CAI Ddl TRONG TIEU THUYET MAC NGON

nTHimr

Tdm tit: Mgc Ngdn Id mdt trgng nhOng hiin tugng vdn hgc mang tinh thai dgi vai phang
cdch sdng tdc tuang ddi phang phu. Tdc phdm cua dng dugc dich ra gdn ba muai thU tiing
vd id mdn dn mai lg ddy hip ddn ddi vai ddc gid. Chinh su ket hgp gdn nhu hodn hdo giUa
yiu td Ddng vd Tdy, truyen thdng vd hiin dgi, cdt truyen vicg thuc vUa hu vai cdc yiu td ky
do vd mgt hi thdng md tip hinh dnh lap di lgp lgi ddy dm dnh dd ldm nin siic hdp ddn ky
diiu ndy. Trang phgm vi bdi viit ndy, chiing tdi se di vdo tim hiiu vdn de cdi ddi trong tiiu
thuyit Mgc Ngdn. Tic dd thiy dugc quan niim thdm my cua tdc gid gici gdm trang tdc phdm.
Tir khda: Mgc Ngdn, BiSu tupng, Cdi ddi, Tha hda, Vi tha

l\lo^ tdi Mgc Ngfln, ngudi ta lufln nhdn 1. Mo tip cai ddi - sir ddi khat viy bua
-t ' mgnh thdnh cflng cug flng ttong viec con ngiroi
kSt hpp nhudn tihuySn gitta Icy thu|t tiflu Tufli tho sflng ttong ngheo ddi nhiing lo'
thuyflt phuong Tly Men dai vdi ldi biflu Men Idng vfl miSng cam manh do khifln cho Mgc
cua vdn hda ddn gian Tnmg Qufle. Trong dd Ngdn ed dupc cdi nhin siu sdc va chan thyc
ed nhihig mfl tip dupc lap di lap lai nhu mflt vfl cupc sflng. Nong thon lgc h|u bimg bit
cflng cu tmyfln tdi quan niflm nghfl thu|t cda bio thu cung vdi sy ddi ngheo cua gia dmh
vd qufl huong dd anh hudng khflng nhfl den
nha vdn vfl con ngudi vd thfl gidi. Vgy dau Id
nhflng ttang van Mac Ngon. Chinh vi vdy
diSm kS thtta truySn thflng vdn hda Trung
ttong nhimg tdc phim diu tay flng ndi nUflu
Hoa vd diu Id net mdi dfl tgo nfln "phong
dfln vin dS bin ndng sinh ton cua con nguoi.
cdch kifln Mgc Ngfln" se dupc ehung tfli gidi
Ong cflng khong ngln nggi thtta nh|n muc
ddp ttong qud trinh giii ma he thflng biflu
dich ban diu khi sang tie la sy khao khdt
tupng ndi chung v i cie mfl tip h'mh dnh ndi nhttng mdn dn ngon, dupe an "mfli ngdy ba
riflngttongtiflu thuySt Mgc Ngdn. btta bdnh ehflo nhin thit, can mpt miflng
Nim ttong he thflng biflu tupng tiflu nude ma chay ra ngoii". Nhi van eung thua
thuySt nhd vdn, mfl tip cai dpi xuat Men vdi nhdn: "Tfli dam dim bdo rang Mnh dnh ma
tan sfl thudng xuyfln vd ddy d|c gpi cho tfli tudng tupng ra Id rlt ehdn thyc"'. Nhttng
ngudi dpc nhiing suy tu ttdn trd, vfl cupc doi, dm dnh cda tufli tho dflu dupc nhd vdn dua
vfl nhdn tmh. Qud tiinh gidi ma vin dfl ndy vip ttong tic phim tu vice nhttng dua tte in
se giup ngudi dpc nh|n ra vd vin y nghTa in Id d y . Dfln nhiing viec dn than "Mua xudn
ting ttpng tdc phim md Mgc Ngfln mufln gdi nam 1961, mpt chiflc xe than bdng loang
gim. dupc ttd dfln trudng tiflu hpc ttong thfln...

; : ' Mac Ngdn (2004), Mgc Ngdn vd nhOng idi rtr bgch,
ThS, Dai hpc van hda. The tiiao vd Du Ijch Thanh Hda (Nguyin Thi Thai dich), Nxb Hpi nhd vdn, Hd N^i, tr. 97.

72 NGHIEN Cdo OdNG B^C fi. Sd 6(172) 6-2015

Nghien cvcu khoa hoc
Mpt dua tifl thflng minh cam lay mpt miflng
than ep gdm liy gam dfl. Nhm thiy nd an
ngon ldnh, nghT chic la ngon day, thfl la
chung tfli xflng tdi, mfli dua vfl liy mpt
miflng, rfli thi nhau gam. Tdi cdm thay edng
gam cang ngon, vi cua nd qui li rit tiiySt"^.
Ky tte nay dudng nhu chinh la ngufln gfle dfl
Mgc Ngfln xfly dyng nfln hinh anh nhttng
dua ttfl ttong chuygn Ech. Vi ddi nhttng dua
tre ttong Ech da an nhimg thtt khong thS an
dupc - an than. Dung trudc dong than mui
chung "hip biy ttong ching khic nio mfli
cua nhttng con chd da phat hien ra thtt ed thS
an dupe ttong dflng rac bin"^ Than dupc
chung xem la "cd mdi thom la" nhflng dtta
tte ttong thfln an than cdm giic nhu dupc
thudng thuc mpt mdn an tuyflt hio, chdng bi
mfl mupi vi nhttng am thanh nhai than gidn
tan ly. "Mfli dua chung tfli cam mpt thdi
than ra sue md cin nhai rau rau. Mat dua nao
dua ndy deu biflu 16 mpt sy himg phdn tpt
cimg, dflng thdi cflng pha m^t chut thin bi""*
An than da ttd thinh niflm vui cda nhttng
dtta tte ttong tiifln. Chung an than a bit ky
nai nao, ngfli ttong ldp hpc "miflng dua ndo
cung den nhflm, bpt than lim tdm".
Ngudi dpe cung khflng thfl quen dupc cie
nhin v|t ttong tiflu thuyet Bau vdt cug ddi
Cung vi sy sflng eda cdc con ma Thuang
Quan Lfl TM phli in cip dgu eho cic con.
Hinh inh nhung ngudi phu ntt keo eoi eho
xudng xay bpt cua Tu Ma Khfl th|t thim hgi
^ Mac Ngon (2004), Mgc Ngdn vd nhOng idi lu bgch,
(NguySn Thi Thai djch), Nxb Hdi nhd vdn, Hd Npi, Ir. 99-
100.
' Mac Ngdn (2007), tcA, (Nguyen Trdn dich). Nxb Phy
ni!HdN«i,n-.14.
* Mac Ngdn (2007), Ech, (Nguyen Trdn dich), Nxb Phu
nO HdNdi, lr.16-
NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BfiC fi. sd 6(172) 6-2015
"Vio cdi mua xudn ddi khit iy, d n h tupng
d xudng xay bpt nhd Tu Ma tii|t ky quae!
Mpt doin phu nu gay nhu que edi, diu bu
tdc roi, mat xanh nanh vang, miflng deo rp
dan bdng nhinh liflu, vai khoic day thimg,
tay chdng g|y gitt thang bing, go ngudi ma
keo thdt eoi xay ngng chich, mfli budc di Igi
rudn cfl ra, mfl hfli dam dia, hoi thd hdn hSn,
mui luong thyc kich thich hp nfli da ga"'
Trudc sy ddy vd den quay quit vi cii ddi
con ngudi da thfl Men each ling xu khic
nhau. Ngudi me phii dau ddn bdn di dtta con
than yeu, ngudi con phdi bin minh dfl ciiu
gia dinh vupt qua hpin cinh khfln cirng cua
can ddi, cd dtta chflt vi "mpt btta no", ed dua
ty vin dfl giam di ganh ngng gia dinh. Cd thfl
ndi, ttong tinh ttgng ddi khdt sy ddnh dfli eua
con ngucri ttd nfln nghiet nga vd dau ddn htm
bao gid hflt.
Hau hflt tieu thuyflt cua Mge Ngon, miflng
an Id mfli b|n tim hdng diu cua nhiflu ngudi.
Ddi vd chflt ddi hifln len dly dm dnh ttong
nhung ttang van. Bdu vgt cua ddi da miSu td
hdnh trinh bi tting xin phit chin cua dan
ttong thfln. Cupc hdnh trinh ndy dd dfl lgi
dpc dudng mdy chye xdc chflt, "ngudi ta
khflng cdn dd sttc dfl chfln nhttng xdc chflt
ttfln dudng, th|m chi khflng cdn ed tim ttgng
nhin lai mat ngudi chflt" . Ngn ddi nam mot
chin bfln mot dd khifln ngudi dan roi vao
tinh cinh bi ddt. Kim Dflng cdm nhan "sua
me toan rapt mdi re ed vd vd cay"' . Trong
khflng khi ddi khit, nhiflu ngudi da bdn vp
* Mac Ngon (2001), Bdu vdt cua ddi (Trdn Dinh Hien
dich), Nxb Vdn nghp TP Hd Chi Minh, tr. 8 1 4 .
*Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgt da ddi, (Trdn Dinh Hiin
dich), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP H6 Chi Minh, tr.l69 -170.
' Mac Ngon (2001), Bdu vgi cug ddi, (Trdn Dinh Hiin
dich), Nxb Vdn nghf TP Hd Chl Minh, tr. 107.
73

dp con dfl cd cai dn, hp nhu nhflng con vat
ttanh nhau miflng dn ttt canh rau dgi. Cflng vi
ddi ma mflt thdnh vifln ttong gia dmh
Thuang Quan phdi ban mmh vao nhd thfl dfl
eitu bdy sinh mang v i ed tifln chtta benh cho
mp. Cd thfl ndi ttong tiflu thuyflt Mgc Ngfln
cii ddi vd miflng an Men huu nhu mflt Men
thuc nghiet nga day dm inh vd day diit.
Trong sy ddy vd dfln quay quit vi cii ddi con
ngudi Men lfln ding thucmg vd tfli nghiSp
"Nhiing phan ttt phai hiru vtta lam cfl vtta
nhgt rau dai bo vao mom nhai tteu ttgo,...
Nude bpt ttong miflng toan mflt man xanh,
guang mat ngudi nao cflng vang bung ra, soi
guong dupc".
cai ddi cd stte mgnh khung kMflp, nd dai
ding va khflc Uflt. Trong tiflu thuySt Mac
Ngfln eai ddi Men lfln thudng tryc vd dm dnh.
Nhdn vat La Tiflu Thflng ttong 41chuyin tdm
phdo cd mpt tinh yflu dfli vdi thit vd sy them
khdt dfln "chdy nudc mdt" mfli khi thay dd
cde loai thit trfln huyen. Cu^c ddi cua thin
thit La TiSu Thflng bi vdy bua bdi ban 1.400
ttt "thit". Khi cgu dupe nam tufli bd bd nha
theo efl DT La dfln nhttng vung dat xa xfli md
c|u chi dupc biet dSn qua nhihig ldi dfln thoi
cua cdnh lii bufln. Ttt khi bfl bo di, hai me
con can sflng vdt va vd tdn tifln dfln mtte
"them thit dfln khfln khfl", "ehay tinh... nhu
tuyflt ttang trfln dinh nui". La Tiflu Thflng
cung nhdn ra mflt chdn ly: "Cut me nd nha
gach, cut me nd xe tii gili phdng, cut me nd
cupc sflng hu vinh khi byng Ichong mpt ti md
bfli tton" . Vdi khdt vpng cung ham mufln in
thit dfln dien cuong. La Tiflu Thflng chfli bd
tat ei: "Con khflng cin nha gach, khong can
' Mac Ngdn (2004), 41 chuyen ldm phdo (Trdn Dinh Hiin ' Mac Ngdn (2004), 41 chuyen ldm phdo (TrSn Blnh Hiin
dich), NxbVdnhpc, HdNfi.tr.lS.
74
N^ien cihi khoa feofe
xe fl tfl, khdng vp con gi hflt, con chi mufln
dupc an mpt btta thit eang byng"' Chinh
khit vpng iy di khifln cgu cd mpt ndng lye
dgc biet cd thfl hiflu dupc cim xuc cug ifl thit,
ndi chuySn dupe vdi chiing. No mgng y
nghta la "mpt cupc trdng phflng gitta nhimg
ngudi tri ky", nhung ngudi hiflu nhau gin bd
vdi nhau. Bdi chi ed nhttng ngudi tri ky mdi
ed thS c6 nhttng tinh eim, edm xuc vd sy
tuong tfldng nhu v|y.
Tiflu thuyflt Mgc Ngfln dam da mlu sic
nguyfln so va man dgi. Tuy nhifln ai dd timg
dpc vd biflu vdn Mac Ngfln thi lai thay c6
sue hip din d|e biflt. Ong thudng di sau khai
thac mgeh ngam bfln ttong chiflu sau tam ly
con nguoi dupc nUn tih|n nhu nhihig gi ban
sa nhit. Cung vdi edi nhin ve vai trd cua vat
chat dfli vdi con ngudi, Mgc Ngon cdn cho
thay sy tha hda mgnh me khfle liet do vat
chit mang lai. Ddy chinh 11 diflm ddc sic tgo
nfln sttc mgnh nghe thugt ttong tieu thuyflt
Mge Ngfln.
2. Mo tip cli ddi - bilu tuong cho long
hi sinh, due vi tha va khat vpng ve cupc
sflng hgnh phiic
Cd thfl ndi, cdi an cdi uflng Id van dfl nfli
cpm nhit ttong ddi sflng vgt chat, nfli sp hdi
cdi ddi ddy vd ludn thudng tryc trong tam tti
con ngudi. Dong hanh cflng vdi sy sp bdi vS
cai ddi la udc ma vfl cupc sflng no am hgnh
phuc, li noi con ngudi khong khflng phii lo
lang vfl miflng com manh io. Dong thcri
trong sy tfli tam cua su vgt lfln vi cdi del van
CO nhflng dflm sing vfl nhin cich, do Id su vi
tha eao ci va long M sinh cao thupng cua
con ngudi.
dich), Nxb Vdn hpc, Hd Npi, tr. 81.
NGHIEN Cda OdNG Bfic fi. sd 6(172) 6-2015
Nghien cvcu khoa hqc
Ngudi me Lo Thi trong Bdu vdt cug ddi
cl ddi phgm rat nhiflu sai lam tu ngogi tinh,
logn luin, giSt me chflng nhung "dn cdp tM
ian niy lan dau". Cich an cip cua cM eflng
"dpc nhat vd nhi" trfln dpi. De qua mat cae
edn bp kiflm tta, chi da nuot timg ndm d|u
vdo bung. Vfl dfln nhd chi quy trudc mpt
chdu nude dung dfla ngody vdo co hpng dfl
nfln ra nhiing hgt dgu: "Me quy xuflng nfln
thflc nfln thio cho bang hflt luong thye ra
bfln,... Me khflng cdn thi gid dS ttd ldi cM,
tiSp tyc ngoiy chiflc dfla vio ttong hpng dfl
nfln,... me g|p lgi nhu cpn tflm. Me quy gfli
xuflng dit, hai tay vin mep bfln, hai vai nhfl
lfln cfl vuon ra rfli lgi ryt lgi"'". Lau ddn "da
day me da ttd thdnh cdi tdi chi cdn cdi xuflng
dfle nguac ra, khdi can ngody hpng cho budn
nfln""... Bang each nay, nguoi phy ntt iy da
nufli sflng ddn con vd chiu bang nhung bdt
hfl edn nguyfln mui dgu sflng ttpn ldn dich dg
ddy vd d mui mdu. Cau chuyfln vfl Thupng
Quan Ld Thi - ngudi me vi sy sflng eda cdc
eon - mflt ngudi "ed mpt ddi ngay thing
cting khdng khfli ttd thdnh tfln ttpm vat".
Nhung binh flnh xet ky thi do 11 su hi sinh vT
dgi cug ngudi me. Hdmh dpng eua me khifln
Kim Dflng - kfl suflt ddi tteo tu tudng ttfln
diu vu - cung cim dflng m i nhan ra chin ly:
"Day khflng phli Id in cip. Cd nhttng
chuyen cdn xiu ho gip ttam lan an cap ay
chu""
Trong hoan canh ddi khat iy, dfl bdt di
gdnh ndng com io cho me, Thupng Quan
'" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgi ciig ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
djch), Nxb Vdn nghp TP Hd Chi Minh, tr. 812
" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vdl cua ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
dich), Nxb Vdn nghe TP Hd Chi Minh, a. 813.
'^ Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vdl ciia ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
djch), Nxb v a n nghd TP Hd Chl Minh, tr. 583.
NGHIEN Cda DdNG BfiC fi. Sd 6(172) 6-2015
Ngpc Ntt - CO con gii thu 8 eda gia dinh,
ngudi duy nhit khflng din thin vdo dcri song
chinh tri luc bdy gid, la "khdi tuyflt trfln dinh
ndi d chdu Nam eye khdng hS vdn byi.
Trong ngpc ttang nga, hoa nhuong nguyflt
then, mflt cai dep dieh thye"'^ da chpn each
ttam minh xuong song Thudng Luflng ty van.
Chi xdt xa khi nghe nhiing tiflng nfln pe cua
me, mpt su giang xe, ttanh chap gitta ban
nang dupc an, dupc sflng vdi tinh thuong
bao la ddnh eho me, gitta sy tan nhdn vdi
yflu thuong: "Tiflng lom bom cua lucmg thye
roi xuflng nudc khien ehi run bdn ngudi
mong eho eai tiflng ay stim cham diit, lai
mong nd ctt tiflp tuc rai. CM dn cai mui cua
dich vi cd ldn mui mdu khi me ndn, ddng
thdi lgi biflt on edi mfli khd cMu dy... khi me
dua cho chi bdt hfl nflng ndc mui d|u song,
nudc mit chi roi li chg, cii miflng xinh xinh
gi|t giat, mpt thia dua vio miflng li mpt
hdng nudc mit ttio ra. Ngin vgn ldi eim on
me ehua chat trong long nhimg chi khong
ndi ra miflng"'". Chi "vtta mong me vfl nfln
ra luong thyc lgi sp me vfl non ra luong
tiiyc""
Ld nguoi sflng ldng le nhat trong gia dmh,
chi cung luon tih|n sy hi sinh, thua thiflt vfl
phia minh nhiflu hon: "An khflng du no thi
chi ughT rang ehi id gdnh ndng cho cd nhd.
CM mac quin do cu vi mpi ngudi chp ring
mit ehi CO sdng ddu md biflt dupe mdi cu"' -
Ngay dfln lue ttt gia coi ddi ehi vin lo ling
" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bau vgt ciig ddi (Trdn Dhlh Hiin
djch), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP H 6 Chi Minh, tr. 817.
" Mac Ngpn (2001), Bdu vgi cua ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
djch), Nxb Vdn nghp TP Hd Chi Minh, tr. 854-855.
" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vdi cua ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
dich), Nxb Vdn nghp TP H6 Chl Minh, tr. 813.
'* Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vdl oia ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
dich), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP Ho Chl Minh, tr. 815.
75

nhimg gi tflt dep nhlt eho gia dinh "chi sp
trim mmh ttong chum nudc thi phifln hi cho
me. Chi chflt tgi nhd thi buy hogi thanh danh
nha Thuang Quan do viy chi ra sflng tu
tin""
La chi em song sinh vdi Kim Dflng, kflt
qui cua mdi tinh gitta me va muc su Malfla,
ngay tu khi mdi Ipt long. Ngpc nu da bi mfl
cd hai mat. VS dep cda ehi Id kSt qud cua sy
pha tgp giug Chgu Au vd Chlu A. Thdn hinh
ehi dpp tdi muc khuynh qufle, khuynh thdnh.
Cdi dep cua chj lifln quan nhiflu hon tdi yflu
tfl giflng lai "mui dpc dtta, da tting nhu
tning gd bdc, tdc vdng mflm mgi, cfl thon dii
nhu thifln nga gion nudc"'^. Trudc sy hi sinh
ldn Igo edg nguoi me, "cM khdng dinh long
an dgu, nhimg khflng sao cuong lgi dupc, tu
ldu lim rfli, dg day chi chua hfl biflt dfln mui
vi cda luong thyc"". Ngpc Ntt da chpn each
gidi thoat khfli tinh trgng giing co dau ddn
trfln bing cai chSt. Mpt sy giii thoit cung
quan trong sy cfl don, bS tac va lgng le: "CM
Tam treo ISn dS rfli lan xuflng mep nudc...
Rfli miflng vin hit, chi 'In budc ra giua
sflng,... chi vin tiSp tyc tiSn ISn rfli dpt ngpt
bifln mat"^°-
Cd thS ndi hi sinh tham lgng va vi tha cap
ca la tihOng dttc tinh eua Ngpc Ntt, ldi than
cua ba me Lo Thi id sy khdi quit ed cupc ddi
dau khfl vd bdt hgnh cua cM "Cpn nho thiu
hiflu mpi nhe, nd khflng mufln Id gdnh ndng
eho minh nfln mdi tim dSn cai chet!... Con
" M a c Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgi cug ddi (Trdn Dinh
djch), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP Ho Chi Minh, tr. 809.
" Mac Ngon (2001), Bdu vgi cug ddl (Trin Dinh
djch), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP Ho Chi Minh, tt. 585.
" M a c Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgi da ddi (Trdn Dinh
dich), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP Ho Chi Minh, tt. 813.
-° Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgi da ddi (Trdn Dinh
dich), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP Ho Chl Minh, tt. 816 -817.
76
Nghien clhi khoa hqt
oi, ci ddi con chua bao gid dupc hudng
phuc, du chi bang hgt vimg" '. Ngpc Ntt la
hinh dnh dgi difln cho sy hi sinh, dttc vi tha
cao thupng. Li nui tuyflt khflng vuong chut
byi gitta x i hpi day bon chen, ghen ghet va
tan bao.
Trong hoan eanh bi dat ay, gia dinh
Thupng Quan da dupc sudi im blng ngpn
Ida hi sinh ldn lao cua Tuflng Dfl. Cfl da ban
minh vao nha thfl vdi ba tram dong dfl ettu
gia dinh vdi bdy sinh mgng vd cd thflm tifln
chug benh eho me: "Thuang Quan Tudng
Dfl dua cho me vtta khdi bflnh mpt xip
tifln... Me nggc nhifln hdi; - Tudng DS con
lly diu ra tifln thfl niy?... Chi Tu ndi: - Me,
eon da bin minh rfli,... Me ldo ddo rfli nga
sdng xoai ra nhi"^^. Sau nhihig thdng nam
lira lac dly mlu v i nudc mat, vdi biflt bao
eay ddng tdi nhuc. Sy ttd vfl v i cii chflt cda
Tudng De d n g khing dinh thSm "tiSu su
cay ddng ddy nude mat" cua cM. Cd thS ndi
Men thyc nghiflt nga cuflc sflng da ldm con
nguoi mat di niflm tin vS chan ly, vfl tinh
ngucri. Tiflng eudi, nude mdt voi tdt ed cdm
xuc dflu chai sgn khifln eon ngudi dfli xu vdi
nhau qua lanh lung v i tin nhin.
La nan nhin eda xa hpi, vol cuflc ddi day
giflng bao, thuang tich mang vi man cua
nudc mit va mfli tanh cua mau. Tudng De la
Men than cda long hiSu thdo, eua due hi sinh
eao ci. Vat chit khflng ehi khifln cho con
ngudi roi vio ttgng thli quin bich, bi dit vi
miSng gn, V|t chit cdn nhu mpt lang kinh.
Hiin
Hiin
Hiin " Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgi dg ddi (TrSn Dinh Hiin
djch), Nxb Vdn ngh? TP Ho Chi Minh, tt. 817-818.
Hiin " Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgt da ddi (Tr^n Dhlh Hiin
djch), Nxb Vdn ngh? T P H d Chf Minh, tt. 183.
NGHIEN Cdu DONG Bfic fi. s d 6(172) 6-2015
Nghien ciicu khoa hqc

mdt chat thanh Ipe dfl tih|n chin nhflng ddm Thfl gidi nhan v|t ttong tiflu thuyflt Mgc
sing vfl nhan each. Ngfln phong phu, da dgng nhung mdi nhdn
Trong hoan einh tdi tam, bi dit vi sy vdy vat dupe tae gia di sau khae hpa mpt net tinh
bua eua miflng dn, eon ngudi van Ichflng edeh ddc tnmg nhdm nim bit cii thdn cua
ngimg mong ude mpt sy dpi ddi. Cdy tdi ndi nhdn v|t. Thong qua viflc kflt hpp gitta yflu
gign la tiflu thuySt viSt vfl thdi ky dau dfli tfl ky lg qudi ddn vdi yflu tfl chan thuc, vtta
mdi. Trong d u chuyfln dan huyen ThiSn thyc vua do, ly ky, huyfln hogc. Nhd vdn di
Dudng dupe mua tdi hi vpng doi ddi. Tdi li sau khgi phi phan nhan tinh ttong con ngudi
tuong lai, la cupc sflng cua hp. "Bdn dupc vdi du sac thai tinh vi, da dien, kho nam bat
tdi nhd nha hoan hi. Bin khflng dupc tdi nha nhat cimg nhiing van dS nhan sinh vfl kiflp
nha phat difln"^^ Tdi khflng ban dupc mfli ngudi dupc dat ra mang tinh ttiflt ly sau sac.
tinh cua Cap Ma va Kim Cue eflng bi huy 3. Cai ddi - sir tha hda, bang hoai ve
diet theo, kflt eye Cao Ma bi bit, Kim Cue dgo dire eon ngiroi
roi vao tinh ttgng bi ddt khi cha bi xe cua Voi tinh than sdng tgo, khflng ehdp nh|n
huyfln trudng cdn chflt, me bi bdt v i cfl treo sy sao chep, ldp Igi bang cdch "thay tfln dfli
cfl ty vin khi cdi thai trong byng quay dap hp, bifln nhttng cdi cua cdc nha van phuang
ddi ra dcri. Ngudi dan hi vpng mpt cuflc sflng Tdy thdnh cdi eua minh" nhu nhd vdn tung
no am hanh phue nhung tat ca roi vdo be tac tdm sy. Chung ta nh|n thiy su nfl lye eua
cung dudng voi mflt khdng khi nflng ngc mui nhi vdn ttong viflc lam cho tdc phdm cua
tdi thoi. Bao nhiflu bi kich gia dinh xiy ra tii minh khong giflng bdt cu nhd vdn nao. Mgc
day, tdi Id noi niy sinh mpi hgnh phue vd Ngfln da ldng nghe va quan sat cuflc sflng
khfl dau, hi vpng va tuyflt vpng, sy song v i con ngudi roi phan anh vio tic phim nhu
cdi chflt cua con ngudi. V|t chit vin lufln Id mpt qua ttinh tim kiflm bin nguyfln eon
cdi nut bat diu va gili thodt cdc bi kich vdi ngudi mflt cdch chdn thyc v i sau sac.
tit ci niSm hi vpng vfl cupc sflng tflt dep. Qua v|t chat md cu the Id cii dn, cdi m|c,
Cflng nhu nhin v|t Kim Dflng khi thiy nhd vdn da thfl hifln sue hdy hoai dtt dpi, ghfl
me bi ddnh thi can gi|n bflng lfln. C|u mo gdm cua miflng an. Nd ldm tha hda nhan
tudng dfln mflt ngay dung bdo kiflm Long cich, nhdn tinh con ngudi. Nd cdn Id nguyfln
Tuyfln dfl rtta thfl, trd ban nhiing tfln dc fln. nhdn ehinh dan dfln tinh ttgng "chet ttong
Cd the ndi khflng ngimg mo udc tdi cuflc lue sflng". Biflu hien cua nd Id sy dfl hen ich
sflng hgnh phuc la bdn ning cua eon ngucri, ky cda eon ngudi. Cflng vi qui ddi, qua khfl
qua do he lfl cho ngudi dpc khdng chi vfl tiie md ngudi ta phdi dn cap dn vyng. Thupng
gidi nhdn vat trong tiflu thuyflt md hon hflt Quan Lfl Thi ttong Bdu vdt cita ddi vi sy
chiing ta cdn cd co hfli tiflp c|n vdi the gioi sinh tfln cua dan con ma phii an cdp dau,
quan, quan diflm nghe tiiugt cua tdc gia Mac phli lim ttdi viflc vdi luong tdm. Hay Kiflu
Ngdn. Ky Sa - hoa khdi cua hpc vifln y khpa -
ngudi chi tin vao khoa hpc dd keo theo Kim
=' Mac Ngdn (2003), Cdy Idi ndi gign, (Trdn Dinh Hiin Dflng cung an ttpm trimg gd d nflng trudng.
dich), Nxb Vdn hpc, Hd Npi, a. 53.

J i o H l l N cdu OdNG Bfic fi, sd 6(172) 6-2015 77


Cung vi ddi vi miflng dn, ma nhimg ngudi
phu ntt keo coi cho xudng xay bpt eda Tu
Ma Khfl cMu mat nhdn cdch.
KM d i ddi tran nggp va cMflm ITnh tM cii
xdu lgi cd ca hfli lfln ngfli. Tflt nghiep hpc
vien Y khoa, Kiflu Ky Sa la dgi difln eho
ting ldp tri thttc trfl cd tu tuong tifln bfl, kifln
quyflt bdo vfl kifln thdc khog hpc dfln eung.
Nhung dd Id cdu ehuyen ichi Ichdu phin an
dang cpn ba lgng mflt ngdy, khi khdu phdn
an ehi edn mdt lgng ruai mpt ngdy thi ngay
cd nhihig ngudi cirng ran nhat da khflng cdn
tin vdo khoa hpc cung khflng cdn niflm tin
vdo chinh tri ntta. Nhung con ngucri tre trung
vdi iiMet buySt ttdn day nhung duoi sy ddy
vd khfle liet eua ccm ddi "vu din vdo nguc,
hang thdng khflng cdn kinh nguyflt" thi long
ty ttpng vd tiflt tdo se khflng edn. Dang sp
hpn CPU ngucri ttd nfln lgnh lung, vfl cdm vd
chai sgn: "Mpt nguoi lao diu xuflng ldng
sflng y hflt mflt con cd qudy. Khflng ai kflu
cim, eflng khflng ai quan tdm dfln nguoi kia.
Lit sau lgi mpt ngudi nttg ttgm minh. Lln
ndy thi phin ung cua mpi ngudi eing lanh
nhat""
Khi eufle sflng ttd nfln cimg quan, co eye
thi mpi gia tri chan chinh dflu bi lang qufln,
con ngucri v|t lfln, quay eudng mpt d c h difln
cuflng dS dau ttanh, xlu xe nhau, dfl dupe
sflng vl tdn tgi. Trpng nhttng nam mpt ngMn
chin tram sdu muoi day ddi khit ly, Truang
Rd - ngucri phy ttich chia khlu phin d nhi
dn da dung thuc an iam moi nhu dS cudng
hiSp gan nhu khdp lupt cac ntt phan tii phdi
hiiu d nflng tiirdng. Ngay dfln nhirng ngudi
xuat than quyfln quy tirng dupc di hpc d Nga
" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bau vdl da ddi (Trin Dinh Hiin
djch), Nxb Vdn nghe TP Hd Chl Minh, a. 566.
78
Nghien cihi khoa hqc
nhu Hodc LS Na vi mpt mudng chdo ma phai
khuat thdn. KiSu Ky Sa la lfl cflt cufli cimg
"Id nguoi phu ntt tre nhat, dep nhit, va rit
ngang budng". Trong con ddi khdt ay, cfl nu
hoa khfli xinh dep day ngang budng ehi tin
vd bio vfl khoa hpc dfln cimg KiSu Ky Sa
cflng phli dinh dfli danh dy dfl bio toan tinh
mang. Ngudi dpc dau xdt khi miflng in dupe
dung lam moi tihtt con nguoi "Truong Rfl
tay cdm dogn day thep ttfln dau ed cam mpt
chiflc banh mdn thau ttdng bdc, luan di lupn
lgi ttong rimg liflu, vua di vua rung nmg
dogn ddy nhu nhu moi"^. Kiflu Ky Sa khflng
thfl cuong lgi sy hip din cua edi bdnh dufli
theo nhimg vo hut chi "rfln ri nhu con chd
cdn bi lua". Cfl duoi theo chiflc binh vdi ban
ndng dflng v|t ma khong cln biflt ngudi cim
binh li ai.
Ngudi dpe xdt xa kM ehdng kifln dnh
ruot dufli quii din vd dfl tifln ndy. Cdnh
Truang Rfl dung hai chiflc banh lam mfli nhu
dfl cd dupc than xac cua Kieu Ky Sa dupc
miflu t l tu ttang 572 dfln ttang 575 chp thiy
sy do vo cua dgp ly, nhin luan, nhin tim
con nguoi v i xa hOi. Nd lan sau vao nfli bit
hgnh cua moi kiflp ngudi va di kem vdi nd la
sy tha hda dfln tot cirng, tpi ngMep vd ddng
thuang eda can ngudi. Trudc miflng dn Kiflu
Ky Sa ddy kieu hanh ttd nfln th|t nhuc nha
"nhu con chd an vung, mac eho phia mflng
bi vui dip ndng nfl, vin cfl nhin dgu nuflt
miflng bdnh, rfli lgi co nuflt thflm mdy miflng
ntta"^ . Cd le niflm vui dupc an mgnh hon
nfli dau bi ehd dgp, cuong hiflp, mac eho the
" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vdt cda ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
djch), Nxb van nghe TP Hd Chf Minh, tt. 572.
" Mac Ngdn (2001), Bdu vgt da ddi (Trdn Dinh Hiin
dich), Nxb Vdn nghe TP Hd Chi Minh, tt. 574.
NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BAC fi. s d 6(172) 6-2015
Nghien ciru khoa hoc

xdc bi xdm hgi "mifln sao khflng inh buong thuong voi nhieu manh loi gian xao de kiem
tdi cdi miflng". d day eon ngudi da bi ggt di lgi, lao bom phoocmalin vao thit kiem lgi
phdn ngudi, ehi edn lgi phdn ban nang tfln tai.
nhuan ma khong can biet hau qua. Duong Tu
Dfl roi euoi cflng chet trong sy no nfl dau ddn
Tran kiem song bang nghe buon phe lieu
dfln tpi nghiflp: "Giflng nhu Hoic Lfl Na dn nhung cung bidt sur dung manh khoe cho
nhiflu nim bi ngfl doe chflt, Kiflu Ky Sa eungnuoc vao bao bi de chuoc lgi. Con Dam do
chflt vi an nhiSu banh dau"^' te trong thon de kidm dugc lgi cao, hg co
(3 mpt gdc dp khae, thin thit La Tiflu nhieu manh loi xao tra, dac biet "co kha
Thflng sin sang danh dfli mpi thu. Ngay ca nang sieu viet ve chuyen hoa nhiing thii thoi
tinh edm tiiiflng lieng nhit - tinh miu hi dflnia thanh dinh duong"^*^ voi cdch 1 ^ an phi
dupc dn tMt "Bat kfl ai, ehi cdn cho mpt cdi phap: "Bom nuoc la vao thit thu hoach ciing
dfli dS thom phtte hodc bdt thit ngiy md Id la tien"^'. Cai phi nhan tinh trong hanh dgng
con khflng chut chin chtt gpi lufln ngudi do bom nuoc va tam phoocmalin vao thit cua
bang bfl hoac quy xuong lay mflt Igy hoge lao Lan va mgi nguoi dan trong thon do te la
vtta gpi bing bfl vtta quy Igy"^*- Von la mpt bat chap mgi hau qua ke ca viec phai tra gia
dug tte hau an thit, gid day dudi sy tin tiflnbang mau: "Mgi nguoi deu bom, ta khong
cug ngudi me eau lgi eang them khat ban. bom thi kh6ng nhung khong kiem ra tien,
Trong sy them kbit thit dfln ehay nudc mit, con 16 chong gong,... Tich liiy nguyen thuy
vdi La Tiflu Thflng "npi dung quan trpng cda la mgi ngudi kiem tidn bang mgi each, dong
cuflc sflng hanh phuc Id luon an thit thd gidn,
tien nao ciing day mau ngudi"^^... Nhan each
chi cin cd thit an, chuyfln bo me ttanh cdi con ngudi dan bi bang hoai vi lgi nhuan, hg
tham chi ddnh dam nhau cung khdng hfl hdn khong quan tam den hau qua ciia sir viec.
gr> Tidu thuyet ciing md ra khong gian Id hgi dm
Cung trong 41 chuyen tdm phao, khSng thirc vdi nhiJng canh an uong thda the, canh
gian nho be trong thon d6 ih duac Mac Ngon tan sat lan nhau, nhihig moi quan he phuc
tai hien voi chang chit cac m6i quan he. tap. Nhung nhin chung, nhiing manh khoe
Nhung tiru trung chi vi quydn l^i, Lao Lan gian lan trong lam an ciia tat ca cac hang
vofi B4y Dieu d4u da nhau vi cai chixc truong ngudi deu dugc phoi bay. Co nhimg ten dua
thon beo bd. B4y Dieu du d6 La Thong ddi vao bong tdi de trgm cap, co nhiing quan thit
pho lai Lao Lan,... tat ca nhan vat quay lgi dung ngay Id hgi thit de ban thit khdng
cu6ng trong vong danh igi, dl c6 lgi va dat dam bao din ddn hon 100 ngudi bi ngg dgc.
dugc muc dich, hg bdt chdp mpi thu doan Bi hai hon la canh tugng cac y bac sT trong
lira gat nhau. Lao Lan voi vai tro mot tieu luc vgi va cuu ngudi bi ngg dgc van kip mac

" Mac Ng6n (2001), Bdu vgi cua ddi (TrSn Dinh Hien
djch), Nxb van nghe TP H6 Chi Minh, tr. 575.
^* M?c Ng6n (2004), 41 chuyen tdm phao (Tr^ Dinh
Hien djch), Nxb Van hgc. Ha Npi, tr. 15.
^ M9C Ng6n (2004), 41 chuyin ldm phdo (Trin Dinh
Hi^n dich). Nxb VSn hpc, Hk Npi, tr. 18.
" M a c Ngon (2001), Bdu vgt cua dd\ (Tran Dinh Hien
djch), Nxb van ngh? TP H6 Chi Minh, tr. 144.
'' Mac Ngon (2001), Bau vql cua dai (TrSn Dinh Hign
djch), Nxb van nghfi TP H6 Chi Minh, tr. 79.
^^ Mac Ngon (2001), Bdu vgt cita ddi (Trin Dinh Hian
djch), Nxb van nghe TP H 6 Chi Minh, tr, 305.

NGHIEN ClirCl P O N G B A C fl. %6 6(172) 6-Z015 79


ca nga gia. Vi lgi nhuan tat ca deu trd ndn
doi tra, ngay den ca tugng nhuc than cung bi
tac bing gd lidu - loai gd hay mgt "chi vai
nam la nhay an rudng" thay \\ gd dan huong.
Cd the thay cai ddi da nhdn chim phdn ldn
nhan vat cua tieu thuyet Mac Ngdn vao ao
ddi ngap ngua ai due va vd minh. Tmi Quoc
la cudn tieu thuydt Mac Ngdn tung cho rang
"khdng the nao viet hay hon the niia". Qua
ngudi ke chuydn ham dn, ngudi dgc tiing
budc thay dugc su tha hda bdi tuu sdc ciia
vidn chinh sat Dinh Cau vdi mdn thit tre con
ma anh ta thudng thuc ciing quan chuc thanh
phd rugu. Hon 1000 tir rugu xudt hidn trong
tac pham bidu tugng cho sir tha hda ciia quan
chuc. Tac pham rung ldn hdi chudng canh
tinh ve sir xa dga phi nhan tinh ciia con
ngudi. CJ day, chiing ta c6 the thay su gap gd
giiia Mac Ngdn va Ld Tan d quan diem "hay
ciiu lay tre em". Dd la the he tuong lai can
dugc bao vd, cham sdc trudc su sa dga ve
nhan tinh con ngudi.
Bang each huy ddng mgi giac quan cung
td bao Clia co the de kham pha hi?n thuc,
M^c Ngdn da tao nen mdt the gidi bidu
tugng, hmh tugng sdng ddng, ddc dao trong
tidu thuydt ciia minh. The gidi ay chira dung
nhieu ldp y nghia phong phii ma mdi lan giai
ma dugc mdt ldp y nghia ngudi dgc tiep can
gdn hon vdi cai hay cai dep cua van hda dan
tdc dugc Mac Ngdn giii gam trong tac phdm.
Mac Ngdn la mdt trong nhiing nha van
Trung Qudc duong dai cd nhimg but pha
ngh? thuat thanh cdng. Dac bidt la nhirng
sang tao trong nghd thuat xay dung cac md
tip nghe thuat day am anh. Thong qua he
80
Nghien cvcu khoa hpc
thdng md tip ve cai ddi, di?n mao va tinh
than cua cac nhan vat, cdu tnic da tang bgc
Clia cugc sdng xa hgi hidn ra vdi tat ca cac
thuoc tinh ddi lap nhau: thuc - ao, that - gia,
thien - ac,... Nhd vay md tip nay cd y nghia
sau sic va thdm dim tu tudng nghd thuat
ciing khat vgng day chat nhan van ciia tac
gia.
TAI LIfiU THAM KHAO
L Mac Ngdn (200 V, Bdu vgt cua dai (Tran
Dinh Hidn dich), Nxb VSn nghe, Thanh pho H6
Chi Minh.
2. Mac Ngdn (2003), Cay toi noi gian, (Tran
Dinh Hidn dich), Nxb VSn hoc, Ha Ngi.
3. Mac Ngdn (2004), 41 chuyen tam phao,
(Tran Dinh Hidn dich), Nxb Van hgc. Ha Ngi
4. Mac Ngdn (2004), Tuu Quoc (Tran Dinh
Hidn dich), Nxb Hdi nha van. Ha Ndi.
5. Mac Ngdn (2004), Mac Ngon va nhiing
lai tu bgch (Nguyen Thi Thai dich), Nxb Van
hgc. Ha Ngi.
6. Mac Ngdn (2007), ich (Nguyen Trk
dich), Nxb Phu nir. Ha Ndi.
NGHIEN cdra O O N G B ^ C d, S6 6(17Z) 6-Z015