UNIT - 2

Children and Women in

Sports
Key Points: -

1. Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups.

2. Common Postural Deformities - Knock Knee; Bow Legs; Flat Foot; Round
Shoulders; Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis and their corrective
measures
3. Women’s participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological, and social
benefits.
4. Special consideration (Menarche & Menstrual Dysfunction)
5. Female Athletes Triad (Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea, Eating Disorders)

1. Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups.

 World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physical
inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths
globally).
 Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities
to maintain physical, mental and social health.
 Participation in sports and physical activity results in benefits like an increase in
self-confidence and self-esteem, a better control over emotions, reduction in levels
of stress, anxiety and depression, maintenance of healthy weight, social interaction
and achieving high performance in academics.
 WHO has developed certain guidelines – Global Recommendations on Physical
Activity for Health – with the overall aim of providing national and regional level
policy makers with guidance on the frequency, duration, intensity, type and total
amount of physical activity needed for the prevention of Non-Communicable
Diseases or Lifestyle Diseases.
Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age:-

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  The following guidelines are recommended for healthy children aged Under 5 years,
irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, and the socio-economic
status of the family.

Age Sedentary Behaviour Physical Activity Sleep

 Not be restrained for  Physically active
more than 1 hour at several times a
a time.  14–17 hours (0–3
day through
months of age),
Less than 1  Encourage reading interactive floor-
and storytelling based play  12–16h (4–11 months
year
when sedentary. including 30 of age) of good quality
minutes of tummy sleep, including naps.
 Screen time is not
recommended. time.
 Not restrained for
more than 1 hour at  At least 180
a time or sit for minutes in a
extended periods of variety of types of
time. physical activities
 No screen time for 1- including  11-14 hours of good
year-olds. moderate-to quality sleep, including
1-2 years
vigorous- naps, with regular sleep
 For 2 years,
intensity physical and wake-up times.
sedentary screen
time should be no activity, spread
more than 1 hour. throughout the
 Encourage reading day.
and storytelling.
 At least 180
 Not restrained for minutes in a
more than 1 hour at variety of types of
a time or sit for physical activities
extended periods of at any intensity, of  10–13h of good quality
time. which at least 60 sleep, which may
3-4 years Sedentary screen minutes is include a nap, with
time should be no moderate-to regular sleep and wake-
more than 1 hour; vigorous intensity up times.
less is better. physical activity,
 Encourage reading spread
and storytelling. throughout the
day.

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 Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of Growth and Development.

Stages of Growth and Development

Infancy (0-2 years)
Early childhood (2-6 years)

Middle childhood (7-10 years)

Late childhood (11-12 years)

Adolescence (13-19 years)

Adulthood (19-60 years)

Old years (60 years and Above)

1. Infancy (0-2 years)

 Exercise to develop head control, sitting & crawling.
 Gross motor activities should be promoted.
 Exercise for moving arms, legs, reaching to object.
 Exercise like throwing, catching & kicking aball.

2. Early childhood (2 to 6 years)

 Exercise to develop competence in movement skills.
 Emphasis on participation not on competition.
 Activities related to fine motor skills.
 Minimum one hour regular medium exercise.
 Re creative & enjoyable methods of physical activities.
 Clean & safe environment.

3. Middle child hood (7 to 10 years)

 Exercise to develop fine & gross motor skills
 Exercises to build & improve co-ordination skills
 Exercises to develop synchronize the movements of body’s parts.
 Introduction of major sports activities cognitive and social skills.

4. Later childhood (11 to 12 years)

 Exercise to develop body control, strength and coordination.
 Activities related to endurance should be avoided.
 Organised or team games to develop social- consciousness.
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  Teach basic rules of sports i.e., fair, play simple strategies.
 Introduction to concept of sport training.

5. Adolescence (13 to 19 years)

 Moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity.
 60 min to several hrs every day.
 Muscle strengthening exercises at least 3 times a week.
 Bone strengthening exercises and resistance exercise by weight training.
 Running swimming etc. for stamina building.

6. Adult hood (19-60 years)

 Moderate intensity physical every day.
 Muscles strengthening exercise at lest 2 times a week.
 Bone strengthening exercise and resistance exercise.
 Running, swimming, etc. for stamina building.

7. Old age (60 years and above)

 At least 5 days of moderate intensity activities such as walking, light-jump etc.
 It should be done for above 45- 60 minutes.
 These actions should be done over a period of 10-10 minutes.
 Those who are more active than an elderly mature.
 They should do more than 30 minutes of high-strength activity, combined with
the actions of moderate intensity. Such as climbing stairs, running etc.

Benefits of Physical Exercises on children

i. Builds healthymuscles

ii. Good DigestiveProcess

iii. Boost Energylevel
iv. Improve neuro-muscular co-ordination
v. Strengthen the lungs & Heart
vi. Control healthyweight
vii. Improve brainsfunction
viii. Reduce injuries and diseasesrisk
ix. Improve joint’s flexibility
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 x. Maintain goodpostures
xi. Strengthens bones & muscles

2.2 Common Postural Deformities and their Corrective Measures

Posture:- Posture is the specific body position. It may be static and dynamic such as
sitting, walking, running, reading etc
According to Doctors:- 'Postures soundness of physiological balance of body.
Postural deformityisthemalformation of any components is body part or joint of
the body.

Types of Postural Deformities:-

1) Spinal Curvature
a) Kyphosis or Round Back or Hump Back
b) Lordosis or Bent Backward
c) Scoliosis
2) Flat Foot or Pes Planus or Fallen Arches
3) Knock Knee or Genu Valgum
4) Bow Leg or Genu Varum
5) Round Shoulders
6) Spinal Curvature:-
This type of deformity is related to the spine. There are three type-
Kyphosis or Round Back or Hump Back

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  It is derived from Geek word 'Kyphos' which means 'a hump'.
 Kyphosis is a spinal disorder in which an excessive outward curve of the spine
results in an abnormal rounding of the upper back.
 The condition is sometimes known as "round back" or—in the case of a severe
curve—as hump back."
 Kyphosis can occur at any age, but is common during adolescence.

Symptoms:-
 Rounded shoulders
 A visible hump on the back
 Mild back pain
 Fatigue
 Spine stiffness
 Tight hamstrings (the muscles in the back of the thigh)
 Rarely, over time, progressive curves may lead to:
 Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the legs
 Loss of sensation
 Shortness of breath or other breathing difficulties
 Distance between the scapula increase.
 The length of the chest muscles become short.
 Shoulders tilt forward.
 Neck tilt forward
 Upper Body weight lean forward.

Causes:-
 Over lode
 Aging, especially if you have poor posture bad Habit
 Muscle weakness in the upper back
 Scheuermann’s disease, which occurs in children and has no known cause
 Arthritis or other bone degeneration diseases
 Osteoporosis, or the loss of bone strength due to age
 Injury to the spine
 Slipped discs
 Infection in the spine
 Birth defects, such as spine bifida
 Diseases of the connective tissues

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Corrective measure:-
In order to cure kyphosis suchtypes of exercises are suggested, those increase the length
of the pectoralsand providestrength to thethoracicregionmuscles.

 Back stroke swimming.

 Chakrasana
 Bhujangasana
 Dhanurasana
 Reverse bending on the Swiss ball
 Reverse butterfly
 Pillow back extension
 Marjaryasana (cat pose)
 Adhomukha shananasana (Down word dog pose)
 Ustrasana (Camel pose)
 Half wheel pose (Ardha chakaarasana)

a) Lordosis or Bent Backward:-

 Lordosis is the normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumbar and cervical
regions of the human spine.
 The normal outward (convex) curvature in the thoracic and sacral regions is
termed kyphosis or kyphotic.
 The term comes from the Greek lordōsis, from lordos ("bent backward").

Symptoms:-
 Appearing swayback, with the buttocks being more pronounced
 Having a large gap between the lower back and the floor when lying on your back
on a hard surface that does not change when you bend forward
 Back pain and discomfort
 Problems moving certain ways
 Weakness
 Difficulty maintaining muscle control

Causes:-
 A condition in which a vertebrae, usually in the lower back, slips forward
 Osteoporosis, a condition in which vertebrae become fragile and can be easily
broken (compression fractures)
 Obesity, or being extremely overweight
 Kyphosis. A condition marked by an abnormally rounded upper back

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  Disc it is. Inflammation of the disc space between the bones of the spine most
often caused by infection
 Abnormal vertebrae development in utero (congenital kyphosis)
 Poor posture or slouching (postural kyphosis)
 Spine bifida, a birth defect in which the spinal column of the fetus does not close
completely during development inside the womb
 Spine infections
 Pregnancy
 Bad Habit
 Weak abdomen muscle

Corrective measure:-
 Proper diet
 exercise on exercise boll
 Hala asana
 Paschimottasana
 Forward bending
 Altarnate toe touch
 Sit-up
 Praline lying
b) Scoliosis:-
 Postural adaptation of the spine in lateral direction is called scoliosis.
 In fact, these are sideways curves and may be called scoliotic curves. Indeed
these curves are identified as either convexity right of right convexity.
 A simple or single curve to the left or curve. Scolotic curves may be found in ‘S’
shape.
Symptoms:-
 Uneven shoulders and/or hips.
 Bump in the lower back.
 Numbness, weakness, or pain in the legs.
 Trouble walking.
 Trouble standing up straight.
 Tired feeling.
 Shortness of breath.
 Loss of height.

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Causes:-
 Diseases in the joints of bones
 Under-developed legs
 Infantile paralysis
 Rickets,
 Carrying heavy loads on one shoulder
 Unhealthy conditions
 Like inadequate lighting arrangement
 Uncomfortable desks
 Partial deafness and wrong standing posture.
 It may be caused by congenital or acquired abnormalities of vertebrae, muscles
or nerves.
Corrective Measures :-
 Balanced diet should be taken
 Studying should be avoided in sideways bending position.
 Avoid walking for the long time while carrying weight in one hand.
 Bending exercises should be done on the opposite side of the ‘C’ shaped curve.
 Hold the horizontal bar with hands and lift your body or hanged for some time.
 Hold the horizontal bar with your hands and swing your body to the left and right
sides.
 Swim by using breaststroke technique

2) Flat Foot or Pes Planus or Fallen Arches

 Flat feet is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the
entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the
ground.

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  An estimated 20–30% of the general population have an arch that simply never
develops in one or both feet.
Symptoms :
 Feet tire easily.
 The inside bottoms of your feet become swollen.
 Foot movement, such as standing on your toes, is difficult.
 Back and leg pain.
 Pain in mid part of feet during standing & walking. Disappearing the long arch of
the feet
 Complete feet print can be seen on the floor.

Causes
 Weakness of muscles & bones.
 over weight
 Obesity
 Carrying heavy load for long time.
 Injuries
 Malnutrition
 Faulty shoes.

Corrective Measures :-
 Writing with legs
 Walking or running on the sand.
 Jumping on toe
 Wearing proper shoes
 Pick the pebble with help of feet
 Walking on toe
 Tadasana
 Vajra-asana
 Ball under the feet game
 Wear the shoe with hanky inside the mid part of the feet.

3) Knock Knee or Genu Valgum

 Genu valgum, commonly called "knock-knee",
 it is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch each other when the legs
are straightened.
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  Individuals with severe valgus deformities are typically unable to touch their feet
together while simultaneously straightening the legs.
Symptoms :
 Knees touch each other in standing & walking position.
 Knees touch each other in running.
 Knee pain.
 Pain in feet, hips, and ankles.
 Stiff joints.
 lack of balance when standing

Causes
 Obesity
 Deficiency of vitamin D
 Rickets
 Early age walk or standing
 Malnutrition
 Enlargement of medial ligament of both knees quickly as compare to lateral
ligament.
 Lifting heavy load for long time.

Corrective Measures :-
 Horse riding
 Padamasana
 Standing with pillow between the knee
 Use walking calliper
 Straight leg lift.
 Straight leg knee press on the towel placed under the knee
 Side kicking the football

4) Bow Leg or Genu Varum:-

 Bow legs is when the legs curve outward at the knees while the feet and ankles
touch.
 Infants and toddlers often have bow legs.
 Sometimes, older kids do too.

Symptoms :
 Gap between the knees are increased
 Knee moves in outward direction in standing, walking & running.

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  Shape of legs look like the bow.
 Reduced range of motion in hips.
 Knee or hip pain that is not caused by an injury

Causes
 Enlargement of lateral ligament of both knee quickly as compare to medial
ligament.
 Weakness of bones and muscle.
 Long time cross leg sitting.
 Faulty style of Walking.
 Obesity
 Rickets
 Early age standing and walking

Corrective Measures :-
 Walking (feet twisted inward)
 Use of walking callipers.
 Massage therapy.
 Use those exercise which strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee such as
leg extension in laying position.
 Use yoga strap to bind the legs together then make cow face posture & forward
bending are recommended.
 Pilate exercise such as roll up & ballerina arms are effective to tone legs.
 Garud Asana, Ardh-Matsyendrasana
5) Round Shoulders:-
 The term rounded shoulders is used to describe a resting shoulder position that
has moved forward from the body's ideal alignment.
 Rounded shoulders, sometimes known as “mom posture,” are part of overall bad
posture, and they can get worse if left untreated.
Symptoms :

 The chin is down ward and head is bent forward

 Sound shape of solder

Causes
 Poor posture habits,
 Muscle imbalances
 Focusing too much on certain exercises, such as too much focus on chest strength
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 while neglecting the upper back.
 Using a smartphone or tablet
 Using a computer or laptop
 Sitting for long periods
 Driving a vehicle
 Bending over repeatedly
 Carrying heavy objects all day

Corrective Measures :-
 Chakra Asana
 Dhanur Asana
 Bhujang Asana
 Backward Bending
 Reverse Situp
 Ushtt Asana

3. Women’s participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological, and social benefits.

Women Participation in Sports at (World & India):-

World:-
 In Ancient Olympic Game women were not allowed to participate but in modern
Olympic game female has been active member (Except in first Modern Olympic
game in 1896)
 In second Olympic Game in 1900 held in Perris only 22 Women Participated in two
event- Golf & Tennis
 The start of 21 centuries was a turning point in women's sports history 4069
women participated in the 2000 Sydney Olympic out of 10500 participants.
 In 2008 Beijing Olympic Game out of the total 10700 participants 4637 were
women.
 In 2012 London Olympic Game out of the total 10960 participants 4862 were
women.
 In 2016 Rio Olympic Game 45% were women Which was the highest number ever
recorded.
India:-
 The first Olympic that saw female participants from India was the 1952 Helsinki
Olympic Games.
 In which four Indian women represented out of 64 athletes.
 The first India women took part in 2000 Olympia Games, Karnam Malleshwari
(weight lifting) become the first Indian women to have won a bronze medal.

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  In 2012 London Olympic Game M C Mary Kom (Boxer) Won a Bronze medal.
 In 2012 London Olympic game Sania Nehwal (Badminton) Won a Bronze medal.
 In 2016 Rio Olympic Game P V Sindhu (Badminton) won first time Silver Medal.
 In 2016 Rio Olympic game Sakshi Malik (Wrestling) won a Bronze medal.
 In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Game Neeraj Chopara (Athletics, javelin) won a Gold medal.
 In 2020 Tokyo Olympic game Mirabai Chanu (Weight lifting 49 kg weight category)
won a Silver medal. (202 kg lift)
 In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Game P V Sindhu (Badminton) won Bronze Medal.
 In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Game Indian Hockey team men team won Bronze Medal
after 28 years in Hockey game.
 Today, Indian Society has recognized many Indian Sports women which are playing
in the role model and they are changing trend of women participation in games &
sports.
 Some top women athlete from India who have proved their sports ability at
international arena are:-
P T Usha - Atheletics Mitali Raj - Cricket
Mary kom - Boxing Anjali Bhagavat - Shooting
P V Sindhu - Badminton Manjeet Kaur - Cricket
Sania Nehwal - Badminton Neelam J Singh - Thrower
Sakshi Malik - Wrestling Jwala Gutta - Badminton
Sania Mirza - Lawn Tennis Dola Banerje - Archery
Geeta Phogat - Wrestling Deepika Kumari - Archery
Dipa Karmakar - Gymnastics Tania Sachdev - Chess
Deepika Pallikal - Squash Rani Rampal - Hockey

1. Women participation in Sports – Physical, Psychological and Social benefits

1. Physical Benefits
(i) Lifestyle Diseases
 Sports participation helps women to stay active which, in turn, reduces
chances of lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity etc.
and enables them to live a healthy life.
(ii) Bone Density
 There is a higher chance of osteoporosis in female than males.
 Sports help them to increase their bone density and have stronger bones.
(iii) Toned Muscles
 Regular exercise and participation in sports increases the muscle tone of
women which helps them to stay strong.

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 (iv) Cardiovascular System
 Regular exercise helps increase the number of capillaries, helping them in the
intake of oxygen.
 This enables women to participate in sports for a longer period without getting
fatigued.
(v) Obesity
 Obesity is one lifestyle disease which is found in every part of the world.
 Most of the India’s population is also suffering from this disease.
 Women has more chances of being obese than men, regular participation in
sports helps them to stay in shape and stay fit.
2. Psychological Benefits
 Participation in sports has a great impact on women psychologically as it gives
them confidence and enhances their self-esteem.
 It gives them that sense of achievement which empowers them to achieve and
overcome any obstacles that they may have faced.
 Some of the psychological benefits of participation in sports are:
(i) Stress Management
 Any physical activity releases lot of hormones in our body which helps us to
stay happy and reduces stress levels.
 Sportspersons, men and women, who participate in sports can manage their
stress better than those who don’t participate in the sports.
(ii) Control Emotions
 Women, like their male counterparts, who participate in sports are well
equipped to manage their emotions as they face difficult situations in the game
which take a toll on them, and regular participation makes them emotionally
stronger.
(iii) Confidence
 Every small win increases the confidence of the winner.
 Thus, when a woman participates in sports and wins, it gives not just her, but
other women sportspersons a sense of achievement and really boosts their
confidence.
 This renewed confidence in themselves they bring to all areas of their life.
(iv) Self – Esteem
 Sports helps women to realise their self-worth and when they achieve or even
participate in sports, they get a boost in their self-image and that helps them to
realise their own worth, which is very important for an individual.
(v) Leadership
 One of the best quality about sports is that it inculcates or bring out the
leadership skills or qualities of an individual.

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  Those women, or men, who participate in sports better are able to lead people
even outside the sports as well.
3. Social Benefits
 Women participation in sports helps them to be more open towards society as it
helps them to communicate with others and helps them to bond with their
teammates and other officials.
 Some of the social benefits of sports are as follows:
(i) Coordination
 Sport helps in increasing and improving the coordination between team
players and women who participate in sports learn the skill of working in
coordination with others.
(ii) Communication
 Communication is an integral part of sports as players must communicate with
each other while playing.
 It helps women participants to be more vocal and expressive.
(iii) Inter-relationships
 A sport is not played in isolation, it’s a team effort, whether it is inside the team
or as supporting staff, the player must maintain her relationship with everyone
in the team.
 Women participants learn to maintain their relationships and respect each
other whether it is on the field or off the field.
(iv) Cooperation
 Women learn to cooperate with each other when they are playing on the field.
 This becomes a part of their life also as they learn to work and cooperate with
others in total harmony and peace.
Reasons for women to have less participation in sports:-

 Lack of legislation
 Lack of time
 Lack of self-confidence
 Male dominated cultural of sports

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  Lack of interest of spectators
 No media coverage of women’s sports
 Lack of female sports person as role models
 Lack of fitness & wellness movement.
 Lack of education among women.
 Attitudes of society towards women’s sports participation.
 Lack of personal safety.
 Lack of proper scientific equipment's & facilities.
 Sports & games are considered masculine.
 Depression & Aggression level.
 Competitiveness.

The steps to improve participation of women in sports & games.

 Motivation and inspiration to women for participation.
 Support from family and parents.
 To organise camps, seminar and workshops.
 To provide knowledge and media coverage.
 Educating women at grass root level for participation.
 Provide better infrastructure and facilities.
 Ensuring safety and security of women.
 More opportunity for competition.
 Develop new techniques and environments.
 To build physical and psychological strength.
 Healthy and balance food.
 Better incentives and awards.
 Change in attitude and perception at village level.
 Equality and community mobilizing.
 Development of self Confidence.
 Financial help
 Employment and career
 Designing and implementing governmentpolicies.

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2.1 Special Consideration

SpecialConsideration

Menarche Menstrual Dysfunction It

It is the first menstrual is a disorder Ir reIrrgu laritylanin
egu ofg
bleeding and is a central women’smenstrualcycle. In
event of femalepuberty. order words “Abnormal
Bleeding” During the
menstrual cycle
Symptoms of Menarche:-
 Cramps (pain in your lower belly or lower back)
 Bloating (when your belly feels puffy)
 Breakouts (getting pimples)
 Sore breasts
 Feeling tired
 Mood swings (when your emotions change quickly or you feel sad, angry, or
anxious)
Cause of early Menarche:-
 Increase incidence of childhood obesity
 Low birth weight
 Exposure to smoking (Mother or Girl)
 Children not provide breast feeding
 Lack of exercise
 Inadequate diet
 Family conflicts causing stress over girl
Activities during Menarche
 Moderate Physical Activity without any complication
 Where heavy training schedule of physical activity should be participate with
care of personal cleanliness and hygienic factor.
 If complication arises during menarche due to physical activity, female should
consult doctor.
Symptoms of Menstrual Dysfunction
 Abnormal menstrual bleeding
 Pain or cramping
 Depression
 Headaches
 Emotional distress
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  Bloating or fullness in the abdomen
 Absence of menstrual periods
 Abnormal Cramps
 Irregular menstrual period
 Delay in the first menstrual period

Cause of Menstrual Dysfunction:-

 Uterine fibroids.
 Hormonal imbalances.
 Clotting disorders.
 Cancer.
 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - cysts on the ovaries.
 Genetics.
Activities during Menstrual Dysfunction
 The research has provided that female can participate in light to moderate physical
activity without any complication.
 Where heavy training schedule of physical activity should be participate with
care of personal cleanliness and hygienic habits.
 If complication arises during Menstrual Dysfunction due to physical activity,
female should consult doctor
2.2 Female Athletes Triad

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Female Athletes Triad:-
 Female Athletes triad means a syndrome in which osteoporosis, amenorrhea and
eating disordersarepresent inthefemale.

 The triad is a serious disorder or illness with lifelong health consequences and can
be very fatal.

 In fact it is syndrome of three interrelatedconditions.

A)- Osteoporosis :-
It is a skeleton disorder which refers as to the decreased bone material
contents.
Symptoms of Osteoporosis:-

 Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra

 Loss of height over time
 A stooped posture
 A bone that breaks much more easily than expected

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 Cause of Osteoporosis:-

 Insufficient calcium in diet

 Amenorrhea
 Eating disorder
 Age
 Gastrointestinal surgery
 Cancer
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Excessive alcohol consumption
 Tobacco use
 Bad eating Habit
Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis
 Proper Diet
 Regular Exercise
 Strengthening Exercise
 Good Life style
(B) Amenorrhea:- It is a menstrual disorder or illness in female of 18 years
or above either never began menstruating or there is an absence of
menstruation for three months and more.

Symptoms of Amenorrhea

 Hair loss.
 Headache.
 Vision changes.
 Excess facial hair.
 Pelvic pain.
Causes of Amenorrhea

 Pregnancy
 Cancer chemotherap y
 Antidepressants
 Blood pressure drugs
 Allergy medications
 Excessive exercise.
 Low body weight
 Stress
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  Intake of less carbohydrates or calories.
 Hormone changes
Prevention and Management of Amenorrhea:-
 Weight should be control
 Level of Physical Activity should be maintain
 Reduce access Stress
Types of Amenorrhea:-
a) Primary Amenorrhea:-
It means that no menstrual period seen in the female on age 10 and it seen also
that at the age of i4 years with the underdevelopment of secondary sexual
characteristics or non menstrual bleeding
b) Secondary Amenorrhea:-
It means that the continuous absence of menstrual cycle for 3 or 4months
regularly or less than three periods per year..
(C) Eating disorders:
When people began to eat more than normal or very small amountsit is
known as eating disorders.
These types are
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa

1) Anorexia Nervosa:
 This is a psycho-physical condition. It is characterised by lack of appetite and a
associated with the subconscious desire to remain slim.
 Such a felling usually develops in young women or adolescence female in order
to retain their body figure and image.
 As a result of this, there is a refusal to maintain normal body weight from their
fear of becoming obese and spoiling theirfigure.
Anorexia
 It is an eating disorder which is affecting the youth nowadays., It is a dangerous
disorder for our health and well being.
 Anorexia can lead to many problems such as bone loss, loss to skin integrity and
many even cause menstruation to stop.
 It puts great stress on the heart and interreges the risk of heart attacks and other
heart related problems.
 Individual suffering from anorexia also face an increased risk of death.

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Causes of Anorexia ::
1. Psychologicalfactors:
 Individualssufferingfromanorexia are generally perfectionists.
 Due to their obsession with keeping themselves fit,
 they are always conscious about their body.
 For this, they do not even hesitate to use art factual means.
 Eating too little, excessive exercise,
 always being conscious about their body weight and physicalappearance
2. Socialfactors:
 Culturaland socialconstructs about being thin and beautiful put severe pressure on
individuals and may cause anorexia.
 Specific social and cultural ideas relating to health and beauty,
 promote weight loss and begin thin as the ideal indicators of success and self-
worth.
 Sometimes, parents and relatives may also be critical or their children’s physical
appearance which may lead toanorexia.
3. Biological factors:
 Biological factors such a circular hormonal functions and nutritional deficient
may cause anorexia.
 Genetics also play a significant role in anorexia asparents sufferingfromanorexiaare
moreprone to having children who are likely to develop anorexia.
Symptoms of Anorexia
 Significant underweight.
 Anemia
 Low pulse rate
 Low blood pressure
 Decrease in body temperature:
 Failure of menstruations or cessation of the same once established:
 Denial of illness
 Self-induced vomiting:
 Excess eating at times.
 Laxative or derelict abuse.
Prevention and Management of Anorexia
 People should be encourage to inculcate a positive self- esteem and body image.
 Body sizes should not be criticized and students should not be taught to be
preoccupied with their weight.

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  Students should have knowledge of generic factors that determine body weight.
They should be made to understand that being thin is not the most important
means to be popular, beautiful or successful.
 They should have a healthy approach towards their eating and exercising habits
and should avoid the company of those people who are obsessed about their
body weight.
Bulimia:-
It is an affecting adolescence girls or young women it is characterised by period
of excessive eating (binge) alternating with normal eating.

Types of Bulimia
1. Purging,
2. Non-purging.
Causes of Bulimia: .
 Genetic factors
 Psychological Factors:
 To maintain weight categories in sports:
 Pressure of performance in sports:.
 Social factors
Symptoms of Bulimia
 Frequent episodes of self-induced vomiting,
 Feeling of thirst,
 Swelling and inflammation in food pipe,
 Overeating or episodes of binge eating,
 Excessive physical activities to remain slim misuse of medical aids,
 Red coloured eyes due to broken blood vessels caused by vomiting jerks,
 Peptic ulcers,
 Erosion of dental enamel,
 Disturbed body image,
Revelation and management of Bulimia :
 Individuals should take a balanced diet and follow healthy eating habits.
 A proper regimen of exercise should be followed regularly to maintain a healthy
lifestyle.
 Bulimia can also prevent by having a positive self and body image. Individuals
should not be critical of their body shapes and sizes and focus or maintaining
proper lifestyle.
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