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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………… i.

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 2

Importance of the Study …………………………………………… 2

Objectives of the Study …………………………………………… 4

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES …………………………………………… 5

METHODOLOGY …………………………………………… 13

Experimental Site …………………………………………… 13

Experimental Materials …………………………………………… 13

Experimental Animals …………………………………………… 13

Experimental Treatment and Design …………………………………………… 13

Recommended Level …………………………………………… 14

Experimental Layout …………………………………………… 15

Experimental Supplemented …………………………………………… 16

DATA TO BE GATHERED …………………………………………… 17

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES …………………………………………… 19

REFERENCES …………………………………………… 21
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INTRODUCTION

Importance of the Study

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is one of the efficient livestock sectors in

providing nutrition, both from eggs and meat that contain high animal sources (Basri et

al., 2018; Handarini et al., 2008). A quail egg weighing 10 g contains 13% protein that is

higher than protein content in a chicken egg (11%) (Saraswati and Tana, 2016). Quail

eggs contain antimicrobial nutrients, antioxidants, immuno-modulators, iron, vitamin A

and B12 (Kovacs-Nolan, et., al. 2005). The disadvantage of quail eggs is their high

cholesterol content (16.05 mg/g), which is significantly higher than chicken eggs with a

content of 7.65 mg/g (Aziz, et., al. 2012). Herbal ingredients can be used to improve the

performance of poultry because it has biological activity (Sharifi, et., al. 2013). In Broiler

chickens, herbal ingredients increase antibody titers against viral diseases, especially

Newcastle disease and also reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Jouybari, et., al.

2009; Houshmand et., al. 2012).

Turmeric is a rhizome obtained from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa).

Turmeric commonly known as “luyang dilaw “belong to the Zingiberacae family that is

rich in phenolic compounds with anti-mutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties

(Abdullah et al., 2010). Turmeric also contains active compounds such as curcumin,

desmethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydro curcuminoid (Kiuch et al.,

1993) with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nematocidal activities (Ammon, et., al.

1993; Kiuch, et., al. 1993; Osawa et., al. 1995).

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Moreover, turmeric powder contains phytoestrogens which stimulate the

development of ovarian follicles (Saraswati, et., al. 2014), therefore, supplementation of

turmeric powder improves egg production and egg weight (Gumus et al., 2018).

Yolk color is one of the main factors that influences the buying decision of

consumers because it is associated with the nutritional value of the egg (MOURA et al.,

2010). Another consumer demand is the consumption of healthy food with

no synthetic additives. Hence, turmeric powder can be used as a natural pigment. This

study aimed to determine the effect of supplementation of turmeric powder on the

performance and egg quality of Japanese quail (Attia, et., al. 2018).
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Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to determine the laying performance and egg quality

japanese quail supplemented with different levels of turmeric powder in feed.

Specifically, it will aim to:

1. Determine the laying performance and egg quality (egg production, egg weight,

egg size, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio); and

2. Evaluate the economic viability of using turmeric powder in laying performance

and egg quality through cost and return analysis.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

History of Japanese Quail

Japan cultivated Coturnix japonica in the 12th century AD for its voices. In the

1920s, intensive production began, leading to the introduction of egg lines to America,

Europe, and the Middle East (Ashok and Prabakaran, 2012).

Coturnix japonica has been the subject of extensive research, which has

demonstrated its value as an animal for avian research (Baumgartner, et. al., 2007; Jung,

et., al. 2009). The Japanese quail, the smallest farmed avian species (Panda and Singh,

1990), is gaining popularity in the commercial poultry industry for the production of meat

and eggs.

Even though people eat chicken eggs most frequently these days, other birds' eggs

can also be consumed on a daily basis. As an illustration the use of Japanese quail eggs is

growing in Ostrich eggs in South Africa, Europe, and America Duck eggs in countries in

southeast Asia. (Horbanczuk, et., al. 2008)

Turmeric Powder as Alternative on Antibiotics

The study of Lagua and Ampode (2021) “Turmeric powder: potential alternative

to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets”, there is an urgent need for the agricultural industry

to develop strategies to substitute antibiotics for food-producing animals, especially

poultry and livestock. Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) is one of the many medicinal

herbs promising agricultural products as natural feed additives in poultry diets. It is the

primary source of phenolic compounds such as curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin,

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demethoxycurcumin, and tetrahydrocurcuminoids. Several trials of the utilization of

turmeric in poultry have been conducted using the in vitro and in vivo methods, and it

was found out that turmeric and its derivatives have antimicrobial properties. The use of

turmeric powder as feed additives and supplements have been recommended as an

alternative to antibiotics for broiler chicken production.

As reported by Nova and Yellita (2015), the effect of turmeric powder (Curcuma

domestica Val) feeds on the blood of local ducks. The study used 80 head day old duck

(DOD), Pitalah male duck, which was placed on the 20 unit enclosure plot, with 4

treatments and 5 replications. The treatments given are A (feed + 0.0% turmeric powder),

B (feed + 0.2% turmeric powder), C (feed + 0.4% turmeric powder) and D (feed + 0.6%

turmeric powder). Data obtained during the 11-week maintenance period were analyzed

using analysis of variance based on a randomized block design (RBD), followed by

Ducan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Giving turmeric powder (Curcuma domestica

Val) up to 0.6% very significant increase (P<0.01) the number of erythrocytes,

hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and total lymphocyte persentasse, while the

number of heterophile, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils real decrease (P<0.05). The

study states that the using of turmeric powder (Curcuma domestica Val) up to 0.6% in the

diet can improve health status have shown the blood conditions...

According to Nuraini, et., al. (2019). Turmeric (Curcuma domestica, Val) extract

(TE) is a natural source of yellow-orange pigment and a natural source of antioxidant,

antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antitumor compounds. The present study

was conducted to evaluate the effect of TE as a feed additive on egg production

performances and egg quality of laying quail. The basal diet contained 20% crude protein
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and 2800 kcal kg–1. The parameters measured were feed intake, hen day-egg production,

egg weight, egg mass production, feed conversion, egg yolk color and egg cholesterol

content. Results: Increasing the TE level significantly increased (p<0.05) feed intake and

hen-day egg production, egg mass production and egg yolk color but significantly

decreased (p<0.05) feed conversion and egg cholesterol content. Feed intake, hen-day

egg production and yolk color were optimal with the inclusion of 20 ppm TE in the

drinking water while egg cholesterol content and feed conversion were lowest at this

concentration.

As cited by Saraswati and Tana (2016), feed and drinking water provided ad

libitum. Observed egg is an egg that was first produced. Parameters measured were the

age of sexual maturity, feed intake, body weight, physical qualities which include: weight

of egg, long axis, short axis, weight and thickness of shell, yolk index, Haugh unit, egg

shell index. Whereas the observed chemical quality were cholesterol, HDL, LDL, protein,

vitamin B12, vitamin A in eggs and egg shell calcium levels. The results showed that

administration of turmeric powder can accelerate the age of maturity, increasing the

levels of protein, HDL, vitamin A and B12 in eggs, decreasing the cholesterol and LDL

content in eggs, but did not affect feed intake, physical quality of eggs and egg shell

calcium levels. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that

supplementation of turmeric powder improves the chemical quality of Japanese quail

eggs (Coturnix japonica), so it is good for the development of quail embryos as well as

for consumption.

Turmeric powder could reduce cholesterol by increasing the activity of

cholesterol-7-α hydrolase or inhibit the activity of HMG Co-A reductase. Curcumin

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stimulated the conversion of cholesterol to bile acid, a path to eliminate the cholesterol

from the body. Turmeric feeding to birds significantly increased the intestinal villi length,

increase in the intestinal villi length could be attributed to the turmeric effect on gut

health by reducing intestinal pH, bacterial load and selectively increasing Lactobacillus

count. Antioxidants present in turmeric powder may effectively scavenge the generated

free radicals caused by stress, consequently resulting in improved ileal morphology.

Thinner intestinal epithelium enhances nutrient absorption and reduces the metabolic

demands of the gastrointestinal system. Thinning of the gastrointestinal walls tract may

be due to the inhibition of the microbial production of polyamines and volatile fatty

acids, known to increase enterocyte turnover rate and activity. This increased net energy

committed to maintaining the luminal tissue comes at the expense of more productive

purposes such as muscle accretion. Turmeric could control and limit the growth and

colonization of numerous pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of bacteria in the bird’s

gut resulting in balanced gut microbial ecosystems that lead to better feed utilization

reflected by improved feed conversion ratio. Turmeric powder modulates the gene

expression system of TLRs showing its immune-modulating properties (Dalal, et., al.

2018).

According to Dalal, et. al., (2018), the growing concerns of consumers on the use

of antibiotics as a growth promoter in livestock feed have fueled the interest in alternative

products. The future of these phytogenic feed additives depends on the characteristics of

herbs, the knowledge on their major and minor constituents, the in-depth knowledge on

their mode of action and their value based on the safety of animals and their products.

Curcumin stimulates bile production which will be required in emulsification of lipids.

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Supplementation of turmeric powder is expected to improve liver metabolism and

maximize vitellogenin synthesis. Vitellogenin is transported through the circulation to the

developing follicles and deposited on the yolk. Turmeric powder can also improve liver

function. Besides these properties they are also reported to stimulate feed intake and

endogenous secretion and enhance production. Digestibility of crude protein, crude fat,

ash and the biological value of protein increased with increasing levels of dietary

turmeric. Turmeric had a positive effect on lowering blood triglycerides, total cholesterol

and LDL-cholesterol. Turmeric also improved HDL-cholesterol and might be used as an

ingredient in laying hens’ diet for manipulating egg composition. The decrease of total

lipid and cholesterol may be due to the effect of essential oil compounds present in the

turmeric on lipid metabolism. Phenolic compounds administration like Curcumin may

reduce gut inflammation, improve digestibility of nutrients and metabolism.

Attia, et., al. (2017), found that turmeric supplementation significantly improved

feed conversion ratio and European production index in broiler chicks compared to the

control group and mannan oligosacride groups, suggesting turmeric as an alternative

antibiotic and comparable to mannan oligosaccharide. The study found that turmeric can

be used as a phytogenic feed additive without negative effects on broiler chickens'

productivity and economic traits. The study used 300, one-day old broiler chickens and

four treatments, including a control diet, a basal diet supplemented with turmeric powder,

thyme powder, and a combination of both. The study found that adding turmeric and

thyme powders to broiler chicks increased their body weight and feed intake, but not

significantly affecting feed intake. The addition of turmeric and thyme powders also

increased antibody newcastle and Influenza titres. The study involved 120 day old
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commercial broiler chicks and tested the performance of the diet supplemented with

turmeric powder. Three groups of birds were fed a diet supplemented with turmeric

powder, and their weight, gain, feed intake, and conversion efficiency were monitored

weekly. Blood samples were collected for hemoglobin concentration and packed cell

volume estimation.

The study investigated the effects of turmeric on Clostridium perfringens in

broiler chickens. After rearing for 30 days, the treatment groups were found to have

significantly decreased loads of C. perfringens, resulting in a decrease in chick mortality

and flock mortality. The study suggests that turmeric powder can reduce Necrotic

Enteritis (NE) by decreasing C. perfringens loads, potentially serving as a non-antibiotic

growth promoter in poultry and providing consumers with a pathogen-free protein source

(Ali, et. al., 2020).

The study of Singh, et. al., (2018) claims that the chicks were placed on one of

the dietary treatments basal diets without any supplement (CON) or 0.125% antibiotic

growth promoter (AGP) or 3 levels of turmeric powder i.e 0.5% (TP5), 1.0% TP (TP10)

and 1.5% TP (TP15). At the end of the experiment, the birds of antibiotic growth

promoter group had the highest (P<0.05) body weight gain as compared to the 0.5 and

1.5% turmeric powder and control group whereas chicks of the 1.0% turmeric powder

group had comparable body weight gain. There was no significant change in feed intake

among birds of different groups. Birds of antibiotic growth promoter group had better

(P<0.05) FCR as compared to the 0.5 and 1.5% turmeric powder and control group

whereas chicks of 1.0% turmeric powder and antibiotic group had comparable FCR. Dry

matter and crude protein retention improved (P<0.05) due to supplementation.

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Supplementation of 1.0 and 1.5% turmeric powder resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in

total protein and lower (P<0.05) serum cholesterol values than the 0.5%TP, antibiotic or

control group. The values of serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, creatinine

and enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) were unaffected (P>0.05) by treatments. Carcass

traits like dressing yield, giblet weight, cooking loss, pH, shear force and proximate

composition were not affected by treatments whereas separable fat and meat cholesterol

level reduced (P<0.05) in broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with 1.0 or 1.5%

turmeric powder. Dietary treatments did not affect sensory characteristics of the carcass.

Hence, dietary turmeric powder @ 1.0% could be used as an alternative to antibiotic

growth promoter in broiler chicken.

Rahardja et. al., (2015), found that turmeric powder supplementation significantly

improved egg production performance in old laying hens. The study involved 40 hens of

Hysex Brown strain and four treatment groups. The results showed that 4% turmeric

powder supplementation significantly reduced feed intakes and increased egg production.

The study also found that turmeric powder supplementation up to 4% improved egg

production performance with lower cholesterol content. The study by Hassan, et., al.

(2016) examined the impact of adding different levels of turmeric powder to laying hen

diets on productive performance and egg quality over an 8-week trial period. The results

showed no significant differences in body weight gain, feed consumption, egg

production, egg specific gravity, and Haugh unit among all dietary treatments. Hens fed

diets with 0 and 2% turmeric showed better feed conversion ratio and lower egg yolk

color. The study found that adding turmeric powder to laying hen diets up to 2% from 52

to 60 weeks of age can improve productive performance and egg quality.

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Quail eggs are typically mottled, with black and brown patches, and range in

color from white to brown. The correlation among internal traits, egg color, and shell

quality of Japanese quail was validated in many investigations, including those conducted

by Taha (2011).

Acceptance of Consumers in Japanese Quail Eggs

Egg quality is determined by an egg's attributes that influence customers'

acceptance of the product; as a result, managing the challenges associated with egg

marketing and preservation is critical to preserving the quality of the product. The

acceptance of shell eggs by consumers is influenced by various external parameters, such

as egg and shell weight, cleanliness, freshness, and Adeogun and Amole (2004), among

other quality attributes (Song, et. al., 2000).

Protein Content of Japanese Quail Eggs

Genchev (2012) detailed that quail egg features a higher substance of rough protein in

egg whites (14.1-14.6%) and lower substance of cinder in egg whites (0.76-0.78%) and

yolk (1.1-1.3%) as compared to comes about displayed by DUDUSOLA (2010).

SINANOGLOU et., al. (2011) gotten a comparable result to DUDUSOLA (2010) and

GENCHEV (2012) in yolk dry matter substance (53.8%), but they detailed lower fat and

higher fiery debris substance (27.45 and 2.63%, individually) in quail egg yolk.
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METHODOLOGY

Experimental Site
The study will be conducted at the Farm Project located at Purok 3, Turu,

Magalang, Pampanga. The experimental site lies approximately on latitude 15.243773”N

and longitude 120.732174”E with a Type 1 climate: dry and wet season with an average

elevation of 791ft.

Experimental Materials

The materials that will be used in the study are the following: one-hundred twenty

(120) quails, waterers, commercial feeds, feeding throughs, brooding and rearing pens,

light bulb, weighing scale, measuring cups, water drums, pen, and record book.

Experimental Animals

The common breeds in the country are Japanese quail, Japanese Seattle and

Japanese Taiwan. A total of 120 Japanese Quail at 42 day-olds will be used as

experimental animal for comparison. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is one of the

efficient livestock sectors in providing nutrition, both from eggs and meat that contain

high animal sources (Basri et al., 2018).

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Experimental Treatments and Design

In a completely random design (CRD), 120 quails are divided into four treatments

in three replicates. (Each replicates containing 10 quails). It reduces biases and other

prejudices by determining whether the data collected was significant or not.

The following are the treatments that will be used;

T0 – purely commercial feeds (control)

T1 – commercial feeds + 4 % turmeric powder (recommended)

T2 – commercial feed + 6 % turmeric powder

T3 – commercial feed + 8 % turmeric powder

Recommended Level

Rahardja et. al., (2015), found that turmeric powder supplementation significantly

improved egg production performance in old laying hens. The results showed that 4%

turmeric powder supplementation significantly reduced feed intakes and increased egg

production. The study also found that turmeric powder supplementation up to 4%

improved egg production performance with lower cholesterol content.

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Experimental Layout

T1R1 T3R3 T2R2 T4R3

T3R1 T2R1 T1R3 T4R1

T3R2 T2R3 T1R3 T4R2

Number of treatments = 4

Number of replications = 3

Number of birds/treatment = 40

Number of birds/replication = 10

Total number of birds = 120

Space requirements = 1 sq. ft./quail

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Experimental Supplement

Turmeric powder will serve as the experimental supplement that will be used in

the study. Turmeric powder: potential alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets”,

there is an urgent need for the agricultural industry to develop strategies to substitute

antibiotics for food-producing animals, especially poultry and livestock. Turmeric

(Curcuma longa Linn.) is one of the many medicinal herbs promising agricultural

products as natural feed additives in poultry diets (Lagua and Ampode, 2021).

Preparation of Turmeric powder

Turmeric root was peeled, sliced to 2 mm thickness and dried in an oven at 60 °C

for 30-36 hours, then grounded and sieved with a 25-mesh sieve (0.7 mm diameter).
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DATA TO BE GATHERED

The following parameters will be gathered:

a. Initial Weight - this will be taken on the start of the supplementation with the use

of weighing scale.

b. Final Weight - this will be taken on the last day of the study with the use of

weighing scale

c. Gain in Weight - the final weight will be subtracted to the initial weight to get the

gain in weight.

Gain in Weight = Final Weight - Initial Weight

d. Average Daily Gain in Weight - the gain in weight will be divided to the total

number of feeding days to get the ADG.

Ave. Gain in Weight

ADG = -------------------------
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No. of Feeding Days

e. Average Feed Consumption - amount of feeds fed to the animals from the start

up to the end of the study.

Feed Consumed = Feed Offered - Feed Refused

f. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) - This will be taken by dividing the feed

consumed by the total gain in weight.

Average Feed Consumption

FCR = -----------------------------------

Average Eggs Collected

g. Average Egg Production – this will be taken by dividing the total egg collected

with the total number of birds.

Total Egg Collected

AEP = --------------------------

Total No. of Birds

h. Egg Weight and Size - the eggs collected will be sorted according to weight and

size.
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i. Average Water Consumption – total water given will be subtracted to water not

consumed to get the average water consumed by the birds.

AWC = Total water given - Water not consumed

j. Cost and Return Analysis - All expenses that will be incurred will be recorded in

determining the cost of production. Gross income, net income and return on investment

will also be computed.

Net Income = Gross Income - Total Expenses

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Housing and Pens

No more than 30 quails in one cage. Its dimensions should be within 1 m (length)

to 0.4 m (width). The height of the cage is not more than 20 cm. Each cage will be

subdivided in to three cages with 10 quails per row, with the measurement of 33 cm long

to 40 cm width and 20 cm height. The height of the back wall is 20 cm, and the front wall

is 25 cm. The angle of inclination of the floor towards the egg tray is 8-10 degrees. The

egg collector should protrude 7-10 cm and have sides (so that the eggs do not fall down).

The front wall, fastened with hinges or a simple wire, serves as a door. Clean, fresh water

should be provided at all times.

Feeds and Feeding

All experimental animals will be fed ad libitum. Feeding time for Japanese quail

every 6:30 in the morning and 3:30 in the afternoon. Quails in T0 will be fed 100%
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commercial feeds (control), T1 quails will be fed with commercial feeds + .5% turmeric

powder, T2 quails will be fed with commercial feeds + 1.5 % turmeric powder while T3

quails will be fed with commercial feeds + 3 % turmeric powder.

Provision of Drinking Water

Clean drinking water will be given three times a day to ensure freshness for the

whole duration of the study.

Lighting

Japanese quail requires 14–18 hours of light per day at 6:00 p. m – 8 a. m to

maintain maximum egg production and fertility. This means that supplementary lighting

must be provided during the rainy and cold months to maintain production. Each cage

will be provided at least 10-watt light bulb.

Prevention and Control of Diseases

Colistine sulphate will be used for Salmonellosis & E.coli infections at the first

three (3) days of age via intraocular route at the rate of one drop per bird. Upon reaching

seven (7) days of age, Hitchner B1 vaccine will be used against Newcastle disease via

intraocular route with one drop per bird.

Sanitation Practices
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Cleaning of the feeding and water troughs will be done every day. Clean drinking

water will be made available at all times. To avoid foul odor and to maintain proper

sanitation, removal of manure will be done daily with the use of Hydrogen peroxide.

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Ampode E, KM (2021). Turmeric powder: potential alternative to antibiotics in broiler

chicken diets. J. Anim. Health Prod. 9(3): 243-253.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=

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Linn.) as a phytogenic growth promoter alternative for antibiotic and comparable

to mannan oligosaccharides for broiler chicks. Revista mexicana de ciencias

pecuarias, 8(1), 11-21.

 22

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 23

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Hassan, S. M. (2016). Effects of adding different dietary levels of turmeric (Curcuma

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