GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

The FETAL HEART can be heard beating and the GROWTH

mother starts feeling the movements of the fetus
REPRODUCTION • characterized by an increase in size of an individual.
 within the uterus.
a biological process by which an organism
 The fetus also
reproduces anbegins to SUCK
offspring that isits THUMB. similar
biologically Monozygotic Twins
to the organism. It enables and ensures the • Also known as identical twin; result from the union of a
Fourth Month of Pregnancy
continuity of species, generation after generation. sperm and egg to form single zygote that splits up during
• The SEX of the
It is the main
fetusfeature
can be of
determined by an ultrasound
life on earth. the first cleavage stage.
test
•Two
TheTypes
fetusofbecomes more active, as it moves around in
Reproduction Dizygotic Twins
the uterus. • Also known as fraternal twins; results from the
1. Asexual Reproduction
development of two or more separate fertilization events
2. Sexual Reproduction
Seventh Month of Pregnancy where resulting zygotes develop almost simultaneously.
 A layer of FAT develops under the skin and fetal HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
AsexualBONES
Reproduction
begin to harden. Human Reproductive Organs
DEVELOPMENT
 mode of reproduction that does not involve the use MALE  REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
involves formation of sex cells, zygote formation,
BIRTH of gametes or sex cell. PENIS subsequent stages in one's life span.
o NINTH Month of Pregnancy  it contains many sensitive nerve endings.
Types of Asexual
 The Reproduction
fetus has usually rotated to a head-down 1. The root
a. position
Fission/Binary fission-
inside the type of asexual reproduction
uterus. 2. The body
involving
The time of birth. the division of body into two or more
equal parts.
 The birth process begins with the onset of LABOR SCROTUM
Example: Paramecium
which are muscular contractions of the uterus.  it is a loose pouch-like sack of skin at the back of
b. Budding- type of asexual
 AS the contractions become reproduction
stronger andwhere a new
closer the penis.
individual arises as an outgrowth (bud)
together, the amniotic sac usually BREAKS from its
parent, develops
releasing its fluid. organs like those of the parent, TESTICLES /TESTES
and then detaches itself.
 Contractions causes the WIDENING of the CERVIX  it is responsible for making testosterone for
Example: Hydra
so that the BABY can pass through the VAGINA producing sperm.
c. Fragmentation- Type of asexual reproduction where
and then out to the world gasping for his first
the body breaks into two or more parts, with each STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
breath. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
fragment capable of becoming a complete GAMETOGENESIS
 responsible for producing
Stage of development sperm
that cells
yields through
haploid the
gametes
individual; in animals, fragmentation is usually
ANIMAL followed
DEVELOPMENT
by regeneration where the missing parts
process
FERTILIZATIONcalled spermatogenesis.
DEVELOPMENT
are produced.  sperm cell and egg cell meets
 involves
Example: formation
Spirogyra of sex cells, zygote formation,
and starfish EPIDIDYMIS
 occurs in the fallopian tube
subsequent stages
d. Sporulation- type of inasexual
one's life span. It is where a
reproduction  it carries and stores sperm cells
CLEAVAGE
terminated by death.
new individual forms from an aggregation of cells  involves series of mitotic divisions to produce
surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore, which DUCTUSmulticellular
/ VAS DEFERENS
blastula from a unicellular zygote.
STAGES OF ANIMAL
later DEVELOPMENT
on germinates.  transports sperm
takes place to the urethra
in fallopian tube
Example: fungus
GAMETOGENESIS Morula
 Stage of development that yields haploid gametes. URETHRA
 human blastula made up of a solid ball of cells
Sexual
Ex. Reproductionand Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis  passageway of both sperm and urine
Blastocyst
mode of reproduction that involves the use of
Diploid (2n)
  Human blastula composed of the inner cell mass,
gametes or sex cells. SEMINAL VESICLE
which becomes the embryo, and trophoectoderm,
Haploid (n)
 sack-like
which pouch that is attach on the vas deferens
Types of Union of Gametes GESTATION
FERTILIZATION
a. of
Isogamy- fusion that
of similar gametes which are  carrying
PROSTATE GLANDSof the embryo inside the female
• Stage development results in a unicellular diploid
usually motile.  itreproductive tract,
helps to nourish thespecifically
sperm. the uterus; can last
zygote.
Example: up to 9 months in humans
Chlamydomonas producing Gametes or Spirogyra BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COPWER'S GLAND
CLEAVAGE
undergoing EMBRYONIC
 produces DEVELOPMENT
a pre ejaculate that cleanses and
• Stage of development involving a series of mitotic
conjugation  lubricates
It takes about
the nine months from the time the
divisions to produce a multicellular blastula from a
b. Heterogamy- fusion of dissimilar gametes. In urethra prior to the arrivalimplanted
embryo becomes of the semenin the walls of the
unicellular zygote.
oogamy, a large immotile gamete, the egg is UTERUS until a baby is born.
Totipotent cell- a cell that is capable of differentiating to
fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm. SPERM CELL
This NINE-MONTH period is called PREGNANCY.
become any kind of cell
Example: animal sperm and egg  First
 the two months:
seminiferous it is called
tubules an
are responsible for
producing the sperm cells through the process
GASTRULATION
Special terms for sexual reproduction: FETALcalled
DEVELOPMENT
spermatogenesis
o Stage of development involving morphogenetic Third Month of Pregnancy
1. Bisexual reproduction- type of sexual reproduction
movements of the cells to produce a gastrula with
 VAGINA 05 IMPLANTATION-SUPPRESSING
the main
 Phase
Luteal (POST entrance to the female reproductive
OVULATORY) METHODS
tract luteum
 corpus  it prevents the blastocyst from being implanted
[Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document
CERVIX
 lasts for 11-17 days in the endometrium
  the
lowest parttravel
egg will of thefrom
uterus
the ovary through the EX.
 fallopian
the vagina ends
tube and to the Intra-Uterine Device (IUD) - it physically blocks the
UTERUS blastocyst from implanting into the endometrium
 the
UTERINE hollow, pear-shaped organs
CYCLE Morning-after Pill - blocks the action of hormones that
 the- embryo
centersdevelops
on the functional endometrium prepare the uterus to receive the embryo.
 it holds a fetus during
thickens and pregnancy
sheds
FALLOPIAN TUBE /OVIDUCTS 06 OTHER TYPES
pairedPhases
 Cycle
Uterine tubes that are connected to the uterus EX
OVARIES
Menstrual Phase Abortion - it is the deliberate removal of the embryo or
femaleas
  known gonads
PERIOD that release the oocytes during fetus
ovulation
 corresponds to the early part of the follicular phase Coitus Interrupts - requires man to remove the penis
of the ovaries before ejaculation
CONTRACEPTION Abstinence – no sexual intercourse
 3-7 days AND IT’S TYPES
Contraception
 A process
Proliferative Phase that
(POSTblocks any one of the following
MENSTRUAL) MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 highstages of reproduction
estrogen levels in humans: - makes reproduction possible
 thickening of Endometrium; 7 to 14
Contraception
Secretory Phase (PRE MENSTRUAL) MENSTRUATION
 1. uterine
Release and transport
glands of gametes
secrete more  commonly known as PERIOD
 2. the
Fertilization
endometrium undergoes final changes before it  the uterus lining sheds and flows out of the
3. receives
Implantation
the embryo during implantation; 14 to 28 vagina
4. days
Actual completion of development of the  average length is 3-7 days
embryo/fetus  the onset of menstruation=MENARCHE
 the ceasion of menstruation MENOPAUSE
CONTRACEPTION
01 OVULATION Hormonal Regulation
PITUITARY GLAND
02 BARRIER METHOD
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
03 CHEMICAL BARRIER -stimulates the release of 2 hormones:
04 SURGICAL METHOD 1. Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
05 IMPLANTATION-SUPPRESSING METHOD 2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

01 OVULATION Regulation GONADOTROPIN

 suppressing methods 1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
 affect the egg release MALE : stimulates spermatogenesis and causes the
testes to produce sperm and Sertoli cells for estrogen
EX. Oral contraceptives - it is taken by women to FEMALE: causes the growth of an ovarian follicle
prevent from ovulating
2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
02 BARRIER METHOD MALE: stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig and
causes the testes to secrete testosterone
 No fluids exchange
FEMALE: causes the growth of corpus luteum, promotes
EX.
ovulation and it causes secretion
Condom - it is inserted into the male penis
Diaphragm - blocks the cervix
Cervical Cap - it covers the cervix and blocks the 2 Cycle of the Menstrual Cycle
passage into the uterus
OVARIAN CYCLE
03 CHEMICAL BARRIERS -centers on the development of the ovarian follicles and
ovulation
 sperm-killing substances
EX.
Follicular Phase (Pre Ovulatory)
Spermicidal Jelly or Foam – kills the sperm on contact
 1st day of menstruation
 Week 1&2 of the 4-week
04 SURGICAL METHOD  follicles begin to mature
 it prevents fertilization which involves surgery