njd;id rhFgbnjhopy;

rhFgbnjhopy;El;gq;fs;

njd;id ,d tiffs;
tiffs
njd;idapy; nel;il kw;Wk; Fl;il vd ,U ,dq;fs; cs;sd. nel;il
,ufj;ijAk; Fl;il ,ufj;ijAk; fU xl;L nra;J cUthf;fg;gLtJ tPhpa xl;L
,ufq;fshFk;.

1. nel;il ,d ,ufq;fs;
nel;il ,d kuq;fs; mjd; guhkhpg;ig nghWj;J Rkhh; 5 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfspy;
fha;f;fj; Jtq;Fk;. mjpf caukhfTk; mbj;jz;L ghfk; jbj;J gUkdhfTk;
fhzg;gLk;. elT nra;j 15 Mz;Lfs; Kjy; Rkhh; 60 Mz;Lfs; tiu mjpf kfR+y;
nfhLf;ff;$baJ. Rkhh; 80 Mz;Lfs; tiu caph; thOk; ,jd; fha;fs;
nghpajhfTk; nfhg;giuapd; msTk; vz;nza; rj;Jk; mjpfkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
ngUk;ghYk; may; kfue;jr; Nrh;fi
; fapd; %yNk fha;gG
; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. twl;rpia
xusT jhq;fp tsuf;$ba ,e;j uf kuq;fspy; G+r;rp Neha; jhf;Fjy;fSk; mjpfk;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;by; gaphpLtjw;Nfw;w Kf;fpa nel;il ,ufq;fs;
tUkhW.

m. fpoq;
fpoq;F flw;fiu nel;il
jkpo;ehl;by; gutyhf vy;yh khtl;lq;fspYk; ,e;j ufk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. elT
nra;j 5 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfs; gyd; nfhLf;fj; Jtq;Fk; ,e;j ,ufk; ruhrhpahf
Mz;Lf;F 80 Kjy; 120 fha;fSk; khdhthhpapy; 40 Kjy; 60 fha;fSk; xU
kuj;jpw;F nfhLf;ff;$baJ. xU fhapy; ruhrhpahf 135 fpuhk; nfhg;giu fpilf;Fk;
,J 64 rjk; vz;nza; rj;J nfhz;lJ. xU ld; nfhg;giuf;F 7100 ypUe;J 8000
fha;fs; tiu Njitg;gLk;.

M. Nkw;F flw;fiu nel;il

nghJthf Nkw;F flw;fiug;gFjpapYk; mijr; Nrh;e;j khtl;lq;fspYk;
rhFgb nra;ag;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; rhFgb nra;a kpfTk; Vw;wJ. elT nra;j 5
Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfspy; fha;f;fj; Jtq;Fk; ,e;j ufk; Mz;Lf;F ruhrhpahf 100 Kjy;
130 fha;fs; juf;$baJ. xU fhapd; nfhg;giu msT ruhrhpahf 140 fpuhk;
,Uf;Fk;. xU ld; nfhg;giuf;F 7000 ypUe;J 7500 Njitg;gLk;.
,. tpgpvk;-3
jkpofj;jpy; khdhthhpapy; vy;yh khtl;lq;fspYk; rhFb nra;a rpwe;j
,ufkhFk;. elT nra;j 5 Kjy; 7 Mz;Lfspy; fha;f;fj; Jtq;Fk;> ,e;j ufk;
Mz;Lf;F ruhrhpahf 90 fha;fs; kfR+yhfj; juty;yJ. nghpa fha;fSk;> xU
fhapd; nfhg;giu msthf 176 fpuhk; nfhz;lJ. twl;rpiaj; jhq;fp tsh;eJ
;
mjpfkfR+y; juf;$baJ. xU ld; nfhg;giuf;F 5500 ypUe;J 6000 fha;fs;
Njitg;gLk;.

<. v vy;Mh; (rp vd;-1)

Mopahh; efh; njd;id Muha;rr
; p epiyaj;jpypUe;J ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
murk;gl;b nel;il ,ufj;Njh;T MFk;. jkpo;ehl;by; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYk; gaph;
nra;a Vw;wJ. elT nra;j 5 Mz;Lfspy; fha;gG
; f;F tUk;. ruhrhpahf Mz;bw;F
kuj;jpw;F 125 fha;fs; nfhLf;Fk;. ,jd; nfhg;giu vil 131 fpuhk;. vz;nza;
msT 67 rjk; MFk;. xU ld; nfhg;giuf;F 7500 ypUe;J 8000 fha;fs; tiu
Njitg;gLk;.

2. Fl;il ,dk;
,dk;
Fl;il ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,ufq;fs; Fiwe;j cauk; tsuf;$bait.
jz;Lg;gFjp nky;ypajhfTk; nfhz;ilg;gFjp rpwpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. elT nra;j 3
Kjy; 4 Mz;Lfspy; fha;f;fj; Jtq;Fk;> tpl;L tpl;L fha;fF
; k; jd;ik cilaJ.
Rkhh; 35 Mz;Lfs; tiu gyd; juf;$baJ. fha;fs; rpwpajhf cUz;ilahf gy
tz;zq;fspy; cs;sjhy; tPLfspd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; moFf;fhf tsh;ff
; g; gLfpd;wd.
,jd; ,sePh; kpfTk; RitAs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,jd; nfhg;giu msT kw;Wk; vz;nza;rj;J Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. fha;fs;
rikaYf;F Vw;wJ my;y. twl;rpia jhq;fhj ,e;j ufj;jpy; G+r;rpjhf;Fjy; mjpfk;
,Uf;Fk;. tPhpa xl;Lj; njd;id cw;gj;jpapy; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; kukhfg;
gad;gLfpwJ.

Kf;fpa Fl;il ,ufq;fs;

nrsfhl; MuQ;R Fl;il

nrsfhl; gr;ir Fl;il

kNyrpad; MuQ;R Fl;il

kNyrpad; kQ;rs; fl;il

fq;fh ge;jk;
3. tPhpa xl;L ufq;fs;
fs;
nel;il kw;Wk; Fl;il ,dq;fs; fU xl;L nra;J cUthf;fg;gLk; ,ufq;fs;
tPhpa xl;L ,ufq;fs; MFk;. %d;W Kjy; 4 Mz;Lfspy; fha;f;fj;Jtq;Fk;> jPtpu
guhkhpg;G mtrpak;. ey;y tbfhy; trjp nfhz;l epyq;fspy; ghrd trjpAld; rhFgb
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjpf kfR+Yk; nfhg;giu msTk; nfhz;lJ. ,J ufk; twl;rpiaj;
jhq;fhJ. G+r;rp Neha;jn
; jhy;iy mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. Ntg;gq;Fsk; njd;id
Muha;rr
; p epiyaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; cs;s nel;il> Fl;il tPhpa xl;L
,urfq;fspd; tptuk; gpd;tUkhW
fhapd;
tPhpa xl;L ntspaplg;gl;l fha;fs; vz;nza;
za;
ngw;Nwhh; nfhg;giu
,ufq;fs; Mz;L Mz;Lf;F rj;J rjk;
msT
fp.f.ne x
tpvr;rp-1 1982 115 142 69.0
r.g.F
fp.f.ne x
tpvr;rp-2 1988 142 146 70.0
k.k.F
fp.f.ne x
tpvr;rp-3 2000 156 162 70.2
k.M.F

Fl;il x nel;il tPhpa xl;L ,ufq;fs; muR njd;id ehw;W gz;izapy;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; Fl;il ,ufq;fs; ngz;
kuq;fshfTk; nel;il ,ufq;fs; Mz; kuq;fshfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J
nel;il x Fl;il tPhpa xl;L ,ufq;fis Nghy; ed;F kfR+y; juf;$baJ.

cotpay; njhopy; El;gq;fs;

kz; tiffs;
tbfhy; trjpAila kzw;ghq;fhd kz;> tz;ly; kz; kw;Wk; ,Ukz;ghL
gFjpfs; njd;id rhFgbf;F cfe;jjhFk;. ghiw> ruis> fspkz; kw;Wk;
,Wf;fkhd kz;tiffs; njd;id rhFgbf;F Vw;wit my;y.
,ilntsp
njd;dq;fd;Wfs; eLk;nghOJ thpirf;F thpir 7.5 kPll
; Uk; fd;Wf;F fd;W
7.5 kPll
; Uk; ,ilntsp nfhLj;J eLjy; rpwe;jJ. rJu Kiwapy; elT nra;jhy;
Vf;fUf;F 70 fd;WfSk;> Kf;Nfhz Kiwapy; 80 fd;WfSk; Njitg;gLk;. xw;iw
thpirapy; eLk;nghOJ fd;Wf;F fd;W 6 kPll
; h; ,ilntsp NghJkhdJ. tPhpa xl;L
ufq;fSf;F 8.5 kPll
; h; ,ilntsp nfhLj;jhy; vyp> mzpy; njhe;juT FiwAk;.
,yhgfukhf thio> kQ;rs;> fUiz> kuts;sp> rh;ff
; iu ts;sp CLgapuhf rhFgb
nra;ayhk;.
Fop jahhpj;jy;
90 nr.kP mfyk; kw;Wk; 90 nr.kP ePsk; cila Fopfs; Njhz;b elT nra;Ak;
Kd;> fha;e;j rUFfis Nghl;L vhpg;gjd; %yk; G+r;rp> G+Q;rhzk;> E}w;GOf;fs;
Nghd;witfis mopf;fyhk;. nrk;kz;> Mw;Wkzy; kw;Wk; kf;fpa njhO cuk;
Mfpaitfis rkkhff; fye;J Fopapy; 60 nrkP cauk; tiu epug;g Ntz;Lk;.
eLk;nghOJ jyh 50 fpuhk; mN]h];ighpy;yk;> gh];Ngh ghf;Bhpah caph; cuq;fis
,l;L el;L jz;zhP ; gha;rr
; Tk;. epoy; nfhLg;gJ ey;yJ. ML> khL fbj;jhy; fd;W
rhptu tsuhJ.
njd;dq;fd;Wfs; Njh;
Njh;T

el;L 3 ypUe;J 5 khjj;jpw;Fs; tpiutpy; Kisj;jit.

mfykhd kl;ilfs; mjpfk; cilait (4-6)

fOj;J ghfk; gUkdhf cs;sit

tpiutpy; ,iy gphpe;j fd;Wfs;

mjpf Nth;fs; cila fd;Wfs;

,itfisNa Njh;T nra;tJ ey;yJ. jukhd njd;dq;fd;Wfis

mq;ff
P hpf;fg;gl;l murpdh; ehw;wq;fhypypUe;J ngwTk;. xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; xU
ehw;wq;fhy; cs;sJ.

eLk; fhyk;
gUtkiof;F Kd;G Mb khjk; kw;Wk; gUtkio Kbe;jgpd; khh;fop> ij
khjq;fs; njd;id eLtjw;F Vw;w gUtk;. jz;zPh; Njq;fp epw;F gs;skhd
,lq;fspy; kiof;fhyj;jpy; fd;Wfs; eLtjhy; mOfptpLk;.

eLk;
eLk; Kiw
fd;Wfspy; cs;s Nth;fis eWf;fpagpd; Fopapy; epug;gpa kzy; eLtpy;
Njq;fha; msT gs;sk; vLj;J new;WgFjp kiwAk;gb Gije;J ed;F kpjpj;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpy; jpdrhp jz;zhP ; gha;r;rTk;.
el;l gpd; fd;iwr; Rw;wp ehd;F Gwq;fspYk; %d;W fk;Gfis el;L gid Xiy
my;yJ njd;dq;fPw;Wfspdhy; %b epoy; nfhLj;jy; mtrpak;.

ePhg
; hrdk;
fd;Wfs; el;ljpypUe;J Xh; Mz;L fhyk; tiu thuj;jpw;F %d;W KiwAk;>
,uz;lhk; Mz;L tiu thuk; ,UKiwAk; nghpa kuq;fSf;F khjk; %d;W KiwAk;
kz;zpd; <uj;jd;ikf;F Vw;g ePh; gha;rr
; Ntz;Lk;. tsh;e;j kuq;fSf;F thuk; xU
Kiw 500 Kjy; 600 ypl;lh; ePh; Njit. nrhl;L ePhg
; hrdj;jpy; khh;r; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh;
khjk; tiu kuj;jpw;F 80 ypl;lh; msTk;> mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; gpg;uthp khjk; tiu 50
ypl;lh; msT jz;zhP ; nfhLg;gJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.

,il coT
tUlhtUlk; Fiwe;jJ ,UKiw ,ilcoT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Mbkhjj;jpYk; khh;fop khjj;jpYk; co Ntz;Lk;. ,ilcoT nra;tjpd; %yk;
fisfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL njd;id Nth;fSf;F fhw;Nwhl;lk; Vw;gl;L Gjpa
Nth;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J ePh; Cl;lr;rj;J Kjypatw;iw kz;zpypUe;J cwpQ;Rtjw;f
toptif Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

vU kw;Wk; cuk; ,Ljy;

ml;ltiz 2y; cs;s cu msTfis ,U rk msTfshfg; gphpj;J xU
ghjpia Mbkhjj;jpYk; ,d;ndhU ghjpia ij khjj;jpYk; kuj;jpw;F ,lTk;.
kuj;ij Rw;wpYk; 1.8 kPll
; h; MuKs;s tl;lg;ghj;jpapy; vUtpidAk; ,urhad
cuq;fisAk; ,l;L kz;ntl;b%yk; nfhj;jptpl;L ePhg
; ha;rr
; Tk;.

Ez;Z}l;l rj;Jf;fs;
njd;id kuj;jpw;F Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;Jf;fspd; FiwghL ,Ue;jhy;> gaph;fs;
tsuhkNy Ngha;tpLk;. Vnddpy; Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;jpd; gq;F gaph;tsh;rr
; papy;
nghpjsT cs;sJ. Kf;fpakhf Ez;Z}l;lq;fs; gaphpy; xU fphpah Cf;fpahfTk;>
vd;irk;fs; <aq;fTk; cjTfpd;wd. njd;idf;F Ez;Z}l;lq;fshfpa ,Uk;G>
jhkpuk;> Nghuhd;> nkf;dr
P pak;> khypg;bdk; Mfpaitfs; gaphpy; Vw;gLk; gy
khw;wq;fSf;F Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Ez;Z}l;lq;fs; mlq;fpa njd;idf;nfd;W gpuj;jpNafkhf
jahhpf;fg;gl;l njd;id Ez;Z}l;lf;fyit jkpo;ehL muR Ntshz; Jiwapdhy;
tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU Mz;bw;f xU kuj;jpw;F 1 fpNyh Ez;Z}l;lf;fyit
,l;L Ez;Z}l;lr;rj;J Fiwghl;il jtph;j;J ,ul;bg;ghd kfR+y; milayhk;.
njd;idf;F vU kw;Wk; cu msTfs;

nel;il ,ufk; tPhpa xl;L ,ufk;

t.v
cu msT
z; 1Mk; 2Mk; 3 Mk; 4 Mk; 5 Mk; 1Mk; 2Mk; 3 Mk; 4 Mk; 5 Mk;
Mz;
MzL
; Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L Mz;L

njhO cuk; (m) gRe;jhs; cuk;

1 (fpNyh) gRe;jhs; cuj;jpw;F 10 20 30 40 50 15 30 45 60 60
nfhSQ;rp rzg;G rpwe;jJ

2 jior;rj;J - A+hpah (fpuhk;) 325 650 975 1300 1300 500 1000 1500 2250 2250

kzpr;rj;J - R+g;gh; gh];Ngl;

3 500 1000 1500 2000 2000 375 750 1150 1500 1500
(fpuhk;)

rhk;gy; rj;J %hpNal; Mg;

4 500 1000 1500 2000 2000 750 1500 2250 3000 3000
nghl;lh\; (fpuhk;)

5 Ntg;gk; Gz;zhf;F fpNyh 1.5 2.5 3.75 5 5 1.5 2.5 3.75 5 5

fis eph;thfk;
Njhg;Gfis fisapd;wp CLgaph; nra;Njh my;yJ fisf;nfhy;ypahd
mNkhdpak; ry;Ngl 10 fpuhk; / ypl;lh; jz;zhP ; vd;w mstpy; fisf;nfhy;ypAld;
Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fpisNghNrl; 10 kpyp kUe;jpid 1 ypl;lh; jz;zhP py;
fiuj;J fisfs; Nky; ed;F gLk;gb njspf;f Ntz;Lk;. njd;idapy; CLgaph;
,Ue;jhy; jFe;j fisf; nfhy;ypapid gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

njd;idapy; CLgaph;
fd;W el;l 1 tUlj;jpypUe;J 7 Mz;L tiu ney;> fUk;G> thiog; gaph;fis
jtph;j;J> midj;J tifg;gaph;fisAk; CLgaph; nra;ayhk;. VO tUlj;jpypUe;J 20
Mz;Lfs; tiu gRe;jhs; gaph;fis kl;LNk CLgaph; nra;a ,aYk;. 20 Mz;lf;F
Nkw;gl;l njd;de;Njhg;Gfspy;> thio> kQ;rs;> md;dhrp> ntz;il> Nridf;fpoq;F>
NfhNfh> kpsF Nghd;w gaph;fis CLgaph;fshf rhFgb nra;ayhk;.

kz; <u Nrkpg;G Kiw

njd;id kuq;fis Rw;wp tl;lg;ghj;jpapy; chpkl;il> cile;j njd;id
kl;il> Njq;fha; ehh;fopT Nghd;w nghUl;fis ,lyhk;. ,jdhy; kz;zpypUe;J ePh;
MtpahFjy; ntFthf Fiwf;fg;gl;L> kz;zpd; <uk; ePzl
; ehs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

njd;id lhdpf;
Ez;Z}l;lr; rj;Jf;fspd; Fiwg;ghl;ilAk;> tsh;rr
; p Cf;fpfspd;
NtWghl;ilAk; Nth; %yk; lhdpf; nrYj;Jtjhy; Nghf;fptplyhk;. njd;idf;F
Nth;%yk; Cl;Ltjw;F cfe;j tifapy; lhdpf; jahh; nra;J TNAU njd;id lhdpf;
vd;w ngahpy; tptrhapfSf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j njd;id lhdpf;fpy;
iel;uId;> gh];gu]; > nghl;lhrpak;> kf;dr
P pak;> ,Uk;G> Jj;jehfk;> jhkpuk;> khq;fdPR>
,ghuhd; kw;Wk; khypg;bdk; Mfpa kuj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; rhpahd
tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J> Mf;]pd;> rhyprpypf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; m];fhh;gpf; mkpyk; Kjypa
tsh;rr
; p Cf;fpfs; Nrh;j;J> kuj;jpd; rhW nfhz;Ls;s fhu mkpy epiyf;F
lhdpf;fpd; fhu mkpy epiyia mikj;J lhdpf; jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
lhdpf; kuj;jpw;Fs; nrd;W kuj;jpd; caph; Ntjpapay; nray;ghLfspy; Nrjk;
tpistpf;fhky;> kuj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisAk; tsh;rr
; p
Cf;fpfisAk; Nrjhuk; ,d;wp jUfpwJ. ,jdhy; kuj;jpw;F Njitahd
Ez;Z}l;lr;rj;Jf;fs; rhpahd tpfpjj;jpy; Neubahf kuj;jpw;Fs; nrYj;j KbfpwJ.
NkYk; kuj;jpy; Neha;> G+r;rp jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; twl;rp Mfpatw;wpw;F ,aw;ifahd
vjph;gG
; r; rf;jpAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

Nth; %yk; njd;idf;F lhdpf; mspj;jhy; fpilf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd ed;ikfs;

mj;jpahtrpa rj;Jf;fs; rhpahd tpfpjj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;wd.

,iyfspy; gr;irak; mjpfhpj;J> xspr;Nrh;fi
; f Nkk;gLtjhy;> kuj;jpd;
cw;gj;jp Ntfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

caph; Ntjpapy; gzpfSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; %yg; nghUl;fshd
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; jilapd;wp fpilg;gjhy; kuj;jpd; tPhpak; mjpfg;gLk;.

Nghuhd; Nghd;w Ez;Z}l;lq;fSk; Mf;]pd; Nghd;w Mh;Nkhd;fSk;
lhdpf;fpy; cs;sjhy; FUk;igfs; cjph;tJ> xy;ypf;fha; Vw;gLtJ ntFthff;
FiwAk;.

G+r;rp> Neha;> twl;rp kw;Wk; jl;g ntg;g ghjfq;fSf;F ,aw;ifahd vjph;gG
;
rf;jp kuj;jpy; cUthFk;.

fha;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; gUkDk; cah;e;J kfR+y; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

njd;id lhdpf; tpw;gid

njd;id lhdpf;fpy; cs;s Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; gy ehl;fSf;F Nrkpj;jhYk;
khWjy; miltjpy;iy. lhdpf; jahhpj;j 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; cgNghfpj;jy; kpfTk;
ey;yJ. xU kuj;jpw;F 200 kpy;yp lhdpf; Njit. tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L Kiw Nth;
%yk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

njd;id Xiyapy; kz;GO fk;Ngh];l; cuk;

Xiy kw;Wk; fopTg; nghUl;fs; kz; GOtpdhy; cz;L> fpufpf;fg;gl;L kw;Wk;
gy;NtW khWjy;fSf;F cl;gl;L ntspNa js;sg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kl;fpa fopTg;
nghUl;fNs kz;GO fk;Ngh];l; cuk; my;yJ nth;kpfk;Ngh];l; cuk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j cuj;ij 4 njd;id kuq;fspd; kj;jpy; Fopapy; my;yJ rpnkz;L
njhl;bfspNyh jahhpf;fyhk;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; epoy; trjpia Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. Fopapd; ePsKk; mfyKk; trjpf;Nfw;g Njh;en
; jLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
MokhdJ xU kPll
; Uf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjph;e;j fha;ej njd;id Xiyfs;
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