1

1 Ethene is an alkene which reacts with bromine as shown in the equation.

C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

Part of the energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.

C2H4 + Br2
energy

progress of reaction
The reaction is exothermic.

Complete the energy profile diagram for this reaction.

Include:

• the position of the products

• an arrow to show the activation energy, labelled as A
• an arrow to show the energy change for the reaction. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 The chemical equation for a reaction can be represented as shown.

H H H H

C C + Br Br ® Br C C Br

H H H H
Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
in kJ/mol

C−H 410

C=C 610

Br−Br 190

C−C 350

C−Br 290
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Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction.

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy = ..................................... kJ [1]

(b) Calculate the energy released in making bonds.

energy = .................................... kJ [1]

(c) Determine the energy change in this reaction.

energy change in this reaction = .....................kJ/mol [1]

[Total: 3]

3 Ethane is an alkane which undergoes a photochemical reaction with chlorine.

The equation for the reaction can be represented as shown.

H H H H

H C C H + Cl Cl ® H C C Cl + H Cl

H H H H
Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

C−H 410

C−C 350

Cl−Cl 240
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C−Cl 340

H−Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction.

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy = ...................... kJ [1]

(b) Calculate the energy released in making bonds.

energy = ...................... kJ [1]

(c) Determine the energy change in this reaction.

energy change in this reaction = .................. kJ / mol [1]

[Total: 3]

4 Chloroethene (CH2=CHCl) can be manufactured from 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl).

The equation can be represented as shown.

Cl H Cl H

H C C Cl ® C C + H Cl

H H H H

(a) Some bond energies are given.

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bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol

C−C 350

C=C 610

C−Cl 340

C−H 410

H−Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the reaction.

Use the following steps.

(i) Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy = ............................... kJ [1]

(ii) Calculate the energy released when bonds form.

energy = ............................... kJ [1]

(iii) Calculate the energy change of the reaction.

energy change of the reaction = ........... kJ / mol [1]

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(b) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Give a reason for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

5 Bromine monochloride, BrCl, is made by the reaction between bromine and chlorine.

The chemical equation is shown.

Br2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2BrCl(g)

bond energy in
bond
kJ / mol

Br-Br 190

Cl-Cl 242

Br-Cl 218

Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction using bond energies.

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the total amount of energy required to break the bonds in 1 mole of Br2(g) and
1 mole of Cl2(g).

.................................................. k J [1]

(b) Calculate the total amount of energy released when the bonds in 2 moles of BrCl(g) are formed.

....................................................kJ [1]
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(c) Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

............................................kJ / mol [1]

[Total: 3]

6 Chlorine reacts with carbon monoxide to produce phosgene gas, COCl2(g). A catalyst is used.

Cl2(g) + CO(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)

The reaction is exothermic.

(a) Explain why the reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes of bond breaking and
bond making.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.

On your diagram show:

• the product of the reaction

• an arrow representing the energy change, labelled ΔH
• an arrow representing the activation energy, labelled ΔA. [3]

Cl 2(g) + CO(g)
energy

progress of reaction
[3]
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(ii) State why a catalyst is used.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 7]

7 The reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid can be catalysed by the addition of aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.

On the diagram, add the energy profile for the catalysed reaction.

energy Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)

progress of reaction
[1]

[Total: 1]

8 Chemical reactions can be endothermic or exothermic.

State the meaning of the term endothermic.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 Calcium carbonate decomposes when heated.

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

(a) The decomposition of calcium carbonate is endothermic.

State the meaning of the term endothermic.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) The energy level diagram for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is shown.

CaO + CO2

energy
CaCO3

progress of reaction

Explain how the energy level diagram shows that this reaction is endothermic.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

10 The reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium oxide is exothermic.

The energy level diagram for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium oxide is shown.

reactants

energy

products

progress of reaction

Explain how the energy level diagram shows that this reaction is exothermic.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

11 When nitric acid reacts with calcium hydroxide, the temperature of the reaction mixture increases.
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(a) Choose the word which best describes this reaction.

Draw a circle around your chosen answer.

decomposition endothermic exothermic oxidation

[1]

(b) Complete the energy level diagram for the reaction of nitric acid with calcium hydroxide by
writing the words:
• reactants
• products.

energy

progress of reaction

[1]

[Total: 2]