THESIS FORMAT

College Format
• a. Paper. Use white book paper, 8 ½” x
11” size, substance 20

• b. Margins
❑Left – 1 and ½ inches
❑Right – 1 inch
❑Top – 1 inch
❑Bottom – 1 inch
• c. Typeface. Use of size 12 Times New
Roman font throughout the manuscript.

• d. Spacing. The acknowledgement, the text,

between chapter number and chapter title
should be double space. Quoted passages
should be indented and single-spaced for
emphasis. Distance between main headings
and sub-headings, before and after sub-
headings, and before tables should be triple
space. The abstract text is single space.
• e. Pagination. A number must appear on
every page except the title page and
pages with half titles such as sometimes
used with for appendices. The format
requires the numbers to appear on the top
right hand corner.
 1. The Preliminaries
• Use lowercase Roman numerals
• The title page is the first numbered page
(Roman numeral “i”). However, the number ”i”
does not appear on the title page. The page
following the title page is the first page that
has a number (Roman numeral “ii”)
• Place the number at the upper right hand
corner, one-half inch below the top edge of
the paper.
 2. Text, Illustrations, Appendices
and Bibliography
• Use Arabic numerals
• Number each page consecutively throughout the text,
appendices and bibliography
• Begin the first page of the text with 1
• Page number should not appear on pages bearing
chapter titles
• Number all other pages at the upper right hand corner,
one-half inch below the top edge of the paper
• The last digit of the page number should be even with
the right margin
• Begin the text two spaces below the page number
• f. Subdivisions. Only chapters begin on a
new page. Within a chapter, the presentation
of subsections should be continuous; partially
filled pages of text are unacceptable. Print
the text so that each page is filled from the
top margin to the bottom, adjusting the latter
when necessary to avoid “widows” and
“orphans”. (A “widow” is the first line of a new
paragraph at the bottom of the page; an
“orphan’” is the last line of a paragraph at the
top of the page) (http://und.nodak.edu). Main
headings and sub-headings should be in
boldface with no underline.
g. Tables
• Each table should be placed as close to the text as possible.
• Table numbers and titles must appear at the top of the table.
• Use the block-style format wherein the caption starts flush with the left
margin of the table.
• Number tables consecutively with Arabic (1, 2, 3, etc.) numerals.
• The word “Table” should precede the table number.
• Double lines spaced very close for the first and last lines of all tables.
• Oversize table may be reduced in size using a smaller font size.
• Tables that are too long to be accommodated in one page should be
continued on the next page but do not repeat the title. Just place “Table #
continuation at the top of each succeeding page until the table is completed.
• Very wide tables may be placed horizontally (landscape). The top of the
table should be placed in the left side (binding side) of the page with the title
appearing along the left margin. The page number must be placed in the
usual position.
• Place footnote double-space below the last line of the table and indent five
spaces from the left margin of the table.
• Each table must appear in the “List of Tables” with the exact title as in the
text.
h. Figures

• Figures should appear as near as possible to

the part of the text relating to them.
• Each must have a number and a title.
• The number and title should be placed four
spaces below the figure.
• The word ”Figure” should precede the figure
number.
• If a footnote is needed, double-space below
the caption and insert the note.
• All figures should appear in the “List of
Figures” with the exact title as in the text.
Preliminary Pages
STYLE AND FORMAT FOR EACH
COMPONENT

• The text of the thesis or dissertation must

be divided into chapters that logically and
effectively order argument, concepts,
information, and evidence.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
 Title Page
1. Long titles should be avoided. The phrases “A Study
on ... or Comparative Study...” may not be necessary to
include in the title because thesis is a study by itself.
However, titles should not be too short that important words
are missed. The title should describe the problem in
specific, clear and concise terms.
Modern retrieval systems use the words in the title to locate
one’s work and thus make it available to other scholars.
Select a title that is brief, but descriptive and specific.
Generally using the words like “An Investigation into” or “A
Study of” is not recommended (http://www.und.nodak.edu).
2. A two- or three-line title should be arranged in an
inverted pyramid form. The first line should be 3.5 cm from
the top edge of the paper.
3. Titles should be in full capitals (uppercase
format).

4. The statement of submission with the

inscription “A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS AND
TECHNOLOGY, PAMPANGA STATE
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, MAGALANG,
PAMPANGA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF“ follows.
5. The degree with the field of specialization to
be granted to the author follows 2 cm from the
statement of submission.

6. The last entry is the name of the author and

date of graduation (month and year) placed 3.5 cm
from the bottom edge of the paper.

7. No page number should appear on this page.

However, it carries the implied Roman number “i”.

8. Follow the sample format shown below (Figures 7,

8, 9, 10).
 Approval Page
• 1. This page is with the centered heading
“APPROVAL SHEET” (Figure 10)
• 2. It includes a statement of acceptance
by the panel of examiners.
• 3. It also includes a statement of approval
and acceptance by the Coordinator.
• 4. This page is numbered “ii” centered at
the lower margin of the page.
• 5. Follow the sample format shown below.
 Acknowledgment Page
1. This page is with the centered heading
“ACKNOWLEDGMENTS”.
2. The author expresses appreciation to persons
and/or institutions whose assistance has contributed
significantly to the conduct of the study and/or to the
completion of the report. Intellectual and practical
assistance, advice, encouragement and sources of
monetary support should be acknowledged. The adviser
or members of the advisory committee may or may not
be acknowledged depending on assistance.
3. This page begins with the Roman numeral “iii”.
4. It should be limited at most to two pages.
 Table of Contents
1. This page is with the heading ‘TABLE OF
CONTENTS”, centered, and typed 6 cm from the top
edge of the paper
2. No terminal punctuation needed.
3. Wording, capitalization, and punctuation of
titles and headings should be typed exactly the same
as they appear in the text.
4. Type the word ”Page” flush with the right
margin but the page number should be centered
below the word “Page”.
5. All parts of the thesis/dissertation including the
preliminaries should be placed.
6. Follow the sample format shown below.
 List of Tables
1. This page is with the heading “LIST OF
TABLES” and centered (Figure 11).
2. The words “List of Tables” should be typed
flush with the left margin and the word ”Page” flush
with the right margin.
3. The table and page numbers should be
centered below the words “Table No.” and “Page”,
respectively.
4. If there are few tables, they can be combined
with the list of figures under the heading “LIST OF
TABLES AND FIGURES”.
5. Follow the sample format shown below.
 List of Figures
1. This page should have the heading “LIST
OF FIGURES” and centered.
2. The words “Figure No.” should be typed
flush with the left margin and the word “Page”
flush with the right margin.
3. The figure and page numbers should be
centered below the words “Figure No.” and
“Page”, respectively.
4. If there are few figures, they may be
combined with the list of tables under the
heading ”LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES’.
 List of Plates
1. This page should be with the heading
“LIST OF PLATES”.
2. Plates are photographs but only those
that have important bearing with the results or
should be included.
3. The words “Plate No.” should be typed
flush with the left margin and the word “Page”
flush with the right margin.
4. The figure and page numbers should be
centered below the words “Plate No.” and
“Page”, respectively.
 List of Appendices
1. This page should be with the heading
“LIST OF APPENDICES”.
2. The words” Appendix No.” should be
typed flush with the left margin and the word
“Page” with the right margin.
3. The appendix below the words “Appendix
No.” and “Page”, respectively.

• i.e. Data Testing Certificate, English Critic

Certificate, Questionnaire, Letter of Request,
Sample Data
 Abstract
• The abstract is a short descriptive or informative summary or
synopsis of a thesis. It quickly gives the reader the essence of
the research. A reader should be able to decide from the
abstract whether to read the entire thesis (Campbell et al.,
1990).

• The abstract should include a statement of the problem or

issue (its extent or scope), a brief description of the research
method and design (by reference if they are standard, or
described briefly if they are not), major findings and their
significance, and the conclusions with a total number of not
more than 250 words. Although it is condensed, it should
present method, results and conclusions. The results and
inferences drawn are the most important part of the abstract
but statistics need not be included (Sanchez, 1990;
Montagnes, 1991).
 For purposes of uniformity, the
following should be observed:
1. This page is with the heading “ABSTRACT” and
centered
2. The first paragraph should mention the
statement of the problem.
3. The second paragraph should discuss the
research design to include the research method,
research instruments, and statistical treatment of
data.
4. The third paragraph should present the major
findings or results.
5. The last paragraph should give the principal
conclusions and their implications.
6. Follow the sample format shown below.
 ABSTRACT
• Name of Student. Month and Year. Title
of Thesis. Degree Program, Major.
Pampanga State Agricultural University,
Magalang, Pampanga.

• Adviser: ______________________
BODY OF THE THESIS
 INTRODUCTION
• Importance of the Study
• Objectives of the Study
• Time and Place of the Study
 Introduction
• This part should present the problem – how
extensive is it and why there is a need to
conduct the study.
• It should present a brief summary of
conclusions from current background
information as gleaned from the literature
review. It would help to answer the following
questions: What is the problem and what do
we know or do not know about it? Why is it
an important problem?
(http://www.und.nodak.edu).
 Statement of the Problem
• This refers to the general and specific problems that
the researcher intends to discover, solve or offer
solution (CHED, 1997). It should be stated clearly in
the form of questions.
• The research topic and statement of the problem are
almost identical except for some minor variations. The
statement of the problem is in paragraph form with a
simple introductory clause like “This study aims to
investigate the...” After the introductory clause just
append the research topic to complete the statement
of the problem. The statement of the problem is stated
in general terms, hence the need to define certain sub-
problems to provide direction and delimitation to the
research work (Garcia, 1999).
 Time and Place of the Study
• Describes the extent of the study, actual
place where the study will only be
conducted, duration of the conduct of the
study, and inclusions of the study (only
specific aspect of the study or topic).
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
• This section logically presents the reasoning
upon which the proposed study is based. It
provides the perspective from which the
investigator views the problem. It provides
the rationale or theoretical argument
underpinning the study. It is only after a
complete review of literature that one can
make a cogent case for why the proposed
study should be done. One often learns much
about the how the present study should be
ideally conducted from reviewing the
literature (http://und.nodak.edu).
• The review of related literature should be
comprehensive and provide information about what is
already known as well as what is not known about the
problem. When critiquing studies wherein several
authors have studied the same topic, it is useful to
discuss where they agreed, where they disagreed and
to surmise why disagreements have occurred. Finish
this section with a summary of the main points
gleaned from the literature, identifying shortcomings
and strengths of previous works, and noting linkages
and gaps (http://und.nodak.edu).
• This part should cite only literature and studies
relevant to the study. As much as possible only the
most recent (last 10 years) literature and studies
should be mentioned. Difference of the present study
to previous studies should be discussed under the
sub-heading.
 Basic Citation
• Follow the author-date method of in-text citation.
This means that the author's last name and the
year of publication for the source should appear in
the text, i.e., (Jones, 1998), and a complete
reference should appear in the reference list at the
end of the paper.
• If you are referring to an idea from another work
but not directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work,
you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication in your in-text reference.
 A Work by Two Authors.
• Name both authors in the signal phrase or in
the parentheses each time you cite the work.
Use the word "and" between the authors'
names within the text and use the ampersand
in the parentheses.

• i.e. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994)

showed...

• i.e. (Wegener and Petty, 1994)

 A Work by Three or More Authors.
• Only use the first author's last name
followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or
in parentheses. In et al., et should not be
followed by a period.

• i.e. (Kernis et al., 1993) or Harris et al.

(2001) argued...
 Unknown Author.
• If the work does not have an author, cite the source by
its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two
in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are
italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters
are in quotation marks.

• i.e. A similar study was done of students learning to

format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

• Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the

author, treat it as the author's name i.e. (Anonymous,
2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous
as the author.
 Organization as an Author.
• If the author is an organization or a government
agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase
or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the
source.
• i.e. According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),...
• If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,
include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the
source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in
later citations.
• i.e. First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving
[MADD], 2000)
• i.e. Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
 Two or More Works in the Same
Parentheses.
• When your parenthetical citation includes
two or more works, order them the same
way they appear in the reference list,
separated by a semi- colon.

• i.e. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors With the Same Last Name.
• To prevent confusion, use first initials with
the last names.

• i.e. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

 Two or More Works by the Same
Author in the Same Year.
• If you have two sources by the same
author in the same year, use lower- case
letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the
entries in the reference list. Use the lower-
case letters with the year in the in-text
citation.

• i.e. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated

that...
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
• This section should be a straightforward
description of the methods used in the study.

• The methodology should provide adequate

information on the materials used, experimental
design and the techniques followed. This part
should describe clearly the type of design to be
used and the rationale for its selection. Of critical
importance is whether the design is consistent
with the conceptualization of the study and the
specific aims or purposes (http://und.nodak.edu).
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Experimental Site
• Experimental Animals
• Experimental Design, Treatments, and
Layout
• Experimental Ration*
• Experimental Supplement

• Data to be Gathered
 Management Practices
• Housing
• Weighing and Distribution of Animals
• Provision of Drinking
• Sanitation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of
findings in relation to the research questions (statement of the
problem) and hypotheses. What does the result or data from
the experiment mean to us is described in discussion. This
tells about the outcome/findings of the study in a simple way
with the help of data. The data should be presented in tabular
forms or in other forms like graphs, charts etc. to have an
easier visualization and interpretation of findings.

• Data or findings should be arranged according to the

sequence of the research questions. Aside from a prepared
table (if required), the ANOVA tables and other statistical
analysis in table form should be included and discussed in
this chapter.
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
• Summary
• The summary presents the salient points of the
study; a resume of the entire study. It usually
begins with a brief account of the reasons why the
study was undertaken, the objectives, and the
place and date it was conducted. It also includes a
brief account of the methodologies and
procedures, the data gathered, and the statistical
tests used. A bulk of this section presents the most
significant findings of the study; presenting mainly
facts without explanation. No new materials should
be introduced and its contents must be based
entirely on the text of the thesis report (Gregorio,
2000).
• Conclusion
• The conclusion is one of the most salient parts of the
thesis report. This contains succinct statements that in
reality are the significant findings the study has
produced. The various findings are compressed into
statements that serve as the highlights of the study.

• Basically, conclusions provide answers to the specific

objectives and also a definite answer to the general
problem. Conclusions are brief statements that do not
attempt to explain. They are specific, clear-cut and
simply worded in order to be able to transmit the “take
home” message the researcher would like to give his
readers (Gregorio, 2000).
• Recommendation

• Recommendations are statements found at the

end of the report that essentially suggest what to
do with the findings obtained. They are usually
divided into two parts: the recommendations for
the utilization of research findings, and those
intended for future research. The first suggests
ways by which the findings find application; that is,
who should make use of the results, and where
and how they should be utilized. The second is to
recommend pertinent studies to shed more light
on the problem, that is, what areas of the problem
still need further and more thorough investigations
(Gregorio, 2000).
 LITERATURE CITED
• Reference list should appear at the end of the paper. It
provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the
paper. Each source cited in the paper must appear in
the reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference
list must be cited in the text.

• The references should begin on a new page separate

from the text of the essay arranged alphabetically by
author; such page is labeled as References (with no
quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top
of the page. It should be double-spaced just like the
rest of the essay.
 Authors
• The following rules for handling works by a single author or
multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your
reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article,
electronic resource, etc.)

a. Single Author. Last name first, followed by author initials.

• Berndt, T. J. 2002. Friendship quality and social development.

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

b. Two Authors. List by their last names and initials. Use the
ampersand instead of "and."

• Wegener, D. T., and Petty, R. E. 1994. Mood management

across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
 Authors
c. More than Two Authors. List by last names and
initials; commas separate author names, while the
last author name is preceded again by ampersand.

• Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A.,

and Harlow, T. 1993. There's more to self-esteem
than whether it is high or low: The importance of
stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

d. Organization as Author

• American Psychological Association. 2003.

 Authors
e. Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. 1993.
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster (10th ed.).

NOTE: When your article includes parenthetical

citations of sources with no author named, use
a shortened version of the source's title instead
of an author's name. Use quotation marks and
italics as appropriate. For example,
parenthetical citations of the two sources above
would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's,
1993) and ("New Drug," 1993).
 Authors
f. Two or More Works by the Same Author. Use the author's name
for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).

Berndt, T.J. 1981.

Berndt, T.J. 1999.

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation,

as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. 1999. Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school.

Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., and Keefe, K. 1995. Friends' influence on adolescents'

adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.
 Authors
References that have the same first author and different second
and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name
of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and
second authors are the same.

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., and Petty, R. E.

2000. Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for
jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 629-
654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., and Klein, D. J. 1994. Effects of

mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of
likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology,
24, 25-43.
 Authors
g. Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year.
If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or
the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in
the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically
by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to
the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in
your reference list, i.e.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..."

Berndt, T. J. 1981a. Age changes and changes over time in

prosocial intentions and behavior between friends.
Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. 1981b. Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions

and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.
 Articles in Periodicals
a. Basic Form. APA style dictates that authors are
named last name followed by initials; publication
year goes between parentheses, followed by a
period. The title of the article is in sentence-case,
meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the
title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title
case, and is followed by the volume number, which
with the title, is in italicized or underlined.

• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., and Author, C. C. Year.

Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number
(issue number), pages.
 Articles in Periodicals
b. Article in Journal Paginated by Volume.
Journals that are paginated by volume begin
with page one in issue one, and continue
numbering issue two where issue one ended,
etc.

Harlow, H. F. 1983. Fundamentals for preparing

psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,
893-896.
 Articles in Periodicals
c. Article in Journal Paginated by Issue.
Journals paginated by issue begin with page
one every issue; therefore, the issue number
gets indicated in parentheses after the
volume. The parentheses and issue number
are not italicized or underlined.

Scruton, R. 1996. The eclipse of listening.

The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
 Books
a. Basic Format for Books

• Author, A. A. Year of publication. Title of work: Capital

letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Note: For "Location," you should always list the city, but
you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar
or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

• Calfee, R. C., and Valencia, R. R. 1991. APA guide to

preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Books
a. Basic Format for Books

• Author, A. A. Year of publication. Title of work: Capital

letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Note: For "Location," you should always list the city, but
you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar
or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

• Calfee, R. C., and Valencia, R. R. 1991. APA guide to

preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Electronic Sources
a. Article From an Online Periodical. Online
articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles.
Include all information the online host makes available,
including an issue number in parentheses.

• Author, A. A., and Author, B. B. Date of publication.

Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume
number (issue number if available). Retrieved month
day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

• Bernstein, M. 2002. 10 tips on writing the living Web. A

List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149.
Retrieved May 2, 2006, from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
 Electronic Sources
b. Online Scholarly Journal Article
Author, A. A., and Author, B. B. Date of publication. Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved month day,
year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Kenneth, I. A. 2000. A Buddhist response to the nature of human

rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20,
2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not

required. Use "Electronic version" in brackets after the article's
title.

Whitmeyer, J.M. 2000. Power through appointment [Electronic

version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555.
APA 7th edition: The most
notable changes
Published on October 11, 2019 by
Raimo Streefkerk. Revised on
October 1, 2021.
• In October 2019, the American
Psychological Association (APA)
introduced the 7th edition of the APA
Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th
edition published in 2009.

• In that time a lot of things have changed.

Citing online material has become more
common, the use of inclusive and bias-
free language is increasingly important,
and the technology used by researchers
and students has changed.
 References and in-text citations in
APA Style
• When it comes to citing sources, more
guidelines have been added that make citing
online sources easier and clearer.

• In total, 114 examples are provided, ranging

from books and periodicals to audiovisuals
and social media. For each reference
category, an easy template is provided to
help you understand and apply the citation
guidelines. The biggest changes in the 7th
edition are:
 The publisher location is no
longer included in the reference
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly
effective people: Powerful lessons in
personal change. New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster.

✓Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly

effective people: Powerful lessons in
personal change. Simon & Schuster.
The in-text citation for works with three
or more authors is now shortened right
from the first citation. You only include
the first author’s name and “et al.”.

(Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)

✓(Taylor et al., 2018)

 Surnames and initials for up to 20
authors (instead of 7) should be
provided in the reference entry.
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans,
B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., . . . Lee, L. H.
(2018)

✓ Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L.,

Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.,
Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L.,
Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W.,
Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores,
T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H.
(2018).
DOIs are formatted the same as URLs.
The label “DOI:” is no longer
necessary
doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449

✓https://doi.org/10.1080/​02626667.2018.15
60449
 URLs are no longer preceded by
“Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date
is needed. The website name is included
(unless it’s the same as the author).
• Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th
edition: The most notable changes [Blog
post]. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-
seventh-edition-changes/
✓ Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th
edition: The most notable changes. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-
seventh-edition-changes/
 For ebooks, the format, platform, or
device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included
in the reference, and the publisher is
included.
• Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British
and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites
[Kindle version].
https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
✓Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British
and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites.
Springer Nature.
https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
 Appendices
• An appendix should be used for materials that supplement the
text. Original data, summary tabulations, tables containing
data of minor importance (as distinguished from those
presenting major data in the text), very lengthy quotations,
supporting legal decisions or laws, computer print-outs, and
pertinent documents not readily available to the reader belong
in an appendix. Questionnaires with their letters of transmittal
and the verbatim comments of respondents belong in an
appendix (Campbell, Ballou and Slade, 1990).

• The appendices contain all relevant materials that could not

be included in the text. These include the questionnaire,
additional tables, cover letters and other such materials used
in the conduct of the study (Librero, 1996
Curriculum Vitae
FARM PRACTICE FORMAT
PRELIMINARY PAGE
 INTRODUCTION
• Importance of the Farm Practice
• Objectives of the Farm Practice
• Time and Place of the Farm Practice
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
 THE FARM ENTERPRISE
• Brief History of the Farm
• Organizational Set-up of the Farm
• Duties and Responsibilities of Farm
Personnel
 HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT
• Housing Facilities
• Equipment and instrument in the Farm
 BREEDS AND BREEDING
• Source of Stock
• Breeds raised in the Farm
• System and Method Practice in the Farm
• Breeding Techniques Applied in the Farm
• Breeding Practices
 FEEDS AND FEEDING
• Source of Feeds
• System of Feeding
 HEALTH PROGRAM
• Vaccination Program
• Medication Program
 LEARNING BY DOING
• Breeding Unit
• Heat Detection
• Semen Collection
• Semen Processing
• Artificial Insemination
• Farrowing Unit
• Assistance during Farrowing
• Cutting the Umbilical Cord
• Cutting the needle teeth
• Tail Docking
• Ear Notching
• Castration
• Nursery Unit
• Weaning
• Fattener
 LEARNING BY DOING
• Cleaning and Disinfection
• Pre brooding preparation
• Brooding management
• Lighting management
• Weighing
• Record keeping
• Harvesting
 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
• Problems Encountered in the Farm
• Suggested Solutions
• CONCLUSIONS
FARM PERFORMANCE
COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS
SUMMARY OF FARM
ACTIVITIES
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA