1.

Write a short note on EPIRB

ANS - Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) is a device to alert
search and rescue services (SAR) in case of an emergency out at sea. It is
tracking equipment that transmits a signal on a specified band to locate a
lifeboat, life raft, ship or people in distress.

They are installed on ships and other vessels after being registered with the
national search and rescue forces to that boat. The registration allows
confirmation of false alerts faster and quick rescue operations in case of
emergencies.

An EPIRB is a SECONDARY means of DISTRESS alerting, which is to say

that it comes later in the hierarchy of alerting SAR authorities in case of
distress.

It is mandatory to carry one EPIRB on every ship and two EPIRBS for all
Registered ships (and other types of vessels).

2. Differentiate between Liner and Tramp trade.

ANS- A ship that regularly sails on a fixed route following a schedule is known
as a liner. This is because they have regular ports of call.
On the other hand, we have ships that do not follow a schedule or have
regular routes. Such ships are called tramp services.

Typically, tramp services are designed to transport cargo, while liner

services cater to cargo and passengers separately.

Liner services are preferred by businesses that have cargo for regular or
frequent dispatches, while those organizations that do not have regular
shipments normally go for tramp services.

It is quite obvious from these facts that liner services are more expensive than
tramp shipping.
3. Write the meaning of the following:
A. Tack line
ANS- A "tack line" is a term commonly used in sailing and refers to a line (rope
or cable) that is used to control the position of the tack of a sail. The "tack" of
a sail is the lower forward corner of the sail, which is typically attached to the
mast or a fixed point on the boat's deck. The tack line is used to adjust the
tension and angle of the sail's foot (the bottom edge of the sail) by either
pulling it closer to the boat or allowing it to move away. Properly adjusting
the tack line can help optimize the sail's shape and performance, especially
when sailing upwind.
B. Halyard
ANS- A "halyard" is a line (usually a rope) used to raise and lower sails on a
sailboat. Halyards are attached to the head (the upper corner) of the sail and are
used to hoist the sail up the mast when preparing to sail and lower it when it's
time to furl or stow the sail. Halyards can be found on various types of sails,
including the mainsail (the primary sail on the mast) and headsails (sails on the
forestay, such as jibs and genoas). Halyards are critical for sail control and play a
crucial role in managing a boat's sails effectively during different wind
conditions.

4. Explain use of drill planner?

5. What are statutory requirements for abandon ships drill?

ANS- Each member of the crew shall participate in at least one abandon ship
drill and one fire drill every month. However, on vessels less than 45 m in
length, the Administration may modify this requirement, provided that at
least one abandon ship and one fire drill is held at least every three months.
The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 h of the vessel leaving a port
if more than 25% of the crew have not participated in abandon ship and fire
drills on board that particular vessel in the previous muster. The
Administration may accept other arrangements that are at least equivalent
for those classes of vessel for which this is impracticable.\
6.a. Describe shipboard Emergency preparedness?

ANS-Shipboard emergency preparedness is a crucial aspect of maritime safety

and involves the planning, training, and equipment necessary to respond
effectively to various emergency situations that can occur at sea. It is essential
for ensuring the safety of the crew, passengers, and the vessel itself. Here are
key components of shipboard emergency preparedness:

1. Emergency Response Plan (ERP):

 An Emergency Response Plan is a comprehensive document that
outlines the procedures and protocols for responding to various
types of emergencies on board the ship. It includes detailed
instructions for the crew on how to react to different scenarios,
such as fires, abandon ship situations, collisions, grounding, and
more.
2. Emergency Drills and Training:
 Crew members must undergo regular training and drills to
familiarize themselves with emergency procedures and
equipment. This includes fire drills, abandon ship drills, man
overboard drills, and other relevant exercises.
 Crew members are trained in the proper use of firefighting
equipment, life-saving appliances, communication systems, and
first aid techniques.
 Training also covers emergency leadership and coordination roles,
ensuring that designated personnel are prepared to manage
emergencies effectively.
3. Communication Systems:
 Ships are equipped with reliable communication systems to
ensure that the crew can promptly request assistance in case of
an emergency. This includes VHF radios, satellite communication
systems, and distress signaling equipment, such as EPIRBs
(Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons).
4. Safety Equipment:
 Ships carry a wide range of safety equipment, including lifeboats,
life rafts, lifebuoys, lifejackets, immersion suits, and personal
rescue devices, to ensure the safety of the crew and passengers in
the event of abandonment or man overboard situations.
  Firefighting equipment, such as fire extinguishers, hoses, fire
pumps, and fixed firefighting systems (e.g., CO2 systems), are
maintained and readily available.
5. Navigation and Collision Avoidance:
 Proper navigation practices and collision avoidance measures are
integral to emergency preparedness. Navigational charts, radar
systems, and AIS (Automatic Identification System) are used to
monitor vessel traffic and potential collision risks.
 Bridge teams are trained in collision avoidance strategies and
actions to be taken in the event of a navigational emergency.
6. Medical Preparedness:
 Ships are equipped with medical facilities and supplies to handle
medical emergencies. Medical personnel are trained to provide
first aid and stabilize patients until more advanced medical care
can be obtained.
7. Environmental Preparedness:
 Ships must be prepared to respond to environmental
emergencies, such as oil spills or hazardous material leaks. They
carry pollution prevention equipment, and the crew is trained in
spill response procedures.
8. Security Measures:
 Security measures are integrated into emergency preparedness to
address threats such as piracy, terrorism, and unauthorized access
to the vessel. Ship security plans and drills are conducted in
accordance with international regulations.
9. Emergency Contacts and Reporting:
 Ships maintain contact with shore-based authorities, such as
coastguards and rescue coordination centers, and are required to
report emergencies promptly to facilitate search and rescue
operations.
10. Continuous Assessment and Improvement:
 Emergency preparedness is an ongoing process. Ships regularly
review and update their emergency response plans and
procedures based on lessons learned from drills, incidents, and
changes in regulations or vessel operations.

Effective shipboard emergency preparedness is essential to mitigate risks and

ensure the safety of all on board. It requires a coordinated effort among the
crew, proper training, well-maintained equipment, and adherence
international safety regulations outlined in conventions like SOLAS (Safety of
Life at Sea).

b. List essential tasks to be carried out during an emergency drill.

ANS- During an emergency drill on a ship, various essential tasks must be

carried out to ensure the safety of the crew and passengers and to practice
effective responses to potential emergency situations. Here is a list of essential
tasks to be performed during an emergency drill:

1. Alert Signal Activation:

 Initiate the alarm system to alert all crew members and
passengers to the emergency. The type of alarm may vary
depending on the nature of the drill (e.g., general alarm, fire
alarm, abandon ship alarm).
2. Crew Assembly:
 Ensure that all crew members report to their assigned muster
stations or emergency stations promptly.
 Passengers, if applicable, should be directed to their designated
assembly areas.
3. Communication:
 Confirm that communication systems are functioning correctly,
including VHF radios and public address systems.
 Establish contact with the bridge or designated command center
to provide updates on the situation.
4. Emergency Equipment Check:
 Verify that all emergency equipment is readily accessible and in
working order. This includes lifeboats, life rafts, lifebuoys,
lifejackets, fire extinguishers, and other safety gear.
5. Donning of Lifejackets and Immersion Suits:
 Ensure that crew members and passengers put on lifejackets and
immersion suits, if required by the drill scenario.
6. Firefighting:
 If it's a fire drill, crew members should practice using firefighting
equipment, including hoses, fire extinguishers, and fixed
firefighting systems.
 Simulate locating and tackling the fire source.
7. Abandon Ship Procedures:
 During an abandon ship drill, crew members and passengers
should practice the orderly disembarkation of the vessel into
lifeboats or life rafts.
 Deploy lifeboats or life rafts and practice launching and boarding
procedures.
 Verify that all essential supplies, such as water, food, and medical
kits, are available in lifeboats or life rafts.
8. Man Overboard Drills:
 If it's a man overboard drill, practice immediate response and
retrieval procedures.
 Use man overboard recovery equipment, such as lifebuoys and
rescue boats, as appropriate.
9. Navigation and Communication Tests:
 Confirm that navigational and communication equipment on the
bridge is functioning as expected.
 Test the use of distress signals, such as flares and EPIRBs.
10. Medical Response:
 If applicable, practice responding to medical emergencies,
including the use of onboard medical facilities and equipment.
 Train medical personnel in providing first aid and stabilization.
11. Pollution Response (if relevant):
 Conduct drills related to environmental emergencies, such as oil
spills or hazardous material leaks.
 Practice using pollution control equipment and containment
measures.
12. Security Measures (if relevant):
 Integrate security measures, including piracy or terrorism
response, into the drill scenario, and practice appropriate actions.
 Confirm that security personnel are prepared to manage threats
effectively.
13. Communication with Shore Authorities:
 If required, establish contact with shore-based authorities, such as
coastguards or rescue coordination centers, and provide
simulated emergency information.
14. Review and Evaluation:
 After the drill, conduct a debriefing session to assess the
effectiveness of the response and identify areas for improvement.
 Document lessons learned and actions taken for future reference.
15. Regular Drills and Training:
  Continuously schedule and conduct emergency drills, including
both announced and unannounced drills, to ensure that the crew
is well-prepared for a variety of emergency scenarios.

Properly executed emergency drills help ensure that the crew is trained and
ready to respond to emergencies efficiently and safely. They also provide an
opportunity to identify weaknesses in emergency response plans and
procedures, allowing for continuous improvement in shipboard safety.

7. Draw the following flags and explain their meanings

8. Explain the abbreviation and purpose of the following:

a) IMO
ANS- The main mission and responsibility of the International maritime
organisation are to develop and preserve a comprehensive framework of
regulations and policies for the shipping industry and its activities like maritime
security, safety, technical cooperation, environmental concerns and legal
matters.

IMO has been successfully disposing of this task since its inception with the
specialised committees and sub-committees at the headquarters. The sessions of
these committees are attended by numerous delegates and experts from the
member countries and non-governmental and intergovernmental organisations.

Non-governmental organisations might be given consultive status if they

demonstrate expertise and competence to contribute according to the
requirements of IMO.

b) ILO

ANS- The ILO was founded in 1919, and became the first specialized agency
of the UN in 1946. The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work,
encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and
strengthen dialogue on work-related issues. ILO brings together governments,
employers and workers of 187 Member States, to set labour standards, develop
policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all.
IMO and ILO co-operate on issues which come under the remit of both
Organizations, when they relate to seafarers. IMO and ILO have established
joint ILO/IMO ad-hoc expert working groups on issues such as on hours of
work and rest, fair treatment of seafarers in the event of a maritime accident,
and liability and compensation regarding claims for death, personal injury and
abandonment of seafarers.

A joint ILO/IMO working group has developed the following guidelines:

Guidelines on Provision of Financial Security in Cases of Abandonment of

Seafarers. IMO Assembly Resolution A.930(22)

 Guidelines on Shipowners' Responsibilities in respect of Contractual

Claims for Personal Injury to or Death of Seafarers.
IMO Assembly Resolution A.931(22)
 Guidelines on fair treatment of seafarers in the event of a maritime
accident. IMO Assembly Resolution A.987(24)

c) IACS
ANS- International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)

Although IACS is a non-governmental organization, it also plays a role within

the International Maritime Organization (IMO), for which IACS provides
technical support and guidance and develops unified interpretations of the
international statutory regulations developed by the member states of the IMO.
Once adopted, these interpretations are applied by each IACS member society,
when certifying compliance with the statutory regulations on behalf of
authorizing flag states.

IACS has consultative status with the IMO and remains the only non-
governmental organization with observer status which also develops and applies
technical rules that are reflective of the aims embodied within IMO
conventions. The link between the international maritime regulations, developed
by the IMO and the classification rule requirements for a ship’s hull structure
and essential engineering systems is codified in the International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).

d) OCIMF
ANS- Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) is a voluntary
association of oil companies having an interest in the shipment and
terminalling of crude oil, oil products, petrochemicals and gas, and includes
companies engaged in offshore marine operations supporting oil and gas
exploration, development and production.

OCIMF's aim is to ensure that the global marine industry causes no harm to
people or the environment. OCIMF's mission is lead the global marine industry
in the promotion of safe and environmentally responsible transportation of
crude oil, oil products, petrochemicals and gas, and to drive the same values in
the management of related offshore marine operations. This is to be done by
developing best practices in the design, construction and safe operation of
tankers, barges and offshore vessels and their interfaces with terminals and
considering human factors in everything done

9. a) Define Sea Area Al, A2 and A3 as per GMDSS?

ANS- In the context of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GMDSS), which is an internationally recognized system for improving
communication and safety at sea, sea areas are categorized into different
zones based on their distance from the coastline and the availability of
maritime communication services. The GMDSS divides these sea areas into
various zones, including Sea Area A1, A2, and A3. Here are the definitions of
these sea areas:

1. Sea Area A1:

 Sea Area A1, also known as the "Near Coastal Area," extends up to
approximately 30 nautical miles (about 55.6 kilometers) from the
nearest shore. This sea area is relatively close to the coastline and
is typically within the range of VHF (Very High Frequency) radio
communication.
2. Sea Area A2:
 Sea Area A2, often referred to as the "Coastal Area," extends from
the boundary of Sea Area A1 (approximately 30 nautical miles
from the coast) to approximately 70 nautical miles (about 129.6
kilometers) from the nearest shore. Within this sea area, both MF
(Medium Frequency) and VHF radio communication are typically
available.
3. Sea Area A3:
  Sea Area A3, known as the "Greater Coastal Area," covers the
waters beyond Sea Area A2 and extends up to approximately 150
nautical miles (about 277.8 kilometers) from the nearest shore.
Within this sea area, MF (Medium Frequency), and HF (High
Frequency) radio communication are typically available.

These sea area definitions are significant within the GMDSS framework
because they dictate the types of communication equipment required on
vessels based on their intended voyage areas. Vessels operating in Sea Area
A1, for example, are typically required to have VHF radios, while those
operating in Sea Area A2 and A3 must also have MF and HF radios to ensure
communication capabilities at greater distances from the coastline where VHF
may not be effective.

The GMDSS aims to provide reliable and effective communication and distress
alerting capabilities for vessels of all sizes and types, enhancing maritime
safety and ensuring rapid response to emergencies at sea regardless of a
vessel's location. It achieves this by specifying communication equipment and
procedures tailored to the different sea areas and voyages.

B) Explain relationship between Shipper and Broker

ANS- The relationship between a shipper and a broker is an important one within
the logistics and transportation industry. These two entities work together to
facilitate the movement of goods from one location to another, and their
collaboration helps streamline the supply chain process. Here's an explanation
of their relationship:

1. Shipper:
- The shipper is typically a company or individual who needs to transport goods
from one place to another. They are the party that has goods to be shipped,
which can include products, raw materials, or any other cargo.
- Shippers may have specific requirements for their shipments, such as the type
of transportation mode (e.g., truck, rail, ocean, air), delivery deadlines, and
budget constraints.
- Shippers are responsible for preparing the goods for shipment, including
packaging, labelling, and ensuring compliance with any legal or regulatory
requirements.
2. Broker:
- A broker, also known as a transportation broker or freight broker, is an
intermediary or middleman between shippers and carriers (e.g., trucking
companies, shipping companies, carriers). Brokers do not own or operate their
own transportation equipment but instead connect shippers with carriers.
- Brokers have a network of carrier contacts and transportation industry
knowledge, which allows them to match shippers with suitable carriers based on
the shipper's requirements, such as cargo type, destination, and budget.
- Brokers negotiate rates and terms with carriers on behalf of the shipper,
striving to find the most cost-effective and efficient transportation solutions.
- They handle the administrative tasks associated with shipping, such as
arranging transportation, tracking shipments, and ensuring compliance with
regulations.

The relationship between a shipper and a broker can be beneficial for both
parties:
- For Shippers: Shippers benefit from the broker's expertise in finding carriers
that meet their specific needs. Brokers can often secure better rates and more
flexible shipping options than shippers might be able to negotiate on their own.
- For Brokers: Brokers earn a commission or fee for their services, which can be
a percentage of the shipping cost. They profit by helping shippers find reliable
carriers while also aiding carriers in finding cargo to transport. Brokers' success
depends on their ability to effectively match shippers with carriers and manage
the logistics process efficiently.

In summary, the shipper-broker relationship is a collaborative one that plays a

crucial role in the transportation and logistics industry. Shippers rely on brokers
to connect them with suitable carriers, negotiate favourable terms, and manage
the complexities of shipping, while brokers depend on shippers for business
opportunities and commissions. This partnership helps ensure the smooth and
cost-effective movement of goods from point A to point B.
10. Explain the procedure for launching a Life-raft by;
#Manual launching of life-raft and Automatic launching of life-raft (float-
free).
ANS- Launching a life-raft is a critical procedure during emergencies at sea to
ensure the safety of individuals on board a vessel. The method of launching can
vary depending on the type of life-raft and the vessel's equipment. Below are
explanations of the procedures for manual launching and automatic (float-free)
launching of a life-raft:

a) Manual Launching of a Life-Raft:

1. **Prepare the Life-Raft**: Before launching, ensure that the life-raft is
properly secured in its stowage container and that the painter line (a line that
connects the life-raft to the vessel) is free from tangles or obstructions.

2. **Remove Safety Pins and Straps**: Remove any safety pins, straps, or
securing mechanisms that hold the life-raft in place within its container. These
mechanisms are designed to prevent accidental deployment.

3. **Release the Life-Raft**: Depending on the type of stowage and release

mechanism, release the life-raft from its cradle or stowage container. This may
involve pulling a release handle, cutting a line, or manually releasing latches.

4. **Deploy the Painter Line**: As the life-raft enters the water, ensure that
the painter line pays out smoothly. The painter line is used to tow or secure the
life-raft to the vessel.

5. **Board the Life-Raft**: Once the life-raft is in the water and a safe distance
from the vessel, individuals should board the life-raft using a ladder or other
means if available.

6. **Cut the Painter Line**: If necessary, cut the painter line to separate the
life-raft from the vessel, especially if the vessel is sinking or poses a danger to
the life-raft.
b) Automatic Launching of a Life-Raft (Float-Free):
1. **Automatic Activation**: Automatic life-raft launch systems are typically
designed to activate when certain conditions are met, such as when the vessel
sinks or is submerged to a certain depth. This activation can also be triggered
manually if required.

2. **Release Mechanism**: Once activated, the float-free system releases the

life-raft from its stowage container. This may involve pneumatic or hydraulic
mechanisms.

3. **Inflation**: Simultaneously or shortly after release, the life-raft inflates

automatically. This inflation is usually achieved through gas cylinders or a CO2
inflation system integrated into the life-raft.

4. **Deployment**: As the life-raft inflates, it rises to the surface of the water.

The painter line, which is attached to the life-raft, should be long enough to allow
the life-raft to float clear of the sinking vessel.

5. **Board the Life-Raft**: Once the life-raft is fully inflated and floating,
individuals on board should board the life-raft as quickly and safely as possible.

In both cases, it's crucial to follow safety procedures, maintain calm, and ensure
that everyone on board is aware of the life-raft launching and boarding
procedures. Training and drills for emergency situations are essential to ensure
a swift and organized response during real-life emergencies at sea.

11. What is a "Fall Preventer device" (FPD)? Explain the use of Fall Preventer
Device (FPD) on a lifeboat?
ANS- A "Fall Preventer Device" (FPD) is a safety mechanism used in maritime
and offshore industries to prevent lifeboat accidents during launch and
recovery operations. Its primary purpose is to ensure the safe and controlled
descent of lifeboats from their stowed positions on ships or offshore platforms.
FPDs are an essential component of lifeboat launching and retrieval systems,
designed to minimize the risk of accidents that can occur when lifeboats are
being deployed or recovered in challenging sea conditions.

Here's how a Fall Preventer Device (FPD) works and its use on a lifeboat:

1. Purpose: The main purpose of an FPD is to prevent a lifeboat from

accidentally falling into the water during launch or retrieval. Accidents
like free-falls or uncontrolled descents can result in serious injuries or
fatalities to the crew inside the lifeboat.
2. Components: A typical FPD system consists of several components:
 Wire ropes or cables: These are attached to the lifeboat and the
ship or platform.
 A winch or hoisting system: Used to control the descent and
ascent of the lifeboat.
 Hydraulic or mechanical brakes: These are engaged to stop the
descent in case of an emergency.
 Sensors and controls: These are used to monitor and regulate the
speed and position of the lifeboat.
3. How it works: When a lifeboat is launched, the FPD system ensures that
the descent is gradual and controlled. Here's a simplified overview of
how it works:
 The FPD is engaged before the lifeboat is released from its stowed
position.
 As the lifeboat is lowered, the FPD system maintains tension on
the ropes or cables, preventing the lifeboat from falling too
quickly.
 If there is a sudden drop or acceleration, the FPD's brakes will
automatically engage, bringing the lifeboat to a stop.
 The winch operator has control over the descent speed and can
stop the descent entirely if needed.
4. Safety: FPDs are an essential safety feature because they reduce the risk
of accidents during lifeboat operations, which are often conducted in
challenging sea conditions. They provide a safety net to prevent
uncontrolled falls, ensuring that the crew can safely board or disembark
from the lifeboat.
5. Regulations: International maritime regulations and guidelines, such as
SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), mandate
the use of Fall Preventer Devices on ships and offshore platforms to
ensure compliance with safety standards.
In summary, a Fall Preventer Device (FPD) is a crucial safety mechanism used in
maritime and offshore industries to prevent accidents during lifeboat launch
and retrieval. It ensures controlled and safe operations, reducing the risk of
injuries or fatalities to the crew involved in these critical activities.

12. a) Write a note on types of ports.

ANS- Ports can be categorized into various types based on their natural or man-
made characteristics, location, and function. Here are the main types of ports:

1. Natural Ports:
 River Mouth Ports: These are ports located at the mouths of
rivers where natural harbors or sheltered areas are formed due to
the river's flow into the sea. River mouth ports often benefit from
natural depth and shelter.
2. Man-Made Ports:
 Artificial Harbors: These ports are entirely constructed by
humans, typically by dredging and constructing breakwaters,
piers, and quays to provide safe anchorages for vessels.
 Container Terminals: Specialized facilities designed for the
efficient handling of containerized cargo, equipped with container
cranes, storage yards, and facilities for container transfer.
 Oil and Gas Terminals: Ports designed to handle the loading and
unloading of crude oil, LNG, and other petroleum products. They
often include storage tanks and pipelines.
 Bulk Handling Ports: Man-made ports designed for the efficient
handling of bulk cargo, including coal, grain, ores, and minerals.
They have infrastructure for bulk material transport and storage.
 Fisheries Harbors: Ports catering to the fishing industry, equipped
with facilities for fish processing, storage, and the landing of catch
from fishing vessels.
 Military Ports: Ports used by naval forces for maintenance,
deployment, and security of military vessels. They may have
restricted access.
 Dry Ports (Inland Container Depots): Inland facilities designed to
handle container cargo away from coastal ports, often located
near transportation routes.
3. River Ports:
  River Ports: Located along navigable rivers, these ports facilitate
inland waterway transportation and trade. They may serve as
hubs for goods coming from or going to inland areas.
4. Tidal Ports:
 Tidal Ports: Ports situated in areas with significant tidal
fluctuations. The rise and fall of tides can affect navigation and
require specialized planning and infrastructure.
5. Inland Ports:
 Inland Ports: Ports located far from the coast but connected to
the sea by inland waterways. They provide a link between
maritime transport and inland transportation networks.
6. Free Ports (Free Trade Zones):
 Free Ports (Free Trade Zones): Special economic zones within a
country where imported goods can be stored, processed, or re-
exported without usual customs procedures. They are designed to
promote trade and economic development.
7. Historical and Cultural Ports:
 Historical and Cultural Ports: Ports with historical or cultural
significance, often featuring museums, historical sites, or events
celebrating maritime heritage. They attract tourists and offer
educational opportunities.
8. Coastal Ports:
 Coastal Ports: General term referring to ports located along
coastlines, which can include a variety of port types depending on
their specific functions and facilities.
9. Green Ports:
 Green Ports: Ports that prioritize environmental sustainability and
minimize their ecological footprint through eco-friendly practices
and technologies.

The type of port is influenced by factors such as geographical location, cargo

handling requirements, economic activities, and the region's transportation
network. Ports play a pivotal role in trade, transportation, and economic
development, connecting regions and facilitating the movement of goods and
people across the world.
 b) List all the FFA equipment carried on board ship.
ANS- Firefighting equipment (FFA) is essential on board ships to ensure the
safety of the vessel, its crew, and cargo. The specific firefighting equipment
carried on a ship may vary depending on the type and size of the vessel, as well
as regulatory requirements. However, here is a list of common firefighting
equipment typically found on board ships:

1. Fire Extinguishers: These portable devices come in various types,

including water-based, foam-based, CO2, dry powder, and more. They
are used to extinguish small fires.
2. Fire Hoses and Nozzles: Fire hoses are used to deliver water or foam to
extinguish larger fires. Nozzles control the flow and spray pattern of the
firefighting agent.
3. Fire Hydrants and Fire Main System: Fire hydrants are connected to the
ship's fire main system, which provides a pressurized water supply for
firefighting. Fire pumps ensure adequate water pressure.
4. Fireman's Outfits (Personal Protective Equipment): These include heat-
resistant suits, helmets, gloves, boots, and breathing apparatus to
protect firefighters from extreme heat and smoke.
5. Fixed Firefighting Systems: These are automated systems designed to
suppress fires in specific areas of the ship, such as:
 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) Systems: Used for engine rooms and other
enclosed spaces.
 Sprinkler Systems: Installed in accommodation areas, cargo holds,
or machinery spaces.
 Water Mist Systems: Effective for various applications, including
machinery spaces and engine rooms.
6. Fire Blankets: Used to smother fires by covering them with a fire-
resistant fabric.
7. Fire Axes and Fireman's Tools: Tools like fire axes are used to gain
access to areas or equipment during firefighting efforts.
8. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems: These include smoke detectors, heat
detectors, and alarms to detect fires and provide early warning to crew
members.
9. Fire Control Plans: These are detailed drawings and instructions that
indicate firefighting equipment locations, fire boundaries, and
evacuation routes.
10. Firefighting Foam Equipment: Foam can be used to extinguish fires
involving flammable liquids. Equipment includes foam concentrate, foam
proportioners, and foam-making devices.
 11. Fireman's Control Station: A designated location with controls and
communication equipment to coordinate firefighting efforts.
12. Firefighting Tugs and Water Monitors: In larger vessels, firefighting tugs
and water monitors can provide high-pressure water streams for
firefighting efforts, especially in port areas.
13. Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBDs): These self-contained
breathing apparatus are used for emergency evacuation in areas with
smoke or toxic gases.
14. Firefighting Training Equipment: Equipment for training crew members
in firefighting techniques and procedures, such as fire simulators.

It's important to note that ships must comply with international regulations
and standards related to firefighting equipment, such as those outlined in the
International Maritime Organization's (IMO) SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea)
convention and other relevant guidelines. The specific firefighting equipment
and its quantity on board a ship will depend on the vessel's size, purpose, and
the type of cargo it carries. Regular inspections, maintenance, and crew
training are critical to ensure the effective operation of firefighting equipment
in emergency situations.

13.What is CABA and where it is used?

ANS- A compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA) is a type of respiratory
protection equipment that provides breathable air from cylinders containing
compressed air. It is used by firefighters, rescue workers and others who
operate in environments where air quality may present an immediate threat
to human health and safety.

14.What is "International code of signals"?

ANS - The International Code of Signals (INTERCO) is an international system
of signals and codes for use by vessels to communicate important messages
regarding safety of navigation and related matters. Signals can be sent by
flaghoist, signal lamp ("blinker"), flag semaphore, radiotelegraphy, and
radiotelephony. The International Code is the most recent evolution of a wide
variety of maritime flag signalling systems.
15.Explain the relationship between a Harbour, Ports, Terminals and berths.
ANS- Ports, terminals and berths are at the heart of global supply chains and
transport networks.
 A natural or manmade harbour may contain one or more ports, for
sheltering vessels, loading and unloading and the onward transportation of
goods.
Terminals and berths are vital infrastructure in ports, providing facilities for
handling cargo and the space to moor vessels for loading and unloading.

16.Explain role of a ship agent?

ANS - A shipping agent is a person who deals with the transactions of a ship
in every port that the ship visits or docks. In simple terms, it is a shipping
agent who with a local expert acts as a representative of the owner of the
ship and carries out all essential duties and obligations required by the crew
of the ship.

17.a. Explain monthly maintenance to be carried out on FFA equipment

ANS – Ships officers are responsible for performing monthly examinations of

firefighting system equipment and recording the examinations in the ship’s
official logbook. Monthly inspections should be carried out to ensure that:

1. all fireman’s outfits, fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, hose and nozzles
are in place, properly arranged, and are in proper condition;
2. all fixed fire-fighting system stop valves are in the proper open or closed
position, dry pipe sprinkler systems have appropriate pressures as
indicated by gauges;
3. sprinkler system pressure tanks have correct levels of water as indicated
by glass gauges;
4. all sprinkler system pumps automatically operate on reduction of
pressure in the systems;
5. all fire pumps are operated; and
6. all fixed fire-extinguishing installations using extinguishing gas are free
from leakage.
b. What is a Flag State Inspection (FSI)?

ANS- Flag State Inspections (FSI) are used by Flag States to ensure satisfactory
standards. are being maintained on board vessels flying their flag.

Flag State Inspections are carried out by approved Flag State Inspectors and
include verification of statutory documentation and a general examination of the
vessel’s structure, machinery and equipment, as well as a more thorough
inspection and / or operational testing of firefighting equipment, lifesaving
appliances and safety equipment.

Inspections normally also include verification of compliance with all applicable

rules and regulations, such as Flag State Circulars and notes and ILO
conventions.

18.a Describe launching procedure of free fall Life-boats

ANS- Launching a free-fall lifeboat is a critical procedure during maritime

emergencies, especially when evacuating a vessel in distress. Free-fall lifeboats
are designed to rapidly descend from a higher deck or structure into the water,
providing a quick and safe means of escape. Here's a step-by-step description
of the launching procedure for a free-fall lifeboat:

1. **Preparation and Inspection**:

- Ensure that the free-fall lifeboat is properly maintained, regularly inspected,

and equipped with all necessary safety equipment, such as life jackets, flares,
and communication devices.

- Check the release mechanisms, securing arrangements, and launch systems

for any defects or malfunctions.

- Confirm that the area around the lifeboat's stowage and launch location is
clear and safe.

2. **Crew Assembly**:

- Gather all crew members and passengers who will be boarding the lifeboat.
Ensure that they are wearing appropriate safety gear, including life jackets.
 - Brief everyone on the launching procedure, emphasizing the importance of
remaining calm and following instructions.

3. **Prepare the Lifeboat**:

- Ensure that the free-fall lifeboat is properly secured in its stowage cradle or
launching platform, with all safety pins and securing devices removed.

- Verify that the painter line (a line attached to the lifeboat) is properly
attached and free from tangles or obstructions.

4. **Activate the Release Mechanism**:

- Engage the release mechanism, which may involve pulling a handle, pushing
a button, or other specific actions depending on the lifeboat design.

- Ensure that the release mechanism is armed and ready for activation.

5. **Board the Lifeboat**:

- Crew and passengers should board the lifeboat and take their designated
positions, ensuring that everyone is securely seated and wearing life jackets.

- Follow any additional safety instructions provided for securing oneself

within the lifeboat.

6. **Launch the Lifeboat**:

- Once all personnel are on board and securely seated, activate the free-fall
release mechanism. This will disengage the lifeboat from its cradle or launching
platform.

- The lifeboat will rapidly descend along a set trajectory, free-falling into the
water below. During this descent, it may reach high speeds, but it is designed
to withstand the impact with the water.

7. **In-Water Procedures**:

- Upon entering the water, the lifeboat should automatically right itself if it
capsizes, ensuring that it is in an upright position for use.
 - Crew members can deploy sea anchors, life rafts, or other equipment as
necessary to aid in stabilization and rescue operations.

8. **Distance from the Vessel**:

- The free-fall lifeboat should move away from the vessel in distress to a safe
distance to avoid any potential hazards, such as suction created by the sinking
vessel.

9. **Communication and Rescue**:

- Use communication equipment to signal for assistance and relay your

position to rescue authorities.

- Await rescue by other vessels, helicopters, or search and rescue teams,

depending on the situation and location.

The launching of a free-fall lifeboat requires careful coordination and

adherence to safety procedures to ensure the safety of everyone on board.
Regular training and drills are essential to familiarize crew members and
passengers with the process and to maintain readiness for emergency
situations at sea.

b. What is a "Fall preventer device" (FPD)?

ANS - Designed to prevent accidents caused by the failure of on-load lifeboat

release hooks, this essential piece of safety equipment provides you and your
crew with a second line of safety while lowering or raising lifeboats.

BENEFITS

 Manufactured from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

(UHMWPE) rope which is incredibly strong and ideal for marine
environment
 Lightweight and easy for your crew to handle
 Offers excellent resistance to UV and chemical damage to improve
durability
 Supplied with an instruction manual and clear safety warning tag
  Can be retrofitted to all existing release and retrieval systems
 Supplied with a Lloyd’s Register Certificate as standard
 Clearly marked with the first in-service date for easier inspection

19.a. What is the format of a Distress message?

ANS- A distress message, sent in a maritime or aviation emergency situation,

follows a standardized format to ensure clarity and quick response from search
and rescue authorities. This format is commonly referred to as the "MAYDAY"
call in maritime communication and the "PAN-PAN" call in aviation
communication. Here is the format of a distress message:

**1. Distress Call:** Begin the message by clearly stating "MAYDAY" in

maritime or "PAN-PAN" in aviation communication. This signal immediately
alerts authorities that you are in distress.

**2. Identity:** Provide your vessel or aircraft's identity, including its name, call
sign, registration number, or any other identifier that can help responders
locate you.

**3. Nature of Distress:** Explain the nature of the emergency or distress

situation. Be concise and specific. Mention the type of problem or danger you
are facing, such as fire, collision, grounding, sinking, engine failure, medical
emergency, etc.

**4. Position:** Clearly state your current position using coordinates (latitude
and longitude), bearing and distance from a known reference point, or any
other method that helps rescuers determine your location accurately. Include
the date and time of the position report.

**5. Assistance Required:** Specify the type of assistance you require. This
might include medical help, firefighting equipment, towing, or search and
rescue operations.

**6. Additional Information:** Provide any additional information that can aid
in the rescue effort. This may include the number of people on board, their
condition, the availability of life-saving equipment, and any other relevant
details.
**7. Intentions:** Describe your intentions or actions you are taking to
mitigate the emergency, if applicable. For example, if you are abandoning your
vessel or aircraft, mention your plans for launching lifeboats or deploying life
rafts.

**8. Repeat Message:** Repeat the distress call and message at regular
intervals, typically every two minutes. This helps ensure that rescue authorities
receive the message and can respond promptly.

**9. Await Instructions:** After transmitting the distress message, monitor the
appropriate emergency frequency (such as VHF Channel 16 in maritime
communication or the designated emergency frequency in aviation) for
instructions and guidance from rescue authorities.

**10. Continue Signaling:** Continue to signal distress using all available

means, including visual signals, sound signals, and any other signaling devices,
to maximize your chances of being located.

It's essential to stay calm and composed while transmitting a distress message
and follow the established format precisely. Training and drills in emergency
procedures are crucial for all personnel on board vessels and aircraft to ensure
a swift and effective response to distress situations.

b. Write a note on Harbour

ANS- A harbour is a sheltered water body where ships, boats and barges can be
docked.

• It is man made a facility built for loading and unloading vessels and
dropping and picking up passengers.

• Harbors may may be natural or artificial.

The basic requirements of a harbour are:

 Sufficient depth should be available for the draught of ships using the
harbour.
 Anchorage should be sufficient in the bottom area of harbor during high
wind times.
Protection against waves should be adequate.

# Parts of Harbour:

 Entrance Channels
 Berthing Basin
 Break Water
 Turning Basin
 Pier Head
 Wharves
 Jetties

#Classification of Harbour:

 Natural Harbour
 Semi Natural Harbour
 Artificial Harbour

#Natural Harbour

 It is protected form storms and waves by.

 Prominence of land.
 Consist of part of body of water which is protected.
 Deep enough for anchorage.

#Semi Natural Harbour

 The ones who are protected on sides by land and.

 Require man- made protection only at entrance.

#Artificial Harbour

 Man-made harbour.
 Deliberately constructed break waters, sea walls, Jetties, and also
dredging is done there.
 Requires maintenance by periodic dredging.

20. Explain relationship between Ship-owner and agents

ANS- The relationship between a ship-owner and agents in the maritime

industry is a crucial partnership that helps facilitate the smooth operation of
a vessel, its cargo, and related services. This relationship involves several key
aspects:

1. **Representation and Liaison**:

- Agents act as representatives of ship-owners in various ports and locations
where the ship may call or require services.
- They serve as intermediaries between the ship-owner and local
authorities, port operators, and service providers.
- Agents liaise with customs, immigration, harbor authorities, and other
regulatory bodies on behalf of the ship-owner to ensure compliance with
local laws and regulations.
2. **Port Operations and Logistics**:
- Agents are responsible for coordinating and overseeing various port
operations, such as loading and unloading cargo, bunkering (refueling), crew
changes, and provisioning.
- They arrange for the necessary services, such as pilotage, towage, and
stevedoring, to ensure the vessel's safe entry and departure from the port.
3. **Documentation and Compliance**:
- Agents handle the preparation and submission of required documentation,
including customs declarations, cargo manifests, and immigration paperwork.
- They ensure that the vessel complies with international and local
regulations, including safety, environmental, and security standards.
4. **Financial Transactions**:
- Agents manage financial transactions on behalf of ship-owners. This
includes handling payments for port fees, pilotage, towage, and other
services.
- They may also assist with crew payroll, invoicing, and financial reporting.
5. **Crew Services**:
- Agents assist with crew-related matters, such as crew changes,
immigration formalities, medical emergencies, and repatriation of seafarers.
 - They may also provide support for crew welfare, including arranging for
medical care and accommodation.
6. **Cargo Handling**:
- In cases where the ship carries cargo, agents work with cargo interests,
including shippers and consignees, to ensure the efficient loading and
discharge of goods.
- They help resolve cargo-related issues, including claims and disputes.
7. **Communication and Information**:
- Agents serve as a vital communication link between the ship-owner and
the vessel. They relay important information regarding vessel operations, port
conditions, and any changes to the ship's schedule.
- They provide regular updates to ship-owners on the status of their vessels
while in port.
8. **Emergency Response**:
- Agents are often the first point of contact in case of emergencies, accidents,
or incidents involving the vessel. They coordinate emergency response efforts
and liaise with relevant authorities and organizations.
9. **Local Knowledge and Expertise**:
- Agents possess local knowledge and expertise in the ports they serve. They
understand the unique challenges and requirements of each port and can
provide valuable guidance to ship-owners.
In summary, the relationship between ship-owners and agents is one of
collaboration and trust. Agents play a critical role in ensuring that vessels
operate efficiently, legally, and safely while in port. They handle a wide range
of responsibilities, from administrative and logistical tasks to compliance and
emergency management, allowing ship-owners to focus on the overall
management and navigation of their vessels. Effective communication and a
strong working relationship between ship-owners and agents are essential for
the successful operation of maritime activities.

21.What is the difference between Liner and Tramp Trade?

ANS- A ship that regularly sails on a fixed route following a schedule is known
as a liner. This is because they have regular ports of call.

On the other hand, we have ships that do not follow a schedule or have
regular routes. Such ships are called tramp services.

Typically, tramp services are designed to transport cargo, while liner services
cater to cargo and passengers separately.

Liner services are preferred by businesses that have cargo for regular or
frequent dispatches, while those organizations that do not have regular
shipments normally go for tramp services.

22.What do you understand by DSC in GMDSS?

ANS- Digital selective calling or DSC is a standard for transmitting

predefined digital messages via the medium-frequency (MF), high-
frequency (HF) and very-high-frequency (VHF) maritime radio systems. It
is a core part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS).

23.As per SOLAS what is the frequency of conducting Abandon Ship Drill
on board ship?

ANS- It is a requirement under SOLAS Reg.III/19.3 that every crew member

shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill every month and that
the drills shall, as far as practicable, be conducted as if there were an actual
emergency. While this means that the drill should cover all relevant steps
of an emergency, including notification and mustering, donning of
lifejackets, and the launching of life-saving appliances, it does not mean
that unnecessary risks should be taken. The lowering of a lifeboat with its
full complement of persons is an example of an element of a drill that may,
depending on the circumstances, involve an unnecessary risk.

24.What are the sides of Fire Tetrahedron?

Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the "fire triangle." Add in
the fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire
"tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is: take any of these four
things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be extinguished.

Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more
elements of the fire triangle/tetrahedron.

Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel
sources and ignition sources separate

25.Write essential tasks as per SOLAS, to be conducted during Fire Drill.

ANS-Crew members need guidance and senior officers (Chief officer/Chief

Engineer) should provide detailed guidance for each step of drill. This will
provide the necessary confidence to crew members on how to react during
real situations.

 Each drill should simulate reality as much as possible. Turning off lighting
or use training smoke creates a close to reality environment.
 Injured personnel evacuation with stretcher’s use should be part of the
drill in order to provide training on different technics (vertical transfer,
accommodation stairway use, etc.).
 An effective briefing (toolbox meeting) should be the starting point of the
drill. An effective debriefing and a written evaluation should be final
stage of each drill.

26.Write down steps in donning and checking the SCBA.

ANS- Donning and checking a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is a

critical procedure for firefighters, industrial workers, and other professionals
who may encounter hazardous atmospheres or smoke-filled environments.
Properly donning and checking an SCBA ensures that it functions correctly
and provides a reliable source of breathable air. Here are the steps to don and
check an SCBA:

**Note:** Before beginning, ensure that you have received proper training
on the specific type and model of SCBA you are using, as different SCBAs may
have variations in their donning and checking procedures.
**Donning the SCBA:**

1. **Preparation**:

- Ensure that the SCBA is properly maintained, and all components are in
good working condition.

- Perform a visual inspection of the SCBA to check for any visible damage or
defects.

2. **Dress Appropriately**:

- Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) before donning the

SCBA. This may include a firefighting suit, helmet, gloves, and boots.

3. **Prepare the SCBA**:

- Check that the air cylinder is fully charged and securely attached to the
SCBA.

- Ensure the regulator (the part that delivers air to the mask) is properly
connected and functioning.

4. **Secure the Harness**:

- Put on the SCBA harness like a backpack, ensuring it fits snugly but
comfortably.

- Make sure the waist and shoulder straps are properly adjusted and
fastened securely.

5. **Don the Facepiece**:

- Position the SCBA mask over your face, ensuring a proper seal.

- Adjust the mask straps to secure it in place, ensuring a snug but

comfortable fit.

6. **Activate the Air Supply**:

- Turn on the air supply or open the cylinder valve to start the flow of
breathable air. - Check the pressure gauge to confirm that the air supply is
sufficient.
**Checking the SCBA (Buddy Check):**

1. **Communication**:

- Communicate with a buddy or colleague who will help you with the buddy
check.

- Ensure both you and your buddy understand the importance of the check
and the order in which it should be performed.

2. **Visual Inspection**:

- Examine each other's SCBAs for any visible damage, loose connections, or
missing parts.

- Inspect the cylinder pressure gauge to ensure it shows a sufficient air

supply.

- Confirm that the facepiece is properly sealed and the straps are secure.

3. **Audible Alarm Check**:

- Trigger the low-pressure alarm on your SCBA (if equipped) to verify that
the alarm sounds as expected.

- Reset the alarm if necessary.

4. **Air Flow Test**:

- Confirm that the air supply is flowing by feeling the flow of air from the
regulator.

- Ensure that you can breathe comfortably and that there are no
obstructions in the airway.

5. **Communication and Final Check**:

- Communicate with your buddy to confirm that both of you are ready to
enter the hazardous environment.

- Confirm that all connections and components are secure and functioning
correctly.
6. **Entry**:

- Once both you and your buddy have completed the buddy check and are
satisfied with the SCBA's condition, you can safely enter the hazardous
environment while continuously monitoring your air supply and
communication with your team.

Remember that regular training and practice are essential for donning and
checking SCBAs efficiently and safely, as well as for responding effectively in
emergency situations.

27.a What all preparation you should do before you proceed to life boat
or life raft station for launching.
ANS- Preparing to proceed to a lifeboat or life raft station for launching is a
crucial step in ensuring your safety during maritime emergencies. Here are
the key preparations you should make:

1. **Donning Appropriate Safety Gear**:

- Put on a personal flotation device (PFD) or life jacket before leaving your
designated assembly area. Ensure it is properly fastened and adjusted for
a secure fit.

2. **Gathering Essential Equipment**:

- Collect any essential personal items, such as identification, medications,
and personal protective equipment (PPE), if time and circumstances allow.

3. **Communication Devices**:
- Bring any communication devices with you, such as a portable VHF radio
or an emergency beacon, to maintain contact with the crew and rescuers.

4. **Footwear and Clothing**:

- Wear appropriate footwear, such as non-slip shoes or boots, for safe
movement on deck and within the lifeboat or life raft.
- Dress appropriately for the weather conditions, including wearing
protective clothing, such as a waterproof jacket, if necessary.

5. **Grab Bag or Emergency Kit**:

 - If available, carry a grab bag or emergency kit with essential supplies
like water, snacks, a flashlight, signaling devices, and a first-aid kit.

6. **Personal Identification and Documentation**:

- Take your identification, passport, or any other important documents
with you if they are easily accessible.

7. **Lifelines and Safety Harness**:

- Attach yourself to a lifeline or safety harness if provided. This ensures
you remain securely connected to the vessel while moving to the lifeboat
or life raft station, especially in rough seas.

8. **Heed Instructions**:
- Listen carefully to instructions from the ship's crew or emergency
response personnel. Follow their guidance and directions without
hesitation.

9. **Assist Others**:
- If you are responsible for others, such as family members or colleagues,
ensure they are also properly equipped and prepared for the journey to
the lifeboat or life raft station.

10. **Stay Calm and Reassure Others**:

- Encourage a calm and orderly demeanor among fellow passengers and
crew members. Panic can hinder safety efforts during an evacuation.

11. **Carry Necessary Medications and First Aid**:

- If you require medication or have specific medical needs, carry them
with you in a waterproof container.

12. **Help Vulnerable Individuals**:

- Assist vulnerable passengers, such as children, the elderly, or
individuals with mobility issues, in reaching the lifeboat or life raft station
safely.

13. **Follow the Designated Route**:

- Use the designated route to access the lifeboat or life raft station. Do
not take shortcuts or deviate from the prescribed path.
14. **Maintain Good Hydration and Energy Levels**:
- Drink water and eat if possible to maintain hydration and energy levels.
An evacuation may take some time, and it's important to stay nourished
and hydrated.

15. **Stay Informed**:

- Stay informed about the situation by listening to announcements, if
possible. This can help you understand the status of the emergency and
any changes in the evacuation plan.

Preparation and a calm, organized approach are essential during

emergency evacuations at sea. Prioritize your safety and the safety of
others, follow instructions from crew members and emergency personnel,
and take the necessary precautions to ensure a successful evacuation to
the lifeboat or life raft station.

b. Write down steps in launching totally enclosed life boat other that free
fall life boat.
ANS- Launching a totally enclosed lifeboat (often referred to as a lifeboat
with a davit launching system) involves a series of steps to ensure the safe
and efficient deployment of the lifeboat. Here are the general steps for
launching a totally enclosed lifeboat:

**Note:** The specific procedures may vary depending on the type and
model of the lifeboat and the vessel's equipment. Crew members should
be trained in the operation of the specific lifeboat and launching system on
their vessel.

1. **Preparation and Briefing**:

- Ensure that all crew members are properly dressed in suitable attire for
the conditions.
- Conduct a pre-launch briefing to ensure everyone understands their
roles and responsibilities during the launch.

2. **Check the Lifeboat**:

 - Inspect the lifeboat to ensure it is in good condition, free from damage
or defects.
- Ensure that all essential equipment and supplies are on board and
properly secured.

3. **Confirm the Launching System**:

- Ensure that the davit launching system is ready and operational. Check
for any obstructions or malfunctions.

4. **Prepare the Lifeboat**:

- Remove securing devices, such as lashings or chains, that hold the
lifeboat in place.
- Ensure that the lifeboat's release mechanism is armed and ready for
activation.

5. **Prepare the Crew**:

- Crew members should be wearing life jackets or personal flotation
devices (PFDs).
- Assign specific roles to crew members, including those responsible for
releasing the lifeboat, operating the davits, and assisting with the launch.

6. **Board the Lifeboat**:

- Crew and passengers should board the lifeboat in an orderly manner.
- Ensure that everyone is securely seated and wearing life jackets.

7. **Release the Lifeboat**:

- The designated crew member should activate the release mechanism
to disengage the lifeboat from its cradle or stowage location.
- Ensure that the lifeboat begins its descent smoothly.

8. **Control the Descent**:

- The operator of the davit system should control the descent of the
lifeboat using the davit's controls.
- Lower the lifeboat carefully to ensure it lands safely in the water.

9. **Check for Proper Inflation**:

- Once in the water, verify that the lifeboat's inflatable components (if
applicable) are properly inflated and functioning.
10. **Release Mechanism for Painter Line**:
- If the lifeboat is equipped with a painter line (a line attached to the
lifeboat), ensure that it is released, allowing the lifeboat to move away
from the vessel.

11. **Engine Start and Propulsion**:

- If the lifeboat has an engine, start it and engage the propulsion system
to move away from the vessel.
- Maintain control of the lifeboat's direction and speed.

12. **Safety and Communication**:

- Maintain communication with the vessel and the crew on board.
- Keep an eye on weather conditions and other vessels in the vicinity.

13. **Rescue Operations**:

- If there are other lifeboats or life rafts launched, coordinate rescue
efforts and stay in communication with other lifeboats and the main vessel.
- Follow search and rescue procedures as needed.

The above steps provide a general overview of the process for launching a
totally enclosed lifeboat. It's essential to follow the manufacturer's
instructions and the vessel's emergency procedures, as specific equipment
and procedures may vary. Safety, communication, and coordination are
paramount during this critical operation to ensure the safety of everyone
on board.

28.a With the help of a diagram explain working of Foam type portable
Fire Extinguisher.
ANS- A foam-type portable fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish fires
involving flammable liquids (Class B) and fires involving combustible
materials (Class A). It operates by discharging a mixture of foam
concentrate and water onto the fire, forming a blanket of foam that
suppresses the flames and cools the fire's fuel source. Here's how a foam-
type portable fire extinguisher works:
1. **Pull the Safety Pin**: To activate the extinguisher, you start by pulling
out the safety pin located on the top of the extinguisher. This pin prevents
accidental discharge.

2. **Aim at the Base of the Fire**: Position yourself at a safe distance from
the fire, ideally upwind to avoid inhaling smoke or fumes. Aim the nozzle
of the extinguisher at the base of the flames, not at the flames themselves.
This is because you want to cut off the fire's oxygen supply at the fuel
source.

3. **Squeeze the Handle**: With a firm grip on the extinguisher's handle,

squeeze it to release the pressurized foam solution inside the canister.

4. **Sweep Side to Side**: While continuing to aim at the base of the fire,
sweep the nozzle from side to side, covering the entire area of the fire. This
motion helps ensure that the foam effectively blankets the burning
material.

5. **Apply the Foam**: As the foam solution is expelled from the

extinguisher, it mixes with air to create a foam blanket. The foam
suppresses the fire by smothering it and cooling the surrounding area.

6. **Monitor and Repeat**: After you've discharged the extinguisher,

continue to watch the fire. If it re-ignites or if you haven't fully extinguished
it, you may need to use another extinguisher or wait for professional
firefighters to arrive.

**How It Works Internally:**

Inside a foam-type portable fire extinguisher, you typically have the

following components:

- **Foam Concentrate**: This is a specialized firefighting agent that is

stored in the extinguisher in a concentrated form. It is mixed with water
when the extinguisher is activated.

- **Water Reservoir**: The extinguisher contains a water reservoir that

holds the water necessary for mixing with the foam concentrate.
 - **Pressurized Gas**: The extinguisher is pressurized with a gas, such as
nitrogen or carbon dioxide. This pressurized gas forces the foam
concentrate and water mixture out of the extinguisher when the handle is
squeezed.

- **Nozzle**: The nozzle at the end of the extinguisher directs the foam
mixture toward the fire.

- **Safety Mechanisms**: Safety features, such as a safety pin and tamper

seal, are in place to prevent accidental discharge.

- **Pressure Gauge**: Many extinguishers have a pressure gauge that

indicates the pressure level inside the extinguisher, helping you determine
if it's in good working condition.

Remember that using a fire extinguisher requires proper training, and

safety should always be the top priority. It's crucial to have regular
maintenance and inspections to ensure that the extinguisher is ready for
use in case of a fire emergency.

b. What is the purpose of Load Line Convention?

ANS- The Load Line Convention, also known as the International
Convention on Load Lines (ICLL), serves several important purposes in
the maritime industry. This convention was established to promote
safety at sea, protect human lives, and prevent ships from being
overloaded or operating with excessive drafts. Here are the primary
purposes of the Load Line Convention:

1. Safety of Ships: The convention aims to enhance the safety of

ships by setting specific limits on how much cargo a vessel can
carry and how deeply it can be immersed in water (draft) under
different conditions. These limits are based on the ship's size, type,
and construction.
2. Preventing Overloading: One of the main purposes of the Load
Line Convention is to prevent ships from being overloaded, which
can lead to instability, structural stress, and the risk of capsizing. By
 specifying load line marks on a ship's hull, it becomes visibly clear
whether a vessel is loaded within the allowed limits.
3. Stability: Ensuring that vessels adhere to the load line
requirements helps maintain the ship's stability, especially in
adverse weather conditions. Proper stability is crucial for a ship to
withstand rough seas and avoid accidents.
4. Protection of Seafarers: The convention contributes to the
protection of seafarers by minimizing the risks associated with
overloading. Overloaded ships are more susceptible to accidents
and can pose greater dangers to the crew.
5. Preventing Submersion: The load line markings on a ship's hull
indicate the maximum draft for different operating conditions,
ensuring that the ship does not submerge too deeply in the water,
which can lead to damage and compromise safety.

In summary, the Load Line Convention plays a vital role in ensuring the
safety, stability, and integrity of ships operating at sea. It helps prevent
overloading, safeguards the well-being of seafarers, and contributes to the
protection of the marine environment. Compliance with load line
requirements is a fundamental aspect of maritime safety and regulation

29.a. List the purpose of ISM.

ANS- The International Safety Management (ISM) Code is a set of international
regulations and guidelines developed by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) to ensure the safe operation of ships and the prevention of
marine pollution. The primary purpose of the ISM Code is to promote and
enhance safety at sea and protect the marine environment. Here are the key
purposes and objectives of the ISM Code:

1. **Safety at Sea**: The ISM Code aims to improve the safety of ships, their
crew, passengers, and cargo. It establishes a framework for the safe
management and operation of vessels to reduce the risk of accidents and
incidents.

2. **Prevention of Pollution**: The ISM Code is designed to prevent marine

pollution by setting standards and procedures that help ships manage their
environmental impact, including the prevention of oil spills, chemical spills, and
other forms of pollution.

3. **Standardization**: It promotes standardization of safety management

practices across the maritime industry, ensuring that all ships adhere to
consistent safety standards and procedures.

4. **Management Responsibility**: The ISM Code assigns responsibility for

safety management to the ship's owner or operator, emphasizing the
importance of leadership and accountability in ensuring safety.

5. **Risk Assessment**: It encourages ship operators to identify and assess

potential risks and hazards, allowing them to implement effective risk
mitigation measures.

6. **Emergency Preparedness**: The ISM Code requires ships to have

comprehensive emergency procedures and contingency plans in place,
ensuring that the crew is prepared to respond to emergencies effectively.

7. **Continuous Improvement**: The code promotes a culture of continuous

improvement in safety management, requiring regular reviews, evaluations,
and updates to safety procedures to adapt to changing conditions and
emerging risks.

8. **Documentation and Record Keeping**: The ISM Code mandates the

maintenance of records, documentation, and records of safety-related
activities, ensuring transparency and accountability.

9. **Training and Competency**: It emphasizes the importance of training and

competency of seafarers and shore-based personnel to ensure they are
adequately prepared to carry out their duties safely.

10. **Compliance and Verification**: The ISM Code sets the framework for flag
states and recognized organizations to conduct audits and verifications to
ensure compliance with safety standards.
11. **Crisis Management**: It requires the development of crisis management
plans, helping ships and their operators effectively respond to and manage
emergencies, including search and rescue operations.

12. **International Cooperation**: The ISM Code promotes international

cooperation and harmonization of safety standards, making it easier for vessels
to operate internationally without compromising safety.

13. **Accountability and Liability**: The code establishes clear lines of

accountability and liability for shipowners and operators in case of safety-
related incidents.

Overall, the ISM Code is a critical instrument for enhancing safety, reducing
risks, and preventing accidents and pollution in the maritime industry. It places
safety management at the forefront of ship operations and contributes to the
well-being of seafarers, passengers, and the marine environment.

b. List 10 equipment which must be available in the Life Raft.

ANS- A life raft is an essential piece of safety equipment on a vessel, and it

should be equipped with various items to ensure the survival and well-being of
occupants in emergency situations. Here are ten pieces of equipment that must
be available in a life raft:

1. **Inflatable Buoyancy Tubes**: These are the main components of the life
raft that provide buoyancy and keep the raft afloat.

2. **Canopy or Shelter**: A canopy or shelter helps protect occupants from

exposure to the elements, such as sun, wind, rain, and sea spray. It helps to
minimize heat and cold stress.

3. **Sea Anchor or Drogue**: A sea anchor or drogue is a device deployed in

the water to stabilize the life raft and prevent it from drifting too quickly with
the currents and winds.

4. **Ballast Bags**: Ballast bags or pockets help maintain the life raft's stability
by preventing it from capsizing in rough seas.
5. **Rescue Lights**: These are high-intensity, waterproof lights that help
make the life raft visible to search and rescue teams, especially during
nighttime or low-visibility conditions.

6. **Signal Flares and Smoke Signals**: Pyrotechnic devices such as signal

flares and smoke signals are used to attract attention and signal distress to
nearby vessels and aircraft.

7. **Handheld VHF Radio or Satellite Phone**: Communication equipment is

crucial for requesting assistance and providing information about the life raft's
position and the condition of occupants.

8. **First Aid Kit**: A well-equipped first aid kit contains medical supplies to
address injuries and illnesses that may occur during the time occupants are in
the life raft.

9. **Survival Rations and Water**: Packaged food and water supplies are
essential to sustain occupants until rescue arrives. They should be designed to
withstand exposure to seawater.

10. **Repair Kit**: A repair kit typically includes items like adhesive patches, a
pump, and repair materials to address any minor damage to the life raft.

It's important to note that the equipment and supplies in a life raft should
comply with international maritime safety regulations and standards.
Additionally, regular inspections and maintenance are necessary to ensure that
the equipment remains in good working condition and that the life raft is ready
for use in an emergency.

30.a Explain Role of shipping Master.

ANS- A shipping master, often referred to as a shipmaster or ship's captain, plays

a pivotal role in the safe and efficient operation of a vessel at sea. The master
of a ship has numerous responsibilities and duties, ranging from navigation and
safety to crew management and legal compliance. Here are the key roles and
responsibilities of a shipping master:
1. **Vessel Navigation and Safety**:

- The master is responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel, ensuring that
it follows the intended course and avoids obstacles, other vessels, and hazards.

- They must maintain constant vigilance, monitor weather conditions, and

make decisions to ensure the safety of the ship, crew, passengers, and cargo.

- The master takes appropriate action during emergencies, such as storms,

collisions, or mechanical failures, to minimize risks and protect lives and the
environment.

2. **Vessel Operations**:

- Overseeing the overall operation of the ship, including navigation,

propulsion, and cargo handling.

- Ensuring compliance with international maritime regulations and local laws.

- Maintaining the ship's logbook, records of navigational activities, and other

required documentation.

3. **Crew Management**:

- The master is responsible for the crew's safety, welfare, and performance.

- Assigning duties and responsibilities to crew members.

- Monitoring and managing crew rest periods to prevent fatigue.

- Conducting safety drills and training exercises for the crew.

4. **Cargo Management**:

- Supervising the loading, stowage, and discharge of cargo to ensure it is

properly secured and follows safety regulations.

- Monitoring cargo conditions, especially when carrying hazardous materials

or perishable goods.
5. **Communication and Reporting**:

- Maintaining communication with maritime authorities, the ship's owners or

operators, and other vessels in the vicinity.

- Reporting incidents, accidents, and other relevant information to

appropriate authorities.

6. **Security**:

- Implementing security measures and protocols to prevent piracy, terrorism,

and other security threats.

- Coordinating with security personnel and conducting security drills.

7. **Emergency Response**:

- Being prepared to respond to emergencies, such as fires, collisions, or man-

overboard situations.

- Organizing and leading the crew in executing emergency response plans.

8. **Legal and Regulatory Compliance**:

- Ensuring that the vessel complies with international and local maritime laws
and regulations.

- Managing the vessel's documentation and certificates, including its

seaworthiness and safety equipment.

9. **Environmental Stewardship**:

- Implementing measures to minimize the ship's impact on the marine

environment, including proper waste disposal and adherence to environmental
regulations.

10. **Passenger and Crew Safety**:

 - Ensuring the safety and well-being of passengers (on passenger vessels) and
crew members, including providing life-saving equipment and conducting
safety briefings.

11. **Representing the Vessel and Owners**:

- Serving as the official representative of the ship and its owners when
interacting with port authorities, customs officials, and other stakeholders.

12. **Overall Accountability**:

- The master bears ultimate responsibility for all aspects of the ship's
operation, safety, and compliance while at sea.

The role of a shipping master is demanding and requires a high level of

knowledge, experience, and leadership. Masters are required to hold
appropriate certifications, such as a Master Mariner's license, to demonstrate
their qualifications for commanding a vessel. They must make informed
decisions, prioritize safety, and act decisively to navigate and manage the ship
effectively in a variety of conditions and situations.

b. Very briefly, state functions of:

ISF

ANS- The International Shipping Federation (ISF) is a global association

representing the interests of the international shipping industry. It serves as a
liaison between shipowners, ship operators, and various international bodies
to address industry-related issues and promote best practices. The functions of
the ISF include:

1. **Advocacy and Representation**:

- ISF represents the interests of the international shipping industry to

governmental bodies, international organizations (such as the International
Maritime Organization or IMO), and other stakeholders.

- It advocates for policies and regulations that are favorable to the industry's
economic viability, safety, and environmental responsibility.
2. **Policy Development and Guidance**:

- ISF contributes to the development of international maritime policies,

regulations, and guidelines by providing input and expertise on behalf of the
shipping industry.

- It offers guidance to its members on how to comply with existing regulations

and standards, promoting safe and environmentally responsible shipping
practices.

3. **Safety and Training**:

- ISF works to enhance safety at sea by collaborating with organizations like

the IMO to develop international regulations and industry standards.

- It promotes training and education programs to improve the skills and

competencies of seafarers and shore-based personnel.

4. **Environmental Stewardship**:

- ISF addresses environmental challenges and supports initiatives to reduce

the environmental impact of shipping, including efforts to lower greenhouse
gas emissions and minimize marine pollution.

- It assists members in understanding and complying with environmental

regulations and best practices.

5. **Labor and Employment Issues**:

- ISF is involved in labor and employment matters, including negotiations with

seafarers' unions and discussions on issues related to crew welfare, working
conditions, and employment terms.

- It works to maintain positive labor relations within the industry.

6. **Technical and Operational Expertise**:

- ISF provides technical advice and expertise to its members on matters

related to ship design, equipment, and operational practices.
 - It disseminates information on technological advancements and innovations
that can improve safety and efficiency in shipping.

7. **Maritime Security**:

- ISF collaborates with authorities and organizations to address maritime

security issues, including piracy, terrorism, and cyber threats.

- It supports efforts to enhance the security of vessels and maritime

infrastructure.

8. **Promotion of Responsible Shipping**:

- ISF promotes responsible and ethical business practices within the shipping
industry, including fair competition, transparency, and corporate social
responsibility.

- It helps develop codes of conduct and guidelines for members to follow.

9. **Information Sharing and Networking**:

- ISF serves as a platform for members to share information, best practices,

and industry insights.

- It facilitates networking opportunities among industry stakeholders to foster

collaboration and cooperation.

10. **Research and Data Analysis**:

- ISF conducts research and analysis on various aspects of the shipping

industry to provide valuable insights and data to its members and relevant
authorities.

Overall, the International Shipping Federation plays a crucial role in promoting

the interests of the global shipping industry, ensuring its sustainability, safety,
and compliance with international regulations. It serves as a bridge between
industry stakeholders and international bodies, working to address challenges
and shape the future of maritime transport.

WHO

ANS-The functions of the World Health Organization (WHO) in short include:

1. **Setting Health Standards**: Establishing global health standards and

guidelines.

2. **Monitoring Health Trends**: Collecting and analyzing health data

worldwide.

3. **Policy Development**: Developing evidence-based health policies.

4. **Disease Outbreak Response**: Leading responses to disease outbreaks

and emergencies.

5. **Vaccine Development**: Supporting vaccine development and

immunization programs.

6. **Health Systems Strengthening**: Assisting countries in improving

healthcare systems.

7. **Emergency Preparedness**: Helping nations prepare for health

emergencies.

8. **Health Research**: Promoting research and innovation in healthcare.

9. **Health Equity**: Addressing health disparities and social determinants.

10. **Health Promotion**: Promoting healthy behaviors and awareness.

11. **Capacity Building**: Providing training and technical support.

12. **International Collaboration**: Fostering partnerships to tackle global

health challenges.
13. **Norms and Standards**: Setting safety and quality standards for health
products.

14. **Health Financing**: Supporting sustainable healthcare financing.

15. **Ethical Guidelines**: Promoting ethical healthcare practices and human

rights.

31.a List GMDSS Equipment required in a vessel above 500GRT proceeding to

sea area 3.

ANS- GMDSS equipment required for a vessel above 500 GRT proceeding to Sea
Area 3 includes:

1. Inmarsat-C

2. Maritime MF/HF Radios

3. Digital Selective Calling (DSC)

4. VHF Radios

5. Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)

6. Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)

7. Navtex Receiver

8. AIS (Automatic Identification System)

9. Two-Way VHF Radios for Survival Craft

10. Portable GMDSS Equipment

11. Battery Backup and Power Supply

12. GMDSS Logbook

13. Operator Training and Certification

14. Annual Testing and Inspection.

b. Defines articles of Agreement for employment of seafarers

ANS- The Articles of Agreement for the employment of seafarers, commonly

known as the "Seafarers' Employment Agreement" or "SEA," is a legally binding
contract between a seafarer and the shipowner or ship operator. It outlines the
terms and conditions of employment for the seafarer while they are serving on
a vessel. Here are the key components typically found in the Articles of
Agreement:

1. **Parties to the Agreement**: This section identifies the seafarer

(employee) and the shipowner or ship operator (employer) entering into the
agreement.

2. **Vessel Information**: The agreement includes details about the vessel,

such as its name, flag, official number, and port of registry.

3. **Date of Engagement**: Specifies the date when the seafarer's

employment begins.

4. **Nature of Employment**: Describes the seafarer's position, rank, and

duties on board the vessel.

5. **Duration of Engagement**: Specifies the duration of the seafarer's

employment, including the date of commencement and the expected date of
completion or termination.

6. **Wages and Benefits**:

- Clearly outlines the seafarer's salary, wage rate, or compensation.

- Details any additional benefits, such as overtime pay, bonuses, or

allowances.
 - May include provisions for repatriation expenses and travel arrangements.

7. **Working Hours and Leave**:

- Sets forth the seafarer's regular working hours and rest periods.

- Specifies the conditions for leave, including vacation time and procedures
for requesting and obtaining leave.

8. **Health and Medical**:

- Outlines the seafarer's medical examination requirements before and

during employment.

- Addresses the provision of medical care and insurance coverage while on

board.

- Describes the responsibilities and obligations of both parties in case of

illness or injury.

9. **Social Security and Welfare**:

- Covers the seafarer's participation in social security and welfare schemes,

as required by applicable laws and regulations.

- May include provisions for repatriation in case of illness, injury, or death.

10. **Termination and Discharge**:

- Specifies the conditions under which the employment contract may be

terminated by either party.

- Outlines the procedures for repatriation upon the termination of

employment.

11. **Code of Conduct and Discipline**:

 - Sets out the seafarer's obligations regarding behavior, conduct, and
adherence to safety rules and regulations on board.

- Describes the disciplinary procedures in case of violations.

12. **Arbitration and Dispute Resolution**:

- Provides mechanisms for resolving disputes or disagreements between the

seafarer and the employer, often through arbitration or mediation.

13. **Signature and Acknowledgment**: Both the seafarer and the employer
sign the agreement, acknowledging their acceptance of its terms and
conditions.

14. **Applicable Laws and Regulations**: Specifies the laws, regulations, and
conventions that govern the employment relationship, including compliance
with international maritime labor standards.

The Articles of Agreement is a critical document in the maritime industry, as it

outlines the legal obligations and rights of both the seafarer and the employer,
ensuring fair and transparent employment practices at sea. It must be in
compliance with relevant international and national regulations, including the
International Labour Organization (ILO) Maritime Labour Convention, 2006
(MLC, 2006).

32. Write contents of a "Safety" message

ANS- A "Safety" message, often referred to as a "Safety Broadcast," is a

communication sent by vessels to disseminate important safety-related
information to other vessels or maritime authorities. The content of a safety
message typically includes critical information relevant to navigational safety,
weather conditions, hazards, or other safety concerns. Here are the typical
contents of a safety message:
1. **Message Type**: Begin by clearly identifying the message as a "Safety"
message to ensure its proper categorization.

2. **Date and Time**: Include the date and time (in UTC) when the message
is sent to provide context for the information.

3. **Message Source**: Indicate the source of the message, which can be the
vessel's name, MMSI (Maritime Mobile Service Identity), or other
identification.

4. **Position**: Include the vessel's current position, specified in latitude and

longitude or in relation to a known navigational point.

5. **Safety Information**: Describe the safety information or warning being

conveyed, such as:

- Navigational hazards, such as submerged objects, shoals, or wrecks.

- Weather conditions, including severe storms, strong winds, or other

meteorological concerns.

- Changes in navigational aids or channel markings.

- Ice conditions or icebergs in the area.

- Any other safety-related information that could impact vessels in the

vicinity.

6. **Broadcast Area**: Specify the geographical area to which the safety

message applies, ensuring that other vessels can assess the relevance of the
information to their location.

7. **Contact Information**: Include contact information for the vessel

transmitting the message, such as VHF radio channel, MMSI, or call sign, to
enable direct communication if necessary.

8. **Additional Instructions**: Provide any additional instructions or

recommendations to vessels receiving the safety message. This might include
advising vessels to exercise caution, alter their course, or take specific actions
in response to the safety information.

9. **Repeat and Cancel**: If applicable, mention whether the message should

be repeated at regular intervals or cancelled when the safety concern is
resolved.

10. **Acknowledgment Request**: Optionally, request acknowledgment of

receipt from vessels in the area to confirm that the safety message has been
received and understood.

11. **End of Message**: Conclude the safety message by indicating the end of
the transmission, often with a phrase like "This is [Vessel Name] signing off."

Safety messages are essential tools for promoting safe navigation and
enhancing situational awareness among vessels in a maritime area. They are
particularly important in communicating urgent safety information, such as the
presence of hazards or rapidly changing weather conditions, to help prevent
accidents and ensure the safety of maritime operations.

33. Explain proper procedure to use a VHF set

ANS- Using a VHF (Very High Frequency) marine radio set properly is crucial for
safe and effective communication at sea. VHF radios are commonly used for
ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication. Here's a step-by-step
procedure on how to use a VHF marine radio:

1. **Power On the Radio**:

- Turn on the VHF radio by rotating the power/volume knob or pressing the
power button. Ensure that the radio is securely connected to a power source.

2. **Select the Appropriate Channel**:

- Choose the appropriate VHF channel for your communication needs.

Commonly used channels include Channel 16 (156.800 MHz), which is the
international distress, safety, and calling frequency, and other designated
channels for specific purposes (e.g., Channel 9 for recreational boating
communications).

3. **Listen Before Transmitting**:

- Before transmitting, listen to the selected channel for at least a minute to

ensure it is not already in use. Avoid transmitting over ongoing conversations.

4. **Set the Squelch Control**:

- Adjust the squelch control to filter out background noise. Find the setting
that allows for clear communication while minimizing static.

5. **Press the Transmit Button (PTT)**:

- When ready to transmit, press and hold the PTT button (often located on
the microphone) while speaking into the microphone.

6. **Speak Clearly and Concisely**:

- State your message clearly and concisely. Use standard radio procedures
and avoid jargon or slang.

- Speak in a calm and measured tone, especially in emergency situations.

7. **Release the PTT Button to Listen**:

- After delivering your message, release the PTT button to listen for a
response. Be attentive to incoming calls or messages.

8. **Wait for Acknowledgment**:

- Wait for acknowledgment from the receiving party. They may respond with
your vessel name or identification.

9. **Monitor Channel 16**:

 - When not actively communicating, monitor Channel 16 (or another
designated channel) for distress calls, safety announcements, or emergency
information. Channel 16 is the international hailing and distress frequency, and
all vessels are required to monitor it.

10. **Emergency Calls (Mayday)**:

- If you are in a distress situation and need immediate assistance, initiate a

Mayday call. State "Mayday, Mayday, Mayday" three times to indicate an
emergency. Provide your vessel name, position, nature of distress, and the
number of persons on board.

11. **Urgency Calls (Pan-Pan)**:

- For situations that require assistance but are not life-threatening, use a
"Pan-Pan" call. State "Pan-Pan, Pan-Pan, Pan-Pan" three times, followed by the
nature of the urgency and your vessel information.

12. **Safety Calls (Securite)**:

- Use a "Securite" call for safety-related messages, such as navigation hazards

or weather warnings. State "Securite, Securite, Securite" three times, followed
by the message.

13. **Turn Off the Radio When Not in Use**:

- When you are done using the VHF radio, turn it off to conserve power and
prevent accidental transmissions.

14. **Maintain a Log of Communications**:

- Keep a log of all radio communications, including the time, date, channel,
and details of the conversation. This can be valuable for record-keeping and
emergency response.

15. **Familiarize Yourself with Radio Procedures**:

 - Familiarize yourself with internationally recognized radio procedures and
the use of codes and signals for various situations.

16. **Observe Radio Silence in Fog or Reduced Visibility**:

- In conditions of reduced visibility, such as fog, it is essential to maintain

radio silence unless necessary to communicate navigation or safety
information.

17. **Use the Distress Button (if equipped)**:

- Some VHF radios have a dedicated distress button. If your radio has this
feature, familiarize yourself with its use and location.

Always comply with international and local regulations regarding the use of
VHF radios. Proper VHF radio etiquette and procedures are essential for safe
and effective communication at sea and can be critical in emergency situations.

34. Locate following on a ship and list flags flown from them
1.Foremast
ANS- On a ship, the foremast and mainmast are two of the main vertical masts
or poles that support and display flags. The flags flown from these masts can
vary depending on the ship's nationality, purpose, and specific circumstances.
Here are some common flags that might be flown from the foremast and
mainmast of a ship:

1. Foremast:

 National Ensign or Flag: The national flag of the ship's home country,
also known as the ensign, is typically flown from the stern (rear) of the
ship. However, in some cases, a smaller version of the national flag may
be flown from the foremast.
 Courtesy Flags: When a ship is visiting a foreign port, it is customary to
fly the courtesy flag of the host country from the foremast as a sign of
respect and compliance with local regulations.
  Club or Organization Flags: Depending on the ship's affiliations, club or
organization flags (such as yacht club burgees) may be flown from the
foremast to indicate membership or participation in specific events.

2.Mainmast
ANS- Signal Flags: The mainmast is often used to display signal flags for
communication between ships or with shore stations. Signal flags are part of
the International Code of Signals and are used to convey messages and
information.
 Company Flags: Some ships, especially commercial vessels, may fly
company flags or house flags from the mainmast to identify the shipping
company or corporation that owns or operates the ship.
 Additional National Flags: In some cases, a larger national flag (ensign)
may be flown from the mainmast, especially on larger ships with
multiple masts.

It's important to note that the specific flags flown from the foremast and
mainmast can vary from ship to ship and may also change based on the
vessel's activities and location. Additionally, flag etiquette and regulations are
governed by international maritime laws and customs, as well as the laws of
the ship's flag state. Therefore, the flags flown from these masts should always
comply with applicable regulations and guidelines.