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PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Magalang, Pampanga
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology

CARCASS QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKEN (Gallus gallus domesticus)

SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BETAINE AND
CHOLINE

_______________________________

A Research
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture System and Technology
Pampanga State Agricultural University

_______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Animal Science)

By

RAFA L. LAXAMANA
May 2024
 1ii.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………… i.

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………… ii.

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 2

Importance of the Study …………………………………………… 2

Objectives of the Study …………………………………………… 4

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES …………………………………………… 5

METHODOLOGY …………………………………………… 11

Experimental Site …………………………………………… 11

Experimental Materials …………………………………………… 11

Experimental Animals …………………………………………… 11

Experimental Treatment and Design …………………………………………… 11

Recommended Rate …………………………………………… 12

Experimental Layout …………………………………………… 13

Experimental Supplement …………………………………………… 14

DATA TO BE GATHERED …………………………………………… 15

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES …………………………………………… 17

REFERENCES …………………………………………… 19

INTRODUCTION
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Importance of the Study

The optimization of carcass quality in broiler chicken production stands as a

pivotal endeavor, blending scientific inquiry with economic acumen to meet the

dynamic demands of modern food markets. Carcass ability, embodying attributes such

as meat yield, tenderness, flavor, and shelf life, is not only central to consumer

satisfaction but also intricately linked with the economic sustainability of poultry

production systems. In this research, we delve into the multifaceted realm of carcass

quality enhancement through the strategic supplementation of broiler diets with

various levels of betaine and choline (Zhang, Ji, Zhao, and Li, 2014).

Despite significant advancements in genetics, nutrition, and management

practices, the broiler chicken industry grapples with the persistent challenge of

inconsistent carcass quality. Variability in carcass traits not only impacts, consumer

pre- ferences and market prices but also reverberaves throughout the poultry value

chain, affecting processing costs product utilization, and overall profitability (Leeson

and Sumers, 2005). The academic repercussions of suboptimal carcass quality are

profound, necessitating proactive measures to mitigate fluctuations and bolster

competitiveness in an increasingly discerning market place.

In addressing the challenge of inconsistent carcass quality, this study examines

the potential of betaine and choline supplementation as nutritional interventions.

Betaine, a methyl donor and osmolyte, is recognized for its role in enhancing meat

yield, tenderness, and water-holding capacity. Choline, a precursor to acetylcholine

and a key constituent of cell membranes, influences lipid metabolism and meat flavor

(Crespo and Esteve-Garcia, 2002) stated that by supplementing broiler diets with

varying levels of betaine and choline, the study aims to optimize carcass quality while
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considering the economic implications of dietary intervention (Rama Rao, Raju,

Panda, and Poonam, 2011).

This research explores the effects of betaine and choline supplementation on

carcass quality and economic performance in broiler chicken production systems.

Through feeding trials and economic analyses, it aims to identify optimal

supplementation strategies that enhance carcass quality while maintaining cost-

effectiveness. The study integrates empirical data with economic insights to provide

actionable recommendations for poultry producers and industry stakeholders,

promoting a sustainable and economically viable approach to carcass quality

enhancement. Additionally, the research seeks to enrich understanding of poultry

nutrition and production, emphasizing the relationship between dietary interventions,

carcass quality, and economic outcomes. By sharing findings, the research aims to

assist poultry producers, nutritionists, and policymakers in making informed decisions

to optimize both product and economic efficiency, supporting the long-term resilience

of the broiler chicken industry.

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Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study aims to determine the carcass quality of broiler carcass

quality of broiler chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) supplemented with different

levels of betaine and choline.

Specifically, the study will aim to;

1. determine the following parameters;

1.1 Carcass Component Yield,

1.2 pH,

1.3 Cooking loss,

1.4 Color, and

1.5 Feed Consumption

1.6 Feed Conversion Ratio

2. evaluate the economic viability using choline and betaine in broiler

production through cost and return analysis.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Choline as Carcass Promoter in Broiler

In a study on slow-growing chicks, dietary choline supplementation at 300

mg/kg diet increased body weight gain (BWG) by 3.2% and feed conversion ratio

(FCR) slightly. Adding betaine at 0.072% or 0.144% further improved BWG and

FCR, and also increased serum total protein and albumin. Higher choline levels

reduced abdominal fat, but the lowest choline level (872 mg/kg) was sufficient when

0.072% betaine was added. Overall, betaine enhanced growth performance and serum

protein levels, especially when combined with lower choline diets (Attia et al., 2005).

Focused on carcass and meat quality traits of medium-growing broiler chickens

fed on diets containing different levels of betaine and choline. The details of the

findings are not specified in the search results (Tavaniello et al., 2022).

Sanaa A. M. AL-Hameed, Abbas. S.H. AL-Machi, and Jassim K.M. AlGharawi

(2020) investigated the effects of supplemental betaine and choline on productive

performance of broiler chickens, finding improvements in body carcass quality and

feed conversion ratio with 6000 parts per million (PPM) betaine and 1.5 gm

choline/kg feed.

Summers (2013) conducted a study to evaluate the effects of additional choline

or betaine in broiler diets under varying temperature conditions. The experiment

involved 800 Cobb M X Cobb 500 broilers housed in eighty pens and subjected to

five different dietary treatments, with some receiving added choline or betaine. The

broilers were kept in either thermoneutral or high-temperature environments. Results

indicated that while temperature had a significant negative impact on feed intake and

efficiency, the dietary supplements did not notably affect performance. This outcome
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was potentially due to higher-than-expected methionine levels in the feed, which

could have masked the effects of choline supplementation. The research highlights the

need for further investigation into the benefits of choline or betaine supplementation

in broiler diets, especially under conditions of heat stress.

Betaine's diverse benefits in poultry nutrition

The study examined the impact of betaine supplementation on broiler chickens,

revealing that while increased dietary protein levels improved body weight gain and

feed conversion, betaine’s effects were variable. Betaine supplementation, particularly

in low-protein diets, significantly raised serum total protein, albumin, and glutathione

peroxidase levels, and enhanced nitrogen digestibility. It also reduced excreta

ammonia gas emission, but did not affect breast meat quality or organ weights.

Overall, betaine improved certain blood parameters and reduced noxious gas

emissions, but did not increase overall productivity. (Park and Kim, 2019).

Ratriyano et al. (2019) explored the use of betaine as a dietary supplement to

produce leaner carcasses in poultry. The study involved 200 female broiler chickens

and examined the effects of betaine supplementation on carcass characteristics. The

diets, containing 0.50% and 0.38% methionine, were enhanced with 0.10%, 0.20%,

and 0.30% betaine. Results showed no impact on slaughter weight or carcass and

breast yield. However, betaine significantly reduced abdominal fat by 29.8–42.5%

and meat fat content by 9.2–35.9%. This indicates that betaine effectively reduces fat

deposition in broilers without affecting other growth parameters.

In a study to assess betaine’s ability to substitute methionine in chicken diets,

576 broiler chicks were given varying levels of methionine and betaine over 41 days.

The study found that while dl-methionine significantly enhanced growth and feed
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efficiency, betaine’s impact was minimal and not statistically significant. Although

betaine did not match methionine’s role in protein metabolism, it did contribute to a

higher carcass yield. Therefore, betaine cannot replace methionine as an essential

amino acid in broilers’ diets (Esteve-Garcia and Mack, 2000).

An experiment with broiler male chicks investigated the impact of betaine (Bet)

supplementation in diets containing varying concentrations of methionine (Met).

Betaine improved weight gain, breast yield, and feed conversion efficiency.

Lymphocyte proliferation ratio (LPR) increased with Bet supplementation. Serum

concentrations of protein, globulin, and cholesterol were also enhanced. Overall, Bet

supplementation positively influenced broiler growth and immune responses in a diet

with sub-optimal Met levels (Raoh et al 2011).

In a study addressing the impact of climate change on poultry, 600 Ross 308

chicks were subjected to diets with varying levels of betaine (BT) and organic

minerals (Oms) to counteract heat stress (HS). HS negatively affected growth, but BT

and Oms supplementation improved performance, nearly normalizing it. While HS

increased cholesterol and hepatic malondialdehyde, BT and Oms reduced these levels.

The combination of 500 ppm Oms and 2,000 ppm BT was particularly effective,

enhancing mineral digestibility and normalizing gene expressions related to stress and

growth, even under HS conditions. This suggests that BT and Oms can mitigate some

of the adverse effects of HS on broilers (Saleh et al.,2023).

The study Investigated the effects of betaine (Bet) and protected calcium

butyrate (PCB) on Japanese quails, with 144 birds divided into four groups, including

a control and three treatment groups supplemented with Bet, PCB, or both. The

findings revealed no significant differences in most performance metrics and carcass

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traits, except for serum glucose and triglyceride levels. Bet supplementation notably

increased liver weight, while PCB reduced serum glucose. Importantly, all treatment

groups showed improved carcass yield and meat quality, with lower blood serum

triglyceride, malondialdehyde (MDA), and breast meat pH levels. These results

suggest that Bet and PCB together enhance carcass yield and meat quality, indicating

a need for further research on their broader biological impacts on poultry

(Anonymous, 2023).

According to Susmita et al. (2022) The study explored the role of betaine in

broiler diets, particularly in diets deficient in methionine. It involved 270 broiler

chicks and tested diets with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% levels of betaine. The results

indicated that betaine supplementation led to improved growth performance, higher

carcass yield, and reduced abdominal fat. Additionally, it enhanced the birds’

immunity against Newcastle disease and their tolerance to oxidative stress, ultimately

resulting in a better net profit over feed cost by the end of the 42-day period. This

suggests that betaine can be a beneficial addition to broiler diets, especially when

methionine is limited.

In a comparative study, 105 broiler chicks were divided into three groups to

assess the effects of natural and synthetic betaine on their growth and intestinal health.

The group fed with natural betaine showed improved body weight and weight gain,

without negative impacts on intestinal permeability. In contrast, synthetic betaine

(betaine-HCL) did not affect growth and was found to compromise intestinal

integrity, as indicated by increased paracellular permeability and upregulation of IFN-

γ mRNA, which can lead to barrier dysfunction. This suggests that while natural
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betaine is beneficial for broilers, synthetic betaine may have adverse effects on their

intestinal health (Awad et al., 2022).

The study focused on mitigating heat stress in Japanese quail by spraying eggs

with betaine. 750 eggs were divided into two groups, with one experiencing high

temperatures. The results showed that high temperatures impaired growth and health

indicators, but betaine treatment, especially at 2000 mg/L, significantly improved

hatchability, chick weight, and health markers like blood protein and T3 hormone

levels. It also reduced liver enzyme levels and feed consumption. The study concludes

that betaine spray at 2000 mg/L is beneficial for optimizing quail performance under

heat stress conditions (Aboughaba et al., 2023).

According to Al-Sagan et al. (2021), high temperatures in hot climates can

significantly affect broiler production. Heat stress reduces growth performance and

increases susceptibility to diseases. The study examined the impact of dietary betaine

fortification on broiler chickens under different temperature conditions. Results

showed that 0.1% betaine supplementation improved growth, feed utilization, and

production index, especially during heat stress. The findings suggest that betaine

fortification could be a practical solution for enhancing poultry production in hot

regions.

Youssef Attia, R.A. Hassan, M.H. Shehatta, and Slawa B. Abd El-Hady (2005)

studied the responses of slow-growing chicks to different dietary levels ofmethionine

and betaine, noting that betaine supplementation improved body weight gain and feed

conversion ratio.
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According to Rao et al. (2011) Reported that betaine supplementation enhanced

the concentrations of protein, globulin, and cholesterol in the serum of broilers fed

sub- optimal concentrations of methionine.

Presented data on FCR, showing that higher levels of betaine supplementation

significantly improved FCR, while lower levels had no significant effect compared to

the control group (Chand et al., 2017).

Choline's impact on broiler growth and liver health

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of choline chloride supplementation on

the growth and carcass traits of modern broilers. A total of 2160 Ross 708 × Yield

Plus broiler chicks were fed diets with incremental levels of choline chloride for 32

days. The findings indicated that while overall growth performance and carcass yield

were not affected, there was a tendency for reduced abdominal fat with higher choline

levels. Interestingly, drumstick yield decreased in birds receiving more than 800

mg/kg of feed. This suggests that while additional choline may not enhance growth, it

could influence certain carcass characteristics in broilers (Greg et al., 2022).

According to Jahanian and Rahmani (2008) the research on Choline’s Impact on

Broiler Growth explored the impact of choline supplementation on growth

performance and liver health in broilers. The study found positive correlations

between choline supplementation and improved growth metrics.

Alternative protein sources in broiler diets: Impact on carcass and meat quality

Jakub Biesek et al. (2020) explored the potential of legume seeds and rapeseed

meal as alternatives to soybean meal in broiler diets. The study concluded that these

alternative protein sources did not significantly affect carcass characteristics and meat

quality.
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METHODOLOGY

Experimental Site

The study will be conducted at Arenas, Arayat, Pampanga. The experimental

site lies approximately on latitude 15.212773”N and longitude 120.734474”E with a

Type 1 climate: dry and wet season with an average elevation of 241m.

Experimental Materials

The materials that will be used in the study are the following: one-hundred

twenty (120) broiler chicken, choline, betaine, waterers, commercial feeds, feeding

throughs, brooding and rearing pens, light bulb, weighing scale, measuring cups,

water drums, pen, record book, and camera.

Experimental Animals

One hundred and twenty (120) Cobbs will be used as the experimental animals

for comparison. Cobbs, a type of well-rounded meat chicken, are known for their

adaptability to various environments in the Philippines. They can flourish in semi-

intensive and free-range farming systems, even though they are usually raised in

traditional farming setups (Satori, 2017).

Experimental Treatment and Design

The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) process will be used to distribute

one hundred and twenty (120) Cobb broiler chicks. With thirty (30) heads each

treatment, the chicks will be split equally across four (4) treatments. Three (3)

replications of each treatment, each with ten (10) heads, will be conducted.
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The following treatments are as follows:

T1 – Pure commercial feeds (control)

T2 – commercial feeds + 0.1% betaine (Al-Sagan et al., 2021) + 300mg/kg choline

(Attiea et a., 2005)

T3 – commercial feeds + 0.05% betaine + 200mg/kg choline

T4 – commercial feeds + 0.01% betaine + 100mg/kg choline

Recommended Rate

Betaine

According to Al-Sagan et al. (2021), high temperatures in hot climates can

significantly affect broiler production. The study examined the impact of dietary

betaine fortification on broiler chickens under different temperature conditions.

Results showed that 0.1% betaine supplementation improved carcass, feed utilization,

and production index, especially during heat stress. The findings suggest that betaine

fortification could be a practical solution for enhancing poultry production in hot

regions.

Choline

Attiea et al. (2005) recommended that on slow-growing chicks, dietary choline

supplementation at 300 mg/kg diet increased body weight gain (BWG) by 3.2% and

feed conversion ratio (FCR) slightly.

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Experimental Layout

T1R2 T2R1 T3R1

T4R1 T3R2 T1R3

T2R3 T4R3 T2R2

T3R3 T1R1 T4R2

Figure 1. Experimental Layout

Number of treatments = 4

Number of replications = 3

Number of birds/treatment = 30

Number of birds/replication = 10

Total number of birds = 120

Space requirements = 1 sq. ft./bird

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Experimental Supplement

Betain and Choline will be the experimental supplement that will be used in

the study is locally available in the market.

Description of Betaine and Choline

Betaine, a methyl donor and osmolyte, is recognized for its role in enhancing

meat yield, tenderness, and water-holding capacity. Choline, a precursor to

acetylcholine and a key constituent of cell membranes, influences lipid metabolism

and meat flavor (Crespo and Esteve-Garcia, 2002). Rama Rao, Raju, Panda, and

Poonam (2011) stated that by supplementing broiler diets with varying levels of

betaine and choline, the study aims to optimize carcass quality while considering the

economic implications of dietary intervention.

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DATA TO BE GATHERED

1. Initial weight (g) – This will be taken by weighing prior to grouping the birds

for brooding.

2. Final weight – This will be taken at the end of the study.

3. Gain in weight – This will be taken by getting the difference of final weight

of the birds and initial weight of the birds.

Gain in weight = (Final weight – initial weight)

4. Carcass Component Yield - The carcass weight will be obtained after

removing the head, neck, and shanks. Then, the main commercial segments

(e.g., warm carcass, breast, and leg) and marginal parts (e.g., wings,

abdominal fat, spleen, testicles, heart, and gallbladder) will be weighed.

Finally, the values will be expressed as a percentage of carcass weight.

5. pH - The initial pH (45 min after slaughtering) and ultimate pH (pH in 24 h

after slaughtering) will be measured on raw homogenized breast muscles of

chickens.

6. Cooking loss – This will be determined by weighing meat before and after

cooking.

Cooking loss = (Weight of meat before cooking – Weight of meat after cooking)

7. Color - The color profile of lightness, L*; redness, a*; yellowness, b* will be

measured by a reflectance colorimeter (ColorFlex EZ Spectrophotometer,

USA) in triplicate on raw breast meat. The device will be calibrated with black

and white standards before meat color determination.

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8. Feed consumption – This will be taken by subtracting the feed refusal from

the total feed offered.

Feed consumed = (Total feed given – Total Feed refused)

9. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) – This will be taken by dividing the feed

consumed by the total gain in weight.

Ave. Feed Consumed

Feed Conversion Ratio =
Ave. Gain in Weight

10. Cost and Return Analysis – All expenses that will be incurred will be

recorded in determining the cost of production. Gross income, net income and

return on investment will also be computed.

11. Statistical Analysis of Data – The data collected will be analyzed following

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and, treatment differences will be compared

by applying the Least Significant Differences (LSD).

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MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Housing

The study's house will be constructed from 120 square feet of coco lumber. net

and ft. There are twelve (12) 5 x 2 ft wire-mesh cages, each holding at least one

square foot. ft of area for each bird, replication, and treatment. Sacks will be used to

cover the walls and flooring in order to keep the temperature stable. Before the study

begins, electrical cabling and twelve (12) 10-watt brooding bulbs will be installed.

Weighing and Grouping of Birds

Before the study begins, the experimental birds' initial weight will be

determined using a weighing scale and recorded. The birds will then be divided into

their individual pens.

By using random selection, the birds will be grouped according to their

different treatments. At the conclusion of the study, the birds' final weight will be

determined and documented.

Feeds and Feeding

All experimental animals will be fed ad libitum. Refusals will be gathered

before feeding them to the next day.

After brooding period, treatments will be applied as follows: birds under

treatment 1 will serve as the control group, fed with pure commercial feeds; birds

under treatment 2 will be fed commercial feeds + 0.1% betaine (Al-Sagan et al., 2021)

+ 300mg/kg choline (Attiea et a., 2005); birds under treatment 3 will be fed

commercial feeds + 0.05% betaine + 200mg/kg choline; and birds under treatment 4

will be fed commercial feeds + 0.01% betaine + 100mg/kg choline.

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The schedule of feeding is as follows:

Age (Days) Type of Feeds

1-14 Chick Booster

15-28 Broiler Starter

29-42 Broiler Finisher

Provision of Drinking Water

Plain water will be given to all the treatments and replication the whole

duration of the study.

Health Program

The birds will receive an intraocular injection of one drop of the Infectious

Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccine at the age of seven (7) days. To avoid Newcastle

disease, the birds will receive a vaccination against the NCD vaccine Latosa Strain

when they turn ten (10) days old. For the duration of the study, appropriate daily bird

monitoring will also be conducted.

Sanitation Practices

Cleaning of the feeding and water troughs will be done every day. Clean

drinking water will be made available at all times. To avoid foul odor and to maintain

proper sanitation, removal of manure will be done daily. Hydrogen peroxide will

serve as the disinfectant in the study.

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