Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

III B. Tech - I Semester

Handout (2024 – 2025)

DVR & Dr. HS

MIC College of Technology
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Kanchikacherla - 521180, NTR Dist, A.P, India.
Phones: 08678 - 273535 / 94914 57799 / 73826 16824
E mail: office@mictech.ac.in, Website: www.mictech.edu.in
 INSTITUTION VISION & MISSION

Institute Vision:
To nurture excellence in the field of Engineering by imparting quality technical education,
inculcating core values with skills, knowledge and behaviour to the learners, promoting research and
technical services with global competence to the societal requirements.
Institute Mission:
 To provide state-of-the art infrastructure and instruction preparing the students professionally deft and
intellectually adept.
 To provide the qualified and experienced teaching faculty to mould the learners to compete in
contemporary technical world.
 To provide socio-ethical exposure and holistic attitude in preparing responsible and informed citizens to
build the nation.
 To provide international standards in conducting research, offering technical services by cutting edge
technologies to meet the current and future challenges of technological developments.

DEPARTMENT VISION & MISSION

ECE Vision:
To create globally competent professionals in the field of engineering, imparting excellent
teaching, research environment, collaborative activities and techno-services for real world applications.
ECE Mission:
 To educate and empower the students with latest trends in electronics and communication engineering to
meet the growing real world challenges.
 To impart quality education with experienced and qualified teaching faculty.
 To inculcate professional ethics and morals in preparing responsible citizens.
 To carry out research and development and collaborative activities.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1: Graduates will be able to apply the principles of basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering
fundamentals in finding solutions to complex problems.
PO2: Graduates will acquire critical thinking skills, problem solving abilities, and familiarity with the
computational procedures essential to the field.
PO3: Graduates will be able to plan, analyze and design various types of systems required for technical
advancements and societal needs.
PO4: Graduates will be able to use research based knowledge to conduct experiments and interpret
experimental data.
PO5: Graduates gain hands on experience in using latest software and hardware tools for obtaining solutions to
engineering problems.
PO6: Graduates will be able to apply knowledge gained to tackle societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues.
PO7: Graduates will possess adequate knowledge required for sustainable development keeping in view
environmental effects and real life problems.
PO8: Graduates will have professional ethics and the culture of practicing the established norms of engineering.
PO9: Graduates will acquire the capability of working productively as individuals, as members or leaders in
teams in any environment.
PO10: Graduates will be able to articulate their ideas clearly with excellent communication skills and prepare
technical reports.
PO11: Graduates will acquire knowledge required for project and finance management.
PO12: Graduates will have ability to engage in lifelong learning to keep abreast of ever changing technology.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: To acquire cognizant fundamental knowledge in the subjects like engineering mathematics, physics &
chemistry and basic engineering.
PEO2: To impart technical knowledge using modern tools, new technologies and MOU’s with Industries in
order to design and develop products for societal needs.
PEO3: To develop leadership qualities and ability to work effectively in teams in diverse professions of varied
technical/non technical services.
PEO4: To inculcate research aptitude so as to engage in lifelong learning with ethical and holistic attitude.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Enable students to apply concept of Electronic and Communication Engineering for designing and
testing various electronics module in the area of Communication, Networking, Signal and Image Processing,
Embedded System, VLSI and Control system.
PSO2: Enriching an ability to solve complex real time problems related to Electronic and Communication
Engineering with significant technical and analytical knowledge using modern tools.
 PSO3: Acquaintance of societal needs, environment, health and safety with ethical attitude to serve as a good
professional and person.

B.TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

III Year I Semester
COURSE STRUCTURE

EVALUATION PATTERN:
Distribution and Weight age of Marks
 DVR & Dr. HS
MIC College of Technology
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Kanchikacherla - 521180, NTR Dist, A.P, India.
Phones: 08678 - 273535 / 94914 57799 / 73826 16824
E mail: office@mictech.ac.in, Website: www.mictech.edu.in

CLASS TIME-TABLE ECE - F 014

DEPARTMENT: ECE DATE: 08-07-2024

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-2025 CLASS/SEMESTER: III/V ECE-A

ECE-A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

DAY 9:00-10:00 10:00-11:00 11:10-12:00 12:00-12:50 12:50-1:40 1:40-2:30 2:30-3:20 3:20-4:10

MON MPMC AWP DSD CMC MPMC LAB /DSD LAB

TUE DSD AWP CMC QAR DSD LAB /MPMC LAB

WED AWP QAR CMC QAR LUNC JAVA Programming MPMC

H
THU DSD AWP EIKT QAR DSD CMC
BREA
FRI AWP MPMC CMC QAR K MPMC DSD Sports

SAT QAR DSD CMC MPMC AWP MPMC Library

Class In-charge Mr. S. Rama Koteswara Rao

S.No. Course Code
1 20EC5T01
2 20EC5T02
3 20EC5T03
4 20HS5T01
5 20EC5T09
6 20EC5M13
7 20EC5L10
8 20EC5L11
9 20EC5S12
Course Title Name of the Faculty
Micro Processors and Micro Controllers Mr. T. Vijaya Kanth
Antenna and Wave Propagation Mr. S. Rama Koteswara Rao
Digital System Design using HDL Ms. S. Lakshmi Deepika
Quantitative Aptitude and Reasoning Mr. G. Nagendra
Cellular Mobile Communication Dr. P. Rajani Kumari
Essence of Indian Knowledge Tradition (MC) Dr. G. Ashok Vardhan
Micro Processors and Micro Controllers Lab Mr. T. Vijaya Kanth
Digital System Design using HDL Lab Ms. S. Lakshmi Deepika
JAVA Programming (SC) Mrs. G. Rohini

STAFF IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. M. ANIL KUMAR Dr. CH. PULLA RAO
 COURSE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS SUBJECT WISE

SUBJECT TITLE: ANTENNAS &WAVE PROPOGATIONS

FACULTY MEMBERS: S.RAMAKOTESWARARAO

Prerequisite(s): Electromagnetic waves and Transmission Lines.

Course Objectives: The main objectives of this course are given below:

1. To understand the basic terminology and concepts of Antennas

2. To attain knowledge on the basic parameters those are considered in the antenna design process
and the analysis while designing that.

3. Analyze the electric and magnetic field emission from various basic antennas and mathematical
formulation of the analysis.

4. To have knowledge on antenna operation and types as well their usage in real time field.

5. Aware of the wave spectrum and respective band-based antenna usage and also to know the
propagation of the waves at different frequencies through different layers in the existing layered
free space environment structure.

Course Outcomes: At the end of this course the student will able to:

CO1: Identify basic antenna parameters.

CO2: Design and analyze wire antennas, loop antennas

CO3: Design and analyze antenna arrays

CO4: Analyze antenna measurements to assess antenna’s performance

CO5: Identify the characteristics of radio wave propagation SYLLABUS

COURSE ARTICULATION MATRIX (Correlation between COs, POs &PSOs):

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PSO PSO
COs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O 2 3
1
CO1 1 - 1 2 - 1 3 - - - - 2 3 1 2

CO2 3 - - 3 1 2 - - - - - 3 3 1 2

CO3 3 - 3 3 1 1 3 - 2 - - 2 3 1 2

CO4 3 - 3 1 2 1 - - - - - 2 3 1 2
 CO5 3 3 2 - - 1 3 1 - - - 2 3 1 2

SYLLABUS:

UNIT-I: ANTENNA BASICS Introduction, Functions of Antenna, Basic Antenna Elements, Sources of Radiation
and Radiation Mechanism, Single Wire and Two Wire Antenna, Dipole Antenna, Basic antenna parameters-
Radiation pattern, Beam Area, Radiation Intensity, Directivity Gain, Directivity, Resolution, Power Gain, Radiation
Efficiency, Front to Back Ratio, Antenna Beam Width, Beam Efficiency, Antenna Bandwidth, Effective height,
Antenna Apertures, Friis transmission formula, Fields from oscillating dipole, Field Zones of Antenna, Antenna
Polarization, Antenna temperature, basic Maxwell‘s equations, retarded Potential- Helmholtz Theorem, Illustrative
problems.
UNIT-II: THIN LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole and Half Wave
Dipole, Long wire antennas, V-antennas, Inverted V-Antenna, Rhombic Antennas, Small Loop antennas, Helical
Antennas, Design Relations. Illustrative problems.
UNIT-III: ANTENNA ARRAYS Introduction, Types of Antenna Arrays, Two element array- Two Point Sources
with equal magnitude and phase, Two Point Sources with equal magnitude and opposite phase, Two Point Sources
with unequal magnitude and opposite phase, N element Uniform Linear Arrays - Broadside, End fire Arrays, End
Fire Array (EFA) with Increased directivity, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Binomial Arrays, Concept of
Phased arrays.
UNIT-IV: VHF & UHF MICROWAVE ANTENNAS Frequency range of Microwave Antennas, Yagi Uda
Antenna, Flat Sheet Reflectors, Corner Reflectors, Parabolic Reflectors – Working principle, F/D ratio, Spill over,
Cassegrain Feed Systems, Horn Antenna-Types of Horn Antenna, Design Equations, Lens Antenna-Types, Feed
Systems, Zoning of Lens, E-Plane and HPlane Metal Plate Lens Antenna.
UNIT-V: WAVE PROPAGATION Overview of propagation effects, Flat and Spherical Earth Considerations,
Ground Wave propagation, Sky Wave Propagation Formation of Ionospheric Layers and their characteristics,
Mechanism of Reflection and Refraction, Critical Frequency MUF & Skip Distance, Virtual Height, Space Wave
Propagation, Duct Propagation, Tropospheric Scattering, Fading and Multipath.

TEXT BOOKS: 1. E. C. Jordan and K. G. Balmain, ―Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems‖, PHI, 2nd
edition, 2000. 2. John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, ―Antennas and Wave propagation‖ TMH, 4th Edition,
2010

REFERENCES BOOKS: 1. G.S.N Raju, ―Antennas and Wave Propagation‖, 1st Edn Pearson Education, 2004.
2. C.A. Balanis, ―Antenna Theory Analysis and Design‖, 4th Edn., John Wiley & Sons, 2016..

COURSE DELIVERY PLAN (LESSON PLAN):

UNIT 1 ANTENNA BASICS LEARNING OUTCOMES:CO1

Tentative
No. of Actual
Date of POs HOD
Classes Date of
S.No Topics to be covered Completio Mapped Sign
Required Completion
n
1 Introduction, Functions of Antenna 01 10-07-2023 PO1, PO2

2 Basic Antenna Elements, Sources of 01 11-07- PO1,PO2, PO3

Radiation and Radiation Mechanism 2023

3 Single Wire and Two Wire Antenna, 01 12-07- PO1, PO2

Dipole Antenna 2023

4 Basic antenna parameters- 01 13-07- PO2, PO3

Radiation pattern 2023
 5 Beam Area, Radiation Intensity 01 15-07- PO1, PO2
2023

6 Directivity Gain, Directivity, 01 17-07- PO1, PO3

Resolution 2023

7 Power Gain, Radiation Efficiency 01 18-07- PO1, PO2,

2023 PO3

8 Front to Back Ratio, Antenna Beam 01 19-07- PO1, PO2

Width 2023

9 Beam Efficiency, Antenna 01 20-07- PO1,PO2, PO3

Bandwidth 2023

10 Effective height, Antenna Apertures 01 22-07- PO1, PO2

2023

11 Friis transmission formula 01 24-07- PO2, PO3

2023

12 Fields from oscillating dipole 01 25-07- PO1, PO2

2023

13 Field Zones of Antenna 01 26-07- PO1,PO2

2023

14 Antenna Polarization, Antenna 01 27-07- PO1, PO2

temperature 2023

15 Basic Maxwell‘s equations 01 31-07-2023 PO2, PO3

16 Retarded Potential- Helmholtz 01 01-08- PO1, PO2

Theorem 2023

17 Illustrative problems 02 02-08- PO1

2023

Total No of classes required 18

UNIT THIN LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS LEARNING

2 OUTCOMES:CO2

Tentative
No. of Actual
Date of POs HOD
Classes Date of
S.No Topics to be covered Completio Mapped Sign
Required Completion
n
18 Introduction 01 03-08-2023 PO1, PO2

19 Small Electric Dipole 01 05-08- PO1, PO2

2023
 20 Quarter wave Monopole 01 07-08- PO1,PO2, PO3
2023

21 Half Wave Dipole 01 08-08- PO1, PO2

2023

22 Long wire antennas 02 09-08- PO1, PO2

2023

23 V-antennas 01 10-08- PO1,PO2, PO3

2023

24 Inverted V-Antenna 01 14-08- PO1, PO2

2023

25 Rhombic Antennas 01 16-08- PO2, PO3

2023

26 Small Loop antennas 01 17-08- PO1, PO2

2023

27 Helical Antennas, Design Relations 02 19-08- PO1, PO2

2023

28 Illustrative Problems 02 21-08- PO1

2023

Total No of classes required 14

UNIT ANTENNA ARRAYS LEARNING

3 OUTCOMES:CO3

No. of Tentative Actual

POs HOD
Classes Date of Date of
S.No Topics to be covered Mapped Sign
Required Completion Completion
29 Introduction 01 22-08- PO1, PO2
2023

30 Types of Antenna Arrays 01 23-08- PO1,PO2,

2023 PO3

31 Two element array 01 24-08- PO1, PO2

2023

32 Two Point Sources with equal 02 26-08- PO2, PO3

magnitude and phase 2023

33 Two Point Sources with equal 02 28-08- PO1, PO2

magnitude and opposite phase 2023

34 Two Point Sources with 01 29-08- PO1, PO3

unequal magnitude and 2023
opposite phase
35 N element Uniform Linear 01 30-08-2023 PO1, PO2
Arrays
36 Broadside Array 01 31-08-2023 PO1,PO2

37 End fire Array 01 02-09- PO1,PO2

2023

38 End Fire Array (EFA) with 01 11-09- PO1, PO2

Increased directivity 2023

39 Principle of Pattern 01 12-09- PO1, PO3

Multiplication 2023

40 Binomial Arrays 01 13-09- PO1, PO2

2023

41 Concept of Phased arrays 01 14-09- PO1,PO2

2023

Total No of classes required 15

UNIT VHF & UHF MICROWAVE LEARNING

4 ANTENNAS OUTCOMES:CO4

No. of Tentative Actual

POs HOD
Classes Date of Date of
S.No Topics to be covered Mapped Sign
Required Completion Completion
42 Introduction 01 16-09- PO1, PO2
2023

43 Frequency range of Microwave 01 18-09- PO1,PO2,

Antennas 2023 PO3

44 Yagi Uda Antenna 01 20-09- PO1, PO2

2023

45 Flat Sheet Reflectors 01 21-09- PO2, PO3

2023

46 Corner Reflectors 01 23-09- PO1, PO2

2023

47 Parabolic Reflectors – 01 25-09- PO1, PO2

working principle 2023

48 F/D ratio, Spill over 01 26-09- PO1, PO2

2023

49 Cassegrain Feed Systems 01 27-09- PO1,PO2,

2023 PO3

50 Horn Antenna-Types of Horn 01 30-09- PO1, PO2

Antenna 2023
 51 Design Equations 01 03-10- PO1, PO2
2023

52 Lens Antenna-Types 01 04-10- PO1, PO3

2023

53 Feed Systems, Zoning of Lens 01 05-10- PO1, PO2

2023

54 E-Plane and H-Plane Metal 01 07-10- PO1, PO2

Plate Lens Antenna 2023

Total No of classes required 13

UNIT WAVE PROPAGATION LEARNING

5 OUTCOMES:CO5

No. of Tentative Actual

POs HOD
Classes Date of Date of
S.No Topics to be covered Mapped Sign
Required Completion Completion
55 Introduction 01 09-10- PO1, PO2
2023

56 Overview of propagation effects 01 10-10- PO1, PO2

2023

57 Flat and Spherical Earth 01 11-10- PO1, PO2

Considerations 2023

58 Ground Wave propagation 01 12-10- PO1,PO2,

2023 PO3

59 Sky Wave Propagation 01 16-10- PO1, PO2

2023

60 Formation of Ionospheric 01 17-10- PO1, PO2

Layers and their 2023
characteristics
61 Mechanism of Reflection and 01 18-10- PO1, PO2
Refraction 2023

62 Critical Frequency 01 19-10- PO1,PO2,

2023 PO3

63 MUF & Skip Distance 01 25-10- PO1, PO2

2023

64 Virtual Height 01 26-10- PO2, PO3

2023

65 Space Wave Propagation 01 28-10- PO1,

2023 PO2,PO3
 66 Duct Propagation 01 30-10- PO1, PO2
2023

67 Tropospheric Scattering 01 31-10- PO1, PO2

2023

68 Fading and Multipath 01 01-11- PO1, PO2

2023

Total No of classes required 14

CONTENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS:

No. of Tentative Actual POs HOD

S.No. Topics to be covered Classes Date of Date of Mapped Sign
Required Completion Completion
69 Self and Mutual 01 02-11- PO1, PO2
Impedance of 2023
Antenna
70 Folded Dipole 01 03-11- PO1, PO2
Antenna
2023

71 Measurement of 01 04-11- PO1, PO3

gain of an Antenna 2023

Teaching Learning Methods

TLM1 Chalk and Talk TLM4 Demonstration (Lab/Field Visit)
ICT (NPTEL/Swayam
TLM2 PPT TLM5
Prabha/MOOCS)
TLM3 Tutorial TLM6 Group Discussion/Project

EVALUATION PROCESS:

Evaluation Task COs Marks

Assignment – 1 CO1, CO2, CO3 A1=05
Assignment – 2 CO3, CO4,CO5 A2=05
I-Mid Examination CO1, CO2, CO3 B1=15
I-Unit Test CO1, CO2, CO3 C1=10
II-Mid Examination CO3, CO4,CO5 B2=15
II-Unit Test CO3, CO4,CO5 C2=10
Evaluation of Assignment/Quiz Marks: A=(A1+A2)/2 1,2,3,4,5 A=05
Evaluation of Mid Marks: B=80% of Max(B1,B2)+20% of Min(B1,B2) 1,2,3,4,5 B=15
Evaluation of Online Mid Marks: C=75% of Max(C1,C2)+25% of Min(C1,C 1,2,3,4,5 C=10
Cumulative Internal Examination: A+B+C 1,2,3,4,5 A+B+C=30
Semester End Examinations: D 1,2,3,4,5 E=70
 Total Marks: A+B+C+D 1,2,3,4,5 100

QUESTION BANK:

UNIT -I

1. Define and explain the following

i) Unit step signal ii) Signum function
iii) Unit Ramp iv) Impulse signal and its properties
2. A continuous time signal x(t) is shown in Fig. Apply transformations on the independent variables and sketch,
label carefully each of the following signals.
i) 𝑥(𝑡-2) ii) 𝑥(2𝑡+3) iii) 𝑥(3t/2) iv) 𝑥(−𝑡+1)

3. A triangular pulse 𝑥(𝑡) is shown in Fig. Sketch the following signals derived from 𝑥(𝑡).
i) 𝑥(3𝑡) ii) 𝑥(−2𝑡) iii) 𝑥(3𝑡 + 2) iv) 𝑥(−2𝑡 − 1)

 6πn  j 3 1
4. Check whether the following are periodic .i) x(n) = sin  +1 ii) x(n) = e 5 ( n  5 )
 7 
5. Analyze the following signals and find the periodicity of the signals and its fundamental period. i)
 π  6π 
x  t  = sin 10πt + cos 15πt + 20cos  20πt +  ii) x(n) = sin   n
 4  7 
6. Define periodic signal. Check the periodicity of the following signals and also mention its fundamental period.
4 n 2 n
i) x (t )  2 cos(10t  1)  sin(4t  1) ii) x ( n)  1  e j 7  e j 5
7. Examine whether the following signals are periodic or not. If periodic, determine the fundamental
period.i)7𝑐𝑜𝑠(80𝜋𝑡)+3𝑠𝑖𝑛(30𝑡) ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6𝜋𝑡
8. Estimate whether the following signals are energy signals or power signals.
n
1
x  n  =   u(n) ii) x  t  = e u  t 
-2t
i)
2
9. Determine whether the following signals are power or energy signals.
 n 
i) x (t )  A[u (t  a )  u (t  a )]; a  0 ii) x(n)  sin  
 3 
10. What is meant by Orthogonality? Derive the condition for the Orthogonality between two signals 𝑥1(𝑡) and
𝑥2(𝑡)?
11. Show that the following signals are mutually orthogonal to each other over an interval (0, 1).
x1  t  = 2; x 2  t  = 3 1- 2t  ?
12. Prove the signals x(t) and y(t) given in figure are orthogonal over the interval [0, 4]?
13. Show that the set cos(mw0t) and sin(nw0t) are orthogonal for all m and n, where m=0,1,2,...∞, and n = 0,1,2,...∞
over a period 2𝜋/𝑤0?
14. Prove that the set of exponentials 1, e ±jwt , e ±j2wt , e ±j3wt ... is orthogonal over interval T?
15. Identify the Fourier Series coefficients for the given signal x(t) as shown in figure?

 2   5 
16. A continuous time periodic signal is defined as x(t )  2  cos  t   4sin  t 
 3   3 
Determine Fourier series coefficients?
17. Find the Fourier series expansion of the figure shown below?

18. Analyze the Fourier series coefficients for the Full wave rectifier output for the input f (t) = A sin (πt)?
19. Consider the periodic square wave x (t) shown in Fig. Determine the complex exponential Fourier series of x(t)?

20. Describe the following

a) State and prove properties of Fourier series
b) State and explain Dirichlet’s conditions

UNIT -II

1. Derive the Fourier transform from Fourier series?

2. Find the Fourier transform of the signal 𝑥(𝑡)=𝑒−𝑎|𝑡|, a> 0 and plot its magnitude spectrum?
3. Find the Fourier transform of the signal 𝑔(𝑡)=𝑒−𝑎𝑡𝑢(𝑡). Also, sketch its magnitude spectrum?
4. Find the Fourier transform of the signum function 𝑥(𝑡)=𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑡). Also, sketch its magnitude and phase spectra?
5. Determine the Fourier transform of the waveform 𝑔(𝑡) shown in Fig

6. Explain the following

i) State Dirichlet’s conditions for Fourier transform.
ii) State and prove properties of Fourier transform.
7. State and prove the time shifting, time scaling,time differentiation,convolution and duality properties of the
Fourier transform?
8. Find the convolution of the signals using Fourier transform. 𝑥1(𝑡)=𝑒−𝑡𝑢(𝑡) and 𝑥2(𝑡)=𝑒−2𝑡𝑢(𝑡)
9. Explain Concept of Region of Convergence (ROC) of Laplace Transform and list out its properties?
10. Find the bilateral Laplace transform of the following signals and specify the ROC.
-at
i) x(t) = e 2t u(-t) + e -3t u(t) ii) y(t) = e cos(wt)u(t)
11. Define ROC? Determine the Laplace transform of the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑒−2𝑡𝑢(−𝑡) + 𝑒−3𝑡𝑢(−𝑡)? Also, sketch its ROC
and location of poles and zeros in the s-plane?
12. Explain the Time convolution and Scaling properties of Laplace transform?
13. State and prove the following properties of Laplace transform?
i) Time shifting ii) Differentiation in s-domain?
14. State and prove initial value and final value theorems of Laplace transform?
15. Find the initial and final values, if they exist of the signal with Laplace transform given below. i)
s4 s 2  3s  6
X (s)  2 ii) X ( s )  2
s  3s  5 s  2s  3
s 2 + 6s + 7
16. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) = 2 , Re(s) > -1
s + 3s + 2
5( s  5)
17. Find the inverse Laplace transform of X ( s )  ; ROC: Re s > −3
s ( s  3)( s  7)
s 1 5
18. Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following i) X ( s )  2 ii) X ( s )  3
s  8s  25 s  9s  20s  12
2

s
e ( s  2)
19. Identify the inverse Laplace transform of F ( s )  2 ?
s  4s  3
5s  7
20. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of X ( s ) 
( s  2)( s  1)( s  1)
If the ROC is i) Re{s} > 1 ii) Re{s} < −2 iii) −2 <𝑅𝑒{s} < −1
21. State and prove the properties of Hilbert’s transform?

UNIT -III

1. Define an LTI system? Derive the expression for transfer function of an LTI system?
2. What is linear time invariant system? Discuss the impulse response of LTI system and show that for LTI output
y(t) = h(t)  x(t) ,where x(t) is input and h(t) is the system response?
3. Define system? A system produces the output of 𝑦(𝑡)=𝑒−𝑡𝑢(𝑡) for an input of 𝑥(𝑡)=𝑒−2𝑡𝑢(𝑡). Determine the
impulse response and frequency response of a system?
4. The input x (t) and the impulse response h (t) of a continuous time LTI system are given by x(t) = u(t) ,
h(t) = e -at u(t) , a>=0. Compute the output y(t)?
5. The input and impulse response of a system are given as 𝑥(𝑡)=𝑒−3𝑡𝑢(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡)=𝑢(𝑡 + 3). Find the response of a
system 𝑦(𝑡)?
6. Find the convolution of the signal 𝑥1(𝑡)=𝑒−3𝑡𝑢(𝑡) and 𝑥2(𝑡)=𝑡𝑢(𝑡) using Fourier transform?
7. Identify the convolution of the signals 𝑥(𝑡)=𝑢(𝑡) and ℎ(𝑡)=𝑢(𝑡)?
Perform the convolution of h(t) = e u(t) , and x(t) = u(t) - u(t - b) ?
-at
8.
9. Obtain the convolution of the following two signals using graphical approach?
1 3  t  3 2 0  t  3
x(t )   ; h(t )  
0 elsewhere 0 elsewhere
10. Analyze the conditions for the distortion less transmission through a system?
11. Define LTI system? What are requirements to be satisfied by an LTI system to provide distortion-less
transmission of a signal?
12. What is meant by distortion less transmission? What are the different types of distortions in linear systems?
Explain each one in brief?
13. Illustrate the ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics?
14. Explain causality and physical reliability of a system and explain Poly- Wiener criterion?
15. Determine autocorrelation function and energy spectral density function of𝑥(𝑡)=𝑒−a𝑡𝑢(𝑡)?
16. State and prove the properties of auto correlation &cross correlation functions?
17. Derive the relation between Autocorrelation function and energy spectral density?

UNIT -IV

1. State and Prove sampling theorem for band limited signals?

2. Explain impulse, natural, and flat-top sampling methods?
3. What is aliasing and explain different methods to avoid aliasing effect?
4. Explain effects of under sampling and anti-aliasing filter?
5. Discuss about effects of under sampling and oversampling?
6. Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(100𝜋𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(400𝜋𝑡)?
7. Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling interval for the below signals.
i) x  t  = 3cos(4π500t) cos(2π1000t) ii) x  t  = 3 sin(50πt) + 9 cos(20πt) + 3 sin(400πt) ?

8. Consider the analog signal x  t  = 2cos(2000πt) + 5sin(4000πt) +12cos(2000πt) .

i) Discuss the Nyquist sampling rate.
ii) If the analog signal is sampled at Fs = 5000Hz, formulate the discrete time signal obtained by sampling?
9. Determine the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval of the following signals.
i) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐(500𝜋𝑡) + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐2(180𝜋𝑡) ii) 𝑥(𝑡)=5𝑠𝑖𝑛(250𝜋𝑡) + 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠(200𝜋𝑡)?
10. What is Nyquist rate? Determine the Nyquist rate for the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4000𝜋𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (6000𝜋𝑡)?
11. A continuous time signal is given as: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(400𝜋𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(600𝜋𝑡)
Identify i) Nyquist sampling rate ii) Nyquist sampling interval?
12. Consider the signal x  t  = 6 cos(5πt) + 3 cos(10πt) . Find the minimum sampling rate if
i) x (t) is band limited ii) x(t) is band pass signal?
13. Given the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠(2000𝜋𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(8000𝜋𝑡)
(i) What is the minimum sampling rate based on the low pass uniform sampling theorem?
(ii) Repeat part (i) based on band pass sampling theorem?
14. A signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 2 cos (400𝜋𝑡) + 6 cos (640𝜋𝑡) is ideally sampled at 𝑓𝑠 = 500 Hz. If the sampled signal is passed
through an ideal low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 400 Hz, what frequency components will appear in
the output? Sketch the output spectrum. Also find the output signal?
15. Explain quantitatively about reconstruction of a signal from its sampled signal using interpolation?
16. Explain about band pass sampling?

UNIT -V

1. Distinguish among Laplace, Fourier and Z transforms.

2. Define ROC? List out the properties of ROC related to Z- transform?
n
3. Find the Z transform of x(n) = a u(n +1) and its ROC.
4. Determine the Z- Transform for the below signals and plot its region of convergence.
n
1
i) x(n) =   u(-n -1) + (2) n u(-n -1) ii) x(n) = n 5  u(n)
n

4
5. Find the Z-transform of the signal 𝑥(𝑛)= (½)𝑛𝑢(𝑛)+2𝑛𝑢(−𝑛−1). Also, plot its ROC
6. Find the Z-transform of the signal 𝑥(𝑛)= −(½)𝑛𝑢(−𝑛–1)+2𝑛𝑢(−𝑛−1). Also, plot its ROC.
7. Define Z-transform of a signal? State and prove the following properties of Z- transform: i) time reversal ii)
time scaling iii) time convolution iv) Differentiation in Z-domain?
8. State and prove the initial and final value theorem of z-transform.
z2
9. Find the initial value and final value of the signal x(n) for X ( z ) 
 z  1 z  0.2 
8z  9 z
10. Apply inverse Z-transform to solve i) X ( z )  ii) X ( z ) 
z  5z  6
2
 z  1 z  2 
1  z 1
X ( z) 
11. Find the inverse z-transform of 𝑋(𝑧) using power series expansion method 1 ;When ROC: |𝑧| < 1/3.
1  z 1
3
4 - 3z -1 + 3z -2
12. Find the Inverse z transform of X(z) = using Partial fraction expansion method.
(z + 2)(z - 3) 2
1 1
13. Determine the inverse Z- Transform of i) X(z) = ; ROC; z > a ii) X(z) = ; ROC; z > a
z-a 1- az -1
1  z 1  z 2
X ( z) 
14. Find the inverse z-transform of  1 2  1 With ROC:1<|𝑧|< 2.
1  z  1  2 z 1  z 
1

 2 
z ( z  1)
15. Find the inverse Z-transform of X ( z )  ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: |𝑧|>2
 z  1  z  2 
3
E-LEARNING MATERIALS:

NPTEL:

(i) Video Lectures by Prof. Kushal K. Shah, Department of Electrical Engineering, IISER Bhopal
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/106/108106163/
(ii) Web Content by Prof. V.M. Gadre, Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IIT
Bombay https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101055/
(iii) Video Lectures by Prof. Aditya K. Jagannatham, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104100/
(iv)Video Lectures by Prof. K.S. Venkatesh, of Electronics & Communication Engineering, IIT Kanpur
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/117/104/117104074/

Previous Question Papers: http://exams.mictech.ac.in/Login.aspx

SOURCES IN GATE/OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAMS:

GATE SYLLABUS:
Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform, sampling theorem and applications.
Discrete-time signals: DTFT, DFT, z-transform, discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals. LTI systems:
definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeroes, frequency response,
group delay, phase delay

Previous GATE papers available at

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1o-wJQjUJFnIH6qfmEqZFQmz0r0V-676l

IES SYLLABUS:
Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals, shifting and scaling operations, linear, time-invariant and
causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals, sampling theorem, Fourier and Laplace
transforms, Z transforms, Discrete Fourier transform, FFT, linear convolution, discrete cosine transform, FIR filter,
IIR filter, bilinear transformation.

TUTORIALS: Previous question papers to be solved in tutorial periods.

SEMINAR TOPICS:

 Gibb’s Phenomenon
 Hilbert Transformers
 Applications of Z-transforms
 Band pass Sampling.

Consulting Hours with Teacher for Clearing the Doubts of Students: