Module

Sience Form 1
Chapter 2
Cell as The Basic Unit of
Life
PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
 CHAPTER 2 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

1. A cell is a basic unit of life which is can only be seen clearly under a microscope
2. Robert Hooke was the first person to discover about cells.
3. The nucleus of a cell will into two or more cells. When a cells divides without control it can form a tumour or cancer.
4.
a. Preparation of cheek cell

Put some drops of distilled Cover with slip Wipe off excess methylene Observe under
water on to the cheek cell. And - No air bubbles blue microscope
Add a drop of methylene blue trapped under the Solution
solution on the cell cover
( to see the structure cell
clearly)

b. Preparation of Plant cell

Put some drops of distilled Cover with slip Wipe off excess iodine Observe under
water. Then put the epidermis - No air bubbles Solution microscope
layer of onion on it . And add trapped under the
a drop iodine solution on the cover
cell
( to see the structure cell
clearly)

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
5.STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL

SIMILARITIES Cell wall

- Outer layer
of the cell.
Nucleus - Provides
- Controls the activity in the support and
cell protects the
- Carries genetic information cell
in the form of DNA

Vacuole
- Fluid
Mitochondria containing
cell sap.
- Produces energy for
reactions - Absorbs
water and
keeps the
cell turgid.
Cell Membrane
- Controls the movement of
materials in and out of
the cell Chloroplast
ANIMAL CELL - Contains green
pigment called
Cytoplasm PLANT CELL chlorophyll.
- Absorbs
- Acts a medium for
chemical reaction to sunlight for
occur. photosynthesis

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
6.UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

Unicellular organism Multicellular organism

i. Microorganism consists of only one cell ii. Microorganism consists of more than
one cell
iii. Carry out life processes like growth and iv. Carry out life processes like growth and
reproduction reproduction
v. Size of the organism : small and tiny vi. Size of the organism : mostly are bigger
and complex
vii. Example : Amoeba , Paramecium ( unicellular x. Example : Hydra, Spiroygra, Mucor,
animals) Mammals, Reptiles, Amphinians, Birds,
viii. Yeast , Chlamydomonas ( Fish
unicellular plants)
ix. Euglena ( plant and animal)

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
7. TYPES OF PLANT CELL

EPIDERMIS CELL
- Reduce water loss
- Gaseous exchange
- Absorption of water and
nutrient

PALISAD CELL
- Have chlorophyll
- Absorbs sunlight
GUARD CELL - Undergo photosynthesis

- Controls the opening and closing of stoma

ROOT HAIR CELL

- Absorbs water and nutrients from the cell

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
 EPITHELIAL CELLS
NERVE CELLS - Form a layer mucus called ‘ cilia’ to
- Known as neurons. protect organs in the body.
- Carry information in the
form of nerve impulses to
different parts of body

RED BLOOD CELLS

- Have bioconcave disc shape WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- No nucleus -Do not have shape
- Contains haemoglobin - destroy bacteria that enters the
( red pigment) body and protects the body
- Transports oxygen from the lungs
to whole body
- Transports carbon dioxide from
all over the parts of body to the
lungs REPRODUCTIVE CELLS
MUSCLE CELLS - Sperm ( male reproductive cell) and contains
genetic information from father
- Contract and relaxes muscles - Ovum ( woman reproductive cell) and
to make movement contains genetic information from mother

8. The types of animal cell

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
 9. FORMATION OF AN ORGANISM

2
Cell → Tissues → Organ → System → Organism
.
- a basic unit - A group of - A few groups - Digestive - animal
- eg: sperm, similar or different system and plant
ovum, platelet, cells groups of

white blood, red performing tissues

blood, neurone the same involved in a
function specific
eg: function.
sperm ovum
(reproductory i. Muscle
process) tissue
(allow 2b.
EXAMPLE : movement)
Organ System Function
Cell Tissue Stomach Organ Digestive to System
digest or break food
Heart Blood circulation to pump blood
Respiratory Absorb oxygen
Cardiac cell Cardic tissue LungsHeart
Excretion Blood
Carbon circulatory
dioxide / water
ii. epithelial
tissue Uterus Reproductory system
Eyes / skin Sight / touch
Epithelial cell Epithelial tissue Stomach
Ear / nose Hearing / smelling Digestive system
Pancreas Digestive
Muscle cell iii. cardiac
Muscle tissue Kidney
Heart Excretory excrete waste product
Blood circulatory
tissue Intestine Digestion Absorb food
Bone Skeleton system
Support and protect
3. a. Nerve / neurone = carries impulse / send information from one part to another part in a
human body. PREPARED BY
b. Type of nerve Diagram Function MISS.R.ESWARI
Sensory - To transfer impulses to the brain.
 Carries oxygen, Breaks down complex food into
nutrients and hormones Absorbs oxygen and release smaller so that it is easily Removes toxic like urea and
all over the body carbon dioxide from the body absorbed uric acid from the body

Protects body from infection

and helps in not loosing Supports the body and Defends the body against
Assists humans in movement infections
excess water from body protects internal organs like
brain, lungs

Carries information and Secretes hormones to work Produce sperm cells, ovum, hormones in baby formation
coordinates body activities with nervous system

10. SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
11. CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
i. Cellular respiration

RESPIRATION External Respiration / breathing

Exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide between the organism

Internal Respiration / cellular respiration

Oxidation( using oxygen ) and breakdown of

glucose in the living cells to release energy, water
and carbon dioxide

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
ii. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1.
Photosynthesis

Defined as

Process where green plants make food( glucose) from carbon

dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll and releases oxygen

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
 2.Excess glucose which doesn’t needed by the plants will be stored in the form of starch
in leaves, stems, fruits, roots.

3.Iodine test is done to test the presence of starch in the leaf through the process of
photosynthesis.

Iodine test on the leaf

Leaf is immersed Leaf placed in the tube

in the boiling containing ethanol to
water to soften decolourise / remove the
and break the chlorophyll on the leaf
cell wall

Leaf placed on a white tile.

Leaf placed in hot water to A few drops iodine added
get the ethanol off the leaf on the leaf to test
peresence of starch

➢ Starch is present if the iodine solution turns ➢ Photosynthesis has taken place in the
from blue to black presence of sunlight

➢ Starch is not present if the iodine solution ➢ Photosynthesis has not taken place in
has no change the (absence of sunlight)
PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
 Type of test Material used Result
Presence of starch on leaf Iodine solution If present ( blue- black)
If no present ( no change)
Presence of sunlight for Iodine solution If essential ( blue-black)/
photosynthesis healthy
If no ( no change) / die

Presence of cholorophyll for Iodine solution If essential ( blue-black)

photosynthesis If no ( brown colour)
Presence of water for Iodine solution If essential ( blue-black)
photosnythesis If no ( no change)

In conclusion :
❖ A plant needs sunlight, water, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide to make food in the form
of glucose and release oxygen.
❖ The test used is iodine solution. If sunlight, water, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide presence
in the test, the iodine solution turns from blue to black.
❖ If no, there will be no change in the colour.

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI
12. Difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Cellular respiration Photosynthesis

mitochondria Where it occurs Chloroplast

Releases energy What happens Absorbs energy

Energy from chemical energy Use of energy Energy from sunlight

in food

Animals, humans, plants, To whom it happens Plants, microorganism

microorganism

All the time When it occurs Only during the presence of

sunlight

Breaking down food ) glucose) What is the main process Making own food

Oxygen is used Usage of oxygen Oxygen is released

PREPARED BY
MISS.R.ESWARI