LECTURE 1 OF 4

TOPIC : 5.0 FUNCTIONS AND

GRAPHS

SUBTOPIC : 5.1 Functions

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students
should be able to
a) define a function.
b) identify a function from the graph by using
vertical line test.
c) identify a one-to-one function by using
algebraic approach or horizontal line test.
d) sketch the graph of a function.
e) state the domain and range of a function.
Definition
Let X = {3, 4, 5 } and Y = {6, 10, 12, 13}.
The arrow diagram shows the relation of set X
and set Y:

6
10
12
13
The relation can also written in the form of
order pairs as { (3, 6), (4, 12), (5, 10) }
From the diagram,
Domain = { 3, 4, 5}
Range = { 6,10,12 }
Codomain = { 6,10,12,13}
Function
A function is defined as a relation where each
element of one set is mapped to exactly one
and only one element of another set.
Consequently, relations of one-to-one and
many to one are functions.
A function is onto when its range equals its
codomain.
A mapping of function f from set X to set Y is
written as and we write
Example 1

If find
Solution
Vertical Line Test
The most common method of representing
function is by using a graph, where the
horizontal axis (x – axis) represents the domain
and vertical axis (y – axis) represents the range.
However not all graphs are of functions.
We can use the Vertical Line Test to determine
whether it is a graph of a function.
If any vertical line drawn intersects the curve
y=f(x) only at one point, then f(x) is a
function of x.
Consider whether the graphs represent functions

a) y b)
y

x
x
x=2 x=2
The line cuts the graph The line cuts the graph
at only one point. at two points.
∴It is a function ∴It is not a function
One-to-one functions
A function for which every element of the range
corresponds to exactly one element of the
domain is known as a one-to-one function.
f
g
-3 -11 -3 -2
0 -2 0
1 1 1 4
2 4
X Y X Y
Function f is a one-to-one function
Function g is not a one-to-one function
There are two methods to determine whether
a function is one-to-one:

a) Horizontal Line test (Graphically Method)

The horizontal line test is a graphical method
used to determine if a function is one to one.
In general, if any horizontal line drawn
intersects the graph of the function only at
one point, then the function is one-to-one.
b) Algebraic Method
A function f with a domain X is called a
one-to-one function if two elements of X
have the same image, that is
then the elements must be the same i.e

To prove that a function is one-to-one, we

must show that
implies that
Example 2
Use the horizontal line test (graphical
method) to determine whether each of the
following functions is one-to-one function.
Solution

f(x)

x
0 2
A horizontal line intersects the graph at two
points.
Therefore, f is not one-to-one function.
 f(x)

x
1
-1
A horizontal line intersects the graph at one
point. Therefore, f is one-to-one function.
Example 3
By using the algebraic method, determine
whether f is a one to one function
Solution

f is one-to-one function.
 or

f is not one-to-one function.

Sketching the graph of a function
We may consider some clues in sketching the
graph of a function
i) Know basic shape of the graph
ii) Determine the x and y intercepts of the graph
(if any)
iii) Vertex (if any)
iv) Vertical or horizontal asymptotes (if any)
v) Symmetry of the graph
vi) The domain and range
 Basic Shape of a Function
a) Constant function : y = k

Example
y y

y=k y=5

x x
0 0
b) Linear : y = mx +c m: the gradient
c: y-intercept

m >0 m<0
f(x) f(x)
y = x+5

5 3 y = - x+3

x x
0 0
c) Quadratic function
where Vertex (h,k) found by completing the
square : or using formula

f(x) f(x)

x
k 0 h

x
0 h

a > 0 : open up a < 0 : open down

Example
a>0 open up

x
1 2 3
-1
(d) Cubic function f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
3
a) f(x) = x +5 b) f(x) = x2 (3-x )

f(x) f(x)

x x
0 0 3

When x = 0 y= 0
When x = 0 y =5 When y = 0 x = 0 & x =3
(e) Square root function
where

f(x) f(x)

x x
0 2 0 1
f(x) f(x)

0 x 0 x
(f) Reciprocal function

f(x) f(x)

1
x
0 1 x 0 1
-1
(g) Absolute value function
a > 0 : open up
a < 0 : open down

f(x) f(x)

3
2

0 2 x
0 1 x
h)Piecewise function
A function that is defined by two or more
equations for different part of its domain

Example
f(x)

0 x
Example 4
Sketch the graph of the following functions.
Solution

open up

f(x)

-3 0 x
3

-9
 f(x)

-5 0 x
open up
f(x)

0 x
 H.A. : y = 0
V.A. : x =
f(x) 2

0 2 x
Domain and Range
Given y = f(x) , domain is the set of the
values of x in which f(x) is defined.
Range, is the set of all possible value
of f(x) as x varies throughout the domain.
There are two methods to find the domain
and range of a function f(x)
i) Graphically: x- axis representing the domain
y- axis, the range
ii) Algebraic method
Domain is the possible values of x for a
function to be defined, then not in the domain
are values of x in cases, such as division by
zero, negative values under a square root
and log of zero and negative values.

For example,
For

For

The range is found by letting x=g(y) and observe

the possible values of y for x to be defined.
Note:
1. For polynomial linear function and cubic
function

2. For
Example 5
Sketch the graph of the following functions.
Hence, find its domain and range.
Solution

f(x)

0 x
open up

f(x)

0 x
x increases f(x) decreases
f(x)

0 x
f(x)

0 x
Example 6

Find the domain and range of the following

functions:
Solution

Since
For f defined