the Goths and Franks, 251;
Franks in, 206;
Goidels in, 248;
languages in, 69–70;
Latinized, 194;
Latin speech in, 251;
Mediterraneans in, 123;
Nordics in, 193–194;
Nordics or Celts cross into, 173, 194;
Teutonic speech in, 251;
Visigoths in, 180.
Gauls, 68, 131, 145, 156, 189, 194;
ancient, 229;
conquer France, 174;
enter Spain, 174, 192;
in Asia Minor, 158;
in the Crimea, 174;
in France, 199;
in Galatia, 225;
in Greece, 158;
in Italy, 157, 174, 225;
in south Russia, 174;
in Thrace, 225;
mixed with Alpines, 247;
mixed with Mediterraneans, 192, 247;
physical characters of, 175;
as a ruling class, 247.
Genius and leaders, 98;
and education or environment versus race, 98;
in Greece, 109;
in various states, 99;
genius producing type and rate of increase, 51, 99.
Georgia, 39, 99.
Georgians, 237.
Gepidæ, 177.
German, Emperor, 182–183;
Empire, 184;
immigrants to America, 84, 86, 87, 184;
in the Civil War, 87;
in Brazil, 78;
language, 61, 182, 188–189;
Revolution, of 1848, 87;
type, 73.
Germans, 61, 67;
Austrian Germans, 145;
defeat Mongols, 260;
descendants of Wends, 72;
immediate forerunners of, 194;
in America, 84;
in Brazil, 78;
in Civil War, 87;
of the Palatinate, 84;
Russification of, 58;
stature of, 154.
Germany, 65, 72, 200;
Alpines in, 64, 72, 73, 124, 135, 141–142, 184–187, 189, 232;
Celts in, 173–174, 248;
change of race in, 141–142, 184–185;
Christian overlordship of, 183;
early Nordics in, 124, 131;
gentry of, 185, 198;
Goidels in, 247–248;
imperial idea in, 187;
loss of population of during Thirty Years’ War, 183;
in Middle Ages, 183;
modern population of, 186, 231–232;
nobility of, 185;
Nordics in, 73, 124, 131, 141–142, 170, 174, 184, 187–188, 210, 213,
231;
peasantry (Alpine) in, 185;
race consciousness of, 57;
race mixture in, 135;
racial composition of, 72, 73, 184;
Slavic substratum in, 72, 131, 141–142;
Teutons in, 72, 73, 184–189;
Thirty Years’ War, effect of, 183–187, 198;
unified, 56–57, 186;
Wends in, 236;
women of, 228;
in world war, 186–187, 231.
Ghalcha, 255, 259.
Ghalchic, 261.
Ghettos, 209.
Gizeh round skulls, 127.
Glacial stages, 101, 105–106, 133.
Glaciation, 100–106, 132.
Goidelic dialects, 200–201, 248;
elements in Scotland, 203;
language, Anaryan syntax in, 204;
in Wales, 205;
older in central Europe, 248.
Goidels, 131, 173–174, 194–195, 200, 247, 269, 271;
crossed with Mediterraneans, 248–249;
invade Britain, 199;
late wave of from Ireland to Scotland, 250;
a ruling class, 247.
Gold, 125.
Gothic language in Spain, 156.
Goths, 66, 73, 142, 145, 176–177, 180–181, 189, 192, 206, 211, 251,
270;
early home of, 176;
in Italy, 157.
Græculus, 163.
Greece, 59;
ancient, absence of Dinaric type in, 164;
ancient civilization of, 153;
classic period of, 99, 160–161;
conquered by Achæans, 158;
culture of, contrasted with that of the Persians, 255;
dark period of, 99;
Dorian invasion of 99, 159;
Homeric, 163–164;
Homeric-Mycenæan culture of, 99;
Mediterranean substratum in, 152;
modern, 161–164;
Hellenes in, 162;
Mycenæan culture of, 164;
Nordics in, 159–160, 173, 214;
Pelasgians in, 158;
war of with Persia, 255.
Greek language, 179;
origin of, 243.
Greek states, 162.
Greeks, in Asia Minor, 160.
ancient, cranial capacity of, 109;
brunets among, 159, 163;
blonds among, 159, 163;
genius of, 109;
language of, 158;
Mediterraneans, 153, 158
classic, 161, 256;
blondness of, 159, 163;
brunets among, 160–161;
character of, 154, 160;
language of, 161;
Nordic type of, 162;
physical character of, 163;
race mixture among, 160–161
modern, 68;
Alpines among, 65;
language of, 163;
physical character of, 162–163.
Greenland, 211.
Gregory, Pope, 230.
Grenelle race, 116, 132, 136, 138, 267.
Gulf States, Negroes in, 76.
Günz glaciation, 101, 132.
Günz-Mindel glaciation, 132.
Gustavus Adolphus, 210.
Hair, of the head, 33;

character of, 33–34.
Hair color, 13, 24, 25, 28, 32, 35, 135, 168, 175.
Hairiness, 31, 168;
of the Ainus, 224;
of the Australoids, 224;
of the Scandinavians, 224.
Haiti, 76, 77.
Hallstatt iron culture, 129, 130–132.
Hamitic peoples, 152;
speech, 140.
Hannibal, 217.
Hanover, 73.
Hapsburg, House of, 183;
Ferdinand of, 187.
Harold, King of England, 120.
Hebrew chronology, 4.
Heidelberg jaw, 102;
man, 106, 118, 133.
Hellas, ancient civilization of, 153, 160, 215;
conquered by Macedon, 161–162.
Hellenes, 68, 158–163, 215, 243;
language of, 233–234.
Hellenic colonies, 165;
language, 233–234;
states, 165.
Henry VIII, 183.
Henry the Fowler, 142.
Heredity, 4, 13 et seq.;
in relation to environment, 16;
unalterable, 16–19.
Heroes, blondness of, 159, 229.
Heruli, 177.
Hidalgo, meaning of the term, 192.
High German, and Teutonized Alpines, 189;
and Celtic elements, 189;
High German people, 73;
High and Low German, 258.
Highlanders, Scottish, 62.
Highlands, Goidelic speech in, 250;
language of, 247.
Himalayas, western, 22;
Alpines in, 134.
Hindu Kush, 20, 256;
Alpines in, 134.
Hindus, 18, 21, 70, 159, 216;
Aryan speech of, 67;
languages of, 148, 216, 257.
Hindustan, 67, 70, 148–149, 255;
Nordic invaders of, 67, 70;
physical types of, 257;
whites in, 78.
Hittite empire, 256;
language, 239.
Hittites, ancestors of the Armenians, 239;
and iron, 129.
Hiung-Nu, 224.
Hohenstaufen emperors, 186.
Holland, 26, 73, 182, 210;
Alpines in, 136;
bronze in, 127;
Nordics in, 188, 210.
Hollanders, related to Anglo-Saxons of England, 80.
Holstein, 73.
Holy Roman Empire, 182, 184.
Homer, 159, 189.
Homeric-Mycenæan civilization, 159.
Homo, 32, 33, 167;
eoanthropus, 105–106;
europæus, 167;
heidelbergensis, 102, 106, 118;
pithecanthropus, 101.
Horse, 112.
“House of Refuge,” 115.
Hudson Bay Company, 9.
Huguenots, exterminated in France, 53;
in exile, 53;
in America, 84.
Humboldt, skull of, 226.
Hungarian nation, 59.
Hungarians, 143;
modern, 145.
Hungary, 144;
Alpines and Nordics in, 210;
early Nordics in, 131;
independent, 59;
languages in, 236;
Saxons in, 201;
Slavs in, 131.
Huns, 176.
Hunting, 113, 122.
Hybridism, 14, 17, 18, 60, 188.
Iberian language, 194, 235.

Iberian Peninsula, Aryan language in, 192;
Mediterraneans in, 152, 156;
states, 60.
Iberian subspecies, 20, 148 (see Mediterranean race);
as substratum in British Isles, 249;
in England, 201;
in Ireland, 201.
Iberian type or race, 148, 202 (see Mediterranean race);
resurgence of, in Scotland, 249.
Iberians, 68, 156, 193, 201, 249.
Iceland, 211.
Illyria, stature in, 190.
Illyrian language, 164;
origin of, 243.
Illyrians, mixed with Slavs, 153, 190.
Immigrants, 71, 74, 84, 100, 218;
Americanization of, 90–91;
and American institutions and environment, 90;
in America, 11, 12, 84, 86–92, 209, 211, 218;
German and Irish, 84, 86, 87;
large families among, 47;
Norwegian, 211;
Scandinavian, 211;
skulls of, 17;
Teutonic and Nordic types of, 184.
Immigration, and decline of American birth rate, 91;
German, in Brazil, 78;
Italian, in Brazil, 78;
Japanese and Chinese, 79;
result of, in the United States, 11, 12, 89–94.
Immigration Commission, Congressional, report of, 17.
Immutability of characters, 15, 18.
Imperial idea, 182;
of Germany, 187.
Implements, bronze, 121, 122;
copper, 125;
flint, 103–104;
wide diffusion of, 128.
Incineration, 128.
Increase of native Americans, 88, 89;
and immigration, 89.
India, 22, 33, 66, 78, 119, 171, 241, 261;
Aryan languages in, 173, 216, 237, 257–261;
conquering classes in, 70, 71;
Dravidians in, 148;
fossil deposits in, 101;
Mediterraneans in, 150–151, 261;
Negroids in, 149;
Nordics in, 257;
physical types of, 257;
Pre-Dravidians in, 149;
prehistoric remains in, 101;
Sacæ in, 257–258;
Sanskrit introduced into, 216;
selection in, 150;
whites in, 78.
Indian languages, 173, 216, 237, 257–261.
Indians, 9, 18, 23, 33, 55, 65, 76, 77, 85, 87.
Individualism, 12.
Indo-European race, 3, 66;
Indo-Germanic race, 3, 66;
Indo-Iranian group of Aryan languages, 261.
Inequality, law of nature, 79.
Inheritance of genius, 15, 18, 98.
Inhumation, 128.
Inquisition, in selection, 53.
Instep, as race character, 31.
Intellect, privilege of, 6.
Interglacial periods, 102, 104, 105, 133.
Invaded countries, effect on language and population in, 70–73.
Ionia, Pelasgians in, 160.
Ionian language, 163–164, 243.
Ionians, 159.
Iran, Alpines in, 134, 261.
Iranian, division of Aryan languages, 255, 259, 261;
plateaux, 116, 238.
Ireland, 59;
Alpines in, 128;
blond elements in, 63, 201;
Celtic language in, 247;
connection of, by land, with Britain, 199;
Danes in, 201;
Erse language in, 247;
Goidelic element in, 201;
Goidelic invasion of, 199, 200;
Goidelic speech in, 200;
Goidels leave Ireland for Scotland, 250;
Iberian substratum in, 201;
Nordics in, 201;
Paleolithic man in, 202–203;
Paleolithic remnants in, 108;
religion in, 203;
severed from England, 128.
Irish, 29, 58;
immigrants, 11, 86, 87;
instability and versatility of, 229;
intellectual inferiority of, 203;
Neanderthal type of, 108;
race elements in, 63, 64, 175, 201–203, 229;
red hair of, 175;
stature of, 29.
Irish Canadians, 11;
Irish Catholic immigrants to America, 84, 86, 87;
Irish coasts, Norse language on, 249–250;
Irish immigrants in the Civil War, 87;
Irish language, Pre-Aryan syntax of, 204, 249;
Irish national movement, 58, 64;
Irish recruits, pigmentation of, 202;
Irish type, 202.
Iron, 123, 124, 129, 132;
discovery and effect of, 129;
fabulous value of, 126;
first appearance of, 121;
in Asia Minor, 129;
in eastern Europe, 129;
in Egypt, 129;
in western Europe, 130;
weapons, 126, 159, 200.
Iroquois, 85.
Islam, 59.
Isle of Man, language of, 247.
Italia Irredenta Movement, 58.
Italians, 68, 91;
decline of, 217;
descended from slaves, 216;
loss in war, 216;
(south) immigrants in Brazil, 78;
(south) mixture of, 71;
related to the Berbers, 152.
Italy, 29, 120;
Alpines in, 64, 127, 139–140, 157;
and the Huguenots, 53;
bronze in, 127;
introduction of, from Crete, 128;
Eneolithic Period in, 121, 128;
Gauls in, 174, 225;
Goths in, 157;
Lake dwellings in, 139;
languages in, 234, 244;
Lombards in, 157, 180;
Mediterraneans in, 29, 123, 152, 157–158;
mercenaries in, 135;
Mycenæan culture in, 164;
Nordics in, 42, 145, 157, 173, 174, 180, 189, 215, 220–221, 269–
271;
Ostrogoths in, 180;
races in the north, 157, 189;
races in the south, 158;
Terramara Period in, 122;
Teutons in, 176, 180;
slaves in, 218;
Saxons in, 201;
Umbrians and Oscans in, 173;
under Austria, 183;
unification of, 56, 57.
Ivory carving, 112.
Jamaica, population of, 76.

Japan, Ainus of, 224.
Japanese, 11;
in California and Australia, 79.
Java, connection of with mainland, 101;
prehistoric remains in, 101.
Jews, 16–18, 82, 91, 227.
Jutes, 177.
Jutland, 200.
Kalmucks, 144.
Kassites, 214, 239;
language of, 239;
Aryan names among, 253.
Kentish dialect, related to Frisian and Taal, 80.
Kentucky, 39, 40.
Kiptchak, 254.
Kirghizes, 259.
Kitchen Middens, 123.
Kurd, 100.
Kurdish dialect, 255.
Kurgans, Russian, 265.
Lacedæmonian power, 160.

Ladin language, 244.
Lake Dwellers, 121, 123, 139;
physical characters of, 139.
Lake Dwellings, 132;
bronze in, 127.
Languages, 3, 4, 233–263;
and nationality, 56–57;
changes in, 249–252;
through superposition, 204;
in invaded countries, 70;
a measure of culture, 240;
nationalities founded on, 56, 57;
no indication of race, 60–68.
See also under various languages.
Languedoc, Mediterraneans in, 156;
Nordics in, 180.
Langue d’oïl, 140, 180, 244.
Lapps, language of, 234, 236.
La Tène culture, 131;
Period, 130–132, 266.
Latifundia, 218.
“Latin America,” 61.
Latin language, 69;
ancestral forms of, 234;
derivation of, 244;
descendants of, 244;
in Gaul, 182, 251;
in Normandy, 251;
in Spain, 156;
limiting Western Roman Empire on the east, 179;
Teutons adopt it in Artois and Picardy, 210;
Vlachs in Thrace adopt it, 246;
Latin nations, 61;
race, 3, 61, 76, 154;
stock, 61;
type, 76.
Latins, struggle of with Etruria, 154.
Leaders and genius, 98.
Legendary characters and physical types, 229–230.
Leonardo da Vinci, 215.

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Understanding Abnormal Behavior 11th

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Chapter 1 abnormal behavior 3

Chapter 3 assessment and ClassifiCation

Chapter 5 anxiety and obsessive-ComPUlsive

Chapter 7 somatiC and dissoCiative disorders 197

Chapter 9 sUiCide 267

Chapter 11 sUbstanCe-related and other

Etiology of Substance-use Disorders . . . . 344 ■ CRITICAL THINKING

Other Schizophrenia Spectrum ■ CRITICAL THINKING

Chapter 13 neUroCognitive and sleeP–Wake disorders 401

Chapter 14 sexUal dysfUnCtions, gender dysPhoria,

Sexual Dysfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

Analysis of One Personality Disorder: ■ FOCUS ON RESILIENCE

Chapter 16 disorders of Childhood and adolesCenCe 503

Neurodevelopmental Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 ■ CONTROVERSY

bipolar disorders 256 oppositional defiant, intermittent explosive,

Chapter 1—Abnormal Behavior

Chapter 2—understanding and Treating Mental Disorders

Chapter 3—Assessment and Classification of Mental

Chapter 4—Research Methods for Studying

Chapter 5—Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive

Chapter 7—Somatic and Dissociative Disorders

Chapter 8—Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Chapter 10—Eating Disorders

Chapter 11—Substance-Related and Other Addictive

Chapter 12—Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Chapter 13—Neurocognitive and Sleep–Wake Disorders

Chapter 14—Sexual Dysfunctions, Gender Dysphoria,

Chapter 15—Personality Psychopathology

Chapter 16—Disorders of Childhood

Farms, immigrants on, 209;

Gaelic, 247, 249.

Hair, of the head, 33;

Iberian language, 194, 235.

Jamaica, population of, 76.

Lacedæmonian power, 160.

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