SCIENCE 8

QUARTER 4 – MODULE 1

Name: ______________________________________________ Date: ____________

Grade & Section: ______________________________

Lesson 1: Structures and Functions of the Digestive System

Activity 1: The Digestive ProcesSCENEs
INSTRUCTION: Use the number 1-5 to arrange the following scenarios in chronological order and after
arranging, choose the appropriate name for each picture in the box. Write your answer on separate sheets of
paper.
Example:
8 WALKING

Ingestion Digestion Egestion

Mastication Swallowing

1. 2. 3.

___ _____________ ____ ___________ ____ _________

4. 5.

___ _________________ ___ ________________

Guide Questions
1. Using the picture, how would you define each name?
2. Based from the activity, what is the lesson all about?
3. What do you think is the relevance of the activity?

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to:
a. identify the different digestive processes;
b. explain the process of ingestion;
c. describe the process of mechanical and chemical digestion; and
d. cite the importance of mechanical and chemical digestion.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1
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QUARTER 4 – MODULE 1

Activity 2: Who Am I?
A. INSTRUCTIONS: Label the parts and give its function. Use the words found inside the box in labeling
your drawing.

Large intestine Pancreas mouth

Rectum small intestine
esophagus Stomach liver

Activity 3: aMAZE-ing Journey

B. INSTRUCTIONS: Observe the digestive maze below. Guess the correct name of the organ for each
number.

1. Start - _________
2. ______________
3. ______________
4. ______________
5. ______________
6. ______________
7. ______________
8. ______________
9. End - __________

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2
 SCIENCE 8
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 1

Let’s FIND out!

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down the food mechanically and chemically to convert
complex molecules into the simplest units-- a fraction of which is made up of nutrients that the body’s cells can
absorb. The digestion of food happens in the different digestive organs that secrete digestive enzymes. In
humans, digestion starts in the mouth, where food is chewed and broken down into smaller pieces for easier
digestion. This is called mechanical digestion. Initial chemical digestion also starts in the mouth. This is carried
out by enzyme molecules that speed up the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Enzymes present in saliva,
such as amylase, help break down large complex molecules of carbohydrates into simpler ones that the body
can use.
After swallowing, the food
called bolus, enters the esophagus
(gullet) and moves down into the
stomach, where it mixes with gastric
juices. Other enzymes such as protease
and lipase help break down proteins in
the stomach and fats in the small
intestine, respectively. Digestion ends in
the small intestine, where nutrients are
absorbed in the villi and enter the
circulatory system. The wastes and
undigested food go to the large intestine,
where water is also reabsorbed. These
wastes, including the water that are not
reabsorbed, are temporarily stored in the
rectum before they are excreted out of
the body through the anus.

Functions of Digestive System

 Ingestion: Food must be placed in the mouth or eating.
 Mastication: act of chewing. Grinding or crushing of food with teeth.
 Swallowing/Propulsion: Moving food through alimentary
canal, includes swallowing and peristalsis.
o Peristalsis – Wave like contraction and relaxation
to move food through a tube.
 Digestion: process of breaking down food
into substances in the stomach.
 Absorption: broken down food (nutrient)
enter the blood or lymph vessel
o Active transport
o Passive transport

 Egestion: the act or process of

discharging undigested or waste material
from a cell or organism. specifically,
defecation.
o Feces (poo)
Importance of Mechanical and chemical Digestion
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3
 SCIENCE 8
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 1

 The importance of the role of chemical digestion is to further degrade the molecular structure of the
ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream.
o Carbohydrates turns into simple sugar (glucose)
o Proteins turns into amino acids
o Fats – turns into fatty acids and glycerides.
Mechanical digestion makes the food smaller to increase both surface area and mobility. It includes
mastication, or chewing, as well as tongue movements that help break food into smaller bits and mix food
with saliva.

Parts of Digestive System

The human body is composed of eleven organ systems. Each system has its own specific task to carry out for an
individual to survive. The digestive system is responsible for providing energy and nutrients for the body.
Mouth
The tongue mixes the foods, and the teeth break down the foods into small pieces and the saliva
secreted by the salivary glands soften the food. These organs’ coordinated functions evidently elaborated that
chemical digestion starts in the mouth. The food is chewed into smaller pieces and lubricated by the saliva in the
mouth resulting in the smooth and easy swallowing of food.
 Ingestion – Food’s first stop
 Propulsion (peristalsis) – help to swallow to move the food to the next organ.
 Mechanical Digestion – Masticate the food means chewing and mixing food with saliva using tongue
and teeth.
 Chemical Digestion -Carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth using saliva secreted by salivary
glands which contains an enzyme called salivary amylase. Once the food is masticated it is called
bolus.
Pharynx
The pharynx chamber connects the nasal and oral cavities of the body. After chewing the food, it transports the
food from the mouth to the esophagus. Swallowing happens here. When you swallow, a small tissue closes the
windpipe called epiglottis. This prevents food from entering your lungs.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube that is approximately 10 inches in length. It serves as a passageway of food
to the stomach. It is wrapped with mucus so that the food can quickly go down to your stomach.
 Peristalsis – Layers of smooth muscle that helps to deliver the bolus to the stomach.
Stomach
The stomach holds and breaks the food into a useful form. It also contains enzymes and gastric juices that are
good for breaking the food. Stomach juices are chemicals produced by the stomach that help digestion. The
stomach is made up of muscles that churn and help to mix and to break food into even smaller pieces. The
digestive glands in the stomach lining produce acids and enzymes that digest proteins. These digestive juices
could, in fact, harm the stomach. However, a thick mucus layer helps keep this acidic chemical from destroying
the tissues of the stomach.
 Peristalsis – has to get the food to the small intestine
 Mechanical Digestion – Stomach churns to further break up the food.
 Chemical digestion – Enzymes helps break down food.
o Once the stomach has churned the food, it is called chyme
Small intestine

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4
 SCIENCE 8
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 1

The food in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) is acted upon by secretions of bile from the liver,
insulin produced by the pancreas, and intestinal glands. Digested molecules of food are absorbed through the
small intestine. The walls of the small intestine contain many folds that are lined up with tiny fingerlike protrusions
called villi. These villi are in turn covered with even smaller protrusions called microvilli. These structures
increase the surface area through which nutrients are absorbed.
 Peristalsis – Move the food along to the large intestine.
 Chemical Digestion – Break the macromolecules into soluble with help of
o Pancreas - The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down fats,
carbohydrates, and protein. It also releases insulin into the blood which regulates the
use of sugar in your body.
o Liver - The liver is located on the right side of the stomach, and it is the largest organ
of the digestive system. It produces bile which helps to break fats into smaller ones.
This bile is stored in the gallbladder, and it is released when food moves into the
small intestine.
 Absorption, these nutrients pass through the walls of the intestine and into the bloodstream,
where they get transported to the different parts of the body. The undigested parts of food or
those that were not absorbed by the body move to the large intestine like cellulose of fruits and
vegetables.
Large intestine
The large intestine connects the small intestine to the anus, consisting of three regions known as cecum, colon,
and rectum. After food is digested, water is absorbed in the large system. Waste food or substances that need to
be removed from the body are stored here after water is absorbed. It also changes the undigested food into
semi-solid waste or feces which leave the body through the anus.
 Chemical Digestion – There are no digestive enzymes, only bacteria.
 Absorption – Mostly absorb water
 Propulsion (peristalsis) – Moving it along
 Defecation – Poo

GOOD JOB! I hope you have learned something about out Digestive
System.

ASSESSMENT:
A. INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the table by giving the right answer.

Type of
STAGES Description Organ Involved
Digestion
Ingestion mouth

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 5
 SCIENCE 8
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 1

Breaking food
Mechanical and
in soluble
Chemical
molecules
Taking digestion
Absorption products to the
bloodstream

Small intestines
Assimilation (cells of the
body)
Removal of
waste or Mechanical
undigested food

REFERENCE:
 https://www.slideserve.com/carrie/the-digestive-system
 SMILE (SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS) Learner’s Packet pg. 1-6

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 6